B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC CN TH

VIN NGHIN CU V PHT TRIN CNG NGH SINH HC

Bo co chuyn c cht hc

C CHT T CHT PH GIA TRONG THC PHM

GIO VIN HNG DN TS. L NGUYN OAN DUY

HC VIN THC HIN TRN QUANG THI DUY NGUYN TRNG THO NGUYN TH THANH THO BI MINH TRNG

Cn Th, 12 /2011

Chuyn ngnh Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

Vin NC v PT Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

MC LC
CHNG I S LC V VI SINH VT V VAI TR CA CHNG......Error: Reference source not found 1.1. S lc v vi sinh vt.......................................................Error: Reference source not found 1.1.1. i tng v nhim v ca vi sinh vt hc..............Error: Reference source not found 1.1.2. Lch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hc.......................Error: Reference source not found 1.2. Vai tr ca vi sinh vt trong hot ng sng ca con ngi v trong nng nghip......Error: Reference source not found CHNG II VI SINH VT NG DNG TRONG CHN NUI.........Error: Reference source not found 2.1. Cng ngh vi sinh trong sn xut thc n phc v chn nui....Error: Reference source not found 2.1.1. Sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt giu protein cho gia sc......Error: Reference source not found 2.1.2. Sn xut protein vi sinh vt t du m v kh t.....Error: Reference source not found 2.1.3. Sn xut sinh khi vi sinh vt t nguyn liu cha tinh bt v celluose...............Error: Reference source not found 2.1.4. Sn xut sinh khi to...............................................Error: Reference source not found 2.2. Cng ngh vi sinh trong bo qun v ch bin sn phm chn nuiError: Reference source not found 2.2.1. Khi nim chung v nhim thc phm..................Error: Reference source not found 2.2.2. Tc nhn gy nhim thc phm.............................Error: Reference source not found 2.2.3. C ch sinh ho ca qu trnh gy h hng thc phm......Error: Reference source not found 2.2.4. Cc phng php bo qun thc phm.....................Error: Reference source not found 2.2.5. Mt s cng thc ch bin v bo qun tht, sa, tm bng ln men lactic...........Error: Reference source not found 2.3. Cng ngh vi sinh phng v tr bnh trong chn nui Error: Reference source not found 2.3.1. Khng sinh trong chn nui......................................Error: Reference source not found 2.3.2. Vaccine trong chn nui...........................................Error: Reference source not found 2.4. Cng ngh Biogas x l cht thi trong chn nui.....Error: Reference source not found 2.4.1. nh ngha Biogas....................................................Error: Reference source not found 2.4.2. C ch to kh sinh vt trong h thng Biogas.........Error: Reference source not found 2.4.3. Cc loi m hnh x l cht thi bng cng ngh Biogas...Error: Reference source not found 2.4.4. Vai tr ca h vi sinh vt trong cng ngh Biogas.. .Error: Reference source not found CHNG III VI SINH VT NG DNG TRONG NUI TRNG THY SN..Error: Reference source not found 3.1. H sinh thi thy vc.......................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.1.1. Khi nim v thnh phn cu trc h sinh thi.........Error: Reference source not found 3.1.2. Cc vng h sinh thi thy vc.................................Error: Reference source not found 3.2. H sinh thi thy vc.......................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.2.1. Vi sinh vt trong mi trng nc............................Error: Reference source not found Chuyn ngnh Cng Ngh Sinh Hc i Vin NC v PT Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

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3.2.2. nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng n vi sinh vt trong nc.......Error: Reference source not found 3.2.3. Mt s vai tr ca vi sinh vt trong cc thy vc.....Error: Reference source not found 3.3. Nui trng thy sn..........................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.3.1 Khi nim...................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.3.2 c im mi trng ao nui thy sn......................Error: Reference source not found 3.4 nh hng ca vi sinh vt trong h thng nui trng thy sn. .Error: Reference source not found 3.4.1 Tch cc......................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.4.2 Tiu cc......................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.5. nhim mi trng do nui trng thy sn (NTTS)......Error: Reference source not found 3.6. Cc phng php sinh hc trong x l nhim mi trng......Error: Reference source not found 3.6.1. Phng php s dng h vi sinh vt.........................Error: Reference source not found 3.6.2. Phng php s dng h ng thc vt hp th cc cht nhim. .Error: Reference source not found 3.6.3. Cc h thng x l nhim mi trng bng cc phng php sinh hc.............Error: Reference source not found 3.7 Nhng ng dng ca vi sinh vt trong nui trng thy sn (NTTS).Error: Reference source not found 3.7.1. Vaccine......................................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.7.2. Vi to ng dng trong Nui trng thy sn..............Error: Reference source not found 3.7.3. Lc sinh hc..............................................................Error: Reference source not found 3.7.4. Ch phm sinh hc (probiotics)................................Error: Reference source not found CHNG IV MT S CH PHM VI SINH TRONG CHN NUI V THY SN...Error: Reference source not found 4.1. Mt s ch phm sinh hc trong chn nui....................Error: Reference source not found 4.2. Mt s ch phm sinh hc trong nui trng thy sn......Error: Reference source not found KT LUN V KIN NGH..............................................Error: Reference source not found TI LIU THAM KHO .Error: Reference source not found

Chuyn ngnh Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

ii

Vin NC v PT Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

DANH SCH BNG V HNH

Chuyn ngnh Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

iii

Vin NC v PT Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

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GII THIU
Cht ph gia l cc cht c ngi sn xut c tnh trn thm vo thc phm nhm ko di thi gian bo qun c nhng vn khng lm thay i cht lng v hng v ca sn phm. i khi ngi ta cng s dng cht ph gia sn phm c c mt tnh cht mong mun no nh dai, dn, c mu sc hoc mi v a thch, hp dn ngi tiu dng. Cc cht ph gia c con ngi a vo thc phm c th chia thnh 2 nhm: Nhm cc cht khng c php s dng: - Formol, hn the, cht to ngt tng hp (natri cyclamat), mu cng nghip, - Clenbuterol, salbutamol lm gim lp m di da, dexamethason v cc dn xut c tc dng gi nc, tng trng gi to trong chn nui gia sc. - Chloramphenicol, nitrofuran, fluoroquinolon, malachite green, leuco malachite green, ure trong bo qun, ch bin thu sn.
Nhm cc cht c php s dng trong ch bin thc phm, nhng li dng

qu hm lng cho php: cc cht to ngt tng hp (saccharin, aspartame), cht bo qun (benzoic acid v cc mui benzoat, sorbic acid v cc mui sorbat), cht chng oxy ho (BHT, BHA, sulfit, mui nitrite v nitrate). Hin nay c ch qun l v v sinh an ton thc phm ca nc ta cn thiu cht ch, ngi tiu dng c nguy c b nhim c do cc cht ph gia rt cao bi cc thc phm c bn trong th trng. Trn c s nhm bo co chn ti c cht t cht ph gia trong thc phm nhm mc ch: - Mang li mt s thng tin v tnh c v liu lng c ca cc cht ph gia, gp phn to thc cho ngi nghe bo v sc kho ; - Cung cp mt s cch nhn bit cht ph gia c hi c trong thc phm.

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CHNG I

S LC V CHT PH GIA THC PHM

1. Khi nim Cc ph gia thc phm l cc cht c b sung thm vo thc phm bo qun hay ci thin hng v v b ngoi ca chng. Mt s ph gia thc phm c s dng trong nhiu th k; v d bo qun bng lm da chua (vi dm), p muichng hn nh vi tht p mui xng khi, hay s dng ixt lu hunh nh trong mt s loi ru vang. Vi s ra i v pht trin ca cng nghip ch bin thc phm trong na sau th k 20 th c thm nhiu ph gia thc phm c gii thiu, c t nhin ln nhn to. Trn kha cnh php l, ph gia thc phm l bt c cht no m khi dng s a ti hoc c th gin tip hay trc tip tr thnh mt thnh phn ca thc phm hoc thay i c tnh ca thc phm. Vi dn chng, y l cc cht c mi v cay, thm, mn, ngt khc nhau... dng cho thm vo thc n tng cm v, to mu sc hp dn, gi thc phm khi h hao hoc tng gi tr dinh dng. Cht ph gia c th c ngun gc thin nhin, c tng hp hoc bn tng hp ha hc. i khi chng cng c tng hp t vi sinh vt, nh cc loi enzymes dng sn xut ra sa chua. Cht ph gia cng c th l cc vitamin c ngi ta cho thm vo thc phm tng thm tnh b dng... Theo nh ngha ca y ban Bo V Thc Phm (Food Protection Committee FPC) Hoa k: Ph gia thc phm l mt cht hoc mt hn hp cc cht, khng phi l thnh phn c bn ca thc phm, chng cn st li trong thc phm t vic s dng c ch ch trong cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut thc phm, nh ch bin, bo qun v bao gi. Cc cht khc nhim vo thc phm khng do ch ch ca nh sn xut khng c gi l ph gia thc phm. Theo nh ngha ny th cc cht bo v thc vt, cc cht kch thch sinh trng, cc thuc khng sinh c trong nguyn liu thc phm l kt qu ca cc qu trnh nui,

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

trng cc loi nguyn liu thc phm v cn st li trong thc phm, khng phi l ph gia thc phm m chng l cc cht tp nhim ca thc phm. Hin nay, ngnh cng nghip thc phm trn th gii c php s dng hn 3.000 loi cht ph gia trong ch bin, vic s dng ph gia trong ch bin vn phi c kim sot. Cc cht ph gia thc phm c bn c phn loi thnh 6 nhm chnh: cht bo qun; cht b sung dinh dng; cht to v v iu v; cht to mu; cht to cu trc v nhm cc ph gia khc. S lng cc cht ph gia vn ang c nghin cu v s cn tng nhanh trong thi gian ti, do s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh v nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng. Khi cp n vn ph gia trong thc phm ch bin th ngi ta lun tip cn t hai pha: li ch v nh hng ca chng n sc khe con ngi. Bi v, cho d l mt ha cht thng thng l mui n (NaCl) hay ng, nu s dng qu nhiu cng nh hng khng tt n ngi s dng, nn trong vic qun l s dng ph gia tt c cc nc u c danh mc ph gia cho php v liu lng gii hn v tn d ca chng trong thc phm. V gc li ch, nhiu cht ph gia thc phm gip cho thc phm an ton hn v gi c gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm. Nhiu cht khng vi sinh vt (VSV) c th gip trnh s pht trin ca VSV gy bnh v cc VSV sinh c t; cn cc cht chng oxy ha li gip hn ch s phn hy cc vitamin trong thc phm v hn ch cc qu trnh oxy ha cc cht bo sinh ra cc cht c trong thc phm. Thm ch, trong trng hp cc cht ph gia b sung dinh dng (vitamin, khong cht, acid bo khng thay th arachidonic acid AA, docosahexaenoic acid DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid EPA), chng cn cung cp mt s cht dinh dng quan trng cho con ngi. V gc nh hng n sc khe, cc cht ph gia thc phm c quan tm ch yu c bi s lo ngi v s tim n cc c tnh ca ph gia, trong ch yu l mi lo v s nhim c cp tnh v mn tnh. Thc t, cc cht ph gia cho php s dng trong thc phm thng khng gy ra ng c cp tnh, nn mi lo ln nht lc ny l cc tc dng xu trong vic s dng thc phm cha ph gia lu di.

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

Cho n nay, cc bng chng v mi lin h gia vic tiu dng ph gia trong lu di vi cc vn trong sc khe ca con ngi vn cn cha chng minh c, a s cc kt qu u t cc nghin cu trn ng vt, hn na cc cht ph gia, mt khi c kt lun rng chng c nh hng n sc khe ca ng vt nghin cu th hu ht b cm s dng trong thc phm. Hin nay, theo s liu nghin cu v d tnh ca cng ty Global Industry Analysts (GIA), th trng ph gia thc phm th gii khong 29 t la v c th t gn 34 t la vo nm 2015. Nh vy, xu hng s dng ph gia trong thc phm s ngy cng tng ch khng phi gim, v ngi tiu dng cng phi chp nhn mt thc t l thc phm c cha ph gia, chng ta ch c gng ch ng tm kim nhng sn phm c sn xut t cc nh sn xut c uy tn, ng tin cy. Mt khc, ngi tiu dng cn phi trng cy vo vic qun l nh nc ca cc c quan chc nng m bo vic s dng cc cht ph gia ti cc c s sn xut nm trong gii hn cho php ca php lut. 2. L do s dng cc cht ph gia trong thc phm C 5 l do chnh ph gia c dng trong thc phm: - Duy tr ng nht ca sn phm: cc cht nh ha to s ng nht cho kt cu ca thc phm v ngn nga s phn tch. Cht n nh v cht lm c to cu trc nhuyn mn. Cht chng vn gip nhng thc phm dng bt duy tr c trng thi ti ri. - Ci thin hoc duy tr gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm: Cc vitamin v khong cht c b sung vo cc thc phm thit yu b p nhng thiu ht trong khu phn n cng nh s tht thot trong qu trnh ch bin. S b sung ny gip gim tnh trng suy dinh dng trong cng ng dn c. - Duy tr s ngon lnh ca thc phm: cht bo qun lm chm s h hng ca thc phm gy ra bi nm men, mc, vi khun v khng kh. Cht oxy ha gip cht du m trong cc thc phm khng b i hoc to mi l. Cht chng oxy ha cng gip cho tri cy ti, khi b bin sang mu nu en khi tip xc vi khng kh. - To n hoc kim sot kim, acid ca thc phm: cc cht bt n gii phng ra nhng cht kh khi b un nng gip bnh n ra khi nng. Cc cht ph gia

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

khc gip iu chnh acid v kim ca thc phm, to hng v v mu sc thch hp. - Tng cng hng v hoc to mu mong mun cho thc phm: nhiu loi gia v v nhng cht hng tng hp hoc t nhin lm tng cng v ca thc phm. Nhng cht mu lm tng cng s hp dn ca mt s thc phm p ng mong i ca khch hng. Nhiu cht ph gia c cho vo thc phm c v nh l "cht l" khi c ghi trn bao b, nhng thc ra chng hon ton quen thuc. V d: acid ascorbic hay vitamin C, alphatocopherol hay vitamin E; v beta-carotene l mt ngun vitamin A. Mc d khng c cc t ng ngha d nh cho tt c cc ph gia, nhng cng hu ch khi chng ta bit rng tt c cc thc phm u to thnh t nhng cht ha hc, cc cht ph gia cng vy. Cacbon, hydro v cc nguyn t ha hc khc to nn tng c bn cho mi th trong cuc sng. 3. Qun l cht ph gia thc phm qun l cc ph gia ny v thng tin v chng cho ngi tiu dng th mi loi ph gia u c gn vi mt s duy nht. Ban u cc s ny l cc "s E" c s dng chu u cho tt c cc ph gia c chp nhn. H thng nh s ny hin c y ban m thc phm (Codex Alimentarius Committee) chp nhn v m rng xc nh trn bnh din quc t tt c cc ph gia thc phm m khng lin quan n vic chng c c chp nhn s dng hay khng. Tt c cc s E u c tin t "E" i km, nhng cc quc gia ngoi chu u ch s dng cc s m khng cn bit l cc ph gia c c chp nhn s dng chu u hay khng. V d, axt axtic l ph gia 260, v th n c vit l E260 trn cc sn phm c by bn chu u. Ph gia 103, alkanet, khng c chp nhn s dng chu u nn n khng c s E, mc d n c chp nhn s dng ti c v New Zealand. Xem thm Danh sch cc ph gia thc phm c danh sch y tt c cc m s. 4. Cc nhm ph gia thc phm Cc ph gia thc phm c th phn chia thnh vi nhm, mc d c mt s phn chng ln gia cc th loi ny.
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Cc axt Cc axt thc phm c b sung vo lm cho hng v ca thc phm "sc hn", v chng cng c tc dng nh l cc cht bo qun v chng xi ha. Cc axt thc phm ph bin l dm, axt citric, axt tartaric, axt malic, axt fumaric, axt lactic. Cc cht iu chnh chua Cc cht iu chnh chua c s dng thay i hay kim sot chua v kim ca thc phm. Cc cht chng vn Cc cht chng vn gi cho cc cht bt, chng hn nh sa bt khng b vn cc. Cc cht chng to bt Cc cht chng to bt lm gim hoc ngn chn s to bt trong thc phm. Cc cht chng xi ha Cc cht chng xi ha nh vitamin C c tc dng nh l cht bo qun bng cch kim ch cc tc ng ca xy i vi thc phm v ni chung l c li cho sc khe. Cc cht to lng Cc cht to khi lng chng hn nh tinh bt c b sung tng s /khi lng ca thc phm m khng lm nh hng ti gi tr dinh dng ca n. Cc cht to mu thc phm Cht to mu thc phm c thm vo thc phm thay th cc mu sc b mt trong qu trnh sn xut hay lm cho thc phm trng bt mt hn. Cht gi mu Ngc li vi cc cht to mu, cc cht gi mu c s dng bo qun mu hin hu ca thc phm. Cc cht chuyn th sa Cc cht chuyn th sa cho php nc v du n duy tr c th hn hp cng nhau trong th sa, chng hn trong maint, kem v sa. Cc cht to v

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

Cc cht to v l cc ph gia lm cho thc phm hng v hay mi c th no v c th c to ra t cc cht t nhin hay nhn to. Cc cht iu v Cc cht iu v lm tng hng v sn c ca thc phm. Cc cht x l bt ng cc Cc cht x l bt ng cc c thm vo bt ng cc (bt m, bt mch v.v) ci thin mu sc ca n hay s dng khi nng bnh. Cc cht gi m Cc cht gi m ngn khng cho thc phm b kh i. Cc cht bo qun Cc cht bo qun ngn hoc kim ch s thi hng ca thc phm b gy ra bi cc hot ng ca nm mc, vi khun hay cc vi sinh vt khc. Cc cht y Cc cht y l cc loi kh nn c s dng y thc phm ra khi cha ng n. Cc cht n nh Cc cht n nh, to c v to gel, chng hn aga hay pectin (s dng trong mt s loi mt hoa qu) lm cho thc phm c kt cu c v chc. Trong khi chng khng phi l cc cht chuyn th sa thc th, nhng chng gip cho cc cht th sa n nh hn. Cc cht lm ngt Cc cht lm ngt c b sung vo thc phm to v ngt. Cc cht lm ngt khng phi ng c thm vo gi cho thc phm cha t nng lng (calo) nhng vn c v ngt ca ng hay v chng c cc tc ng c li cho cc bnh nhn b bnh i ng hay su rng. Cc cht lm c Cc cht lm c l cc cht m khi thm vo thc phm s lm tng do m khng lm thay i ng k cc thuc tnh khc ca thc phm. 5. Nhng nguy hi ca ph gia thc phm

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Trng i Hc Cn Th

Nu s dng ph gia thc phm khng ng liu lng, chng loi nht l nhng ph gia khng cho php dng trong thc phm s gy nhng tc hi cho sc khe: Gy ng c cp tnh: Nu dng qu liu cho php. Gy ng c mn tnh: D dng liu lng nh, thng xuyn, lin tc, mt s cht ph gia thc phm tch ly trong c th, gy tn thng lu di.Th d: Khi s dng thc phm c hn the, hn the s c o thi qua nc tiu 81%, qua phn 1%, qua m hi 3% cn 15% c tch lu trong cc m m, m thn kinh, dn dn tc hi n nguyn sinh cht v ng ha cc aminoit, gy ra mt hi chng ng c mn tnh: n khng ngon, gim cn, tiu chy, rng tc, suy thn mn tnh, da xanh xao, ng kinh, tr tu gim st. Nguy c gy hnh thnh khi u, ung th, t bin gen, qui thai, nht l cc cht ph gia tng hp. Nguy c nh hng ti cht lng thc phm: ph hu cc cht dinh dng, vitamin...

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A. CC CHT PH GIA DNG TRONG CH BIN I. CC CHT TNG V 1. Cht to v chua. a. Acid citric (C6H3O7. H2O):
Tnh cht:

- nhit phng, acid citric l cht bt kt tinh mu trng. N c th tn ti di dng khan (khng cha nc) hay di dng ngm mt phn t nc (monohydrat). - Acid citric cng ha tan trong ethanol tuyt i (76 phn acid citric trn mi 100 phn etanol) 15 C. - V cu trc ha hc, acid citric chia s cc tnh cht ca cc acid cacboxylic khc. Khi b nung nng trn 175 C, acid citric b phn hy v gii phng CO2 v nc.
Chc nng: acid citric c s dng nh l cht to hng v v cht bo qun

t nhin trong thc phm v ung, c bit l cc loi ung nh. N cng c coi l tc nhn lm sch tt v mt mi trng v ng vai tr ca cht chng oxy ha. Cc tnh cht m ca cc Citrate c s dng kim sot pH trong cc cht ty ra dng trong gia nh v trong dc phm. Ngun: acid citric c trong nc ngt, bia, nc seltzer v xut hin t nhin trong nhiu loi nc qu.

Liu lng s dng: acid citric c hu ht cc quc gia v t chc quc t cng nhn l an ton s dng trong thc phm. N hin din t nhin trong mi dng s sng, cc lng acid citric d tha d dng trao i v bi tit ra khi c th.

Tnh c hi: vic tip xc vi acid citric kh hay m c c th gy ra kch ng da v mt, v th bo h lao ng nn c s dng khi tip xc vi acid citric. Vic s dng qu nhiu acid citric cng d lm tn hi men rng. Tip xc gn vi mt c th gy bng v lm mt th gic. i khi hm lng qu cao acid citric c th gy tn hi cho tc, do n m lp cutin ca tc. N c th lm mt cc cht cn thit cho tc v lm tc b bc mu.

b. Acid tartric (C6H4O6): Tnh cht: Acid tartric l mt acid hu c. N c trong nhiu lai thc vt, c bit l nho, chui v l mt trong nhng acid chnh c tm thy trong ru vang. N c thm vo cc sn phm khc to v chua v c s dng nh mt cht chng oxy ha.

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Chm nho Tnh c hi: liu cao gy t lit v t vong. Cc liu gy cht t vong trung bnh (LD50) l khang 7,5 g/kg cho ngi, khang 5,3 g/kg i vi th v 4,4 g/kg i vi chut. Vi con s ny, th 500g c th git mt ngi cn nng 70 kg.

c. Acid acetic (CH3COOH): dm ty acid dng vi liu lng thch hp s to c v chua, tng cm gic ngon hn, dng c nhiu hn. Tuy nhin nu lm dng s nh hng n d dy. 2. Cht to v ngt: a. Saccharin: Tnh cht: - C v ngt gp 450 ln so vi saccharose. Saccharin bn trn th trng l hn hp vi natri cacbonate theo t l 1 : 4. - Saccharin t c nn nhiu nc cho php dng trong thc phm, mt s nc qui nh s dng c s kim sot. - nhit cao hoc mi trng acid th saccharin b phn hy, gii phng phenol t do gy ra cho thc n c mi kh chu, ch nn s dng vi saccharose v thay th 1/3 ngt. Liu lng s dng: OMS/FAO nm 1986 khuyn co vi liu lng s dng cho ngi:

Khng hn ch 0 5 mg/kgP. C iu kin (c kim sot ca y t) 5 15 mg/kgP. b. Natri cyclamate v Canxi cyclamate: Tnh cht: l cht ngt tng hp ha hc, c ngt gp 30 ln saccharose. Cht ny chu c nhit tt, khng c mi kh chu nh saccharin.

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c tnh:

Sir

T nm 1976 nhiu phng th nghim v c tnh dinh dng thy rng. S dng cyclamate lu di s tch ly trong c th v c th gy ung th gan, phi v gy ra d dng bo thai ng vt th nghim. iu lo ngi l sn phm chuyn ha ca cyclamate, nh mono- hoc di-xyclohexylamine c hn cyclamate. Liu lng s dng: Vn s dng hay khng s cyclamate cn tranh ci. Nm 1971 OMS/FAO khuyn co ch nn s dng cyclamate t 0 25 mg/kgP.

Ung th phi do s dng cyclamate lu di c. Dulcin:

Tnh cht: Dulcin l mt loi ng ha hc c ngt gp 200 n 385 ln ng knh. Nu dng kt hp vi saccharin th ngt tng ln gp bi phn, v ngt cng d chu hn. Trong cng nghip n cn c tn Sucrol, Valzin. Tnh c hi: ngi ta th nghim chng minh l Dulcin c kh nng tch ly trong c th v l th phm gy ung th gan, v l n b cm dng hon ton trn th gii. Hin nay nc ta trong iu kin v sinh cn c nhng hn ch, vic kim sot v sinh an ton thc phm cn gp nhiu kh khn. Do bo v sc khe ngi tiu dng. B Y t cm s dng cht ngt tng hp ny trong thc phm. d. Aspartame: + Tnh cht: Aspartame l cht ngt c calori rt thp. V ngt ca hp cht Aspartame gp 200 ln so vi ng saccharose.

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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

+ Tnh c hi: sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh chuyn ha Aspartame l metyl-alchol, acid aspartic, phenylalanine. Hai bin chng quan trng nht l nh hng di truyn v c th b mi mt. + Triu chng: Cc triu chng khi tiu th trng xuyn Aspartame c th c tm tt nh sau: au u hoc au na u, hoa mt, chng mt, t cng. Tinh thn hay chn nn, phin mun hoc cu knh, mt ng, gim kh nng thnh gic, h hp kh khn, ging ni khn, tai. Mt tr nh, i khi bun nn, co tht c, pht ban, ni mn, thng hay mt mi, u oi, tim p nhanh. Th lc c vn , hi hp, nh trng ngc, lo u, d b cng kch, mt tnh ngon ming. i khi au khp. Bng 2: Cht ngt nhn to c s dng Vit Nam: Tn cht ngt Acesulfam K ADI: 0 - 15 Tn thc phm c th s dng Gii hn ti a - Cc loi nc ung v thc phm c nng 3 g/kg lng thp. - Mt, ko, ko cao su. 2 g/kg - Cc loi nc ung nh ln men, kem cc loi. 1 g/kg - hp tri cy, sa v cc sn phm sa. 0,5 g/kg - Sa v cc sn phm sa, sa chua. 2 g/kg - Nc p tri cy, bnh ko, mt, chocolat, 5 g/kg bnh m ngt. - Bt gii kht, ko cao su. 6 g/kg - Nc gii kht khng cn. 0.9 g/kg - Bia hi, bia nu, bia hm lng axit thp, 0.4 g/kg hp tri cy. - Ko cao su, bia. 50 mg/kg - Mt, ko. 100 mg/kg - Kem, mt, thch. 200 mg/kg - Nc gii kht, sa chua, kem. 300 mg/kg (Dng Thanh Lim, 2010)

Aspartame ADI: 0 - 40

Saccharin v SaccharinatNa ADI: 0 - 5

3. Cht iu v: (bt ngt) Glutamate natri l 1 cht trong nhm Umami (ting Nht: thm ngon) c kh nng tng khu v, tng cm gic ngon ming, c bit trong cc mn n c c, tht hay nm. V th glutamate natri c dng nhiu trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm, vi s c mt ca nhiu bt ngtc th gim c cc gia v khc v i khi thay i c v gc ca thc phm m vn cho cm gic ngon ming. Trong cc thc phm ch bin sn nh bt nm, bt canh, khoai ty chin,... thng c nhiu bt ngt.
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

Tnh cht: Tinh th rn khng mu, khng mi. C v mui nht. Nhit nng chy 232 C. tan trong nc 74 g/ml. Tnh c hi: Khi dng thc phm cha bt ngt c th gy ra d ng, au u, cm gic bun nn, chng mt, gim tr nh... v glutamate natri c kh nng nh hng trc tip ln no ngi. Nhiu th nghim trn ng vt cho thy glutamate natri ph hy t bo thn kinh khu vc tr nh (vng hi hi m) v khu vc iu khin h ni tit (vng di i). Glutamate natri ph hy cc t bo thn kinh bng cch kch thch chng hot ng qu mc n cht. Do vy, glutamate natri cng vi aspartame (ng ha hc) c cc nh nghin cu xp vo loi excitotoxins (cht c c tc dng kch thch). Ti mt s nc, vic dng bt ngt trong thc phm tr em v trong cc sn phm sinh hc b cm. Ngoi ra, cng quy nh thc phm cha glutamate natri phi c ghi r bn ngoi bao b. Tuy vy, glutamate natri thng c ghi di nhng tn khc kh nhn bit hn nh gia v, cht iu v, chit xut protein... Liu lng s dng: Nm 1971 OMS/FAO ra khuyn co v liu lng s dng bt ngt cho ngi khng hn ch t 0 120 mg/kgP cho mi la tui, nhng tr em di 1 tui khng nn dng. Liu lng natri glutamate l 0.2 - 0.5% i vi rau hp v 0.4 - 0.65% i vi thc phm c. Lng natri glutamate thch hp cho khoai ty rn l 2% v dng cho cc loi xt dng bt kh l 0.5%.

II. CC CHT TO MI C th chia cc cht hng liu cho vo thc phm thnh hai nhm: - Hng liu t nhin (tinh du) chit tch t cc loi qu, thn, l mt s cy. Mt s hng liu t nhin c pha thm hng liu tng hp. - Hng liu tng hp l cc este cho mi thm cc loi hoa hoc qu c trong t nhin: amyl axetate mi chui chn, etyl butyrate mi da (qu thm), -undeca lacton mi o,
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

Cn ch c tnh ca bn thn hng liu v c tnh ca cc dung mi ha tan hoc ca cht ph gia trong cc cht thm thng phm. Liu lng s dng hng liu: - S dng khng hn ch: Etyl axetate 0 -25 mg/kgP. Etyl butyrate 0 15 mg/kgP. Etyl vanillin 0 10 mg/kgP. -undeca lacton 0 1,25 mg/kgP. Vanilin 0 10 mg/kgP. - S dng c iu kin: Izoamyl butyrate 0 5 mg/kgP. Xinamaldehyte 0 1,25 mg/kgP. Xitral 0 1 mg/kgP. genol 0 5 mg/kg. Tnh c? III. CC CHT TO MU: 1. Rhodamine B: - Ngun gc: Cc cht to mu c nhiu trong tht p mui, xc xch, lp xng, kh b, ht da, t bt, tng t, gia v lu...

B (Brilliant Pink B) l loi thuc nhum tng hp dng tinh th, mu nu , nh xanh l cy, d ha tan trong nc, cn. Khi ha tan, n c mu , pht hunh quang nh xanh lc. C cng thc C28H31N2O3Cl.
-

- Tnh cht: Rhodamin

Lp xng v tng t

c tnh: + L mt ha cht c th gy c cp tnh v mn tnh. + Qua tip xc, n gy d ng hoc lm mn nga da, mt
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

+ Qua ng h hp n gy ho, nga c, kh th, au ngc. + Qua ng tiu ha, n gy nn ma, c hi cho gan v thn.

Da mn nga, thn b nh hng bi Rhodamin B

Liu lng: cha xc nh c nng ti thiu cho php ca Rhodamin B. Nhng nu tch t dn trong c th, n gy nhiu tc hi i vi gan thn, h sinh sn, h thn kinh v l mt tc nhn nghi ng gy ung th.
-

2. Sudan: - Ngun gc: sudan c trong thc phm nh bt t, tng t, cari, bnh pizza, m n lin, nhiu loi hp ch bin t hi sn v cc loi tht - Tnh cht: thuc nhm cc azo (cht c lin kt N=N trong cu to phn t). Cc cht thng c nhc n bao gm:
+ Sudan I: c cng thc phn t C16H12N2O dng bt, mu vng. + Sudan II: C18H16N2O, mu da cam. + Sudan III: C22H16N4O, mu . + Sudan IV: C24H20N4O. -

c tnh: Sudan c kh nng lm bin i cu trc ca gene v gy ung

th. Triu chng: Trong cc th nghim tim trc tip Sudan vo gan v bng quang ca chut th nghim, Sudan gy cc khi u nhng c quan ny. Sudan cng c chng minh l c kh nng gy u tuyn gip trng ca b.
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- Liu lng: vn cha xc nh nng ti thiu nhng s dng nhiu th tch t dn trong c th v l tc nhn gy ung th.

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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

3. Malachite green: a. Tnh cht:

- Malachite green (cn gi l Xanh Malachite) c tn khoa hc l

Triphenylmethane.
- Malachite green (MG- C23H25N2Cl) l mt ha cht thng dng bt mn,

tinh th c mu xanh lc thm, tan trong nc.

- Khi i vo c th sinh vt Malachite green b phn hu thnh cht chuyn ho (

metabolite) l Leucomalachite Green (LMG). b. c tnh:

- Th nghim cho thy MG v LMG lm hi gan, lm bin i tuyn gip trng,

gy ra tnh trng mt mu, lm t bin thay i gene (mutagenic) v gy ung th (carcinogenic) trn loi chut th nghim. Qua vic thm nh cc kt qu trn, gii khoa hc a ra kt lun rng MG v LMG l 2 cht nguy hi c tim nng gy ung th cho ngi.
- Mt nghin cu khc v c tnh ca Malachite green v Leucomalachite

green c tin hnh trong thi gian 2 nm ca Trung Tm Nghin Cu c T quc gia Hoa K cho thy c biu hin gy ung th ca Leucomalachite green trn chut nht ci. Ngoi ra, Leucomalachite green cn l cht gy t bin trong c th ca cc loi ng vt.
- Theo Thc s T Thanh Dung - Khoa Thy sn - Trng i hc Cn Th, th

Malachite green l mt ha cht c th gy bnh ung th, nh hng n sc kho con ngi nn b cm s dng v c kim tra nghim ngt v d lng c trong thc phm nhiu nc trn th gii. c. Liu lng: Cc quc gia trong khi Lin hip chu u v chu c n nh ngch s ti a ca MG v LMG trong thy sn l phi mc 2 phn t (ppb), tc l khng c vt qu 0.002mg/kg . d. Ngun gc: Malachite Green tc ng trc tip ln cc loi thu sn nh c, hn, baba, tm c bit l cc loi c nui nh c da trn (c tra, c basa). IV. CC CHT TO DN V DAI: 1. Formol: a. Tnh cht: Formol l mt cht hu c rt c, c sn xut rng ri trong cng nghip c tn khoa hc l formaldehyde - H2CO. Formol thng tn ti hai th: - Th kh: l mt cht kh khng mu, c mi xc rt c bit, tan d dng trong nc.
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

- Khi tan trong nc Formol dng dung dch gi l formalin. Formol l mt cht d chy v d dng bay hi nhit phng. Trong t nhin formol c trong khi xe t, hm l t ci, khi thuc l,... Trong cng nghip formol thng c iu ch t ru methylic (CH3-OH) vi cht xc tc l bc c un nhit 500 - 6000C, v thng c dng sn xut thuc nhum tc, keo dn, nha, cao su, thuc n... Formol d dng kt hp vi cc protein (thng l thnh phn cc loi thc phm) to thnh nhng hp cht bn, khng thi ra, khng i thiu, nhng rt kh tiu ha. b. Ngun gc: Thng thng formol c trong cc loi thc phm cn dai, dn v kh bo qun nh: bnh ph, h tiu, bnh t, bnh canh, nem, ch, da chua cc loi. V chng ta cn thng xuyn gp cc loi ph gia ny trong cc loi bnh, cc mn n ch bin bng phng thc chin, xo nh tm ln bt, cua

H tiu v ch la

c. c tnh:
- Gy nhng triu chng cp tnh:

+ Kch thch gy cay nim mc mt, mt. + Kch thch ng h hp trn gy chy mi, vim thanh qun, vim ng h hp, hen ph qun, vim phi. Gy ngt th nu hp thu nng 1/20000 trong khng kh. + L tc nhn gy vim da tip xc, vim da d ng, ni m ay. + Tc hi trn ng tiu ha: lm chm tiu, ri lon tiu ha, vim lot d dy, vim i trng... + Khi tip xc, hoc n phi vi mt hm lng cao c th gy t vong. - L tc nhn gy ung th nhiu c quan trong c th: gia tng t l ung th xoang mi, ung th ng h hp c bit l mi, hng, phi, ung th ng tiu ha...

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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

- L mt trong nhng yu t gy ra sai lch, bin d cc nhim sc th. Ph n c thai s dng c th b nh hng ln s pht trin ca bo thai.

Vim nim mc mt, ung th vm hng

2. Hn the: a. tnh cht: Hn the l mui natri ca acid boric, c tn ho hc l natri tetraborate, tn thng mi l borate, thng gi l hn the c cng thc ha hc l Na3B4O7.10 H2O.
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Hn the l mt cht khng mu, d tan trong nc, c tnh st khun nhng rt c, khi n vo c th ch thi c mt phn, phn cn li tch ly trong c th gy nhiu tc hi khc nhau.
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Khi s dng thc phm c hn the, n s c o thi qua nc tiu 81%, qua phn 1%, qua m hi 3%, cn 15% c tch lu trong c th, tp trung m m, m thn kinh.
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i vi ph n c thai, hn the cn c o thi qua sa v nhau thai gy c hi cho thai nhi.

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V hn the c th lm thc phm dai v dn hn nn thng b li dng cho thm vo mt vi loi thc n tng tnh ngon ca chng. b. Ngun gc: Cng nh formol, hn the c thm vo bnh ph, h tiu, bnh t, bnh canh, nem, ch, da chua cc loi.

Nem
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

c. c tnh: Hn the c tc hi rt ln i vi sc kho. Cc nghin cu c hc ch ra rng, hn the c kh nng tch t trong c th gy tn thng gan v thoi ho c quan sinh dc.
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Ngoi gy c, hn the cn cn tr qu trnh hp th dinh dng gy nn hin tng kh tiu, chn n, mt mi. Hn the l cht c vi d dy, c ch qu trnh hot ng ca men tiu ho, lm tr cc lp xp trn b mt d dy v mng rut. Nu dng thc phm c hn the lu ngy, tc hi s tng dn, nh hng n sc khe, c bit l i vi tr em.
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Ngoi ra hn the cn lm tn thng v h hi cc t bo gan, teo tinh

hon, v l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy ung th. d. Triu chng: Th cp tnh: Trng c hn the cp tnh xy ra sau khi n khong 6-8 gi. Bnh nhn c triu chng bun nn, tiu chy, au co cng c, chut rt vng bng, vt v, ng kinh, du hiu kch thch mng no, trc da, pht ban, c bit vng mng, gan bn tay. C th xut hin cc du hiu suy thn, nhp tim nhanh, sc try mch, da xanh tm, co git, hoang tng v hn m. Nhng bnh l thng gp l chy mu, sung huyt, thoi ho ng thn, thoi ho m gan, thc bo thn kinh, gim cht nhim sc no v tu sng. Th mn tnh: xy ra khi s dng hm lng t trong thi gian di Hn the cn gy ng c mn tnh do c tch lu trong c th, gy nh hng n qu trnh tiu ho, hp th, qu trnh chuyn ho v chc nng ca thn. n 07 ngy. Biu hin: mt cm gic, n khng thy ngon, gim cn, nn, tiu chy nh, da mn , rng tc, suy thn, cn ng kinh, da xanh xao, suy nhc khng th phc hi.
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Tr em v s sinh nu ung nhm acid boric 1 2 g/kgP cht sau 19 gi

e. Cch nhn bit hn the trong thc phm: Xut pht t nguyn l: dung dch ngh hoc giy tm ngh trong mi trng kim (pH >7) s chuyn t mu vng sang cam. Hn the c tnh kim nn khi tc dng vi giy ngh th lm giy ngh chuyn t mu vng sang . C th t sn xut giy ngh pht hin nhanh hn the.
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

Nhn bit gi ch c hn the bng giy ngh

Cch lm giy ngh: gi nh ngh, ngm trong cn 3 - 4 gi, sau gn ly dung dch ngh. Tip n ngm giy lc trong dung dch ngh khong 1 gi. Sau , vt ra se mt v ngm tip giy lc trong dung dch ngh khong 1- 2 gi ri vt ra phi kh trong gi. Ct nh thnh tng ming (1,5 2 cm) ng trong hp kn dng dn Mun th xem thc phm c hn the khng, ta ly ming giy ngh n vo b mt sn phm th, v d nh gi. Nu mt gi qu se, ta c th tm t nh giy ngh bng dung dch acid long trc khi t vo b mt gi. Sau mt pht quan st, nu thy giy ngh chuyn t mu vng sang th kt lun gi c hn the.

B. CC CHT PH GIA DNG TRONG BO QUN: I. CHT ST KHUN: 1. Mui nitrate (Na(K)NO3) v nitrite (Na(K)NO2): - Mui nitrate, nitrite hay cn gi l mui dim c s dng lm cht st khun trong bo qun v gi cho mu tht, c v mt vi loi phomt.

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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

Tht v phomat - Tc dng c trc tip: hemoglobin trong hng cu khi kt hp vi nitrite to ra methemoglobin l cht c hi cho c th. - Tc dng c gin tip: nitrite + amin l cht m thy phn to ra cht nitrosamine l tc nhn gy ung th. Hp cht nitrite c th lm vim ty ming, thc qun, d dy, liu cao (1-2g) lm nh hng n mu (to ra methemoglobin, gy tm ti) v mch mu (lm gin mch, h huyt p). Du hiu ng c cp gm: bun nn, chong vng, ngt xu, au bng, nhp th khng bnh thng, tm ti, hn m, co git, suy sp h tun hon v t vong. 2. Mui sunfite, natri sunfite (Na2SO3), natri meta bisunfite (Na2S2O5): - c dng chng ha nu trong rau, qu, lm trng ng, iu chnh ln men ru vang (< 350mg/lt), ru to (< 500 mg/lt), Khng dng bo qun tht, v ch yu l che du h hng ch khng phi hn ch s h hng. - Mui sunfite, natri sunfite, natri meta bisunfite u ph thuc vo nng , hm lng v tc bay hi gii phng ra SO2. SO2 trong c th b oxy ha thnh sunfate: bisunfite tc dng vi nhm aldehyte, xeton ca ng, nhng phn ng theo 2 chiu. Sunfite cng tc dng ln nhm disulfua ca protein v phn ng cng theo 2 chiu. - Tc dng c hi cp tnh: chy mu d dy, ch yu i vi ngi ung nhiu ru c s dng SO2. SO2 ph hy Vitamin B1 trong thc phm, nht l ng cc. 3. Acid benzoic (C6H5O2), Natri benzoat(C6H5COONa) - Acid benzoic tinh th dng hnh kim hoc tm l nh, mu trng la ng nh trng. - Natri benzoat dng bt trng, ha tan c trong nc, rt d tan trong nc nng. - S dng trong thc phm lm cht st khun c hiu lc vi nm men v vi khun hn i vi nm mc.

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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

- i vi con ngi, khi vo c th tc dng vi glucocol chuyn thnh acid purivic khng c, thi ra ngoi. Tuy nhin nu n nhiu acid benzoic c th s b nh hng v glucocol dng tng hp protein s b mt do tc dng vi acid benzoic gii c. - Nn s dng liu lng nh hn 1g/kg thc phm. 4. Acid sorbic: (C6H8O2) - Dng hp cht kt tinh, bt trng, d tan trong nc, t tan trong ru etylic lnh, tan tt khi un nng. - Acid sorbic khng c hiu qu i vi cc vi khun Clostridium, Bacillus, Salmonella, Lactobacilus, Pseudomonas. - Tc dng c ch nm men, nm mc c ngha trong mi trng pH t 3,2 -6 v nng 1g/kg thc phm. - c dng bo qun nc rau qu, Gi tt thi gian di vi liu lng 0,050,06%. 5. Hecxa-metylen-tetramin (CH2)6N4: - Ngun gc: Tht ngui, jambon, xc xch, lp xng , smoked meat, hot dog, bacon vv u c cha nitrite v nitrate . Vn lo ngi nht l 2 cht ny s chuyn ra thnh cht nitrosamine lc chin nng . Nitrosamine l cht gy ung th. - mi trng acid hoc c protein, hecxa-metylen-tetramin b phn hy dn thnh amoniac v formol (gy t bin gen trn rui). - Tc dng kh mi ca Hecxa-metylen-tetramin che du s h hng i thiu ca thc phm. V vy n b cm s dng trong thc phm. II. CHT KHNG SINH Fluoroquinolone v chloramphenicol c tnh: Fluoroquinolone nu dng liu cao ko di s lm nh hng trn sn u xng v qu trnh tng trng ca b chm li, b ln.
- Tc dng ng s ca chloramphenicol l lm suy ty.

Liu lng: Trng hp tn d 5ppb fluoroquinolone - tc tng ng 5 microgram/kg tht, nu mt ngi n trung bnh 150 - 200gram tht/ngy th lng fluoroquinolone a vo c th khong 2microgram/ngy. Vi lng ny s khng gy c tnh c ngay, nhng nu tch ly lu di hoc n qu nhiu s b tc hi.
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

Vi hm lng chloramphenicol trong tm 0,1 ppb, nu chng ta n 100 150 g tm tc 0,1mg chloramphenicol/ngy, c th ngi bnh thng y khng phi l liu c kh nng gy c v gan s t thi c cht ra ngoi. Nhng nu vo c th ngi c sn bnh l gan, thn hoc c sn bnh l suy ty tim tng, ri lon tng trng sn xng th lc kh nng gy c ca hai loi thuc ny khng lng trc c.
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Ngun gc: Fluoroquinolone v chloramphenicol c trong thc phm nh tht heo nhng c bit l c v tm. III. CHT CHNG OXY HA: 1. BHA v BHT: a. Tnh cht: Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) l mt cht chng oxy ha bao gm mt hn hp ca hai ng phn hp cht hu c, 2 - tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole v 3 tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. N bao gm 4-methoxyphenol v isobutylen. N c ch bin t methoxyphenol-4 v isobutylen. N l mt cht rn dng sp s dng nh mt ph gia thc phm vi s E l E320.
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Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), cn c gi l butylhydroxytoluene, l mt lipophilic (tan trong cht bo) hp cht hu c m ch yu s dng nh mt cht chng oxy ha ph gia thc phm ( E s E321).
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b. c tnh: Khi c th dung np qu nhiu cc cht ny c th gy ra vn nghim trng i vi sc khe. BHT v BHA c th gy kh khn cho qu trnh trao i cht, lm gim cn, tn thng gan, gy ra chng chm pht trin v pht trin bt thng thai nhi. y cng l nguyn nhn gy ra chng ri lon tng hot ng, gim ch (ADHD) tr em. BHA v BHT c th lm tng nguy c ung th (nghi ng l cht gy ung th) v khi c tch ly trong cc m, chng gy ra nhiu vn v sc khe. BHA v BHT cn gy ra chng to gan, chm pht trin t bo, chng vim da tip xc v cc vn v da khc c. Ngun gc: Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) v Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) c s dng bo qun cht bo v c ch s hnh thnh ca nm men. Cc thc phm

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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

nh b, khoai ty chin, bia, ng cc, tht u cha BHT hoc BHA, thm ch c hai. BHT l cht chng oxy ha cc cht bo trnh cho sn phm b i thiu. 2. TBHQ (Tert-Butylhydroquinone): - THBQ l mt cht kt tinh trng, c mi c trng, tan trong cn v ete, khng tan trong nc, cng thc phn t C10H14O2. - THBQ l cht chng oxy ha rt tt cho du m, c kh nng lm gim s tn tht cht dinh dng, duy tr tt cht lng v phm cht ban u ca du m trong qu trnh vn chuyn xa. - c s dng rt rng ri trong ch bin thc phm. - C kh nng bo qun cc sn phm chin trong thi gian di.
Bin php ngn nga s s dng: y l mt vic lm n gin

nhng cc k kh khn cn c s phi hp cht ch gia ngi dn (c th l ngi sn xut) vi cc c quan hu trch. Mt s bin php c th c p dng hn ch s dng cc c cht trong thc phm c th c a ra: - Gio dc, nng cao trnh hiu bit trong nhn dn thc c tnh c hi ca cc loi c cht m khng dng trong sinh hot, trong i sng hng ngy. - Kim tra cht lng sn phm cc c s sn xut, c bin php mnh m i vi cc c s c s dng ph gia nghim cm trong thc phm. Vic kim tra ny cn phi tin hnh thng xuyn v bt c lc no. - Qun l cc loi ha cht c hi, nghim cm s bun bn trn lan.

VI LI KHUYN V AN TON THC PHM - Khng s dng cc ha cht c hi trong thc phm.
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- Hn ch vic s dng cc cht to mu nhn to trong thc phm v c th gy ung th. - Khng s dng nhng thc phm b nm mc v l nguy c gy x gan, ung th gan, ung th phi.. - Khng s dng nitrite trong ch bin thc phm v y cng l mt c cht nguy him, nghim cm ging nh formol v hn the. Nitrite thng c s dng lm tht c mu hng hp dn, to mi thm ngon gp trong nem, lp xng, jambon,... Khi s dng nhiu s gy gin c mch mu, gy xanh tm, v cng l c cht gy ung th dy dy, thc qun, ung th gan, ung th phi,... - Nghim cm vic s dng kch thch t trong nui trng tng trng nhanh, nng cao nng sut v c th gy ung th c quan sinh dc. - Hn ch dng cc thc n nng chy, kht v to hp cht gy ung th. - Thng xuyn s dng cc thc phm giu yu t bo v c th nh Betacaroten c nhiu trong rau qu mu xanh, mu vng gip bo v c th, chng c t bo, c ch sinh t bo ung th. Vitamin E c nhiu trong gi, u,... ngn cn s tn thng t bo, tt cho tim mch v tiu ha. Vitamin C c nhiu trong cc loi tri cy ti lm tng sc khng ca c th, hn ch bnh tt. - Nn n cc loi thc phm giu cht x gip tiu ha tt, hn ch ung th.

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KT LUN
D mun, d khng chng ta vn phi n, vn phi ung sng v lm vic. Trong x hi hin nay, chng ta khng th no trnh khi hng lot cc ha cht c hi trong thc phm c. Chnh v th, mt cch tt hn ht l nn cn thn trong n ung v sinh hot, nn iu v chng mc. Hy cnh gic v thn trng i vi cc loi thc phm (kh, ti v bin ch). Hn ch s dng nhng loi thc phm sn xut cng nghip nh cc loi nc ngt, cc loi hp, vv Ph gia khng phi l cht dinh dng nn khng c n cng khng sao. D vy, ph gia gip ba n ngon lnh hn cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cht lng sng ca con ngi. iu cn lu l ch nn s dng cc ph gia t thc phm t nhin v ph gia c nghin cu k lng v tnh cht v an ton khi a vo c th. Vi nhng loi ph gia ha hc ny, ngay c khi c cho php, cng nn dng cng t cng tt, v nu khng tht s cn thit th khng nn dng. Tht ra, cm gic ngon ming vi ph gia l mt thi quen, nn hn ch s dng ph gia, th cch n gin nht l tp thi quen khng s dng ph gia. Vi tr em, giai on ang hnh thnh thi quen n ung, nu khng c tp quen vi cc thc phm c ph gia, th s khng c nhu cu s dng ph gia. Mt v d d thy l cc quc gia chu s
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Chuyn c cht hc kha 17 - nm 2011

Trng i Hc Cn Th

dng rt nhiu bt ngt trong ch bin thc phm, nhng cc u bp chu u li hu nh hon ton khng dng n loi ph gia ny, v khng v vy m nhng mn n chu u b ngi chu u t chi. Xt v mt dinh dng, ph gia thc phm hon ton khng cn thit cho c th hng ngy. Th nhng, nu xt v mt vn ha m thc v cng ngh ch bin thc phm, ph gia li hu nh l thnh phn khng th thiu. Ngi tiu dng lun a ra tiu ch l thc phm phi c mu sc p bt mt, mi phi thm tho, v phi m , phi dai, phi dn Th l ngi sn xut c theo cc tiu ch m ci thin thc phm ca mnh theo hng phc v ti a yu cu ca thng khch hng ng thi cng khng th b qua ci yu cu ca chnh mnh l khng c gia tng chi ph sn xut. V kt qu l thc phm ngoi vai tr cung cp cht dinh dng nui c th, li cn nhn thm ci chc nng l a vo c th nhng th chng cn thit t no, thm ch c khi cn c hi cho sc khe. C ci hi thy ngay trc mt, nhng cng c ci hi xut hin t t n hng my chc nm sau, thm ch lu n ni ngay c kh ch cng qun mt ti sao trong c th mnh li tn ti ci th gy bnh .

TI LIU THAM KHO Lng c Phm, Vi Sinh Vt Hc V V Sinh An Ton Thc Phm. Dng Thanh Lim, 2010, c Cht Hc V V Sinh An Ton Nng Sn - Thc Phm. L Th Ngc Dip Bi Th Tho, 2006, Gio Trnh c Cht Hc Th Y. L Nguyn Bnh, Bi ging Ph Gia Trong Ch Bin Thc Phm
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o M Thanh http://www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn (15/12/2011) http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%ADt_citric (15/12/2011)

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