Chng 1: Gii thiu Matlab

Mc ch: Gip sinh vin lm quen vi Matlab Ni dung: Gii thiu tng quan v Matlab Gii thiu mt vi lnh Thao tc cn bn trong Matlab Thc hin mt vi v d lm quen trn Matlab

1. Tng quan
a. Gii thiu Matlab l t vit tt ca Matrix Laboratory Matlab l mt ngn ng lp trnh cp cao dng thng dch, n l mi trng tnh ton s c thit k bi cng ty MathWorks. Matlab cho php thc hin cc php tnh ton s, ma trn, v th hm s hay biu din thng tin (di dng 2D hay 3D), thc hin cc thut ton v giao tip vi cc chng trnh ca cc ngn ng khc mt cch d dng. Phin bn Matlab c s dng m phng trong ti liu ny l Matlab 7.0.4 b. Khi ng v chun b th mc lm vic trong Matlab Trc khi khi ng Matlab, th ngi dng phi to mt th mc lm vic cha cc file chng trnh ca mnh (v d: D:\ThucHanh_DSP). Matlab s thng dch cc lnh c lu trong file c dng *.m Sau khi ci t Matlab th vic khi chy chng trnh ny ch n gin l nhp vo biu tng ca n trn desktop Programs\Matlab 7.0.4\ Matlab 7.0.4 , hoc vo Start\All

Sau khi khi ng xong Matlab, th bc k tip l ch th mc lm vic ca trn thanh cng c v chn th mc lm mnh cho Matlab. Nhp vo biu tng vic ca mnh (v d: D:\ThucHanh_DSP). Ca s lm vic ca Matlab s nh hnh v bn di. N bao gm 3 ca s lm vic chnh: Ca s lnh (Command Window), ca s th mc hin ti (Current Directory ) v ca s cha tp cc lnh c s dng (Command History)

 to mt file.m trong th mc lm vic bn c c th thc hin: Nhp vo biu tng hoc vo File\New\M-File Ca s son tho xut hin, g chng trnh cn thit vo file. Sau khi hon tt nhn vo biu tng (D:\ThucHanh_DSP) lu vo th mc hin ti

thc thi tp lnh c trong file.m trong th mc lm vic th ngi dng ch cn g tn file v Matlab s t ng thc thi cc dng lnh c trong file.m ny (v d thc thi cc lnh c trong file test.m, ch cn g lnh test).

2. Cc lnh thng dng trong Matlab

a. Mt vi kiu d liu Matlab c y cc kiu d liu c bn: s nguyn, s thc, k t, Boolean Chui k t c t trong nhy kp () v d thuc hanh. Kiu dy c th c khai bo theo c php s u: bc: s cui. V d 0: 0.2: 0.5 (kt qu s thu c mt chui [0 0.2 0.4] Kiu ma trn c th c khai bo nh v d sau: M = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9] Ma trn M thu c s l: A=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b. Cc lnh iu khin c bn Lnh Clear: Xa tt c cc bin trong b nh Matlab Lnh clc: Lnh xa ca s lnh (command window) Lnh pause: Ch s p ng t pha ngi dng Lnh =: lnh gn Lnh %: cu lnh sau du ny c xem l dng ch thch Lnh input: lnh ly vo mt gi tr. V d: x = input(Nhap gia tri cho x:); Lnh help: lnh yu cu s gip t Matlab Lnh Save: Lu bin vo b nh V d: Save test A B C (lu cc bin A, B, C vo file test) Lnh Load: load bin t file hay b nh V d: Load test Lnh R nhnh: c php nh sau Lnh If: IF expression statements ELSEIF expression statements ELSE statements END Lnh Switch: SWITCH switch_expr CASE case_expr, statement,..., statement CASE {case_expr1, case_expr2, case_expr3,...} statement,..., statement ... OTHERWISE, statement,..., statement END

Lnh lp: c php nh sau: Lnh For: FOR variable = expr, statement,..., statement END Lnh While: WHILE expression statements END Lnh Break: Thot t ngt khi vng lp WHILE hay FOR. Lnh Continue: B qua cc lnh hin ti, tip tc thc hin vng lp ln lp tip theo. Lnh Return: lnh tr v Lnh clf: xa hnh hin ti Lnh plot(signal): v dng sng tn hiu signal Lnh stairs(signal): v tn hiu signal theo dng cu thang. Lnh stem(signal): v chui d liu ri rc Lnh bar(signal): v d liu theo dng ct Lnh mesh(A): hin th ha dng 3D cc gi tr ma trn c. Cc php tnh vi ma trn Nhp 1 ma trn vo Matlab: >> A = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1] A= 16 3 2 13 5 10 11 8 9 6 7 12 4 15 14 1 To 1 ma trn vo Matlab: s dng cc hm c sn Zeros(n,m): ma trn (n.m) cc phn t bng 0 Eye(n) : ma trn n v (n.n) Ones(n,m) : ma trn (n.m) cc phn t bng 1 Rand(n,m) : ma trn (n.m) cc phn t t 0 n 1 Diag(V,k) : nu V l mt vect th s ti ma trn ng cho Php chuyn v: A >> A'

ans = 16 5 3 10 2 11

9 6 7

4 15 14

13 8 12 1 Hm sum: Tnh tng cc phn t trn tng ct ca ma trn mxn thnh ma trn 1xn >> sum(A) ans = 34 34 34 34 Hm diag: Ly cc phn t ng cho ca ma trn >> diag(A) ans = 16 10 7 1 >> C = [1 2 3;2 3 4] C= 1 2 3 2 3 4 >> diag(C) ans = 1 3 Hm det: tnh nh thc ma trn >> det(A) ans = 0 Hm rank: tnh hng ca ma trn >> rank(A) ans = 3 Hm inv: tnh ma trn nghch o >> inv(A) ans = 1.0e+015 * 0.2796 0.8388 -0.8388 -0.2796 -0.8388 -2.5164 2.5164 0.8388 0.8388 2.5164 -2.5164 -0.8388 -0.2796 -0.8388 0.8388 0.2796 Truy xut 1 phn t trong ma trn: A(x,y) Trong : A tn ma trn

x: Ta hng tnh t 1. y: Ta ct tnh t 1. >> A A= 16 3 5 10 9 6 4 15

2 13 11 8 7 12 14 1

>> A(4,3) ans = 14 >> A(4,3) = 16 A= 16 3 2 13 5 10 11 8 9 6 7 12 4 15 16 1 Ton t Colon (:) A(i:j,k): Ly cc phn t t i n j trn hng k ca ma trn A. A(i,j:k): Ly cc phn t t j n k trn hng i ca ma trn A. >> A A= 16 3 2 13 5 10 11 8 9 6 7 12 4 15 16 1 >> A(3,2:4) ans = 6 7 12 >> A(1:2,3) ans = 2 11 Cng tr 2 ma trn: A(n.m) B(n.m) = C(n.m) Nhn 2 ma trn: A(n.m) * B(m.k) = C(n.k) Nhn mng: C = A.* B (C(i,j) = A(i,j) * B(i,j)) Chia tri mng: C = A.\ B (C(i,j) = B(i,j) / A(i,j)) Chia phi mng: C = A./ B (C(i,j) = A(i,j) / B(i,j)) Chia tri ma trn: C = A \ B = inv(A) * B (pt: AX = B) Chia phi ma trn: C = A / B = B * inv(A) (pt: XA = B)

Ly tha ma trn: A ^ P Biu din tn hiu trn min thi gian n= [1:3] % Min thi gian 1, 2, 3 x=[1 2 3] % Tn hiu ri rc stem(n,x) % Biu din tn hiu x trn min thi gian n

3. Bi tp
a. Bi 1: Nhp vo ma trn: A=[16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1] Tm kch thc ma trn A Ly dng u tin ca ma trn A. To ma trn B bng 2 dng cui cng ca A. Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc ct ca A. (gi : tnh tng cc phn t trn ct 1: sum(A(:,1))). Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc dng ca A. b. Bi 2: Cho ma trn A=[2 7 9 7; 3 1 5 6; 8 1 2 5], sinh vin gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh sau: A' A(:,[1 4]) A([2 3],[3 1]) reshape(A,2,6) A(:) [A A(end,:)] A(1:3,:) [A ; A(1:2,:)] sum(A) sum(A') [ [ A ; sum(A) ] [ sum(A,2) ; sum(A(:)) ] ] 1 0 1 1 c. Bi 3: Gii h phng Ax=b, vi: A= 2 5 3 1

3 0

v b =

1 2

d. Bi 4: Cho vect x = [3 1 5 7 9 2 6], gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh sau: x(3) x(1:7) x(1:end) x(1:end-1) x(6:-2:1) x([1 6 2 1 1]) sum(x) e. Bi 5: V th hm s y1=sinx.cos2x v hm s y2=sinx2 trong [0-2]

f. Bi 6: gii h phng trnh sau: 2x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 2x4 =0 x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 2x4 =1 2x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 = 2 3x1 - x2 + 10x4 = 10 g. Bi 7: V mt z = sin x 2 + y 2
x2 + y2

trong khng gian 3 chiu

h. Bi 8: Sinh vin th v mt tr z= x 4 + y 2 bng hm mesh v hm surf