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CC PHNG PHP O LU LNG Trong cuc sng hng ngy cng nh trong cng nghip, o lu lng l mt trong nhng

php o c s dng rng ri nht. Chng ta c kh nhiu nguyn l o lu lng v hu ht cc nguyn l o iu cho kt qu kh chnh xc. Sau y l mt s phng php o c bn v kh ph bin: - o lu lu lng theo nguyn l chnh p, - o lu lng theo nguyn l turbine, - o lu lng theo nguyn l t tnh, - o lu lng theo nguyn l Vortex, - o lu lu lng theo nguyn l chim ch, - o nguyn theo nguyn l gia nhit, - o theo nguyn l Coriolis. Trong by nguyn l o trn th nm nguyn l o u tin thuc nhm o lu lng th tch (Volumetric Flow-rate) v hai nguyn l o cui cng thuc nhm o lu lng khi lng (Mass Flow-rate). 1. o lu lng theo nguyn l chnh p Differential Pressure. y l nguyn l o c s dng rng ri nht trong cc ngnh cng nghip qu trnh (process industry). Nguyn l o ny da trn m t ton hc l: Lu lng th tch t l vi cn bt hai ca chnh p: Q = K.P. Theo , ngi ta s s dng cc thit b to chnh p bng cch thay i tit din ngang ca ng (theo hng nh li) nh: Tm Orifice, ng Venturi hoc Flow nozzle, trong tm Orifice thng c s dng nht v tnh c ng, d lp t, d bo tr... Khi tit din ngang ca ng thay i th s to nn chnh p P ca dng lu cht i trong ng. c th tnh ton ra lu lng ca lu cht t chnh p P ngi ta s dng mt transmitter chnh p. Transmitter ny c 2 u vo p sut tng ng vi p sut cao nht ti im khi tit din ngang ca ng cha thay i v p sut thp nht ti im dng chy c tit din ngang nh nht. o c lu lng chnh xc nht th vic lp t im ly p sut cn tun th cc yu cu k thut lin quan n hng dng chy, ng knh ng, v tr v khong cch gia hai im o p sut Vn dng chy tn ti c 2 pha (lng v kh) s nh hng n kt qu o. loi b iu ny ngi ta s dng tm Orifice c c l. Theo , nu lu cht l cht kh th tm Orifice s c c l pha y dng chy ( lng c th i qua) v nu lu cht l cht lng th tm Orifice c c l pha trn dng chy. 2. o lu lng theo nguyn l Vortex. Nguyn l o ny cng c s dng i vi lu cht l lng, hi hoc kh. Nguyn l o ny c m t nh sau: Ngi ta s dng mt thit b dng hnh cn (Bluff Body of

Vortex Shedder) t vung gc v chn gia dng chy. Khi lu cht gp thit b ny n s hnh thnh cc im xoy Vortex pha h ngun, lu lng cng ln th cc im xoy ny cng nhiu. xc nh lu lng ngi ta s t cm bin o dao ng do cc Vortex ny gy nn. Nguyn l o Vortex b nh hng bi s rung ng ca ng ng, s si bt ca lu cht. Tuy nhin, trong thc t thit b o theo nguyn l ny cho kt qu kh chnh xc (sai s <0,5%) 3. o lu lng theo nguyn l t tnh. Nguyn l o ny c s dng vi nhng lu cht dn in, s dng nguyn l ca my pht in: Khi vt liu dn in i qua t trng th n s sinh ra in p, lu lng cng nhiu th in p sinh ra cng ln. Da theo nguyn l trn th thit b o s c hai cun dy t i xng pht ra t trng v in p cm ng do s di chuyn ca lu cht s c cm ng bi mt sensor, sensor ny s chuyn i in p cm ng thnh tn hiu in (4-20mA; 1-5V...) t l vi lu lng ca lu cht. Ch rng lu cht phi c cch ly vi ng dn. 4. o lu lng theo nguyn l chim ch (Positive Displacement Sensor) Nguyn l o ny t ra kh n gin: Ngi ta s dng mt ci bu (chamber), trong bu c cc cnh quay v cc cnh quay ny s ch cho php lu cht i qua bu theo tng t. ng thi s c mt b phn o s ln lu cht i qua bu, t s tnh ra c lu lng. Mt hnh thc khc d hnh dung hn ca thit b o ny l xilanh pton. C mi ln piston i ht mt hnh trnh xi-lanh ta s c mt lng xc nh lu cht. Nh vy xc nh lu lng ta ch vic xc nh s ln dch chuyn ca piston v lng lu cht ca mi ln dch chuyn. 5. o lu lng theo nguyn l Turbine. Nguyn l o ny c m t nh sau: Khi lu cht i qua thit b o n s lm quay cnh turbine, Lu lng cng ln th tc cng cao. S c mt phn cm ng cm nhn tc quay ca cnh turbine v cho ra cc xung in tng ng. S lng cc xung trong mt n v thi gian s xc nh lu lng ca lu cht. Cc ghi ch: Nm nguyn l o trn thuc v nhm o lu lng th tch (volumetric flowrate). Nhc im ca nhm o lu lng th tch l chnh xc ca chng ph thuc vo qu nhiu yu t: nhit , nht, p sut, hnh thi dng chy (c bit nh hng n nguyn l o Chnh p, Vortex v Turbyne)... Ring i vi hnh thi dng chy th l tng nht l dng chy tng (Uniform Laminar flow). Tuy nhin, trong thc t khng th c c dng chy ny nn hnh thi dng chy c khuyn co nn s dng l dng chy ri iu (Uniform turbulent flow), cn dng chy ri lon (Non-

uniform turbulent flow) th khng nn dng v n nh hng rt ln n kt qu o. gim thiu s chay ri ngi ta thng lp thm cc ng hng dng pha trc thit b o. Bn cnh , khong cch gia thit b o v im co gn nht ca ng ng cng cn quan tm c bit. 6. o lu lng theo nguyn l gia nhit. Nguyn l o ny thng c dng trong cc h thng du tun hon ca cc h thng my cng sut ln. C hai hnh thc: - t mt lng nhit nht nh vo dng lu cht v o s suy gim lng nhit y qua hai im. - t mt ngun nhit vo lu cht sao cho s chnh lch nhit gia hai im l khng i. V cu to th nguyn l o ny cn ti thiu l 2 TE Thermal Element. Mt trong hai ci s dng o nhit ca dng lu cht trc khi gia nhit v ci cn li o nhit ca dng lu cht sau khi gia nhit. Nh vy, cho d nhit ca dng lu cht trc khi o c thay i th kt qu o vn bo m chnh xc cn thit. Kt qu o ca 2 TE s c x l v thit b o s cho ra kt qu l tn hiu in (4 20mA, 1 5V...) t l vi lu lng ca lu cht. 7. o lu lng theo nguyn l Coriolis. y l nguyn l o phc tp nht nhng cng cho kt qu chnh xc nht, thng c dung trong mua ban hn la trong iu khin. Nguyn ly o nay ng dung lc Coriolis, theo o khi dong lu cht i qua mt ng hinh ch U thi no se co xu hng lam xon ng. Khi cha co lu cht i qua, ng ch U ny se rung vi tn s va bin a bit trc. Khi lu cht i qua cang nhiu thi do anh hng cua lc Coriolis ma ng se cang xon. S xon cua ng ch U ny lam cho dao ng cua ng a noi trn khng con ging nh khi ng rng ma se lch i mt goc tng ng. o lu lng cua lu cht qua ng, ngi ta o s lch pha cua dao ng noi trn. Lu lng cang ln thi lch pha cang cao. Trn y chi la nguyn ly, trong thc t thit bi o Coriolis la mt trong nhng thit bi o rt phc tap va co thng minh rt cao. Ngay nay, ngi ta tich hp ca vi x ly vao thit bi o Coriolis cho ra kt qua o chinh xac nht (sai s <0.01%) Ghi chu: o lu lng khi lng co kt qua o chinh xac hn o lu lng th tich vi phep o nay khng phu thuc vao nhit , hinh thai dong chay, ap sut, nht, khi

lng ring cua lu cht... c s dung chu yu o cht long hoc cht sch dang bun (slurry) ch him khi dung o cht khi hoc hi.

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