Tit 47 : Chng 5 : NHM HALOGEN 29 : KHI QUT NHM HALOGEN

I. Nhm halogen trong BTH cc nguyn t :

II. Cu hnh electron nguyn t v cu to phn t ca cc nguyn t trong nhm halogen : III. Khi qut v tnh cht ca cc halogen : 1. Tnh cht vt l : 2. Tnh cht ha hc :

Bi tp cng c :

IA

I. Nhm halogen trong BTH cc nguyn t :

IIA
IIIA VA VA VIA VIIA

VIIIA

- Nhom VIIA trong BTH gom 5 nguyen to : Flo ( F ), clo ( Cl ), brm ( Br ), it ( I ), atatin ( At )( cht phng x ).

II. Cu hnh electron nguyn t v cu to phn t ca cc nguyn t trong nhm halogen : F -( Cu 9 ) : 1s2 2s2 2p5 ngoi cng dng tng Z = hnh electron lp ns26np52 5 . qut :2 . 2 2s 2p 3s 3p Cl ( Z = 17 ) : 1s 1s2 2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5 2s Br ( Z = 35 ) :

np5

ns2 - trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca cc halogen u c 1e c thn.

- trng thi kch thch :

nd1

ns2

+ C 3e c thn.
nd2

np4

ns2

ndo

np5

ns2

+ C 5e c thn.
nd3

np3

np3
ns1 +

C 7e c thn.

Cng thc cu to : X - X
-Dng n cht,nguyn t nguyn t nhm halogen tn ti dng phn t gm hai nguyn t : X2 ( F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 ) Ch : Nng lng lin kt X X ca phn t X2 khng ln ( 151 n 243 kj/mol) nn cc phn t halogen tng i d tch thnh hai nguyn t hot ng ho hc mnh.

 1.
Ng. t

Tnh cht vt l :
BK BK ion ng.t ( nm ) Nng lng LK X-X (kj/mol)
159

m in

Trng thi tp hp ca .cht

Kh

Mu sc

Nhit nng chy ( oC )

Nhit si ( oC )

0,064

0,136

3,98

Lc nht

-219,6 -188,1

Cl
Br I

0,099
0,114 0,133

0,181
0,196 0,220

243
192 151

3,16
2,96 2,66

Kh
Lng rn

Vng lc
Nu en tm

-101
-7,3 113,6

-34,1
59,2 188,5

Ch : Flo khng tan trong nc, cc halogen khc tan t trong nc v tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c.

 2.

Tnh cht ha hc : - Nguyn t halogen X c 7e lp ngoi cng nn d nhn thm 1e tr thnh X-. X + 1e X ns2 np5 ns2 np6 l phi kim in hnh tnh OXH mnh c soh c trng l -1 trong hp cht kim loi v hir. + Tc dng vi Hir : kh hirhalogenua X2 + H2 2HX H2O dd HX
kh hirhalogennua axit halogenhiric

Tnh axit : HF HCl HBr HI Tnh axit tng dn.

+ Tc dng vi kim loi : mui halogenua 2M + nX2 2MXn n : l ha tr cao ca M a s cc mui halogen u tan, tr cc mui sau khng tan v c mu sc c trng : AgCltrng, AgBr vng nht, AgI vng m.
- Tnh OXh ca nhm halogen gim dn t Flo n It. ( F > Cl > Br > I ). - Trong hp cht, ngoi soh -1 cc nguyn t - Hy xc nh s OXH ca clo trong cc hp cn c soh +1,-2 +1+3+7 ( tr+5 -2 ). +1+7 -2 +1 Flo +1+1 +3, +5, -2 cht sau: HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4
Axit hipoclor Axit clor Axit cloric

Axit pecloric

Cu 1 : Pht biu no sau y l khng ng : 1. Trong tt c cc hp cht, th soh ca cc ng.t nhm halogen l -1. 2. Trong tt c cc hp cht ca cc mui halogenua u tan v c mu sc c trng. 3. Tnh axit c sp xp nh sau : HF > HCl > HBr > HI. 4. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nhm halogen l : ns2 np5. a. 2, 3, 4. b. 4. c. 1, 2, 3. d. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Cu 2 : c im no di y khng phi l c im chung ca cc nguyn t halogen ( Flo n It ) ? a. Nguyn t c kh nng thu thm 1e. b. Lp e ngoi cng ca ng.t c 7e. c. C soh -1 trong mi hp cht. d. To ra hp cht LKCHT c cc vi H2. Cu 3 : c im no di y l c im chung ca n cht halogen ? a. iu kin thng l cht kh. b. Tc dng mnh vi nc. c. C tnh OXH mnh. d. va c tnh OXH, va c tnh kh.

Cu 4 : S bin thin tnh cht vt l ca halogen t Flo n It ? a.Trng thi tp hp t kh lng rn. b. Mu sc m dn. d. c a, b, c. c. Nhit si, nhit nng chy tng dn.