Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc

" PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON CC TR

TRONG HNH HC GII TCH"

Trong chng trnh hnh hc lp 12, bi ton vit phng trnh ng thng, mt phng v
tm im l nhng bi ton chim mt v tr quan trng. Trong cc thi i hc lun c vn
ny, song bi ton lin quan n vn cc tr li l vn kh vi hc sinh v i hi hc sinh
phi c t duy su sc. i vi hc sinh gii c th lm tt phn ny, tuy nhin cch gii cn ri
rc, lm bi no bit bi y v thng tn nhiu thi gian cho cc bi tp kh. Trong sch gio
khoa loi bi tp ny khng xut hin, trong cc ti liu tham kho th cc bi tp ny cha mang
tnh h thng, cha phn loi v cha ch ra c ng li gii cho loi bi ton ny.
Vi nhng l do trn, ti mun hon thin mt lp cc bi ton ny nhm gip cc em hc
sinh c ci nhn tng qut v mang tnh h thng cho vn . Qua gip hc sinh khng phi e
s phn ny v quan trng hn l khi ng trc mt bi ton, hc sinh c th bt ngay c
cch gii, c nh hng khi lm bi, t c cch gii ti u cho mt bi ton.
Phn I : Vit phng trnh mt phng
C s l thuyt:
vit phng trnh mt phng cn xc nh hai yu t l mt im thuc mt phng v
mt vc t php tuyn
y cng chnh l c s xy dng cc bi ton.
Ta bt u t mt bi ton rt n gin
Bi ton 1:
Cho hai im A, B. Xc nh mt phng (P) i qua A v cch B mt khong ln nht.
Phn tch:
Gi s mt phng (P) c xc nh. Bi ton hi n
khong cch t B n mt phng, ng nhin ta phi xc nh
khong cch t B n mt phng (P).
xc nh khong cch ln nht ta dng bt ng thc
nh gi d(B, (P)) nh hn mt gi tr khng i v gi tr khng
i l gi tr bit AB.
A
B
Gii:
Gi H l hnh chiu ca B trn (P) d(B, (P)) = BH
Ta c BH AB khng i . Du " = " xy ra H A
Hay max BH = AB khi H A hay AB(P)
AB
uuur
l vc t php tuyn ca (P).
n y mt phng (P) hon ton xc nh l mt phng qua A v c vc t php tuyn
AB
uuur
Bi ton ny n gin, ta c th cho v s v d. Tuy nhin, tng n gin s gn nh
xuyn sut lp cc bi ton v dng ny.
Mt cu hi t ra l : vy mt phng qua A v cch B mt khong nh nht c tn ti hay
khng? bi ton c c t ra hay khng?
Ta bit khong cch gia hai i tng bt k l khng m, v vy gi tr nh nht (nu c)
lun ln hn 0. Trong bi ton trn, d thy min d(B,(P))= 0 B(P) hay (P) i qua A v B.
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
Do , c v s mt phng tha mn. V th bi ton ny thng khng c t ra, nu c
thng phi i km mt iu kin khc
.
Bi ton 2
Cho mt ng thng ; Mt im A khng thuc ng thng. Vit phng trnh mt
phng (P) qua v cch A mt khong ln nht.
Phn tch:
Xc nh khong cch t A ti (P) v so snh vi
khong cch khng i. T lin h gia khong cch t
A ti , a ti li gii sau:
Li gii:
Gi H l hnh chiu ca A trn (P), K l hnh chiu ca A
trn d(A,(P)) = AH. Ta c AH AK ( khng i)
Du "=" xy ra H K hay max AH = AK

H
K
A
H K hay
AK
uuur
(P), tc
AK
uuur
l vc t php tuyn ca (P).
Do , mt phng (P) hon ton c xc nh l mt phng qua mt im bt k ca v c
vc t php tuyn
AK
uuur
thi i hc khi A nm 2008 c cho t bi ton ny. T bi ton gc ny ta cng c
th cho nhiu bi ton. Cu hi tng t nh bi ton trn l Vy mt phng qua v cch A
mt khong nh nht c tn ti khng? Cu tr li l d thy chnh l mt phng cha v A
v khong cch nh nht l 0. Do , thay cho cch hi vit phng trnh mt phng qua v
A th bi ton c th c pht biu theo cch trn l " tm mt phng cha v cch A mt
khong nh nht" v cng c th xut hin di nhiu dng khc.
V d 1: Cho hai ng thng
1 2
x 1 t
x 1 1 z 3
: v : y 2 2t
1 2 2
z 2t
y

+ +
+
'

Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua

1

v cch
2

mt khong ln nht.
Li gii:
D thy
2
1
/ /
, do vy, khong cch t
1

ti (P) bng khong cch t mt im bt k

ca
1

ti (P). Ly A(-4; -1; 3)

1

, bi ton tr v: " Xc nh mt phng (P) qua

2

v cch A
mt khong ln nht."
Theo bi ton trn, ta xc nh hnh chiu H ca A trn
2

, d c H(0; 0; 2).

mt phng (P) c vc t php tuyn

AH
uuur
=( 4; 1; -1)
Vy (P) qua H v c vtpt
AH
uuur
c phng trnh: 4x + y - z + 2 = 0
Bi ton 3:
Cho hai ng thng
1 2
v
ct nhau ti A. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
2

v
hp vi
1

mt gc ln nht.
Phn tch:
Xc nh gc gia
1

v (P) v so snh vi mt gc khng i, t a n lin h vi

gc gia hai ng thng.
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
Li gii:
Gi s (P) c xc nh. Gi M l im bt k
1

v H, K tng ng l hnh chiu ca M trn (P) v

2

.
Khi (

1 1 2
, (P)) MAH , ( ; ) = MAK (l
gc khng i)
Ta c:
MH MK
sin , sin = v MK MH
MK MA

nn
sin sin
( v hm sin
ng bin trong
0; v
2

1
1
]
khng i)

M
H
A
Suy ra :
max = khi H K
hay MK (P)

MK
uuuur
l vc t php tuyn ca (P), hay ta c th
thy mt phng
1 2
( ; ) (P)
vc t php tuyn ca (P) l
1 2 2
; , n u u u
1 1

] ]
r ur uur uur
Vy (P) hon ton c xc nh.
Nhn xt:
1. ng thng
2

khi l hnh chiu ca

1

trn (P). Do bi ton c th c pht

biu di dng " Xc nh mt phng (P) sao cho
2

l hnh chiu vung gc ca

1

trn (P).
Tuy nhin khi mt phng (P) d dng xc nh hn.
2. V ta bit gc gia (
1

;(P)) = (
'
1
;(P)) nu
'
1 1
/ / bi ton c th thay gi thit
1 2
,
cho nhau. Khi , ta ly mt im A thuc
2

, qua vit phng trnh

'
1 1
/ / th bi
ton tr v bi ton trn.
3. Nu
1 2 1 2
/ /
: mt phng cha
2

hoc cha
1

hoc song song

1

th gc
gia
1

v (P) lung bng 0. Do bi ton khng c t ra cho hai v tr trn.

4. Nu
1

ct
2

: mt phng cha
1

v hp vi
2

mt gc nh nht chnh l mt
phng cha 2 ng thng
1 2
,
.
Nu
1 2
,
cho nhau: Mt phng cha
2

v hp vi
1

mt gc nh nht chnh l mt
phng qua
2

v song song
1

.
V d 2: Cho hai ng thng
1
x+1 y+3 z- 2
: = =
3 -2 -1
v
2
x- 2 y+1 z-1
: = =
2 3 -5

Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua

2

v hp vi
1

mt gc ln nht.
Li gii
D thy
1 2
,
cho nhau. Ta ly im A(2; -1; 1)
2

, qua A dng ng thng

' '
1 1 1
/ /
c phng trnh:
x- 2 y+1 z-1
= =
3 2 -1
.
Khi :
'
1 2
A v tr v bi ton trn.
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
1 1 2 2
c vtcp (3; 2; 1), c vtcp (2;3; 5) u u
ur uur
mt phng
'
1 2
( , ) c vc t php tuyn l
1 1 2
[ ; ] (13;13;13) n u u
ur ur uur
, chn
1
(1;1;1) n
ur
. p dng kt qu bi ton trn ta c vc t php tuyn
ca mt phng (P) l :
1 2
[ ; ] ( 8; 7;1) n n u
r ur uur
.
Mt phng (P) qua A v c vc t php tuyn
n
r
c phng trnh:
8(x - 2) - 7(y + 1) - (z - 1) = 0

8x - 7y - z - 22 = 0
Ch :
1. Vi li gii v d ny, khi ta p dng kt qu bi ton trn th khng nht thit phi xc
nh
'
1
song trnh by li gii c th mt bi ton khi xut hin c lp ta phi ch ra y
c s nh bi ton trn th phi vit phng trnh
'
1
.
2. Vi bi ton ny, khi ging dy cc thy c gio c th t ra rt nhiu bi ton c th
t hai ng thng ct nhau hoc cho nhau.
Bi ton 4:
Cho ng thng v mt phng (P) ct nhau. Xc nh mt phng (Q) cha v hp vi
(P) mt gc nh nht.
Phn tch:
V
( ) (Q) (P) P A
theo mt giao
tuyn. Vn theo tng u tin, ta xc nh gc gia
(P) v (Q) v so snh vi gc khng i trong bi ton
ny l gc gia v (P).
Li gii:
Gi
A (P)
; M l im bt k trn . Gi s (Q)
xc nh c
(Q) (P) = d
.
Gi H, K tng ng l hnh chiu ca M trn (P) v d
d
A
M
H
K
HK d gc gia hai mt phng (P) v (Q) l

MKH v gc gia v (P) l

= MAH
( khng i).Ta c:

MH MH
sin , sin =
MA MK
v MA MK
sin sin
. V hm sin ng bin trn
0;
2
1
1
]
nn

(khng i).
min khi K A
, hay d . Suy ra, mt phng (Q) ct (P) theo mt giao tuyn vung
gc vi th gc

l gc nh nht.
Gi vc t php tuyn ca (P) l
n
r
v vc t ch phng ca l
u
r
th (Q) c vc t php tuyn
l [[u, n],u]
uur ur r r
Q
n . Vy mt phng (Q) hon ton xc inh l mt phng qua mt im ca v
c vc t php tuyn
Q
n
uur
V d: Cho ng thng
x- 3 y z-1
: = =
2 -1 3
v mt phng (P) : x + y + z = 0
Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha v hp vi (P) mt gc nh nht.
Li gii:
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
p dng bi ton trn, ta gi vtcp ca
l u
r
(2; -1;3), vc t php tuyn ca (P) l
P
n
uur
(1; 1;1)
th giao tuyn d ca (P) v (Q) c vc t ch phng l
d P
u =[u; n ]
uur r uur
= ( -4; 1; 3)
Vc t php tuyn ca mt phng (Q) l
Q d
n = [u , u]
uur uur r
= (6; 18; 2)

chn vc t php tuyn l

1
n
ur
(3; 9; 1). Mt phng (Q) qua M(3; 0; 1) v c vc t php tuyn
1
n
uur
c phng trnh l:
3(x - 3) + 9y +z -1 = 0

3x + 9y + z - 10 = 0
Nhn xt:
1. Giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng l mt trong nhng bi ton vit phng trnh ng
thng rt c bn: ng thng qua giao im, nm trong mt phng v vung gc vi ng
thng cho trc. Tuy nhin khi c nng ln mt bc nh bi ton ny c tch hp nhiu
kin thc hn, i hi hc sinh hiu su hn cc vn bit.
2. Mt phng qua v hp vi (P) mt gc ln nht c tn ti hay khng? D thy l
bi ton quen thuc: " mt phng qua v vung gc vi (P) " ( gc ln nht bng 90
o
).
3. Vi nm trong mt phng (P) hay song song vi (P) th mt phng (Q) cha v
hp vi (P) mt gc nh nht l 0
0
, v gc ln nht l 90
0
4. Vi bi ton gc trn, ta c th a ra nhiu bi tp cng ni dung cho hc sinh lm t
mt ng thng v 1 mt phng ct nhau.
Phn II: Bi ton vit phng trnh ng thng
Bi ton 5:
Cho mt phng (P), im A thuc (P) v im B khng thuc (P). Tm ng thng
nm trong (P), qua A v cch B mt khong ln nht, nh nht.
Phn tch:
Vn tng t bi ton hi khong cch t B ti
, ta xc nh khong cch t B ti v so snh vi
khong cch khng i. Trong bi ton ny c 2
khong cch khng i l d(B,(P)) v BA.
Li gii:
Gi H, K tng ng l hnh chiu ca B trn (P) v

d(B, (P)) = BH v d(B, ) = BK.

H
A
Ta lun c BK AB khng i nn BK = AB khi K

A, tc l khong cch t B ti
ng thng ln nht khi qua A v vung gc vi AB.
Mt khc BK BH khng i

minBK = BH khi K

H hay khong cch t B ti

ng thng nh nht khi qua A.
Nhn xt:
1. Nh vy, cch cho bi ton ny kh n gin: cho mt phng (P) bt k, ly mt im
A thuc (P) v mt im B khng thuc (P). Vi cu hi trn ta co 1 bi ton. Tuy nhin
ta im H khng l, ta nn bt u t vic ly H trong (P). Thng thng, ta ly H c ta
nguyn, sau vit phng trnh ng thng d qua H v vung gc vi (P); trn d ta mi ly B
c ta nguyn thi s a n mt kt qu p hn.
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
2. thi i hc khi B nm 2009 l mt dng ca bi ton ny. Ta s xem xt mt vi v
d sau di dng khc nhau ca bi ton trn, t vic to ra mt phng (P) hoc thay th (P)
bng cc d kin tng ng, ta c th c ci nhn a chiu cho 1 bi ton.
V D 1: ( thi tuyn sinh i hc cao ng nm 2009 - khi B)
Cho mt phng (P) : x - 2y + 2z - 5 = 0 v hai im A(-3; 0; 1) v B(1; -1; 3). Trong cc
ng thng i qua A v song song vi (P), vit phng trnh ng thng d sao cho khong
cch t B n d l nh nht.
Phn tch:
R rng t tng ca bi ton trn cng vi bi ton qua 1 im tn ti duy nht mt
mt phng song song vi mt phng cho trc, ta a n mt bi ton c th v t tng
minh hn.
Li gii:
Gi (Q) l mt phng song song vi mt phng (P) v qua A

(Q) c phng trnh :

x + 3 - 2y + 2(z-1) = 0 x - 2y + 2z + 1 = 0
p dng kt qu bi ton trn, gi H l hnh chiu ca B trn (P).
D dng tnh ton c H
,
_

9
7
;
9
11
;
9
1

AH

,
_

9
2
;
9
11
;
9
26
Vy ng thng cn tm c phng trnh :
2
1 z
11
y
26
3 x

+
V d 2: Cho ng thng

'

t z
t y
t x
2
1
2
:
v hai im A(2; -1; 1), B(0; 1;2).
Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua A, vung gc vi v cch B mt khong ln
nht, nh nht.
Phn tch:
Mt phng (P) chnh l mt phng qua A v vung gc vi . Khi bi ton tr v bi
ton 5. p dng bi ton trn, ta c li gii.
Li gii.
Gi (P) l mt phng qua A v vung gc vi (P) c phng trnh:
2 (x -2) - (y + 1) + (z-1) = 0 2x - y + z -6 = 0.
Gi H, K ln lt l hnh chiu ca B trn (P) v , ta c d(B,d) = BK
1, BK BA max BK = AB K

A hay d qua A
v vung gc vi AB
C
AB
(-2; 2; 1) v vc t php tuyn ca (P) l n (2;
-1; 1)
d c vc t ch phng ] n ; AB [ u = ( 3; 4; -2)
ng thng d cch B mt khong ln nht l ng
thng qua A v c vc t ch phng u ( 3; 4; -2).
d
B
H
A
K
Phng trinh d l :
2
1 z
4
1 y
3
2 x

2, BK BH (khng i)

minBK = BH khi K

H hay d l ng thng qua A v H

Gi
1

l ng thng qua B v vung gc vi (P).

1

c phng trnh:

'

t z
t y
t x
2
1
2
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
H =
1
(P) nn ta H tha mn h:

'

'

+
+

6 / 17
6 / 1
3 / 5
6 / 5
0 6 z y x 2
t 2 z
t 1 y
t 2 x
z
y
x
t

H
,
_

6
17
;
6
1
;
3
5

AH

,
_

6
11
;
6
7
;
3
1

chn vc t ch phng ca d l
d
u
(2; -14;
-11)
ng thng d cch B mt khong nh nht c phng trnh:
11
1 z
14
1 y
3
2 x

V d 3:
Cho A(1; 4; 2) , B(-1;2;4) v ng thng d c phng trnh

'

+

t z
t y
t x
2
2
1
.
Trong cc ng thng qua A v ct d, vit phng trnh ng thng cch B mt khong
ln nht, nh nht.
Phn tch:
Mt phng (P) trong v d ny l mt phng qua d v A. Nh vy v d c xy dng t bi
ton trn v cch xc nh mt phng qua 1 im v 1 ng thng.
Li gii:
ng thng d qua M(1; -2; 0) v c vc t ch phng u (-1; 1; 2) ;
MA
(0; 6; 2)
Gi (P) l mt phng qua A v d

(P) c vc t php tuyn ] MA ; u [ n =(-10;2;-6)

Chn vc t php tuyn ca (P) l
P
n (5; -1; 3) , khi (P) c phng trnh:
5(x-1) - (y - 4) + 3 (z - 2) = 0 5x - y + 3z -7 = 0
ng thng qua A v ct d

nm trong (P). Theo kt qu bi ton trn ta c:

1, cch B mt khong ln nht
vung gc vi AB
B A
(-2; -2; 2)

c vc t ch phng

u = ] n ; AB [
P
= (-4; 16; 12)
Chn
1
u (-1;4;3) l vc t ch phng ca (
1
u khng cng phng u )
ng thng ct d v tha mn bi ton c phng trnh :
3
2 z
4
4 y
1
1 x

2, ng thng cch B mt khong ln nht

qua A v H

Xc nh H :
Gi
1
l ng thng qua B v vung gc vi (P).
1
c phng trnh:

'

+

+
t z
t y
t x
3 4
2
5 1
H =
1
(P) nn ta H tha mn h:

'

+
+

+
0 7 z 3 y x 5
t 3 4 z
t 2 y
t 5 1 x

H
,
_

35
146
;
35
68
;
7
5

AH

,
_

35
76
;
35
72
;
35
60

____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
Chn vc t ch phng ca l
2
u (15; 18; -19) (
2
u khng cng phng u )
ng thng ct d v tha mn bi ton c phng trnh :
19
2 z
18
4 y
15
1 x

Bi ton 6:
Cho mt phng (P), im A thuc (P) v ng thng d ct (P). Xc nh ng thng
nm trong (P), i qua A v hp vi d mt gc ln nht, nh nht.
Phn tch:
T cch xc nh gc gia hai ng thng trong
khng gian l gc gia hai ng thng cng i qua 1
im ta xc inh d' qua A v song song vi d. Khi
(d, ) = (d', ). Vy phi xc nh gc gia d' v
, sau lin h vi gc khng i l gc gia d' v
(P).
Li gii:
Gi d' l ng thng qua A v song song vi d , ta
c (d, ) = (d', ) v (d,(P)) = (d',(P))
d'
d
H
A
Gi M l im bt k trn d', H v K tng ng l hnh chiu ca M trn (P) v

gc gia d' v l

MAK, gc gia d' v (P) l

MAH
1, Ta lun c: sin
MA
MK

, sin
MA
H M

v MK MH

sin

sin

min

khi H K hay l ng thng qua A v H. Khi , vc t ch phng ca

l:

u =
d P P
[[u , n ], n ]
uur uur uur
. Vy l ng thng hon ton xc nh qua A v c vc t ch
phng

u .
2,

90
0

max

=90
0
khi vung gc vi d'

Vc t ch phng ca l:

u =
d P
[u , n ]
uur uur
. Vy l ng thng hon ton xc nh.
V d:
Cho ng thng d :
3
2 z
1
y
2
1 x

v mt phng (P) : 2x + y + z +1 = 0. im A(0;-2;1)

thuc (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng nm trong (P), i qua A v hp vi d mt gc ln
nht, nh nht.
Li gii:
d c vc t ch phng u (2;1;-3); (P) c vc t php tuyn n (2;1;1).
Theo kt qu bi ton trn:
1, hp vi d mt gc ln nht khi vung gc vi d

vc t ch phng ca l:

u =[u, n]
r r
= (4; -8; 0). Chn
1
u =(1;-2;0 ) l vc t ch phng ca .
Ta c phng trnh :

'

1
2 2
z
t y
t x
2, hp vi d mt gc nh nht khi song song vi hnh chiu ca d trn (P)

vc t ch phng ca l:
2
u = 1 [u , n]
r r
= (2; -1; 5). Vy phng trnh l:
5
1 z
1
2 y
2
x

Ch :
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
Nu d//(P) hoc d nm trong (P) th ng thng nm trong (P), i qua A v hp vi d
mt gc ln nht l 90
0
, gc nh nht l 0
0
.
Bi ton 7:
Cho mt phng (P) v im A thuc (P). ng thng d ct (P) ti mt im khc A.
Xc nh ng thng nm trong (P), i qua A sao cho khong cch gia v d l ln
nht.
Phn tch:
T khong cch gia hai ng thng l khong
cch gia ng thng v mt phng cha ng
thng cn li v song song vi ng ng thng

xc nh ng thng d' qua A v d'//d

mt
phng cha v d' song song d

d(d, ) = d(d;(d'; )).

Vn t tng : bi ton hi khong cnh gia d
v , ta xc nh khong cnh v so snh vi
khong cch khng i.
d '
d
B
Li gii: Gi d' l ng thng qua A v d'//d.
Gi s xc nh

d' v cng nm trong mt mt phng (Q).

Gi H, K ln lt l hnh chiu ca B trn (Q) v d' BH BK max BH = BK H

K
hay (Q) nhn
BK
lm vc t php tuyn.
Hoc gi I l hnh chiu ca A trn d AI // BK
AI
l vc t php tuyn ca mt phng
(Q) (Q) hon ton xc nh l giao tuyn ca (Q) v (P) hon ton xc nh.
V d :
Cho mt phng (P) : 2x + y - z +1 = 0 v ng thng d :
1
z
2
1 y
3
3 x

. im
A(0;2;3) nm trong (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A sao cho khong cch gia d
v l ln nht.
Li gii: Theo kt qu bi ton trn:
Gi B = d (P), d xc nh c B(-3; 3; -2) A ( hoc thay ta A v phng trnh
d Ad).
(P) c vc t php tuyn
P
n (2; 1;-1).
Gi I l hnh chiu ca A trn d I
,
_

7
6
;
7
5
;
7
3

I A

,
_

7
27
;
7
9
;
7
3
Chn vc t php tuyn ca (Q) l Q
n
(1; -3;9). V l giao tuyn ca (Q) v (P) nn
vc t ch phng ca l: u = p
Q
[n , n ]
r uur
=(-12; 19; 7)

qua A v c vc t ch phng ca u c phng trnh:

7
3 z
19
2 y
12
x

Nhn xt:
1, Tt c 7 bi ton trn c th gii bng phng php gii tch, tm gi tr ln nht, nh
nht t cng thc tnh khong cch, gc...Phng php th rt r rng nhung tnh ton li rt
phc tp. Con ng s dng yu t hnh hc khng gian nh trn lm cho bi ton tr nn d
dng v th v hn.
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
2. T cc bi ton gc khng nhng ta c th cho cc bi ton c th m cn nhiu
iu ta c th tp cho hc sinh c ci nhn a chiu ca mt bi ton hoc sng to cc bi ton
khc t vic thay th cc gi thit tng ng.
Phn III: Cc bi ton v im
Ta bit bi ton rt c bn sau trong mt phng:
"Cho ng thng v hai im A,B. Tm trn im M sao cho MA+MB t gi
tr nh nht."
Li gii bi ton c chia 2 trng hp:
TH1: A, B khc pha
M = AB . Ta d dng chng minh c v xc nh
c M.
TH2: A, B cng phia
Gi A
1
l im i xng A qua M = A
1
B . Ta
d dng chng minh c v xc nh c M.
Tuy nhin cu hi t ra l ti sao ta a n vic ly i xng. Cu tr li l d hiu vi
hu ht hc sinh l vic ta tm 1 im A
1
thay th vai tr ca A ( M : MA
1
= MA),
nhng A
1
v B khc pha, tr v bi ton ta bit trng hp 1.Nhng vic m rng
tng cho nhng bi ton khc trong khng gian khng phi hc sinh no cng thc hin
c.
Nu m rng bi ton ny sang khng gian, thay ng thng bi mt phng (P) th
bi ton tng t, khng h gy kh khn ngay c vi hc sinh trung bnh. Nhng nu m rng
trong khng gian m vn l ng thng th bi ton s tr nn kh khn hn trong mt phng.
Ta s xem xt vn ny di 2 gc nhn sau y
Bi ton 8:
Cho ng thng v hai im A, B. Tm trn im M sao cho MA + MB l nh nht.
Cch 1:
Phn tch
Ta bt u tng t vic quy v mt phng. Nu
trong khng gian th khng c khi nim 2 im cng
pha hay khc phia vi ng thng
Nu xc nh (P) l mt phng cha A v , ta s tm
ttrong (P) mt im thay th B, ng nhin phi khc
pha A Bi ton a c v nh trong mt
phng
M
A
I
B
H
K
Li gii
Gi (P) l mt phng cha A v ; I l im trong mt phng (P) sao cho IH ;
IH = BH v I khc pha vi A so vi ng thng . Khi , ta d dng chng minh c
M = AI
Tht vy: Gi M' l im bt k thuc MB = MI v M'B = M'I
Ta c: M'A + M'B = M'A + M'I AI m AI = MA + MI = MA + MB
M'A + M'B MA + MB
M c xc nh nh trn tha mn bi ton : MA + MB nh nht.
Tuy nhin vi cch gii trn kh khn trong vic tm ta im I khi thc hnh
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
Ta ch : Gi K l hnh chiu ca A trn AK // IH ta c:
BH
AK
IH
AK
MH
MA


MH .
BH
AK
MA
M chia AH theo t s k =
BH
AK

T a ta n bi ton : Xc nh hnh chiu K, H ca A, B trn v im M chia AH theo
t s k =
BH
AK

Vy M hon ton xc nh.

Cch 2:
Bi ton cn xc nh im M v biu din M theo tham s ca
Tnh MA + MB theo cng thc khong cch
Vit li MA + MB =
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
B A B A + + + , sao cho B
1,
B
2
lung l hng s, A
1,
A
2
ph
thuc t
Khi s dng bt ng thc vc t:
v u v u + +
. Nh vy, du " = " xy ra th
cc vc t
v , u
phi tha mn v u + khng ph thuc t,
v , u
cng hng. T tng ta
chn
v , u
sao cho | u | =
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
B A B A + + + v xc nh c M.
V d: Cho ng thng

'

+
t z
t y
t x
4
1
2 1
v A(1; 0 ;-1) , B(2; 1;1)
1. Tm trn im M sao cho
MA MB +
uuur uuur
l nh nht
2. Tm trn im I sao cho 2IA
2
+ 3IB
2
l nh nht
3. Tm trn im N sao cho NA+ NB l nh nht
4. Tm trn im K sao cho
A K KB
Li gii:
1. Ta c:
MA MB +
uuur uuur
= 2
MJ
uuur
vi J l trung im ca AB
MA MB +
uuur uuur
nh nht MJ nh
nht JM hay M l hnh chiu ca J trn .
Hoc ta c th xc nh M( 1+ 2t; 1-t; t ) ( 2 ; 1 ; 1 ) MA t t t +
uuur
(1 2 ; ;1 ) MB t t t
uuur
(1 4 ; 2 1 ; 2 ) MA MB t t t +
uuur uuur

( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 4 2 1 4 MA MB t t t + + +
uuur uuur
=
2
24 12 2 t t +
Xt hm s f(t) =
2
24 12 2 t t + . C f'(t) = 48t - 12
1
'( ) 0
4
f t t <>
D c :
1
min ( ) .....
4
f t f
_


,

MA MB +
uuur uuur
nh nht
1
4
t M
3 3 1
; ;
2 4 4
_

,
2. ( ) 1 2 ; 1 ; I I t t t > +
IA
2
= 4t
2
+ (1- t )
2
+( t+1)
2
= 6 t
2
+ 2.
IB
2
= (2t -1)
2
+ t
2
+( t -1)
2
= 6 t
2
- 6t

+ 2.
2IA
2
+ 3IB
2
= 12t
2
+ 4+ 18t
2
- 18t

+ 6 = 30t
2
- 18t

+ 10
Bng cch xt hm g(t) = 30t
2
- 18t

+ 10 g'(t) = 60t - 18 g' (t) = 0
3
10
t
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
D c: im
8 7 3
; ;
5 10 10
I
_

,
tha mn bi ton.
( Nhng vn n gin, c bn trong khun kh bi vit c b qua vic chng minh )
3. Tm N sao cho NA + NB nh nht
N N( 1+2t; 1- t; t)
NA + NB
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
4 1 1 2 1 1 t t t t t t + + + + + +

2 2
6 2 6 6 2 t t t + + +

2
2
1 1
6 2 6
2 2
t t
_
+ + +

,
Chn
( )
1 1
6 ; 2 6 ( );
2 2
u t v t
_


,
r r

6 3
;
2 2
u v
_
+


,
r r

6 9
6
4 2
NA NB u v u v + + + +
r r r r
Du "=" xy ra
u
r
v
v
r
cng hng
6 2 1
1 2
1 1 3
6
2 2
t
t t t
t
<> <>
_

,
NA + NB nh nht khi
5 2 1
; ;
3 3 3
N
_

,
.
Ch :
1. T bi ton trn ta c th xt bi ton :
Tm GTNN ca hm s: f(x)
2 2
6 2 6 6 2 min ( ) 6 x x x f x + + + >
2. Gii phng trnh
2 2
6 2 6 6 2 6 x x x + + +
a n nghim
1
2
x
4. |KA-KB| ln nht :Hon ton tng t phn (3)
2 2
| KA KB| | 6t 2 6t 6t 2 | + +
=
2
2
1 1
6t 2 6 t
2 2
_
+ +

,
chn vc t ( )
1 1
u 6t; 2 ; v 6 t t;
2
2
_ _


, ,
ur ur

6 1 3 1
u v ; u v 2
2 2 2
2
_
> +


,
ur ur ur ur
, t bt ng thc vc t
| u| | v| u v
uur uur ur ur
Ta c
| KA KB| | u| | v| u v 2
uur uur ur ur
, du = xy ra khi hai vc t u ; v
ur ur
cng hng
6t 2 t
2
1 1 1
t 6 t
2 2 2
<>
_


,
t=1 K(3;0;1) tho mn bi ton.
Cch 2: (Phn 3) Theo kt qu bi ton trn
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
Gi H v I tng ng l hnh chiu ca A v B trn ta d dng xc nh c
1 1
I 2; ;
2 2
_

,
;
H(1;1;0) ;
1
AH 2 ; BI
2


AH
KH KI
BI
>
uuur uur
KH 2KI >
uuur uur
; Theo cng thc to im chia ta
cng xc nh c
5 2 1
K ; ;
3 3 3
_

,
Nhn xt:
1. Cch gii ny con ng kh t nhin v i t mt phng sang, tuy nhin v l lun
tng i di dng mc d l l lun chung cho cc bi ton tng t, v mt tnh ton cng kh
nhiu (Tnh to hai hnh chiu ca A, B, tnh di cc on thng AH, BI, tnh to im
chia, khi hai hnh chiu c to khng nguyn th tnh ton kh nng n so vi cch gii trc
2. Cch gii trc ngn gn hn, m rng c sang nhiu bi ton nh bi ton tm
GTNN v bi ton gii phng trnh hay bt phng trnh.
Nn trong qu trnh gii thiu ta thng phi gii thiu cch gii c nhiu u im sau khi gii
thiu cch gii bng con ng t nhin song li kh phc tp trong tnh ton.
Bi ton 9:
Cho cc im A, B, C v mt phng (P) cc s thc
, ,
cho trc sao cho
0 ++
. Tm im M trn mt phng (P) sao cho
MA MB MC + +
uuuur uuuur uuuur
t gi tr nh
nht.
Li gii:
Xc nh I sao cho IA IB IC 0 + +
uur uur uur ur
d dng xc nh c im I, khi
MA MB MC MI + + ++
uuuur uuuur uuuur
(1) do
MA MB MC + +
uuuur uuuur uuuur
t gi tr nh nht khi v ch khi
MI nh nht M l hnh chiu ca I trn (P)
Ch : Trong (1) ta s dng cng thc thu gn vc t, im I chnh l tm t c ca h 3 im
A, B, C ng vi b 3 s
, ,
.
Ta cng c th m rng cho h n imA
1
, A
2
, A
3
,A
n
. ng vi b n s thc i

.
T bi ton trn ta c th ra v s bi ton c th p dng.
V d :
Trong khng gian cho cc im A(-1;2;3), B(2;3;-2), C(0;-2;-1), D(1;0;1) v mt phng
(P) c phng trnh : x - y + 2z -1= 0.
Tm im M trn (P) sao cho
2MA 3MB 2MC 3MD + +
uuuur uuuur uuuur uuuur
nh nht.
Li gii: Gi I(x;y;z) l im sao cho 2IA 3IB 2IC 3ID 0 + +
uur uur uuur uur ur

2 2x 6 3x 2x 3 3x 0
4 2y 9 3y 4 2y 3y 0
6 2z 6 3z 2 2z 3 3z 0
+ +

+
'

+ + +

Gii h phng trnh, tm c I

)
4
13
;
4
9
;
4
5
(
. Theo bi ton trn, ta c
2MA 3MB 2MC 3MD + +
uuuur uuuur uuuur uuuur
4
MI
t gi tr nh nht khi v ch khi MI nh nht M l
hnh chiu ca I trn (P).
D dng xc nh c M
)
12
13
;
6
7
;
3
7
(
.
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai
Dnh cho cc bn chun b thi vo i hc
Chc cc em thnh cng!
____________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Ngc Minh - T Ton - THPT s 3 Thnh ph Lo Cai