Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Ph m Huy Quang

A. S T C u t o v tnh ch t C n ch nh ng i m chnh v s t nh sau: 1. C u hnh electron: Z = 26

Bi Gi ng S T V H P CH T C A S T

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p6

3d6

4s2

26

Fe
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2. Fe c cc s oxi ha +2, +3, +6 ( c trng l +2 v +3) 3. Fe nguyn ch t c mu tr ng b c, tng i n ng, d n i n v d n nhi t t t (nhng km hn ng v Nhm). S t c tnh d o, d dt m ng v ko s i. 4. L ch t s t t , d b nam chm ha nn c dng lm li c a ng c i n 5. H p ch t s t (II) c mu l c l c nh t, mu i s t (III) c mu nu. 6. Fe c kh nng t o nhi u ph c ch t nh [Fe(H2O)6]2+, [Fe(H2O)6]3+, [Fe(CN)6]4-, [Fe(CN)6]3- 7. Fe l m t kim lo i ho t ng trung bnh. 8. Fe c tc d ng v i h u h t cc phi kim khi un nng. V i phi kim l nh ng ch t oxi ha m nh (Cl2, O2,) s thu c cc h p ch t trong s t c s oxi ha +3, ph n ng t a nhi t m nh:
to

2FeCl3 2Fe + 3Cl2 to 3Fe + 2O2 2Fe3O4 (Fe3O4 oxit s t t l m t h p ch t ion, tinh th c t o nn b i cc ion Fe2+, Fe3+ v O2-. Trung bnh trong ch t r n c c 1 ion Fe2+ s c 2 ion Fe3+ v 4 ion O2-). 9. Trong khng kh m, s t d b g theo ph n ng: 4Fe + 3O2 + nH2O 2Fe2O3.nH2O 10. V i phi kim ho t ng y u nh S th s t s t o h p ch t c s oxi ha +2:
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Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Ph m Huy Quang
t
o

S t v h p ch t

Fe + S 11. S t ch ph n ng v i n c

FeS nhi t cao:

to > 570oC

FeO + H2 Fe + H2O to < 570oC Fe3O4 + 4H2 3Fe +4H2O 12. S t c tc d ng v i HCl v H2SO4 long t o ra Fe2+: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 + (Fe + 2H Fe+ + H2) 13. S t b th ng ha trong H2SO4 c ngu i v HNO3 c ngu i 14. S t tc d ng v i H2SO4 c nng, HNO3 c nng v HNO3 lng cho mu i s t (III): to 2Fe + 6H2SO4() Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 3H2O to Fe(NO3)3 + 2NO2 + 3H2O Fe + 6HNO3() to Fe + 4HNO3(l) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 15. S t c th y c kim lo i ho t ng y u hn ra kh i dung d ch mu i c a chng: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu 16. i u ch S t: S t tinh khi t c i u ch b ng cch i n phn dung d ch mu i s t (II) ho c dng H2 hay Al kh Fe2O3: 2FeSO4 + 2H2O Fe2O3 + 3H2 Fe2O3 + 2Al
pdd t
o

to

2Fe + O2 + 2H2SO4 2Fe + 3H2O 2Fe + Al2O3

17. S t k thu t (gang) c i u ch b ng phng php nhi t luy n : dng than c c i u ch CO kh s t oxit trong l cao. Th t cc ph n ng: to C + O2 CO2 to 2CO CO2 + C
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3Fe2O3 + CO 2Fe3O4 + CO2 to Fe3O4 + CO FeO + CO2 to Fe + CO2 FeO + CO2 S t ch y qua C xu ng d i thu c s n ph m gang l ng 1200oC v x y ra cc ph n ng ph : o t 3Fe + C Fe3C to 3Fe + 2CO Fe3C + CO2 (xementit) Ngoi ra cn thu c xo t cc ph n ng ph sau: t CaCO3 CaO + CO2 to CaO + SiO2(ct) CaSiO3 (x ) V kh l cao g m CO, H2, CH4, .... dng lm nhin li u. 18. Luy n thp: Kho ng 90% l ng gang s n xu t c trong l cao c dng v m c ch luy n thp. l qu trnh oxi ha lo i b cc t p ch t c trong gang nh C, S, P, Si, Mn, .... d i d ng kh nh CO, CO2, SO2 ho c chuy n thnh x (dng s n xu t xi mng) Ngy nay c m t s phng php luy n thp ch y u sau y: 1. Phng php Bessemer: th i khng kh vo trong gang l ng t chy cc t p ch t trongogang: t 2MnO 2Mn + O2 to SiO2 Si + O2 to C + O2 CO2 to 2Fe + O2 2FeO to FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3 to MnO + SiO2 MnSiO3 x * c i m: - X y ra nhanh (15 20 pht), khng cho php i u ch nh c thnh ph n c a thp.
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Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Ph m Huy Quang
t
o

S t v h p ch t

- Khng lo i b c P, S do khng luy n c thp n u gang c ch a nh ng t p ch t . 2. Phng php Bessemer c i ti n: ch a) Phng php Thomas: Lt b ng g o ch a MgO v CaO lo i b P: t 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 to P2O5 + 3CaO Ca3(PO4)2 * c i m: Cho php lo i c P nhng khng lo i c lu hunh. b) Phng php th i Oxi: thay khng kh b ng O2 tinh khi t c p su t cao (kho ng 10atm) oxi ha hon ton cc t p ch t. y l phng php hi n i nh t hi n nay. * c i m: - Nng cao ch t l ng v ch ng lo i thp - Dng c qu ng s t v s t thp g lm ph i li u - Kh O2 c t c l n xuyn qua ph li u nng ch y v oxi ha cc t p ch t m t cch nhanh chng. Nhi t l ng t a ra trong ph n ng oxi ha gi cho ph i li u trong l lun th l ng. - Cng su t t i u. 3. Phng php Martin: ch t oxi ha l oxi khng kh v c s t oxit c a qu ng s t. * c i m: - t n nhin li u t l - X y ra ch m (6 8h) nn ki m sot c ch t l ng thp theo mu n. 4. Phng php h quang i n: nh nhi t trong l i n cao (> 3000oC) nn c th luy n c cc lo i thp c bi t ch a nh ng kim lo i kh nng ch y nh Mo, W, ... * c i m: luy n c thp chuyn d ng v i ch t l ng cao. B. H P CH T C A S T (II, III, VI) I. H P CH T S T (II) 1. S t (II) oxit: FeO FeO l ch t r n mu en, khng tan trong n c FeO l oxit bazo, tc d ng d dng v i dung d ch axit:
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FeO + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2O FeO th hi n tnh kh : tc d ng c v i cc ch t oxi ha m nh HNO3 c nng, HNO3 long: nh H2SO4 c, nng, o t 2FeO + 4H2SO4() Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O to 3FeO + 10HNO3(l) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O to Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O FeO + 4HNO3()
FeO c tnh oxi ha: tc d ng c v i cc ch t kh nh Al, CO, H2,... o
t

3FeO + 2Al Al2O3 + 3Fe to FeO + CO CO2 + Fe to FeO + H2 Fe + H2O i u ch FeO b ng cch Oxi ha Fe ho c kh Fe2O3:
to > 570oC

Fe + H2O
500oC
o

FeO + H2

Fe2O3 + H2 2FeO + H2O 500 C Fe2O3 + CO 2FeO + CO2 2. S t (II) hiddroxxit: Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 l ch t k t t a mu tr ng, khng b n, d b oxi ha t t trong khng kh m chuy n vo Fe(OH)3, mu nu : t 4Fe(OH)3 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O Ph n ng nhi t phn Fe(OH)2: + khng c khng kh: to Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O + c khng kh: to 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 to 2x 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 2Fe2O3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)2 th hi n tnh bazo :tc d ng v i dung d ch axit. to Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ Fe2+ + 2H2O
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Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Fe(OH)2 c tnh kh khi tc d ng v i oxi khng kh, H2SO4 c, HNO3,... to

FeCO3 + 4HNO3 ( c) Nung FeCO3:

Fe(NO3)3 +NO2 + CO2 +2H2O

2Fe(OH)2 + 4H2SO4( c) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 +6H2O to 3Fe(OH)2 +10HNO3(long) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O to Fe(OH)2 + 4HNO3( c) Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3H2O i u ch Fe(OH)2 b ng cch cho mu i s t (II) tc d ng v i dung d ch ki m m nh: Fe(OH)2 +K2SO4 FeSO4 +2KOH K t t a Fe(OH)2 tinh khi t ch c t o nn d ng kh quy n v dung d ch hon ton khng c oxi. 3. Mu i s t (II) Mu i s t (II) k t tinh t dung d ch th ng d i d ng tinh th hidrat(ng m n c) nh: FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl2.6H2O, Fe(ClO4)2.6H2O,... Mu i s t (II) d b oxi ha b i khng kh v cc ch oxi ha m nh chuy n thnh mu i s t (III): 4Fe(OH)SO4 4FeSO4 + O2 +2H2O 2FeCl2 +Cl2 2FeCl3
6FeSO4 +K2Cr2O7 +7H2SO4 3Fe(SO4)3 +Cr(SO4)3 +K2SO4 +7H2O

Dng dung d ch KMnO4 trong m i tr ng axit chu n dung d ch mu i s t (II) :

5Fe2(SO4)3 +2MnSO4 +K2SO4 +8H2O Fe2O3 +2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnO2 +2KOH

10FeSO4 +2KMnO4 +8H2SO4

Trong mi tr ng trung tnh v ki m: Fe(OH)3 +K2MnO4 + K2SO4 FeCl2 +CO2 +H2O FeSO4 + CO2 +H2O Fe2(SO4)3 +SO2 + 2CO2 + 4H2O 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 3CO2 + 5H2O
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6FeSO4 +2KMnO4 +H2O

FeSO4 +KMnO4 +3KOH S t (II) cacbonat FeCO3 FeCO3 +2HCl FeCO3 +H2SO4 (long) 2FeCO3 +4H2SO4( c) 3FeCO3 +10HNO3 (long)
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+ Trong khng kh: to FeO +CO2 FeCO3 Fe2O3 2FeO + 1\2 O2 + Trong chn khng: to FeCO3 FeO +CO2 Nung FeSO4: to 2FeSO4 Fe2O3 +SO2 +SO3 Tnh oxi ha:Ag>Fe Tnh kh :Fe>Ag Nn c ph n ng: Fe(NO3)2 +AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 +Ag II. H P CH T S T(III) 1. S t (III) oxit Fe2O3 Fe2O3 l ch t r n mu nu, khng tan trong n c, b nhi t phn chuy n thnh oxit s t r Fe3O4: to 6Fe2O3 4Fe3O4 + O2 Fe2O3 c tnh bazo :tc d ng v i dung d ch axit Fe2O3 + 6H+ 2Fe3+ + 3H2O Fe2O3 c tnh axit y u:tan c trong xt r n nng ch y ho c cacbonat kim lo i ki m nng ch y, t o mu i ferit: tonc 2NaFeO2 + H2O Fe2O3 +2NaOH (r n) tonc Fe2O3 +2Na2CO3 2NaFeO2 + CO2 (r n) (mu vng) Ch : Oxit s t t Fe3O4 cng c coi l s t (II) ferit Fe(FeO2)2 trong t l Fe+2 : Fe+3 = 1:2

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Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

Fe2O3 c tnh oxi ha y u :tc d ng c v i cc ch t kh nh Al, H2,CO,.... nhionc cao. t t Fe2O3 +2Al 2Fe +Al2O3
CO CO CO

Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO Fe Fe2O3 c s n trong thin nhin d i d ng qu ng hematit, Fe2O3 c i u ch b ng cch nhi t phn Fe(OH)3: to Fe2O3 +3H20 2Fe(OH)3 2. S t (III) Hidroxit: Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 k t t a mu nu , khng tan trong n c v c tnh l ng tnh: tan d trong dung d ch axit v tan c trong dung d ch ki m c nng ho c Na2CO3 hay K2CO3 nng ch y: Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O to Fe(OH)3 + NaOH() nc NaFeO2 + 2H2O 2K2FeO2 + CO2 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + K2CO3 Fe(OH)3 c i u ch b ng cch cho mu i s t (III) ph n ng v i dung d ch ki m: Fe3+ + 3OHFe(OH)3 3.Mu i S t (III) Mu i S t (III) k t tinh t dung d ch th ng d ng tinh th hidrat: Fe(OH)3.6H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O, Mu i S t (III) d b th y phn tng t mu i Nhm (III) v mu i Crom (III): Fe3+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+ 2+ Fe(OH)2 + + H+ Fe(OH) + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H2O Fe(OH)3 + H+ S th y phn t o nn cc ion Fe(OH)2+, Fe(OH)2+, Fe(OH)3 lm cho dung d ch mu i s t (III) c mu vng nu.
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Dung d ch mu i Fe2(CO3)3 khng t n t i do b th y phn: 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 Fe2(CO3)3 + 3H2O Mu i s t (III) th hi n tnh oxy ha: 2FeCl3 + Fe 3FeCl2 3FeCl3 + Cu FeCl2 + CuCl2 2FeCl3 + 2KI 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl 2FeCl3 + H2S 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl Nh n bi t mu i s t (III) nh tc d ng v i dung d ch mu i kali ho c mu i amoni sunfoxianua (KSCN, NH4SCN) t o mu i s t (III) sunfoxianua mu mu: Fe(SCN)3 + 3KCl FeCl3 + 3KSCN 2+ 3+ i v i Fe v Fe th c th nh n bi t qua ph c xyanua: +3 Fe2+ + 6CN[Fe(CN)6]4- Fe Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Feroxianua xanh Prusse Fe+3 Fe3+ + 6CN[Fe(CN)6]3Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 Feroxianua xanh Turn bull 3+ Cc mu i Fe c i u ch b ng cch oxi ha cc mu i s t (II) ho c s t (II) hiddroxxit b ng cc axit tng ng: 3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
6FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O

H P CH T S T (VI)
i u ch : Oxi ha Fe(OH)3 ho c Fe2O3 trong mi tr ng ki m m nh o

Fe2O3 + 3KNO3 + 4KOH 2Fe(OH)3 + 3Br2 + 10KOH

2K2FeO4 + 3KNO2 + 2H2O 2K2FeO4 + 6KBr + 8H2O (s t tetraoxoferat) H p ch t s t (VI) mu , khng b n, khi un nng nh b phn h y gi i phng oxi: to 4K2FeO4 4K2FeO2 + 2K2O + 3O2 (kali ferit) Th hi n tnh oxi ha m nh:
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nc

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Ph m Huy Quang

S t v h p ch t

2K2FeO4 + 2NH3 2K2FeO2 + N2 + 2KOH + 2H2O Ferat ch b n trong mi tr ng ki m m nh, khi tan trong n c gi i phng oxi: 4Fe(OH)3 + 3O2 + 8KOH 4K2FeO2 + 10H2O Nh ng nm g n y c thong bo v vi c i u ch c s t tetraoxit FeO4 l h p ch t tng t OsO4. Oxit FeO4 c t o nn khi un nng ferat trong dung d ch ki m m nh (n ng FeO4 t o nn trong dung d ch kho ng 10%c th chi t c b ng dung mi CCl4, tuy nhin, km b n v d phn h y trong n c v dung mi h u c gi i phng oxi).

+H2O+===rong mi tr ng ax ng

d i d ng

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