1 (areometer*), hydrometer hydrometer. 2 AASHTO classification system h phn loi t AASHTO.

H phn loi t AASHTO c Cc Giao thng M gii thiu vo cui nhng nm 1920 trong xy dng nn ng t cao tc. Sau nhiu ln sa i, h c Hi ng b M (American Association of State Highway Officials) chp nhn nm 1945 v sau vn tip tc c sa i. H AASHTO c nu dng mt bng cc nhm t, nh s t A1 n A7 trn c s mt s tiu chun nh c ht, gii hn lng, do v.v... t c phn loi bng cch p cc s liu th nghim ln lt vo tng nhm ca bng t tri qua phi cho n khi gp c nhm u tin ph hp. 3 abrasion , s bo mn, s mi mn. S lm mn dn b mt ca mt vt liu do tc dng ca mt vt liu cng hn. 4 abrasive kh nng b bo mn 5 abrasiveness test th nghim mi mn. Dng xc nh mi mn ca dng c ct . Ngi ta o kh nng lm mn dng c ca ct nh u mi khoan, hoc a ca ca mt my khoan o hm. Chng hn, mi mn ca a ca c xc nh bng cch cn trng lng mt i ca a mi c hnh dng v cng tiu chun, mi trn mt vi mt tc v khong cch tiu chun. mi mn Ar, l nghch o ca khi lng mt. Ar nh chng t a c kh nng chu mi mn cao. 6 absolute strength value of an explosive gi tr cng ph tuyt i ca cht n. 7 absorbed water nc hp th.

Nc c gi mt cch c hc trong t c cc tnh cht vt l khng khc nhiu so vi nc t do cng nhit v p sut. absolute volume th tch tuyt i. Th tch thc s ca nhng ht ct ca ct liu b tng... thng c xc nh bng cch nhn chm chng vo nc ri o th tch nc b chim ch. 8 absorption , s hp th, s thm, s thu ht bc x, s ht m. a) Qu trnh mt cht lng chui qua cc l rng ca mt vt liu 9 abutment gi ta u cu c chn . 10 accelerators in shotcrete ph gia, cht xc tc trong phun b tng. Trn vo va b tng trc khi phun lm ci thin mt s c tnh c hc nh kh nng ng cng nhanh, dnh bm cao... 11 accelerometer gia tc k. 12 access ramp ng ln. 13 accretion s tng trng. 14 accuracy chnh xc. 15 acoustic emission

bc x m thanh. Xem: kaiser effect. 16 active earth pressure p lc t ch ng. p lc t ch ng, cng vi p lc t b ng v p lc t trng thi ngh, l mt trong ba dng p lc bn ca t. p lc t trng thi ngh tn ti khi t cha b bin dng do theo chiu ngang. p lc ch ng v b ng l nhng iu kin ti hn, th hin trng thi cn bng do khi mt phn hoc ton b khi t sp sa b ph hy. Trng thi ng sut ch ng xy ra khi t b ko cng theo chiu ngang, th d khi tng chn chuyn dch khi khi t lp. Trng thi ng sut b ng xy ra khi t b nn theo chiu ngang, th d khi tng chn chuyn dch v pha khi t lp. Bin dng chy do cn thit t ti trng thi b ng ln hn nhiu so vi trng thi ch ng. 17 active layer lp t ch ng. 18 Active subsidence ln ch ng, tch cc. a. Qu trnh ln ang xy ra ti thi im hin ti. b. Ln c gy ra mt cch ch ng y nhanh qu trnh n nh nn t v cng trnh. 19 Active support tr lc tch cc, ch ng. Bin php tr lc d tnh trc trn c s theo di cht ch tc thi hnh vi ca t vy quanh cng trnh (hm, l v.v.), tin hnh lp dng tr lc ng lc, va , tn dng c kh nng t chng , iu chnh ca t khi trng thi ng sut trong chng thay i do khai o gy ra. 21 Activity coefficient h s hot tnh. T s gia hot tnh ha hc vi nng . 22 adhesion dnh bm. Sc khng ct gia t v cc vt liu khc nh thp, b tng v.v...khi khng c p lc tc

dng. 23 adhesive c kh nng bm dnh, c tnh bm dnh. 24 Adit l ngang. 25 Admixtures ph gia. Dng trong a k thut ci thin cc c tnh c l ca t. Mt s ph gia ph bin gm: nha ng, vi, xi mng. asphalt admixtures nha ng. Cc vt liu h bitum khi trn vi t dnh kt lm tng kh nng chng thm, gim m v do , tng sc bn v kh nng chu ti ca t. lime admixtures vi. Trn vi vo t (ch yu ht mn) gp phn ci thin sc bn, cng, gim ch s do, kh nng trng n v.v.. Vi lm tng cao lng cation Ca trong cc lp kp xung quanh ht st dn ti gim kh nng hp dn nc ca chng. Ngoi ra, vi cn gy nn phn ng puzlan vi t, tng sc bn ca t theo thi gian. Tuy nhin, trn vi vo t st khng ng t l v quy trnh c th dn ti hu qu ngc li. cement admixtures xi mng. Trn xi mng vi t mt m nht nh gp phn n nh t trong nhng iu kin c bit, th d gia cng t nn di lp b tng ng t cao tc hoc ng bng my bay. 26 adsorbed ions cc in b hp th.

27 aeolian deposit trm tch gi Trm tch c ngun gc do gi nh cc n ct hoc t Hong th. 28 aeration aerate S lm ti t, lm thang kh cho t. 29 afflied geology a cht hc ng dng. Mn hc ng dng cc lnh vc khc nhau ca khoa hc a cht vo cc lnh vc kinh t, cng ngh, cung cp nc hoc mi trng; a cht hc lin quan ti hot ng ca con ngi. 30 agglomerate dm kt ni la. t c ngun gc phun tro ni la. 31 aggradation s trm tch (ca ht t). 32 aggrade trm tch ( ca ht t). 33 aggregate ct liu Vt liu ct v (s dng trong cng ngh b tng). Xem: concrete aggregate. 36 agitation s quay trn (s quay trn t, lm xo trn t). 37 agitator cn quay trn, que quay trn, dng c quay trn.

38 air - dry lm kh, phi kh ngoi tri. 39 air actuated piezometers ng o p lc nc. ng o p lc nc dng khng kh, mt thit b cho php o p lc nc mt cch nhanh chng. p lc nc c cn bng bi p lc khng kh tc dng ln mn chn. Khi p lc kh v p lc nc hai pha ca mn chn cn bng vi nhau, khng kh c th that ra ngoi qua mt van. 40 air placed concrete B tng kh nn 41 air void ratio (= degree of air saturation) h s rng. bo ha ca pha kh trong mu t. 42 Airblast n kh. N kh cng vi ting n l hai vn thng gp trong n mn. N kh xut hin ngay cnh l mn v c th gy h hi cho cc cng trnh. Xa dn l mn, n kh chuyn thnh ting n, cng l mt tc ng xu n mi trng. Cc yu t gp phn gy nn n kh v ting n c th do np thuc n qu liu, ln thuc n khng cht, dy chy b h, cc khe nt trong thng nhau v lp ph nng to nn dng lng cho khi n. Xung ng lan truyn trong khng kh ph thuc vo cc iu kin kh quyn nh nhit , gi v cao . 43 airtight Kh nng lm gim tnh thm ca t di tc dng ca khng kh. 45 A-line ng A. L ng thng v trong th do ca t, vi trc tung l ch s do v trc Honh l gii hn lng ca t. Bn trn ng A l cc loi st v c, pha di l st hu c v bn (c v c ln hu c). Casagrande (1948) s dng th do ca t i snh nhiu tnh

cht ca st v bn vi cc gii hn Atterberg ca chng. ng gi ng phn chia ni trn l ng A, vit tt tn ca Atterberg, l ngi ln u tin (1911) nh ngha cc gii hn ca t, nh gii hn co cng, do, lng v ch s do. Nhng gii hn ny l hm lng nc (tng dn) c trong st v cc loi t dnh kt khc, ti t chuyn trng thi t cng sang na cng, do v lng. 46 allochthonous (geol.) ngoi lai. 47 allowable bearing capacity kh nng chu ti cho php. 49 alluvial soil t ph sa. t non tr ang trong qu trnh tch cc thnh to, c vn chuyn bng dng nc, sau lng ng trn bi bi v chu th v c nhng tnh cht c bn ca ph sa. 50 alterability S lm thay i, kh nng c th thay i. 51 alteration S lm thay i (~ nhng c tnh ca t nn) 53 aluminum octahedron octahedron nhm. Mt trong hai n v tinh th c s, cng vi tetrahedron silic-oxy, to nn cc nhm khang vt st khc nhau Ty thuc vo s kt hp gia hai n v ni trn. Cc n v tetrahedron lin kt vi nhau to thnh tm silic trong khi cc n v octahedron lin kt vi nhau to thnh tm gibsit. Phng thc b tr phn t trong cc tm silic v gibsit cho php chng xp chng ln nhau rt cht. Kaolinite l mt khang vt st c kin trc hai lp in hnh (chiu dy 7.2 A*) vi cc tm silic v gibsit xp chng lun phin ln nhau. Kt ni gia cc n v hai lp ni trn l hydro v cc lc ha tr th cp. Montmorillonite l khang vt st c kin trc ba lp in hnh (chiu dy 9.5 A*) vi tm gibsit nm kp gia hai tm silic. Trong tm gibsit thng xy ra thay th ng hnh Mg v

Fe bng Al, lm t nhiu thay i c c tnh ca montmorillonite. Ngoi ra, cng c kh nng thay th ng hnh Si ca tm silic bng Al. Kt dnh gia cc n v ba lp vi nhau l do lc ha tr th cp v lin kt trao i in. Song lin kt ny rt yu v nc c th len vo gia cc n v ny, lm trng n khang vt. Do vy st montmorillonite c kh nng trng n rt cao v iu ny cn c ti trong thit k nn mng. Illite l khang vt st c kin trc ba lp rt bn vng gm cc n v montmorillonite lin kt bi lc ha tr th cp v cc in kali. Lun c mt lng ng k (khong 20%) Si trong cc tm silic b Al thay th. Khi gp nc, Illite khng b trng n nh montmorillonite. Cc ht st ring bit l do rt nhiu n v khang vt st c s xp chng ln nhau. Do nhng n v ny c kin trc phn lp, cc ht st cui cng cng c dng tm phin vi kch thc b mt ln hn rt nhiu so vi chiu dy. Hu ht cc trm tch st v cc p p bng t st m ta quan tm u bo ha Hon ton hoc mt phn. Hn na, nc l rng li thng cha catin ha tan tch in dng v chng c th tng tc vi b mt tch in m ca cc ht st. Phn t nc xung quanh cc ht st cng c th bin i v tr nn c kin trc v b cc ht st hp th. Cc catin phn b dy c nht xung quanh cc ht st vi mt gim dn khi ra xa. Chng to nn mt lp hay i tch in dng, cng vi b mt tch in m ca ht st to nn lp in kp (Stern, 1924). Bn cht ca lp kp ny nh hng n cu trc ca tp hp cc ht st, v do vy, n cc tnh cht vt l ca t. Cc catin khng dnh vnh vin vo b mt ht st v c th c thay th bng cc catin khc, c bit ti nh l hin tng trao i catin. Th d nh cc catin K c xu hng thay th catin Na. Tc l nu c dung dch KCl d r vo t giu Na th phn ln in Na s b thay th bi in K. Qu trnh ny lm bin i cc tnh cht ca lp kp v do vy, cc tnh cht vt l ca t. 54 ammonium nitrate (AN) thuc n kh nitrat amnium. 55 ammonium nitrate fuel oil mixture (ANFO) hn hp thuc n nitrat amnium vi du t. 59 anchor Neo (neo tng chn t, neo bo v h o) bo v mi dc, chng lt cng trnh dng thp. 60 anchor bolt

bu lng neo, vt neo. 61 anchor plate bn neo. 62 anchor rod thanh neo. 63 anchor wall tng neo. 64 anchorages of rock bolts cng tc khoan bt neo . 66 angle ~ of friction ~ of obliquity ~ of wall friction gc. ~ ma st ~ gc nghing ~ gc ma st gia tng v t (trong tng chn) 67 angle between two specific lines in a plane gc gia hai ng cho trc trong mt phng. 69 angle of incidence gc nghing. Gc nghing ch hng tc dng ca lc ln mt phng ca mng hoc ttng chn t. 71 angle of internal friction

gc ni ma st. Ch tiu nh gi thnh phn ma st cng vi lc dnh th hin cng chu ct ca t nn hoc . 73 angle of penetration Gc xuyn, gc xm nhp. Gc nh nht gia mt mt phng cu trc v mt ct a cht. C th so snh vi gc ln chm trn bn a cht (Knutson, 1958). So snh: angle of departure - gc lch. 74 angle of pitch gc mi dc. 75 angle of reflection gc phn x. 77 angle of repose Gc ngh. Gc dc ln nht c th, do nhng ht vt cht cng tnh cht, ri rc, khng dnh kt, ng to nn vi mt phng nm ngang. Gc ngh hi nh hn so vi gc ti xy ra trt l (gc trt l), v thng nh hn gc ni ma st ca vt cht t 5* n 10*. Gc ngh nhng mi dc t nhin thng thay i trong khong 33* n 37*, rt t khi di 30* v trn 39*. Gc ngh ph thuc vo c tnh ma st ca vt cht, v tng ln cht t khi kch thc v gc cnh ca cc mnh vt cht tng ln. So snh: angle of slide. T ng ngha: angle of rest. 79 angle of rest Gc ngh. Xem: angle of repose. 80 angle of rotation gc xoay. 81 angle of slide gc gy trt.

Gc dc nh nht to vi mt phng nm ngang, ti cc vt cht ri rc (th d t hoc bng tch) bt u trt; N hi ln hn gc ngh mt cht. 82 angle of slope gc mi dc. 83 angle of true internal friction gc ni ma st thc ca t nn hoc . 85 angle of ultimate stability gc n nh ti hn. Gc dc ti hn. 86 angle of wall friction gc ma st gia t v tng chn. 87 angular displacement chuyn v gc. 88 anion annion 89 anisotropic khng ng hng, d hng, khc hng. C c tnh l hc thay i theo hng. Tt c cc loi tinh th u khng ng hng v mt s c tnh, th d : s lan truyn sng m thanh. Tuy nhin tr mt s trng hp c nu r, thut ng ny c lin quan ti nhng c tnh quang hc. Vi ngha , tt c cc loi tinh th, tr nhng tinh th thuc h ng hng , u l d hng. T phn ngha : isotropic. T ng ngha : aeolotrpic 91 anisotropic soils t d hng. t c tnh cht thay i theo cc hng khc nhau

92 anisotropic strength criteria tiu chun sc bn d hng. 93 anisotropy tnh khng ng hng, tnh d hng. iu kin c nhng c tnh khc nhau theo cc hng khc nhau, th d cc tng t truyn dn sng m thanh vi nhng tc khc nhau theo hng dc v hng ngang. 94 anisotropy in the uniaxial compressive strength test tnh d hng trong th nghim nn n trc. C th xc nh tnh bn d hng ca mu t bng th nghim nn n trc vi cc mu li khoan to nhng gc khc nhau i vi mt mt gim yu no , th d mt phn phin, th ch, mt phn lp. Sc bn thng thp nht khi mt gim yu to mt gc khong 30 so vi hng cht ti, v ln nht khi mt gim yu song song, hoc vung gc vi hng cht ti. 95 antiplane components of stress thnh phn ng sut ngoi mt phng (php tuyn vi mt phng). 96 aperture of discontinuities m ca gin on. 97 apparent biu kin. 98 apparent dip hng cm biu kin. 99 apparent friction angle gc ma st biu kin. 100

apparent surface energy nng lng b mt biu kin. 101 applied geology a cht hc ng dng. Mn hc ng dng nhng lnh vc khc nhau ca khoa hc a cht vo cc vn kinh t, cng ngh, cung cp nc hoc mi trng; a cht hc lin quan ti cc hot ng ca con ngi. 102 applied stress ng sut tc dng ng sut pht sinh do lc tc dng vo mt din tch mng hoc tng chn. 105 aquifer tng cha nc. Tng t thm thu truyn dn nc ngm v cung cp nc vi dung lng c ngha kinh t cho cc ngun l v ging. T ng ngha: water horizon, ground water reservoir. 107 aquifer system h thng cha nc. Mt th khng ng nht gm vt liu thm nc xen kp vi vt liu t thm nc, hot ng nh mt n v thy lc sinh nc quy m khu vc. 109 aquifer test th nghim bm ht nc. Th nghim xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha nc bng cch ht ra hoc bm thm vo ging mt lng nc nht nh v o cc thay i mc nc ca tng cha, c trong v sau khi ht ra hoc bm thm vo. 110 aquiferous system h thng cha dn nc. Ton b h thng cha v dn nc gia ca thu nc v tuyn dn nc to bi lp vt liu xp rng, bao gm h thng thu v phn phi nc. T ng ngha: canal system. 112 arch bridge cu vm.

113 arch dam p vm. 114 arch of a roof beam in stratified rock s to vm trn hm o trong phn lp. 115 arch pressure p lc dng hnh cung, p lc tc dng ln mi vm. 116 arching s to vm. Tc ng hnh vng cung. 117 area extraction ratio t s din tch khai thc. S din tch c th khai thc trn tng din tch khu m hoc thn qung. 118 area ratio t s din tch, quan h din tch 119 area ratio of a sampling spoon t s din tch ca dng c ly mu hay ng ly mu. 120 arenaceous mang c tnh ca ct, ht ri. 121 argillaceous t c tnh dnh, t thuc loi st. 123

artesian c p, t lu, ctezi. Tnh t ni v nc ngm b lu gi di p lc thy tnh. T nguyn: ting Php artsien, ca vng "Artois" pha Bc nc Php. 124 artesian aquifer tng nc c p, tng nc ctezi. Xem Confined aquifer. 126 artesian basin lu vc nc c p (t lu, ctezi). Mt khu vc vi a hnh thng, nhng khng phi bao gi cng dng lng cho, vi tng nc t lu (ctezi) c mt chit p cao hn phn thp ca a hnh khu vc. Quy m lu vc c th t vi trm mt vung ti vi trm km vung. So snh: ground water basin. 127 artesian discharge s phun, x nc c p (t lu, ctezi). S phun, x nc t mt ging, ngun l hoc tng cha nc do p lc nc ctezi. 129 artesian head ct nc c p (ctezi). p lc thy tnh ca tng cha nc phun hoc nc c p. 130 artesian leakage s thm r nc c p (ctezi). S thm r chm ca nc t tng cha nc b chn sang cc tng chn. 132 artesian pressure p lc nc t lu (ctezi). p lc thy tnh ca nc t lu (ctezi), thng c biu th bng kg/cm2 ti mt t, hoc bng chiu cao (m) tnh t mt t ca ct nc phun ln do p lc . 134 artesian province vng tnh cha nc c p (t lu, ctezi). Vng c t hp cc iu kin v cu trc, a tng, a hnh v kh hu v.v.., thun li cho s tn ti ca mt hay nhiu tng nc c p. 136 artesian spring

sui, ngun, xut l nc c p (t lu, ctezi). Ngun l nc phun do p lc ctezi, thng qua mt khe nt hoc mt khong h ca tng chn nc pha trn. 138 artesian system h thng nc c p, nc ctezi, nc t lu. a) Cu trc cho php nc lu gi trong mt tng t dng ln trong ging hoc phun ln dc theo khe nt. b) H lin Hon gm ngun nc, tng t cha nc, b chn bi nhng tng t khc c thm thu thp hn nhiu, v mt cu trc qua nc c th ngm vo tng cha nc v b lu gi di p sut ln hn nhiu so vi p sut kh quyn. 140 artesian water nc c p, nc t lu, nc ctezi. Nc ngm b chn gi. 142 artesian well ging phun, ging ctezi. Ging nc ngm b chn gi, c p, phun ln cao hn mc nc ngm nhng khng nht thit ln ti mt t. i khi ch c ngha l ging c dng chy c p (ctezi). T so snh: water table well, non-flowing artesian well. 143 artesian-pressure surface b mt p lc nc t lu (ctezi). B mt chit p trn i bo ha. So snh: normal-pressure surface, subnormal pressure surface. 144 artificially supported mining methods cc phng php khai thc dng tr lc nhn to. 145 asperities nhm. nhm (x x) (ca b mt khe nt). 146 asphalt conrete B tng atphan

147 asphalt stabilization n nh, gia c bng nha ng. 148 at rest pressure p lc t trng thi ngh. 149 atmospheric pressure p lc kh quyn. 151 atomic absorption spectrum ph hp th nguyn t. Ph hp th nhn thy c khi nhng nguyn t khng b kch thch ca mt mu vt bc hi v hp th mt cch c chn lc mt s bc sng no ca nh sng i qua mu vt. 153 attached ground water nc lin kt. Nc ngm b lu gi gia cc vch ca khe nt, l rng i thng kh. C th coi nh nc mng mng, o tnh c dung lng c th. 154 Atterberg limits gii hn Atterberg. Cc gii hn trng thi ca t theo nh ngha ca Atterberg. 155 attrition s bo mn do ma st. 156 auger . auger - type bit. loi mi khoan t dng gung xon. 157 auger-hole method phng php ht nc l khoan xc nh cc c tnh nc ngm.

158 auxiliary rotation s, php quay b sung, ph tr. 160 axial compression nn dc trc. S nn song song vi trc dc ca mu trong th nghim vi mu hnh tr. 161 axial force diagram biu lc dc trc. 162 axial pressure p lc chnh tm. p lc trng vi tm i xng, th d p lc tc dng vo tm ca cc trn. 163 axial strain bin sut (bin dng) dc trc. 164 axial stress ng sut dc trc. 165 axis of rotation trc quay (ca trng ng sut). 166 back analysis of slope failure, shear strength determination by Xc nh sc bn ct bng phn tch ngc s c ph hy mi dc. Do nhng kh khn trong vic xc nh sc bn ct ca cc b mt gim yu hoc ca khi , ng thi, cng do kh khn trong vic p dng cc gi tr sc bn xc nh c trong thit k mi dc, phn tch ngc sau s c ph hy mi dc l mt phng php rt hin thc nhm xc nh sc bn ct ca khi c huy ng ton b ti thi im xy ra ph hy. Phng php ny rt hay c p dng t nhiu chc nm nay trong mi dc t v gp phn ng k tng tin cy trong thit k mi dc t. Phng php ny cng c th p dng tt trong mi dc nu tin hnh cn thn.

167 back analysis, back calculation phn tch ngc, phn tch sau. Phng php xc nh mt hoc vi thng s u vo (ca t, ) da trn c s kt qu (th d xc nh sc bn ca t t mt s c trt l, ph hy). 168 back pressure p lc i khng, p lc ngc chiu. 169 backfill, backfilling ~ applications in open stoping ~ de-watering of ~ for support of mine openings ~ heterogeneity ~ monitoring of pressures in ~ pore-water pressure in ~ properties and placement ~ response to removal of wall support ~ support mechanisms san lp, vt liu san lp. ~ San lp sau khi khai thc l thin. ~ Tho kh, that nc ~ tr lc cho hm l khai thc ~ tnh d hng ca ~ quan trc p lc trong ~ p lc nc l rng trong ~ tnh cht v cung cch ~ phn ng ca, khi tho d tr lc vch ~ c ch tr lc 170 backwater

nc ngc, nc phc hi. Nc c phc hi v khng thay i so vi iu kin ban u 173 ball clay St cc, st hn. Mt loi st rt dnh, i khi chu la, thng cha vt cht hu c, c nhng cht dng lm thuc mu bn la, mu t vng nu ti xanh vi nhng thang bc khc nhau, dng lm cht kt dnh trong sn xut gm s. Pipe clay - st trng mm, c cng cao khi t cng nh khi kh, dng lm nhiu loi thy tinh, c co ngt cao khi nung. S d gi l ball clay v trc kia ngi Anh thng lm thnh cc st nng 13-22 kg (30-50 bng Anh), ng knh khong 25 cm (10 in.). 174 bar (unit of pressure) n v o p lc 175 bar chart biu ngang. 176 barrage p 177 barrels, core ng khoan. Trong khoan cu trc, cn ly c li khoan tt xc nh nhng yu t cu trc. lm c vic , cn s dng ng khoan nhiu (hai hoc ba) lp hoc ng khoan ng knh ln. i vi loi ng khoan nhiu lp, cc ng bn trong c th c thit k (th d gn vng bi) chng khng b xoay trong khi ng ngoi cng xoay cng vi mi khoan. Li khoan s chui vo ng khoan bn trong v do s c bo v, khng b xo ng cho n khi c ly ra ngoi cng vi ng khoan. Ly li khoan ra khi ng khoan l cng on quan trng nht ca qu trnh khoan ly mu. Phng php tt nht l s dng loi ng khoan trong c th tch i c. C th lt mt lp nylon vo ng khoan trong bo v li khoan. 178 barrier pillars tr chn (khai thc m).

179 barton equation of joint wall strength phng trnh Barton v sc bn hai bn thnh khe nt. Do Barton v Choubey (1977) xut t thc nghim m t nh lng c tnh c l khe nt. 181 base friction modeling technique phng php m hnh ha lc ma st b mt ph hy. L m hnh vt l n gin nghin cu hin tng trt lt. Thit b gm b khung vi hai trc xoay lm chuyn ng bng ti cng vi m hnh trt lt t bn trn. Khi chuyn ng, bng ti s tc ng ln y m hnh trt lt mt lc ma st. Mt thanh ngang c nh ngn khng cho m hnh trt lt chuyn ng v lc ma st ni trn s m phng lc trng trng tc dng ln tng khi ca m hnh trt lt. Cc khi ca m hnh c th lm bng g, nha, va hoc vt liu xp. Tuy nhin, k thut ny mi ch c gi tr minh ho ch cha c ng dng nhiu trong k thut mi dc. 182 base level cao y, cao y mng. 183 base line ng c s. c dug theo phng php tam gic nh v. 184 base slab, foundation mng bn. 185 basecourse, base (for roads) lp mng ca nn ng. 186 batter pile cc nghing. 188 beam

dm, dm mng. 189 beam bending test th nghim un dm. Th nghim cht ti, xc nh sc bn un ca dm. Sc bn ko ca cng c th xc nh gin tip t th nghim un dm, s dng h cht ti 3 hoc 4 im. Trong trng hp h cht ti 3 im, khe nt tch xut hin ti im c ng sut ko t gi tr cc i, tc l ngay pha di im cht ti P. im xut hin khe nt cng nh hng pht trin ca n b nh hng bi nhng d thng cc b, th d, ranh gii tinh th, cc vi khe nt v.v... Do vy, ng sut ko ti mt di cng ca dm ch c th xc nh mt cch trung bnh theo cng thc: , vi t l chiu cao dm, b l chiu rng, L l khong cch gia cc im ta. H cht ti 4 im cho kt qu tt hn v ng sut mt di cng ca dm gia hai im cht ti pha trn l khng i. Dm thng b gy khong gia hai im cht ti ny v do vy kt qu t c c tnh i din cao hn so vi h cht ti 3 im. ng sut ko cc i ti mt di cng ca dm c tnh theo cng thc: 191 bearing (direction) chu ti, hng chu ti. 193 bearing capacity

~ allowable ~ correction factors ~ eccentric loads ~ factors ~ footings ~~ on clay ~~ on sand ~~ on silt ~ net ~ of roof and floor rocks ~ piles ~ presumptive ~ settlement ~ ultimate

~ water table effects kh nng, sc chu ti. Sc chu ti cao nht trn mt n v din tch m nn t c th chu c v khng b ph hy. Xem: Ultimate bearing capacity, California bearing ratio (CBR). ~ cho php ~ cc yu t hiu chnh trong tnh ton kh nng, sc chu ti. ~ lch tm ~ cc yu t kh nng, sc chu ti. ~ ca mng ~ ca mng trong t st ~ ca mng trong ct ~ ca mng trong bt, bn ~ thc ~ ca nn v mi vm ~ ca cc ~ gi nh ~ xc nh bng ln ~ gii hn ~ nh hng ca mc nc ngm n kh nng, sc chu ti. 194 bearing pressure p lc chu ti. p lc chu ti n v ca mng di tc ng ca ti trng tc dng. 196 bed, stratum tng, lp, va t . 197 bed, stream , river lng sng, sui. 198 bedded, well, stratified phn tng, tnh phn tng. 199 bedding joint khe nt phn lp.

Khe nt phn lp thng i km trong trm tch, mc d phun tro cng c th c phn lp dng dng chy. im c trng ca chng l nm st v song song vi cc mt phn lp c thnh phn trm tch, mu sc, kin trc, thnh phn khang khc nhau. Thng c lp y bi vt cht st rt d tch ri, lm gim ng k sc khng ct. Do c ngun gc trm tch, chng thng kh lin tc v phng. Lu l mt phn lp khng phi bao gi cng i km vi khe nt phn lp. Khe nt phn lp c th c lp y v hn gn li do qu trnh bin cht. 200 bedding plane

~ criterion for slip on see also discontinuities mt phn lp. B mt phn chia cc trm tch thnh lp, va hoc tng, biu th nhng gin on trong qu trnh trm tch ca khi . Ni chung, mt phn lp l nhng c im cu trc kh lin tc mc du cc loi trm tch gi hoc dng chy vi tc trm tch nhanh c th cha cc mt phn lp xin cho hoc khng chnh hp. ~ tiu chun trt theo Xem gin on 201 bedrock gc, cng. Thc th lin tc, dy nm bn di lp t ph. 202 bench blasting n mn to thm. Phng php n mn to thm trong khai thc l thin. 203 benchmark mc chun. Mc chun so snh cao . 205 bench-mark soil t chun. t i din cho nhiu loi t tng t v c chn do c nhng c im chi tit v ngha lch s, phm vi a l rng hoc c tm quan trng trong vic phn loi t.

206 bending un, s un. S un ca cu kin hoc vt liu di tc dng ca ti trng. 207 bending moment deagram biu mmen un. 208 Beniawski criterion tiu chun sc bn Beniawski. Do Beniawski xut nm 1973 xc nh sc bn ca khi mt cch thc nghim. 209 bentonite st bentonite. Bentonite, va st, dung dch st c dng bo v thnh h khoan. 210 bentonitic clay st bentonit. Loi t c hm lng st montmorilonit cao nn thng c tnh trng n ln . 212 berm b phn p. Khi t p dng tng i trng v n nh ca khu vc t dc theo chn hoc nn ng. 213 bias thin v, thin kin, nh kin. 214 biaxial compression test th nghim nn hai trc. Th nghim nn hai trc c thc hin bng cch tc dng hai lc php tuyn khc nhau ln hai cp mt bn ca mu hnh lp phng, lng tr ch nht hoc dng tm phin. Mt cch khc l to nn trng thi ng sut hai trc ti mt trong ca mu hnh tr rng bng cch cht ti dc trc trong iu kin c p sut cht lng bao quanh tc dng ln mt ngoi ca mu. Khi khng o c ng sut ti thi im xy ra ph hy m phi tnh trn c s l thuyt n hi, c th khng ph hp lm ti thi im t ng sut cc i.

Trong th nghim nn hai trc, qu o ng sut Hon ton nm trong mt phng to nn bi hai trc v ng sut dc theo trc th ba bng khng. Tuy nhin, th nghim nn hai trc thng c tin hnh trong khong bin dng n hi th nghim cc m hnh vt l cho phn tch ng sut quang n hi. Xem uniaxial compression test, triaxial compression test. 215 biaxial stress ~ graphical representation of ng sut hai trc. ~ biu din dng th ca 216 Bieniawskis geomechanical classification scheme h phn loi a c ca Bieniawski. Xem Geomechanic Classification System (RMR). 217 biharmonic equation phng trnh iu ha kp. Phng trnh s dng gii bi ton dch chuyn-ng sut i vi cc hnh dng khai o n gin nh hnh trn, elp v.v..., c th gii bng phng php gii tch trn c s l thuyt n hi. 218 binder cht kt dnh. 219 binder course lp dnh kt, lp trung gian. 221 birdsfoot delta Delta dng chn chim. 222 Bishop's simplified method of slices Phng php lt ct gin lc ca Bishop. S dng trong phn tch n nh mi dc, xc nh h s an ton ca mt mi dc, v tr ca mt trt tim tng v.v.. Phng php ny gi thit mt mt trt dng cung trn, chia khi trt ra thnh nhiu lt, b qua tng tc bn gia cc lt , nhng cho kt qu kh tin cy vi sai s ch trong khong 0-8% so vi cc phng php phc tp khc ca Janbu, Spencer,

Morgenstern v Price v.v.. 223 bit u mi khoan. 225 bitumen bitum, nha ng. 226 bituminous seal vt liu bitum lp nht v lm kn khe nt hoc mi ni. 227 black cotton soil t en. 228 Black powder bt thuc mn en. 229 blanket p t m, p, thm mt lp t mi. 230 blanket (artificial) t m, lp t p c hnh thnh do con ngi to nn 231 blanket (natural) lp t c hnh thnh t nhin do trm tch, lng ng. 232 blast N mn ph hoc khai thc . 233

blasted rock c khai thc do n mn. 234 blasthole L khoan n mn, l mn. 235 blasthole diameter ng knh l mn. Nhn chung, chi ph cho cng tc n mn gim khi ng knh l mn tng ln. Khai thc l thin hin i thng s dng l mn vi ng knh 9-12 in., nhiu khi ti 15-17 in. Song nhiu th nghim ch ra gii hn ca s tng ny. N mn c coi l c hiu qu khi chiu dy lp ph t khong 40 ln ng knh l mn. Do khi ng knh l mn tng ln, chiu dy lp ph s tng dn, t ti chiu cao tng khai thc, qu na th hiu qu n mn s gim xung. Hn na, ng knh l mn tng cng ng thi lm trm trng thm cc vn vng, n kh v dp v t vy quanh. 236 blasthole inclination nghing ca l mn. Trong khai thc l thin vi cc tng khai thc c b mt dc, chiu dy lp ph hu hiu ca hng l mn ngoi cng s thay i nu cc l mn c khoan thng ng. Nhiu thit b khoan ch c th khoan ng, v do vy, cch duy nht t c hiu qu n mn nh nhau l thay i liu thuc np dc chiu su l mn. Nhng ngy nay, ngi ta c xu hng s dng cc l mn nghing, nht l i vi cc hng l mn ngoi cng. Bng cch khoan nghing song song vi b mt thang ca mi dc, c th t c cng mt chiu dy lp ph hu hiu. Nhiu chuyn gia n mn cn cho rng khoan nghing mt gc t 10-30* s lm v tt hn, chuyn dch khi thun li hn v gim bt dp v t do sng xung kch di ngc. 237 blasting ~ burn-cut ~ charge per linear length ~ charging ~ controlled ~ damage caused by, and its control

~ mechanics of

~ production ~ slot and mass method ~ techniques, special, for improving slope stability ~ V-cut n mn. ~ Phng php n mn kiu burn-cut ~ Liu thuc n trn mt n v chiu di ~ Np l mn ~ N mn c kim sot ~ h hi do n mn, v kim sot, khng ch h hi do n mn. Ch yu c 4 dng h hi do n mn l: (1) h hi cu trc, (2) h hi do vng, (3) h hi do n kh, v (4) h hi do ting n. ~ c hc n mn ~ Sn xut, khai thc bng khoan n mn

~ K thut khoan n mn, c bit dng trong n nh mi dc ~ Phng php n mn kiu V-cut 238 bleeder well, relief well ging gim p lc nc, ging tiu nc. Ging gim p lc nc, ging tiu nc, Thng c xy dng bo v h thng iu. 239 block sample mu khi. Mu dng khi c dng th nghim. 240 block size c khi . L ng knh trung bnh ca mt khi i din cho c tp, lp cn phn loi. N c xc nh n gin bng cch quan st mt vt l trn mt t hoc di ng hm, li khoan, ng vn sau n mn hoc sn-l tch. C khi cng c biu th dng cc khong v gi tr in hnh, th d khi c (5-30) 12 cm. Sai s c 10-20% vn c coi l bnh thng v khng cn phi mt qu nhiu thi gian t chnh xc cao hn. 241

block sliding on clay layers khi trt trn cc lp st. 242 block toppling lt khi. (Xem toppling failure) mt dng ph hy mi dc theo kiu lt. Khi b cc h khe nt chia ct thnh cc khi, ct, c xu hng b lt v pha ngoi mi dc v ri xung. lt c chia chi tit hn thnh cc dng ph hy khc nh lt khi, lt un, lt un-khi v lt th sinh. Lt khi c th xy ra khi khi cng b cc h khe nt trc giao chia ct to nn cc ct v khi ring bit. Cc khi ngn to chn mi dc b y v pha trc bi ti trng ca cc khi di hn pha sau. Ph hy do s pht trin dn t chn mi dc ln. 243 block-flexure toppling lt un-khi. Mt dng ph hy mi dc theo kiu lt. Dng ny c trng bi un gi lin tc dc theo cc ct di b nhiu khe nt ngang chia ct. Cc ct b lt trong trng hp ny l do dch chuyn nh dc theo cc khe nt ngang gp li gy ra. Do rt nhiu nhng dch chuyn nh nh vy, lt un-khi c t khe nt tch hn so vi lt un v c t tip xc cnh-mt v khong h hn so vi lt khi. 244 blocky structure kin trc, khi trng. Kin trc, kt cu dng khi. 245 blow count s nht p, tr s N. Khi nim dng trong th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT. S ln th mt qu t nng 63.5kg (40 bs) t cao 76cm (30") xung u cn khoan ng mu ngp vo t 30cm. Nh vy, t cng yu th N cng nh. 246 blown sand Ct bay. Nh wind sand, aeolian sand 247 body stress ng sut ni ti. ng sut bn trong vt th di tc ng ca ngoi lc.

248 bog m ly, than bn, t rt yu. Xem swamp. 249 boglime, freshwater marl t m ly Lp t yu cha vt liu hu c v st vi 250 boiling of sand, sand boil ct chy, ct si. Do p lc nc ln hn trng lng ht t v gy mt cn bng, hin tng thng xy ra khi o h mng trong t ct hoc vng chn tip gip vi lng xm vo ma nc sng ln. 251 bolt bulng, vt neo Dng neo, gi cht, lm n nh mt khi t hoc . 253 bond Ni, lin kt hai vt th li. 254 bore khoan. Khoan t, v cc vt liu khc. 255 borehole log, drilling log thit l khoan, tr h khoan. Biu mu m t s thay i a tng trong qu trnh khoan vi s m t v chiu su, chiu dy, mu sc, k hiu v c tnh chung nht ca tng lp t . 256 borehole sample mu khoan, nn khoan Mu t, mu ly c t cng tc khoan 257 borehole walls, examination of kim tra vch l khoan.

Cng vi nh hng li khoan, l mt trong nhng k thut o v cc yu t cu trc l khoan ct qua. Vch l khoan c kim tra bng knh tim vng gm mt ng cng gn vi h thu knh v lng knh. u im ca thit b ny l n c nh hng t bn ngoi l khoan. Nhc im l ch c hiu qu ti su khong 30 m. Ngy nay, camera v tuyn ngy cng c s dng nhiu o v l khoan. 258 boreholes, pumping tests in th nghim bm ht nc l khoan. p dng xc nh thm thu ca t . Trong mi trng b nhiu h khe nt chia ct, thm thu c th c tnh d hng cao. Khi phi tin hnh th nghim bm ht nc l khoan xc nh thm thu dc theo hng ca mt h khe nt no . Trong trng hp ny, th nghim bao gm khoan theo hng vung gc vi h khe nt cn xc nh. Sau nt chn hai u ca mt on l khoan v tin hnh bm nc vo hoc ht nc ra t on . Rt nhiu khi cc nt chn t ra qu ngn v r r nc qua chng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy sai s ln nht ca th nghim ny. 259 boring s khoan, cng tc khoan. 260 borrow mn t. Khai thc t khu vc khc lm vt liu san lp hoc p t phc v cho vic xy dng ng , nn nh v cng trnh h tng c s khc. 261 borrow area vng t mn. Din tch khu t mn c th khai thc phc v xy dng 262 borrow pit h o th t mn. H o th nh gi kh nng khai thc t 263 borrow material Vt liu t c vn chuyn n (mn n) san lp v p t 264 boulder

tng ln, qu c. a. Mt khi ring l ln hn mt hn si, ng knh ln hn 256mm (10in. hoc 8 n v phi, hoc tng ng ng knh ca mt qu bng truyn), dng trn trn hoc mo m do va p trn ng vn chuyn; khi d ln nht c cc nh trm tch hc tha nhn. Tng t block. C th xem thm : small boulder, medium boulder, lage boulder, very lage boulder. glacial boulder, boulder of weathering, boulder stone. b. Mt thut ng chung cho bt k khi no qu nng, kh nng ln bng tay.... cng c tn vit l boulder. 265 Boulder Cui tng. a) Mt tng c ng knh ln hn 256 mm (10 in., hoc 8 n v *, tng ng vi kch thc ca mt qu bng chuyn). Dng trn hoc mo do va p trn ng di chuyn; Khi ln nht c cc nh trm tch hc tha nhn. Tng t: block. Xem small boulder, medium boulder, large boulder, very large boulder. b) glacial boulder. c) boulder of withering. d) boulder stone. e) Mt thut ng chung cho bt k khi no qu nng, kh nng ln bng tay. Cng c th vit l bowlder. 266 boulder clay t st c ngun gc bng h. Xem ground moraine, till 267 boulder pavement Lp c kch thc tng i ln, lp ri ng 269 boulder size c cui tng. Thut ng dng trong trm tch hc ch cui tng c ng knh ln hn 256 mm (10 in.). 270 bound water nc lin kt. Nc b gi li trong cc khe nt, l hng ca t . 272 boundary conditions

iu kin bin. 273 boundary curvature, influence on ~ boundary stress cong ca bin. nh hng ca ~ ti ng sut bin 274 boundary element method (BEM) phng php phn t bin. Xem Computational methods of stress analysis. 275 boundary slots cc khe bin. 276 boundary stresses ~ for a circular opening ~ influence of excavation shape on ng sut bin. ~ i vi hm l c tit din trn nh hng ca hnh dng hm l ti ~ 277 boundary zone ~ capillary zone khu vc, i bin Khu vc gii hn vng tn ti p lc mao dn pha trn mc nc ngm 278 boussinesq, area load ~ influence chart ~ pointing load ti trng trn din, xc nh bng phng php Boussinesq ~ Biu nh hng, s dng trong tnh ti bng phng php Boussinesq ~ Ti trng trn im, xc nh bng phng php Boussinesq 279 box shear apparatus thit b ct trc tip. Thit b ct trc tip xc nh sc khng ct ca vt liu..Xem direct shear apparatus. 280 brace

chng ngang Chng h o, tng chn. 281 braced excavations khai o c chng ngang 282 bracing chng ngang Cng tc chng h o, tng chn, cng tc gia cng v ti trng ngang. 283 brays solution for stresses around an elliptical excavation li gii ca Bray v ng sut quanh hm l dng ellip 284 brazilian strength test th nghim cht ti Brazin. Cng ging nh th nghim cht ti im, th nghim cht ti Brazin thuc nhm cc th nghim xc nh sc bn ko ca vt liu mt cch gin tip, trong lc nn p gia cc mi thp to nn mt trng thi kt hp gia nn p v cng gin phn gia ca mu th. Mt khe nt xut hin phn ny s pht trin theo hng song song vi trc cht ti. Mu th thng l cc on li khoan dt hnh a, c cht ti dc theo ng knh ca n. ng knh mu, D, t nht phi t 50 mm, chiu dy mu, t, bng khong mt na ng knh. Dng bng dnh dn quanh chu vi mu to b mt tip xc nhn hn. Tc gia ti thng c ngh t khong 0.2 kN/s, sao cho ph hy xy ra trong vng 15-30 s. Ti trng gy ph hy, P, thng c o t ng. Sc bn ko ca c tnh theo cng thc sau: 285 breach ngt, m mt ng mi. 286 breakage of rock by explosive ph bng cht n. 287 breakwater barrage chn sng

288 bridge cu 289 brittle d v, dn. 290 brittle failure ph hy dn. L qu trnh mt sc bn t ngt dc theo mt b mt no m khng tri qua bin dng do ng k. Ph hy dn thng i km vi hin tng "mm yu dn do bin dng" ca mu . 291 brittle-ductile transition pressure p sut chuyn tip dn-do. p sut bn ti sc bn sau cc i ca mu khng b suy gim na v hnh vi ca n tr nn Hon ton mm do. Mc p sut ny thay i Ty theo loi . 292 Brittleness dn. 293 Buckling of a roof span s gy sp ca mt on mi hm l. 294 Buckling of slabs ph hy tm, lp dng on. C th xy ra cc lp mng dc theo mt gim yu c gc ma st nh, nh cc va than xen kp vi cc lp mylonit c ma st thp. Thng xy ra khi hi mt s iu kin v chiu di, chiu dy v gc dc ca lp. 295 Buffer blasting n mn m. Cng vi pre-splitting (n mn phn ct trc) v smooth-wall blasting (n mn lm nhn

mt), l mt trong nhng bin php n mn c bit nhm lm tng n nh ca mi dc, nht l trong khai thc l thin. Bin php ny c thc hin bng cch tng khong cch gia hng l mn cui cng v ng o (digline). Tng t, c th gim chiu dy lp ph mi l mn, gim khong cch gia cc l mn trong hng v gim liu thuc np. 296 building code, - by - laws quy phm xy dng. Quy trnh, quy phm p dng trong xy dng (Thit k, thi cng, kim tra v nghim thu). 297 building site hin trng xy dng, cng trng. 298 bulb of pressure bong bng p lc. Vng p lc dng bong bng trong khng gian 3 chiu di y mng cng trnh hnh thnh do ngoi lc tc dng. 300 bulk density trng lng n v ca t, th trng Xem nit weight of soil. 301 bulkhead vch ngn, tng chn, quai, k Kt cu hoc tng chn chng p lc nc hoc t. 302 bulkhead (waterfront retaining wall, U.S.) Kt cu chng p lc t v nc cho tng chn 303 bulking (as in bulking factor) s tng th tch, s trng n ca t. 304 Buoyancy hin tng, hiu ng y ni. y ni, lc y ni ca nc theo Archimed. 305

buoyancy unit weight trng lng y ni. Trng lng ring ca t trong nc. 307 Burden lp ph. 308 butt u cc. u cc mng bng b tng, thp, g hoc tre. 309 buttress cng tc gia cng kt cng kt cu hoc h o. 311 buttress dam p tr chng 312 by-pass barrage p trnh quai 313 cable dowel neo cp 314 cable tool drill p khoan cp. 315 cables, ~ support stiffness and support pressure for cp. cng v p sut tr lc ca ~ 317 caisson

ging chm, mng hp, mng ging C ng knh ln c th thi cng bng cng tc khoan hoc cng ngh ging chm hI p. 321 calibration hiu chnh. Hiu chnh thit b th nghim theo mu chun. 323 california Bearing Ratio, CBR h s chu ti California CBR. H s chu ti California (CBR). H s khng xuyn ca t nn trong iu kin t trng v m bit. y l t s gia lc trn n v din tch cn xuyn vo nn t vi lc cn xuyn vo mt cht liu chun (cht liu c bn l nghin), c xc nh trong iu kin chun. Vit tt l CBR. Xem bearing capacity. y l ch s nh gi kh nng chu ti ca vt liu theo tiu chun M, thng c dng nghim thu cng tc thi cng ng. 324 cancellation pressure in flatjack tests p sut kt thc trong th nghim kch phng. 325 cantilever beam dm cng xn. 326 cantilever bridge cu c hng. 327 capacity kh nng, cng sut. 328 capillarity tnh mao dn. Hin tng lu gi, di chuyn ca nc trong cc l hng ca cc ht t bi lc mao dn 329 capillary

mao dn, ng mao dn. ng hoc khe c ca ming nh gi c cht lng nh tnh mao dn, capillarity. 330 capillary attraction lc mao dn. Lc ht gia mt cht lng v mt cht rn trong mao dn. 332 capillary condensation ngng t mao dn. S hnh thnh nhng vng nc dao ng xung quanh cc im tip xc ca ht, v khi cc vng nhng im tip xc cnh nhau ln ha vo nhau, s hnh thnh dy nc cha y trong cc khe nt bao bc xung quanh bi b mt khum li. 334 capillary conductivity tnh dn mao qun, dn mao qun. Kh nng truyn dn ca t khng bo ha i vi nc hoc mt cht lng. Do nhng khe nt ln c ch b khng kh hoc mt loi kh khc chim ch, nc hoc cht lng phi chuyn dch qua nhng im tip xc gia cc ht t, . i vi nc, dn mao dn tng ln vi m, t bng khng khi vt th trng thi kh tuyt i, n mc ti a tng ng vi dn thy lc, hoc h s thm thu. 336 capillary migration di chuyn mao dn. Chuyn ng ca nc do mao dn. T ng ngha: capillary flow, capillary movement. 337 capillary porosity rng mao dn. Th tch khe h trong t c lc mao dn tc dng 339 capillary porosity xp, rng mao dn. rng mao dn. Th tch cc l rng, khe nt trong mt khi t c gi nc do mao dn (Jacks v nnk., 1960). 341 capillary pressure p sut mao dn. Mc chnh p sut giao din gia hai cht lng khng trn ln c vi nhau cng lp y mt khe nt ca mt khi . Mc chnh ny c c do sc cng b mt giao din v

ln ph thuc vo cong ca b mt ny. 342 capillary rise Mc dng nc mao dn. Mc nc dng caoln pha trn mt nc t do di tc dng ca lc mao dn. 344 capillary water nc mao dn. a) Nc b gi li hoc chuyn dch qua nhng khe nt hoc ng c tnh mao dn (thut ng c). T ng ngha: water of capillarity. b) Nc theo ng mao dn. 345 carbonatization carbonat ha. 346 case lp, hp, v bo v 347 case history th d thc tin, trng hp in hnh. 348 casing ng chng. ng chng bo v h o. 349 cast - in - place pile cc ti ch. Cc khoan nhi v b tng ti ch. 350 cast in place concrete B tng ti ch. 351 catchement area lu vc sng. Din tch cung cp nc cho mt con sng. Nh basin.

352 cations catin. 353 cavability , kh nng to hm ch. 354 cave - in ln st, tt. 355 cavern hang, cng trnh ngm dng phng, snh 356 CBR-California Bearing Ratio Ch s chu ti California. L t s biu th bng phn trm gia p lc gy xuyn ngp mt tr xuyn trong t ta xt vi p lc gy xuyn ngp nh th trong vt liu tiu chun. Kch thc tr xuyn, tc v su xuyn c chun ha. Tr xuyn c tit din 3 inch vung (19.35cm2) di khong 20cm, tc xuyn l 0.05 inch/1pht (0.03mm/pht) v cc su xuyn thng dng : 0.5;1.0;2.0...mm v kt thc ti 10mm. 357 cement xi mng, bm pht xi mng, lin kt bng xi mng. 358 cement grout bm pht xi mng. Pht va xi mng hn, trm. 359 cement stabilization gia c, gia cng bng xi mng. 360 cementation

lm cht t nn v c kt t nn bng bin php bm pht va xi mng. 361 cemented sandfill ~ de-watering of ~ transport of Ct san lp c gn kt Tho kh ~ Vn chuyn ~ 362 centre - line trc i xng. 364 centrifuge thit b quay li tm. Quay li tm, th nghim m hnh quay li tm. 365 centroid of a rectangular plate tm ca bn nn ch nht. 366 chainage khong cch n tm trc ta . 367 chalk cliff failures induced by undercutting Vch phn vi b ph hy do phn chn b nc bo xi hm ch. 368 channel knh, mng. 369 characteristic impedance sc khng, tr khng c trng.

370 charge, optimum, in production blasting design liu, lng thuc n. Lng thuc n ti u trong thit k n mn sn xut, khai thc 371 charts ~ circular failure ~ wedge failure biu . ~ ph hy dng cung trn ~ ph hy dng khi nm 372 check dam p iu ha nc, p gi nc Nh weir, control. 373 chemical explosives cht n ha hc. 374 China clay pit slope, circular failure analysis Phn tch ph hy dng cung trn b moong khai thc t st lm s 375 chip mn khoan. 376 chisel u mi khoan dng trepa. Nh chopping bit. 377 Chunam, use of, in slope protection lp btng, va bo v b mt, Chunam. Lp va trt bo v b mt mi dc ct, ngn khng cho nc ngm vo mi dc. Bin php ny rt c hiu qu nu kt hp that nc tt tiu gim p lc nc l rng. 378

churn drill khoan p cp. Nh cable tool drill. 379 circular arc analysis Phn tch cung trt trn trong bi ton n nh mi dc 380 circular excavation ~ elastic zone around ~ fractured annulus around ~ stress and displacement distributions around o hm l tit din trn. o hm l tit din trn i n hi xung quanh ~ i dp v xung quanh ~ Phn b ng sut v chuyn v xung quanh ~ 381 circular failure ~ charts ~ conditions for ph hy dng cung trn Ph hy dng cung trn Biu tnh ~ iu kin ~ 382 circular footing mng trn. 383 circular hole, subject to uniaxial stress h trn chu ng sut dc trc. 384 circumferential displacement chuyn v chu vi. Chuyn v bao quanh. Chuyn v dc theo chu vi ca hm l c tit din trn. 385

classification ~ AASHTO ~ cone penetrometer ~ field ~ grain size ~ unified ~ U.S. Department of Agriculture h, bng phn loi. ~ AASHTO (Xem AASHTO classification) ~ xuyn tnh ~ hin trng ~ ht ~ thng nht ~ ca S Nng nghip M 388 clastic deformation bin dng gy v. Mt dng bin dng do nhit dn n s gy v ca t , lm bn ra cc ht khang vt v mnh vn t . Trong trng hp ti hn, t c th Hon ton b nghin vn trc khi b phun ra ngoi (Tyrrell, 1926). So snh: blastic deformation, plastic deformation. 389 clay t. Mt kt th cc khang vt st kt tinh dng vy rt nh c trng bi cc tnh keo in hnh : do, dnh v kh nng hp ph ion. 390 clay fraction phn ht st. T l phn trm ht st (<0.002mm) trong mu t. 391 clay layers, blocks sliding on khi trt trn lp st. 392 clay mineral(s) khong vt st.

393 clay sand ct 394 clay seal lp chn, m bng st Dng trong chng thm bng t st. 395 clay size kch thc ht st. 398 clay soil t st. Mt loi t gm phn ln l nhng ht nh v cht dnh kt, do v dnh khi t, v kt thnh khi cc, rn chc khi kh. C th l t cha 40% hoc hn thnh phn st v khng qu 45% ct hoc 40% bt ph sa. Thut ng ny cng c dng ch loi t c cha 30% hoc hn thnh phn st. T ng ngha: clay. 399 clay, compacted ~ compression curve ~ consolidation ~ double layer ~ expansive ~ fissured ~ footing settlement ~ minerals ~ normally consolidated ~ overconsolidated ~ permeability ~ quick ~ sensitive ~ shear strength ~ stress-strain t st m ln ~ ng cong nn ca t st

C kt ~ Lp kp ~ ~ trng n ~ nt n Ln ca mng trong t st khang vt ~ ~ c kt bnh thng ~ qu c kt Tnh, thm thu ~ t st nhanh t st nhy cm Sc chng ct ca ~ ng cong ng sut-bin dng ca ~ 400 claystone st. 401 cleavage joint khe nt th ch. Th ch thng hnh thnh do bin dng trong qu trnh bin cht, c c trng bi cc khang vt gn song song vi nhau, ti kt tinh theo hng gn vung gc vi ng sut nn p cc i. C th c mt hoc vi hng th ch nu bin cht xy ra trong nhiu giai on. Th ch thng xin cho so vi mt phn lp v c mi quan h ng nht vi b mt ca trc un np. Mt th ch thng rt dy song gn kt rt cht. Do vy, ch mt s l khe nt v c th tr thnh mt gim yu. V th ngi ta thng ch xc nh hng ca cc khe nt th ch ch t khi o v mt hoc tnh lin tc ca chng. 402 close - textured, close grained Kt cu ht kn 403 closed hydraulic piezometers, use of ng o p lc nc kn. ng c y nc c ht ht khng kh, dng cho t c thm thu nh hn 10-6cm/s, c th o p lc nc rt nh. Thng dng trong qu trnh p p, c th lp t ngay trong lc thi cng v li sau khi Hon cng. 404

closed-form solutions Li gii i s (gii tch). Mt s bi ton c hc t vi cc c im hnh hc v gi thit n gin ha c th gii chnh xc bng cc phng php i s. Mt s th d nh bi ton xc nh phn b ng sut v dch chuyn xung quanh mt ng hm c tit din trn hoc ellp, o trong mt mi trng ng nht, ng hng, tuyn tnh v n hi, trong cc iu kin ng sut hoc bin dng phng. 405 closely jointed rock masses

~ shear strength of ~ testing of khi b dp v mnh. Khi khi cng chc b nhiu h khe nt ct qua, v nu mt khe nt rt dy so vi quy m ca mi dc, hnh vi ca khi c th rt khc so vi trng hp mi dc ch b mt khe nt n l ct qua. Mt dy c ca cc khe nt khin khi tr nn ri rc, tng khi nh c th chuyn dch, quay d dng hn nhiu so vi nguyn trng. Kt qu l sc bn ca khi b gim hn, thm ch c th so snh vi sc bn ca . sc bn ct ca ~ th nghim ~ 406 coal mining by the longwall method khai thc than bng phng php l dc. 407 coarse ht th, ht ln, thng l cc ht ct. 408 coarse aggregate Ct liu th. 410 coarse gravel cui, si th.

Thut ng a cht cng trnh ch loi si c ng knh 19-76 mm (3/4 - 3 in.). 413 coarse pebble cui, si th. Thut ng a cht cng trnh ch loi si c ng knh 16-32 mm (0.6 - 1.3 in.) hoc 4-5 n v * (AGI, 1958). 415 coarse sand ct ht th. Thut ng ch loi ct c ng knh 0.5-1 mm (500-1000 micron, hoc 1-0 n v *, hoc loi ct a khang, th, ri. b) Thut ng a cht cng trnh ch loi ct c ng knh t 2 mm (b gi trn ry tiu chun s 10 ca M) ti 4.76 mm (lt qua ry tiu chun s 4 ca M). c) Thut ng th nhng hc ca M ch loi ct c ng knh 0.5-1 mm. Kch c ng knh c Hi Th nhng hc Quc t cng nhn l 0.2-2 mm. d) Loi th nhng c cha 85% hoc hn thnh phn ht c ht ct (thnh phn bt cng thm 1.5 ln thnh phn st chim tng cng khng qu 15%), 25% hoc hn ct ht rt th v th v di 50% loi ct khc (SSSA, 1965, trang 347). 416 cobble cui tng. Mt thut ng ch nhng mnh kh trn cnh, c kch thc khong 3 n 12 inch (75305mm). 417 coefficient of efficiency h s hiu dng. 418 coefficient of absorption h s hp ph. 420 coefficient of anisotropy h s d hng. Cn bc hai ca t s gia in tr sut thc t theo hai chiu ngang v dc ca mt cht d hng. 421 coefficient of compressibility h s nn ln.

S thay i mc nn ln di tc dng ca ngoi lc. 422 coefficient of cosolidation h s c kt. c xc nh t th nghim nn v s dng tnh thi gian c kt ca t nn di ti trng tc dng. 423 coefficient of dispersion H s xm tn. 425 coefficient of earth pressure h s p lc t. T s gia cc ng sut chnh (thng l ng sut theo cc chiu thng ng v nm ngang) ti mt im trong t nn. 426 coefficient of friction h s ma st. 427 coefficient of permeability h s thm. Tc trao i nc trong iu kin dng chy qua mt ct ca mt mi trng rng nh t iu kin nhit v p sut tiu chun v gradien thy lc n v. 428 coefficient of uniformity h s ng nht (Cu). T s D60/D10, trong D60 l ng knh ht loi mn hn 60% v D10 l ng knh ht loi mn hn 10% trn ng cong ht. 429 coefficient of variation h s bin ng. 430 coefficient of viscosity h s nht. Lc ct trn mt n v din tch cn duy tr mt n v tc khc bit gia hai lp cht lng song song xa nhau mt n v khong cch.

432 coefficient of volume compressibility h s nn th tch. Sc nn ca mt n v trn n v chiu dy nguyn thy v n v tng ln ca nn. 433 coefficient utilization h s s dng. 434 coefficient, at rest pressure ~ conductivity ~ consolidation ~ curvature ~ lateral pressure ~ permeability ~ uniformity ~ volume decrease h s, p lc t trng thi ngh. h s dn h s c kt h s cong h s p lc bn, p lc hng h s thm h s ng nht, thng nht h s gim th tch, h s co ngt. 435 cofferdam quai. 438 cohesion ~ role of, in slope stability ~ wedge analysis including ~ intercept ~ force, strength Lc dnh kt, s bm dnh. a) Lc dnh c coi l lc khng ct khi ng sut thng ng bng khng b) cp n tnh bm dnh ca t dng st

Vai tr ca ~ trong n nh mi dc Phn tch khi nm, bao gm c ~ on chn dnh kt Lc, sc bn dnh kt. 439 cohesion apparent lc dnh biu kin. Lc dnh trong t ht th do mao dn. 440 cohesionless soil t b ri (t khng dnh). Loi t ht th c lc dnh kt rt nh hoc hu nh bng khng v lc khng ct hu nh ch gm c thnh phn ma st. 441 cohesive c tnh bm dnh. 442 cohesive soil t dnh. Loi t ht mn (ch yu st) vi lc khng ct ch yu ch gm c thnh phn lc dnh kt trong khi thnh phn lc ma st hu nh khng ng k. 443 collapsing soil t yu, t hay sp, st. Loi t ht mn (th d Hong th) vi lc khng ct (c thnh phn dnh kt ln thnh phn ma st) rt thp, c bit d gy sp, xt ln khi bo ha nc. 445 collector drains cng, rnh thu nc. S dng cc mi dc ch ng thu v that nc t mi dc. 447 colloid dng keo, dng coloid. Dng kt cu Coloid 448 columnar dng kt cu ct, cc.

452 compact m t m cht t tng dung trng, thng p dng trong xy dng ng v nn mng. 453 compact cht, kt cht, rn chc, c st. a) Ch cu trc kt cht ca mt loi t hoc vi cc ht kt cht vi nhau. b) Ch tnh trng kt cht ca t m mt thng khng th nhn bit nhng ht hoc tinh th cu to nn chng. c) Ch cu trc mn ca vi nn xi mng c hng thp. 454 compactibility C kh nng m cht. 457 compaction s, cng tc dm cht t. L s lm cht t bng cc my mc, phng php c hc 459 compaction [th nhng] S ln cht, s nn p. Qu trnh chn vi hoc lm kh nh khi t mt dn khng gian rng v tr nn cht, c st hn, tng thm sc chu ti v n nh ni chung trong xy dng. b) S m ln, lm cht t bng cc bin php c gii vi cc cng on nho, ln, m, rung. Xem thm: consolidation. 460 compaction [trm tch] S ln cht, s nn p. a) S gim th tch ri hoc gim dy hoc khng gian hng ca mt thc th trm tch c cu trc ht mn khi trng lng ca lp ph trm tch lin tc ngy cng tng, hoc do sc p sinh ra t s chuyn ng ca Tri t ln lp v ca n. C th biu th bng s gim rng hng do ht trm tch b nn p cht hn. Xem thm: S nn p vi sai. b) Qu trnh chuyn ha t trm tch c kin trc ht mn thnh rn chc, nh t st chuyn thnh phin st. Xem Rieke & Chilingarian, 1974; Chilingarian & Wolf, 1975, 1976. 462 compaction curve ng cong nn p, ng cong m ln.

ng cong biu hin mi quan h gia t trng (dung trng kh) v hm lng nc ca mt loi t khi s dng p sut nn. T ng ngha: moisture-density curve. 463 compaction dry of optimum moisture content m kh. m t m nh hn m ti u, gi tt l m kh so vi m ti u. 465 compaction test th nghim m ln. Th nghim nhm xc nh hm lng nc ti u nn mt loi t t ti t trng (dung trng kh) cao nht. Cch lm: cho mu t vi hm lng nc bit vo khun c kch thc nh trc; tc ng ln mu mt lc nn c th iu chnh c v tnh dung trng t c (ASCE 1958, iu 74). Lp li th nghim ny vi nhiu hm lng nc khc nhau thit lp quan h gia hm lng nc v dung trng. Di mt ti trng bit, t trng ti u thng lm cho t gn t ti sc bn cc i. T ng ngha: moisturedensity test. 466 compaction wet of optimum moisture content m t. m t vi m ln hn m ti u, gi tt l m t so vi m ti u. 467 compaction, backfill ~ expansive soil ~ field equipment ~ field-laboratory comparison ~ granular soils ~ silts and clays ~ test ~ theory m, ln san lp ~ t trng n ~ thit b m hin trng ~ so snh m hin trng-phng th nghim ~ t ht ~ t bn, bt v st th nghim m l thuyt m.

468 compasses, see Geological compasses a bn. 469 compatibility equations, of strain phng trnh tng hp bin dng. 470 complete stress-strain curves ng cong ng sut-bin sut Hon chnh. 471 complex variable theory l thuyt bin phc. 472 compliance mm do, d un. 473 components ~ of stress vector ~ of traction cc thnh phn. ~ ca vect ng sut ~ ca lc ko 474 composite bar, longitudinal wave in sng dc trong thanh composite. 475 compressibility

~ compacted clay

~ normally consolidated clay ~ overconsolidated clay ~ sand , kh nng nn, c tnh nn ln, t c tnh nn ln Tnh cht ca t, chng li kh nng gim th tch khi b lc bn ngoi tc dng. ~ ca st m cht ~ ca st c kt bnh thng ~ ca st qu c kt ~ ca ct 476 compressibility Modulus of h s nn ln Xc nh t th nghim nn v c dng nh gi nn ln ca t nn. 478 compression [a cht cu trc] S nn p. H lc hoc ng sut vi xu hng gim bt th tch hoc rt ngn mt vt th, hoc s thay i th tch ca mt thc th di tc dng ca mt h lc hoc ng sut. 479 compression curve ng cong nn. 480 compression index ch s nn. 481 compression strength Sc bn nn. Kh nng chu nn p ca mt vt th trong nhng iu kin nht nh trc khi b ph hy. 482 compression test th nghim nn. 483 compression test machine

thit b th nghim nn. 484 compressive ~ failure of a roof beam ~ strength thuc v nn. ~ ph hy nn ca mi dm ~ sc bn nn 485 compressive strength bn nn, cng nn, cng khng nn, cng chu nn. ng sut nn cc i tc dng vo mt vt th trc khi vt liu b ph hy. C th hiu l ti trng trn mt n v din tch ti thi im mt mu t trong th nghim nn khng n hng b ph hy. 488 compressive stress ng sut nn. ng sut php tuyn vi xu hng dn nn vt th t hai pha i din ca mt mt phng thc hoc o. Xem thm: Compressive strength. T so snh: tensile stress. 489 computational methods of stress analysis cc phng php phn tch ng sut s tr. Trong a s cc trng hp thi cng cng trnh vi cc iu kin thc t phc tp nh c im hnh hc, tnh khng ng nht ca khi, tnh phi tuyn ca phng trnh cu thnh v.v., khng th xc nh c cc thng s v phn b ng sut, dch chuyn v.v.. mt cch chnh xc bng phng php gii tch. Khi , ngi ta phi s dng cc phng php s tr, t c li gii gn ng vi s gip ca my tnh. Cc phng php phn tch ng sut s tr c chia thnh 2 loi tch bit l vi phn v tch phn. Trong cc phng php vi phn, trng ang quan tm c chia nh thnh cc phn t. Sau tm mt li gii s tr gn ng i vi phng trnh tng qut, kt qu ca mt s thao tc bin i cc phng trnh cn bng vi phn, phng trnh cu thnh v quan h ng sut-bin dng v phng trnh tng hp bin dng (phng php sai phn hu hn). Mt phng php vi phn ph bin khc, phng php phn t hu hn, li i tm li gii gn ng v s kt ni gia cc phn t v tnh lin tc ca ng sut v dch chuyn gia chng. Cc phng php vi phn c th gii nhng bi ton phi tuyn v khng ng nht nhng sai s xy ra mi phn t ca trng. Cc phng php tch phn, chng hn phng php phn t bin, li ch i tm li gii cho cc n s ng sut v dch chuyn ti bin ca bi ton. Tc l ch cn chia nh bin ra thnh

cc phn t, v do vy, so vi cc phng php vi phn, gim i c rt nhiu n s cn tm nghim. Sai s ch xy ra bin v mc nhin p ng c tnh lin tc trong bin thin ng sut v dch chuyn ca ton b trng. Tuy nhin, phng php ny li ch thch hp vi cc bi ton tuyn tnh, vi mi trng vt cht n hi v ng nht. 490 computational models of blasting m hnh n mn s tr. 491 concentration of stress s, tp trung ng sut. 494 concrete b tng, cng tc b tng, trn b tng. a) Hn hp ca xi mng, ct liu ct, v nc, ng kt v rn li nh . b) Ch cng tc btng. 495 concrete lining, support stiffness and support pressure for lp b tng lt (hm, l), cng v p sut tr lc. 499 cone of depression nn gim p. S suy gim b mt chit p hnh nn ln ngc ca mt tng nc ngm quanh mt ging ang b ht nc. N xc nh vng nh hng ca ging. Hnh dng nh vy l do nc gn ging phi chy vo theo nhng mch ngang v v th c dc thy lc ln hn. T so snh: drawdown, cone of exhaustion. 500 cone penetration xuyn cn, th nghim xuyn cn Th nghim xuyn tnh xc nh sc khng xuyn ca t nn.

501 cone penetrometer

Thit b xuyn tnh, thit b xuyn cn. 504

confined aquifer tng cha nc b chn. Tng cha nc b chn trn v di bi cc tng khng thm nc hoc c thm nc thp hn tng cha nc gia. T ng ngha: artesian aquifer. 505 confined compression test Th nghim nn 3 trc, th nghim nn c n hng. 507 confined ground water nc ngm b chn. Nc ngm b nn vi p sut ln hn nhiu so vi p sut kh quyn. Mt trn l y ca tng khng thm nc hoc c thm thu thp hn so vi tng cha nc. T phn ngha: unconfined ground water. T ng ngha: confined water, piestic water. 509 confining bed Tng chn. Tng vt cht khng hoc km thm nc hn tip gip v mt a tng vi mt hoc nhiu tng cha nc. T so snh: aquitard, aquifuge, aquiclude. 511 confining pressure p sut xung quanh, p sut bn ngoi, p sut hng. a) p lc bn ngoi, p lc xung quanh tc dng ln mu t. b) p sut bng nhau v mi hng, th d, p sut a tnh, p sut thy tnh. 513 conglomerate conglomerat, cui kt.

515 consistency st. c, qunh, tnh nht qun. iu kin thun li tng i t c th b bin dng. Thut ng ch cht, dnh kt, hoc sc khng ct, gy hoc lm bin dng, thng bng tay, ca t. Mc bin dng tng i ca mt khi t, thng c chia ra lm 6 loi t thp n cao nh sau: rt mm, mm, trung bnh, cht, rt cht, cng. 517 consistency index ch s cht, qunh. Ch s st. Ch s v s khc nhau gia gii hn lng v hm lng nc t nhin ca mt loi t vi ch s do. T ng ngha: relative consistency 518 consistency limits gii hn st. Xem Atterberg limits 519 consistency index ch s st. L t s gia hiu ca ch s chy v m t nhin trn ch s do. 521 console cng xn 522 consolidate c kt t. C kt t di tc dng ca ti trng. 523 consolidated drained (CD) shear test

th nghim ct chm (c kt, thot nc). Th nghim xc nh c trng chng ct ca t, cht ti thng ng ln mu t, i cho mu ln xong mi tc dng lc ct vi tc chm. Nh vy, di nh hng ca c lc nn ln lc ct, p lc nc l rng c tiu that ht. Cc thng s sc bn ct trong trng hp ny c k hiu phi', C'. 524 consolidated undrained (CU) shear test th nghim ct CU (c kt-khng that nc) Th nghim ct nhanh c kt xc nh c trng chng ct ca t. Khi mu n nh di p lc nn mi tc dng lc ct. Trong trng hp ny, p lc nc l rng kp thi tiu that di tc dng ca ti trng nn nhng cha kp tiu tn di nh hng ca lc ct. Cc thng s sc bn ct k hiu l : Phi (uu0, C (uu). 527 consolidation ~ coefficient ~ construction period correction ~ degree of ~ field curve ~ finite difference solution ~ finite element ~ rate ~ rheological model (primary ~) ~ secondary ~ test ~ theory ~ time factor

ng cong c kt hin trng.

c kt s cp. C kt h s ~ ~ hiu chnh cho c kt trong thi gian xy dng ~ c kt, c kt ca t, t l phn trm ca c kt thnh phn so vi c kt ton phn. ~ gii bi ton c kt bng phng php sai phn hu hn ~ gii bi ton c kt bng phng php phn t hu hn ~ m hnh bin dng c kt ~ th cp ~ th nghim ~ l thuyt ~ yu t thi gian 528 consolidation c kt. a) Qu trnh t ri, mm hoc lng tr thnh rn chc v dnh kt, th d qu trnh ng cng ca magma tr thnh ni la, hoc qu trnh ha ca trm tch ri rc tr thnh trm tch. b) S gim dn th tch v tng dn t trng ca mt khi t qua tng kh nng chu ti v sc bn nn hu hiu, th d, s gim dn th tch l hng trong mt thc th. Xem thm: compaction. c) Thut ng i khi dng ch qu trnh bin dng ca v Tri t, sau giai on chuyn ng tr thnh nn cng chc, n nh. Thut ng chnh xc hn: orogeny v

orogenesis (qu trnh to ni). 532 consolidation settlement ln ca t nn do c kt. ln do c kt s cp v ln do c kt th cp. 533 consolidation test th nghim nn c kt bng Oedometer. 534 consolidometer consolidation test apparatus ng h, dng c, thit b o c kt, c kt k. thit b nn c kt, thit b oedometer. Nh oedometer, 535 constant head permeameter test Th nghim xc nh tnh thm, h s thm ca t nn vi ct nc, p lc nc khng i . 537 constant rate of increase of stress test th nghim nn vi tc gia tng p lc khng i (c nh). 538 constant rate of strain test th nghim nn vi tc bin dng khng i. 539 constant slope Mi dc khng i. B mt phng ca sn i, di b mt thng thang, xc nh bi gc ngh ca vt liu b xi mn (Wood, 1942),

hp vi phn cui dc to thnh mt gc khuyt. T so snh: gravity slope: mi dc trng trng. T ng ngha: debris slope: mi dc vn t . 540 constitutive behavior hnh vi cu thnh. Khi nim dng biu th mt cch nh tnh mi lin h gia ng sut v bin dng ca mt vt liu ang chu ti. 541 contact pressure p lc tip xc. Th d p lc tip xc gia y mng v t nn. 543 continuity, definition of tnh lin tc, lin khi. Khi nim v phn nguyn trng cn li, khng b nt n ca khi. C nh hng n sc bn cng nh thm thu ca khi. 545 continuous deformation bin dng lin tc. Bin dng do dng chy ch khng do t gy. T so snh: discontinuous deformation: bin dng khng lin tc. 546 continuous footings (see strip footings) mng bng. 547 continuous subsidence ~ due to the mining of tabular orebodies ln lin tc. ~ do khai thc thn qung dng tm phin 548 continuum mechanics approach to slope stability

p dng c hc mi trng lin tc trong n nh mi dc. C hc mi trng lin tc c th p dng vi mi dc t hoc cng trnh ngm, song li khng my thnh cng i vi mi dc , n gin ch v l mi trng khng lin tc vi hng lot khe nt, i dp v, mt phn lp v.v... Hu ht cc thit k mi dc u da trn c s c hc mi trng khng lin tc. 550 contour contour maps for stress contouring ng ng mc Biu ng mc ng sut V ng ng mc 551 contouring pole plots, recommended procedure for Quy cch v ng ng mc cc khe nt 552 control cng tc kim tra, cng tc iu chnh. Kim tra, iu chnh. 553 control dam p iu ha, p iu chnh mc nc. Nh weir, check dam, barrage. 554 convention for displacement, strain and stress quy c v chuyn v, bin dng v ng sut. 555 convention, signs of stresses

quy c v du ng sut. 556 convergence ~ measurement of hi t, chuyn dch hi t, chuyn dch hng tm. (dch chuyn hng tm ca hm l) ~ o hi t 557 convergence point im o hi t. 558 convergence rate tc hi t (dch chuyn hng tm ca hm l). 559 conversion factors cc h s (yu t) chuyn i. 560 coordinate systems h ta . 561 core barrrel ng ly li khoan. Trong khoan cu trc, ly c li khoan khng b xo ng, t o c cc yu t cu trc, thng phi dng loi ng khoan nhiu lp hoc loi ng ng knh ln. i vi loi ng khoan nhiu (2-3) lp, cc ng bn trong c lp vng bi chng ng yn trong khi ng ngoi cng xoay cng vi mi khoan. Li khoan c chuyn vo ng pha trong v nm yn khng b xo ng cho ti khi rt

ng ra khi h khoan. Ly li khoan ra khi ng l thao tc quan trng nht. Bin php hiu qu nht khng xo ng li khoan l t loi ng trong c th tch i c. 562 core drilling khoan ly mu. K thut khoan xoay ct thnh cc li khoan hnh tr. 563 core logging o v li khoan. 564 core orientation

~ use of geological markers nh hng li khoan. L bin php rt quan trng tm hiu cc yu t cu trc, nht l th nm ca cc h khe nt. C th khoan xin kim tra th nm ca cc b mt xung yu. Tng t, c th kt hp hai hay nhiu l khoan thng thng nhng ni c tng nh du lun gii th nm ca nhng tng ny. Mt cch khc, kh nhng rt hiu qu, l nh hng ngay chnh li khoan. S dng du hiu a cht ~. 565 core recovery thu hi li khoan. T l phn trm li ly c trong cng tc khoan . Xem RQD index. 566 core sample mu li khoan.

Mu ly c t cng tc khoan th nghim. 567 core, ~ dam, clay ~, impervious ~ li. Li p, li p bng t st, tng t st chng thm cho p, li chng thm. 568 core, rock ~ li . Li , phn li ly c t cng tc khoan. 569 correlation coefficient H s tng quan. H s biu th mc tng quan gia hai tham s ton hc. Th d linear correlation: tng quan tuyn tnh. 570 corrosive n mn. 571 Coulomb ~ active pressure ~ passive pressure culng, Coulomb ~ p lc Coulomb ch ng ~ p lc Coulomb b ng 572 coulomb envelope ng bao culng. ng bao (ph hy, sc bn) Coulomb 573 coulombs shear strength criterion tiu chun sc bn ct Coulomb.

Coulomb (1776) xut nh rng sc khng ct ca t v c cu thnh t sc bn dnh kt C khng i v sc bn ma st ph thuc vo ng sut php tuyn. 574 counterfort i trng. 575 counting net li m. 576 crack spacing dn cch khe nt. 577 crack surface, crack surface conditions b mt khe nt, iu kin b mt khe nt. 578 crack, fissure vt nt, khe nt trong khi . 579 craelius core orientator thit b nh hng li khoan graelius. Thit b nh hng li khoan do Craelius ch to, dng trong khoan cu trc. 580 creep [a cht cu trc] S trn, lu bin, t bin. S bin dng lu tin v thng l chm ca t rn, kt qu tc dng ca trng ng sut nh nhng thng xuyn trong thi gian di.

581 creep Trt. ng thi trt dc chm chp, t nhiu mang tnh lin tc ca ht khang vt, t v di tc dng ca ng sut trng trng. Nhiu dng trt l c miu t trn c s c tnh ca cht liu, mc ng sut, giai on v tc bin dng, c hc trt, hnh thi v nguyn nhn bin dng. Tuy nhin, khng nn hn ch thut ng ny nhng gi nh v c ch, su, tc , dy hoc chiu rng ca vng trt. T ng ngha: rock drift. 582 creep test th nghim t bin. 584 crevice, open crack, clint (in soluble rock) khe nt h. Khe nt trong c su ln, khe nt m (trong d ha tan) 585 critical ti hn Th d ti trng ti hn, sc chu ti ti hn. 586 critical area din tch xung yu (ti hn). 587 critical failure circle, location of v tr ca cung trt xung yu (ti hn). Mi dc thng b ph hy dc theo cc yu t a cht sn c nh mt phn lp, khe nt, i dp v. Mi dc t hoc vn thi, ngc li, thng khng c sn mt b

mt gim yu v khi , thng c mt trt dng cung trn. Cung trt thng c c trng bi tm ca n. V tr ca tm cung trt thay i Ty theo gc nghing ca b mt mi dc, sc bn ca vt liu to nn n v p lc nc l rng. Mi dc that nc v khng that nc c v tr cung trt rt khc nhau. Song mt khi c nc trong mi dc, v tr ca cung trt li khng nhy cm lm i vi s thay i ca gng nc ngm. 588 critical failure plane inclination nghing ca mt trt ti hn. 590 critical moisture m ti hn. m trong t m di th bin dng ca t s tng dn khi ti trng thng xuyn tng, trn th bin dng ca t s gim khi ti trng thng xuyn tng. 591 critical pressure p lc ti hn. p lc cn ngng t mt cht kh nhit ti hn, trn th cht kh ny khng th ha lng c. 592 critical slop angle gc dc ti hn. Gc dc ti hn chnh l gc dc ti a ca mt mi dc m vt liu t, p ca n s khng b ph hy trong iu kin kh hu, thc vt v iu kin s dng t hin ti (Xem: angle of ultimate stability). 593 critical slopes, remedial measures for cc bin php khc phc mi dc xung yu. Mt s bin php ch yu gia cng mi dc xung yu gm

gim chiu cao mi dc, gim gc nghing b mt mi dc, that nc v neo. 594 critical tension crack ~ in circular failure, location of depth, in plane failure khe nt tch xung yu (ti hn). ~ trong ph hy dng cung trn, su, trong ph hy theo mt phng 595 critical tension crack depth su khe nt tch xung yu (ti hn). khi nim dng trong nghin cu mi dc, nht l mi dc trong . 596 critical void ratio t s rng ti hn. 597 critical width chiu rng ti hn. 598 cross - bedded, current - bedded (see also false - bedded) phn lp xin cho, phn lp ct nhau. S phn lp giao ct nhau. 599 cross - section mt ct ngang, mt ct a cht. 600 cross product php nhn vect v hng. 601

crown holes cc l vm, trn. (hm l) 602 crown reinforcing system h thng gia cng vm trn. (hm l). 603 crush nghin, nghin . 604 crusher my nghin . 605 crust b mt, lp t b mt. 606 crystalline tinh th. 607 Culmanns graphical construction php dng th Culman. (trong tnh ton p lc ch ng ca t ln tng chn). 608 cumulose deposit Lp t trm tch yu, c hu c, than bn, bn. Xem peat muskeg. 609 curing period

thi gian bo dng, thi gian bo dng mu. 611 curtain, watertight - (see also grout -) o bo v, mng bo v thm, lp chng thm. (Chng thm to o bo v bng cng tc bm pht st hoc bm pht dung dch) 612 curvature of slope, influence of, on stability cong ca mi dc. nh hng ca, ti n nh mi dc. 613 curvature, coefficient of h s cong. 614 curvilinear coordinate system h ta trn. 615 cushioning* (see packing n.) (in pile driving) m u cc. m bo v u cc trong qu trnh ng cc. 616 cut o, xc l thin. Ct, o t , to mt ct trong t hoc xy dng cng trnh. 617 cut - and - cover o v lp. Xy dng cng trnh ngm bng phng php m, o t b mt t thin nhin, thi cng xong li lp tr li . 618

cut - and - fill o v p. S dng t o san lp v p cho cng trnh (th d xy dng ng, xy dng p) 619 cut - bank b sng bn l. B sng b ct, l do xi mn. ( nhng vng kh) 620 cut - off trench ho ngn cch. Ho bo v v ngn cch nc. 621 cut - off wall tng ngn cch. Tng bo v v ngn cch nc. 623 cut and fill stoping ~ fracture development during khai thc bng phng php o v lp. Xem stoping. S pht trin dp v, nt n trong ~. 624 cutting (from a borehole) Phn t ct b cn li trong qu trnh khoan ly mu t hoc . 625 cutting edge gii hn mt ct, bin mt ct qua lp t hoc . 626 cutting nose y mt ct, chn mt ct.

627 cutting ring vng ct. 628 cyclone phn tch, phn loi. Xem classifier, elutriator 630 dam p. a) Mt lp chn nhn to hoc mt bc tng xy kin c chn ngang dng nc hoc thung lng nhm mt hoc nhiu mc ch nh: to h tr nc, lm i hng dng nc chy vo mng mng, to nn mt cng trnh thy lc u mi pht in, ci thin iu kin giao thng ng thy ca dng sng, kim sot l lt hoc chn gi bn . p cn c th lm bng g. b) Mt h cha thng xuyn b lu gi bi con p. ng t: xy p ngn hoc gi mt dng nc. 631 Damage caused by blasting and its control h hi do n mn v bin php kim sot. 632 damp t, m, c tnh m. Lm m, lm tng hm lng nc trong t 633 damsite v tr xy dng p, a im xy dng p. 634

Darcys law nh lut Dacsy (v chuyn ng ca cht lng). 635 Darcys velocity vn tc Dacsy. 636 data D liu. 637 de - air lm thot kh. 638 dead load Ti trng c nh Ti trng ca trng lng bn thn ca cng trnh. 639 debris vt liu tha, t loi b. 640 decay phn hy, phn r, t gim yu v ph hy. 641 decompose phn r. 642 decompress (decompression) x, ni, thi khng nn.

Khng b nn. 643 deep foundation mng su. 644 deflection (of a borehole or pile) s lch, xin, chch hng. Lch hng, (khoan hoc ng cc b nghing, mt thng ng). 645 deflection (structural distortion) Bin dng, kt cu b bin dng, b vng 646 deflocculant (see also dispersant) cht phn tn. Xem dispersant 647 deformability ~ of rock ~ of rock masses , kh nng bin dng. ~ ca ~ ca khi 648 deformability test th nghim bin dng. 650 deformation s bin dng. a) Thut ng chung ch qu trnh un np, t gy, trt,

nn p hoc tch gin ca t do nhiu ngoi lc khc nhau ca tri t. b) S thay v hnh dng v kch thc ca mt vt th rn di tc dng ca ngoi lc. (Xem: strain) S bin i chiu di trn mt n v theo mt hng xc nh. 651 deformation ~ deformation mechanics of a roof bed in stratified rock modes of ~ near an excavation in stratified rock ~ modulus of ~ relation with rock mass rating bin dng. ~ C hc bin dng ca lp vm (hm l) trong phn lp. ~ Kiu bin dng quanh cng trnh ngm trong phn lp ~ H s bin dng ~ Lin quan gia bin dng vi phn loI khi 653 deformation modulus h s bin dng. 654 degradation s bo mn, s xi mn. 656 degree , mc . (hnh hc), (nhit ), (cng , mnh, cp ng t, cp gi bo). 660 degree of consolidation c kt.

L t s ca mc c kt ti mt thi im no trn tng mc c kt ca mt mu t ti mt cp p lc. 661 degree of freedom n s, bc t do. Mc (bc) t do (cch gi n phi tm trong cc phng php s) 662 degree of saturation bo ha. Mc ngm dung dch (nc, du) ca mu, l s o cc khong rng trong t c y nc. Thng c th hin bng t s gia th tch nc trn tng th tch l rng. 663 delay (blasting) delay intervals in production blasting thi gian ch i, thi gian chm, thi gian ch mn n. Cc khong tr trong n mn khai thc 664 delta ng bng, chu th. 665 Demec gauge ng h, thit b o Demec. 666 dendritic drainage pattern kiu thot nc, m hnh thot nc dendritic (dng cnh cy) 667 Denness curvilinear cell counting method

phng php m cong Denness. Xem Stereographic projection. 668 dense cht. Ch trng thi ca t sau qu trnh thnh to t nhin hoc c m cht. 669 densimeter densimet thit b xc nh dung trng ca vt liu. 670 density dung trng, dung trng t, dung trng . 671 density bottle, pycnometer chai xc nh dung trng. 672 density current dng chy b c, dng chy ln tp cht. Nh turbidity current 673 dental concrete b tng to hnh, b tng lm y h o. 674 deposit Khi t c hnh thnh qua cc qu trnh lng ng cc lp t. 675

deposit (alluvial ~) Bi tch, ph sa sng 676 deposit (colluvial/talus ~) Sn tch 677 deposit (eolian ~) thnh to gi, gi tch, phong tch. 678 deposit (glacial ~) thnh to sng bng, bng tch. 679 deposit (marine ~) trm tch bin. 680 deposit (residual ~) thnh to tn d, tn tch. 681 deposits (types and characteristics of geologic soil ~) kiu v c im cc thnh to a cht. 682 de-pressurization of slopes gim p mi dc. 683 design ~ of excavations in jointed rock

~ of excavations in massive elastic rock ~ of excavations in stratified rock ~ of rock support and reinforcement ~ of stope and pillar layout ~ of stopes and pillars in irregular orebodies ~ measures to limit subsidence effects thit k. ~ cng trnh ngm trong dp v ~ cng trnh ngm trong n hi, khi trng ~ cng trnh ngm trong phn lp ~ tr lc v gia cng ~ tr m v cc khi khai thc (trong khai thc hm l) ~ tr m v cc khi khai thc (i vi cc thn qung khng ng thc) ~ cc bin php gim thiu hu qu ln. 684 design chart biu thit k. 685 design load ti trng thit k. 686 de-stressed zone i gim ng sut. 687 de-stressing ~ of peripheral rock ~ use in the control of rockbursts gim ng sut.

~ ca ngoi vi ~ p dng trong kim sot n 688 detonating (high) explosives cht n. 689 detonation n, kch n. 690 detonator kp n. 691 deviator strain bin sut (bin dng) khc bit, chnh lch. 692 deviator stress ng sut lch. Mc chnh lch gia cc ng sut chnh 1, ph 3 trong th nghim nn ba trc. (1 l ng sut theo phng thng ng v 3 l ng sut hng tc dng ln mu t. 694 deviatoric component of stress thnh phn ng sut lch. Thnh phn khc bit (chnh lch) ca ng sut. 696 dewatering thot nc, h mc nc ngm. H mc nc ngm, lm kh t bng cch ht nc trong t, h mc nc ngm o h mng.

697 diagram biu . 698 dial gauge (gage) ng h, thit b o (bin dng) 699 diamond coring bit mi khoan ly li bng kim cng. (Nh diamond bit). Xem coring. 700 diamond crown bit mi khoan kim cng. 701 diamond drill cores li khoan kim cng. 702 diamond drilling xem core drilling. 703 diamond drilling Khoan kim cng. Xem core drilling. 704 diamond drilling for structural investigations khoan kim cng trong kho st cu trc. 705

dilatancy hin tng gin n. Hin tng tng th tch ca loi t b ri khi b bin dng ct. 707 differential khc bit, lch, ( ln lch). 708 differential equation for particle motion phng trnh vi phn ca chuyn ng ht. 709 differential equations of equilibrium ~ in three dimensions ~ in two dimensions phng trnh cn bng vi phn. ~ 3 chiu. ~ 2 chiu. 710 differential settlement ln khng u, ln chnh lch. 711 dike . Cng trnh chn sng, phng chng l lt. 713 dilatancy and shear strength gin n v sc bn ct. 715 dilation (dilatation)

~ during shear testing gin n, s gin n. ~ trong th nghim ct. 716 dilatometer stress determination (sleeve fracturing) Phng php o trng ng sut bng bm p nc l khoan c mng ngn. Xem stress measurement methods: dilatometer test (sleeve fracturing test) 717 dip direction ~ of discontinuities hng cm. ~ ca gin on, khe nt 718 dip, angle of nghing, gc nghing. 719 dip, dip azimuth, dip direction, definitions of nh ngha v gc cm, phng cm, hng cm 720 direct formulation of the boundary element method phng php phn t bin trc tip. Xem computational method of stess analysis 721 direct shear apparatus, shear box, - ring thit b ct phng trc tip. Hp T lin quan : shear box (Hp ct mu); ring shear box

(vng ct mu) 722 direct shear test th nghim ct phng, ct trc tip. L phng php ph bin nht tm hiu c im ct, cng php tuyn, cng ct cng nh sc bn khng ct ca cc gin on (th d khe nt). Trong th nghim ny, b mt gin on c t song song vi hng ca lc ct tc ng. Hai na ca mu c gn c nh trong hp ct trt bng thch cao hoc nha epoxy. C th tin hnh th nghim trong phng, nhng cng c th lm ngoi thc a bng thit b xch tay hoc thit b ct hin trng. B phn ch yu ca thit b ct phng l hp ct gm hai tht : trn v di c th trt ln nhau, tht di di ng trn mt dy bi cn tht trn c gn vi lc k. Lc ngang c tc ng bng cch gia ti trng nn ln mu t, sau cho tc dng lc ngang v tng dn lc ngang cho n khi mu t b ct. Th nghim c p dng cho nhiu cp p lc, ng vi mi gi tr p lc ta thu c mt gi tr sc khng ct ca t. Kt qu th nghim ct phng c th hin trn th : Trc Honh biu th p lc nn thng ng, trc tung biu th sc khng ct ca t. 724 direct tensile test th nghim ko trc tip. Trong th nghim ko trc tip, ngi ta tc ng mt lc ko n trc dc theo mu hnh tr. Sc bn ko c tnh bng cch chia lc ko gy ph hy, T, cho tit din, A, ca mu. Tuy nhin, th nghim ny rt kh thc hin v ph hy thng xy ra sm ti nhng im kp gi mu. C hai bin php khc phc. Mt l gia cng mu hnh tr thnh mt ci chy, c tit din on gia b hn hn hai u, va gi mu cht hn, va bo m rng ph hy s

xy ra on c tit din nh . Bin php th hai, d hn nhng khng tin cy bng, l tin hnh th nghim ko gin tip. Xem indirect tensile test. 725 disaggregation s phn r. 726 discharge lu lng. Lng dng chy ti mt thi im, th hin bng dung tch trn n v thi gian. Xem thm specific discharge. 727 discharge area din tch, khu vc x. Din tch (t, nc, kh quyn) nc (k c nc ngm v nc b mt x vo). So snh: recharge area. 728 discharge velocity vn tc dng chy. Tc dng chy ca dung dch qua mi trng xp trn mt n v tit din vung gc vi hng dng chy. 729 discontinuities ~ aperture ~ bedding planes ~ definition of ~ design of excavations in discontinuous rock ~ dip direction ~ filled, shear strength of ~ geomechanical properties ~ histogram of spacing values ~ hydraulic conductivity ~ infilling

~ influence of pillar behaviour ~ in-situ stresses acting on ~ orientation ~ persistence ~ planar, shear strength of ~ rock, shear testing of ~ role of, in slope failure ~ rose diagram ~ roughness ~ semi-trace length ~ shear behaviour of ~ spacing ~ precision of estimate of mean spacing ~ stiffness ~ strike ~ unevenness gin on, khe nt, t gy. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m mt phn lp nh ngha thit k khai o trong b dp v hng cm ca khe nt sc bn ct ca khe nt b lp y tnh cht c l ca gin on, khe nt biu cc gi tr dn cch khe nt dn thy lc ca khe nt cht lp nht khe nt nh hng ca gin on ti hnh vi ca tr ng sut ti ch (hin trng) ln gin on hng gin on tnh lin tc, ko di ca gin on sc bn ct ca khe nt phng

~ th nghim ct khe nt trong ~ vai tr ca khe nt trong ph hy mi dc ~ th hoa hng phn tch khe nt ~ nhm, x x ca khe nt ~ na chiu di. ~ hnh vi ca khe nt khi chu ct ~ dn cch khe nt ~ chnh xc trong tnh ton dn cch trung bnh ca khe nt ~ cng chc ca khe nt ~ ng phng khe nt ~ , s khng bng phng ca khe nt 730 discontinuity (fault, crack, fracture, etc.) gin on (t gy, khe nt, dp v v.v..). Thut ng dng trong c hc ch chung tt c cc cu trc dp v, nt n, ph hy trong khi , nh khe nt, t gy, i dp v, ph hy, mt phn lp gim yu v cc mt tip xc c sc bn ko rt thp hoc bng khng. 731 discontinuity alteration bin i ca khe nt. 732 discontinuity Aperture m gin on. Khong cch vung gc gia hai vch ca mt gin on m, vi khong khng gian gia chng l nc hoc khng kh. Do vy, m ca gin on c phn bit vi chiu dy ca mt gin on c lp y. m ln thng l kt qu ca dch trt dc theo cc gin on c nhm ng k, ca cc qu trnh ra tri vt cht lp y, ha tan, hoc ca cc khe nt tch. 733

discontinuity distribution phn b khe nt. 734 discontinuity extent s, vn di ca khe nt. 735 discontinuity Filling vt liu lp y khe nt. Thut ng dng m t cc cht ngn cch hai vch ca gin on. Nhng cht ny c th l calxit, clorit, st, bt, st dm kin to, thch anh hoc pirit. Cht lp y c nh hng ln n sc bn ct ca gin on. Tr mt s cht c sc bn cao nh calxit, thch anh, pirit, cc cht lp y khc thng c sc bn thp hn so vi cc gin on cht, khng cha chng. 736 discontinuity infilling materials vt liu, cht lp y khe nt. Nh discontinuity filling 737 discontinuity intensity mt gin on. Nghch o ca gin cch khe nt (gin on), tc l s khe nt trn mt n v chiu di (mt). 738 discontinuity orientation hng gin on. Hng hoc th nm ca gin on trong khng gian, c biu th bi gc ca ng c dc ln nht trn b mt gin on so vi mt phng nm ngang, v hng cm hoc phng v ca ng , o theo chiu kim ng h t im chnh Bc.

739 discontinuity persistence tnh lin tc ca gin on. Thut ng dng m t mc pht trin theo din, hoc kch thc, ca mt gin on trong mt mt phng. y l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng nht ca khi , nhng ng thi cng l mt trong nhng thng s kh xc nh nht. 740 discontinuity roughness nhm (x x) ca gin on. Khi nim dng din t nhm, x x ca b mt gin on so vi mt phng trung bnh ca n. nhm ca gin on c th c nh hng ln n sc khng ct ca n, nht l trong trng hp cc khe nt cha b lp y, cc khi cha b dch chuyn v cn kha ln nhau. Vai tr ca nhm gim xung khi m, hoc chiu dy cht lp nht tng ln, hoc khi xy ra dch chuyn trc . 741 discontinuity sets, definition of H khe nt, nh ngha 742 discontinuity spacing gin cch gin on. Khong cch vung gc gia hai gin on cnh nhau, thng c biu th nh l gin cch trung bnh ca mt h khe nt no . Gin cch gin on xc nh ln ca cc khi cu thnh nn khi . 743 discontinuity systems h khe nt. 744

discontinuity wall strength sc bn b mt, vch gin on. Khi nim sc bn nn p ca b mt khe nt (JCS) do Barton v Choubey (1977) xut. B mt khe nt cha b bin i c sc bn tng ng vi nguyn trng v c th o trc tip thng qua cc th nghim nn n trc hoc cht ti im. i vi cc khe nt cha y cht lp nht vi chiu dy ng k, c th ly mu ngay t cht lp nht v lm th nghim. Sc bn ct ca cht lp nht chc chn nh hn nhiu so vi ch. Sc bn ca b mt khe nt b gim yu cn c th xc nh bng ba bt ny Schmidt. 745 discontinuous subsidence ~ associated with caving methods of mining ln khng lin tc. ~ lin quan vi khai thc dng hm ch. 746 discordant khng ph hp, khng chnh hp. 747 disintegration s phn tch, s phn hy. 748 dispersant cht phn tn. Xem deflocculant. 749 dispersed structure kin trc phn tn.

750 displacement chuyn v. 751 Displacement ~ circular excavation, displacement distribution around ~ conditions for stress and displacement distributions ~ cylinder, thick walled, stresses and displacements in ~ discontinuity ~ due to mining subsidence ~ induced by excavation of parallel-sided slit ~ induced by point and infinite line loads in an elastic continuum ~ nodal ~ normal ~ radial ~ relation with strain ~ shear ~ solution for, at nodes in finite element method ~ uniqueness ~ variation in finite element method chuyn v. ~ phn b chuyn v quanh hm l tit din trn ~ iu kin phn b ng sut v chuyn v ~ ng sut v chuyn v trong hnh tr vch dy ~ chuyn v dc khe nt ~ chuyn v do ln khai thc ~ chuyn v do o cc khe song song ~ do ti trng im v ti trng tuyn v hn trong mi trng n hi lin tc ~ chuyn v ca nt (phng php s tr) ~ chuyn v php tuyn

~ chuyn v hng tm ~ lin quan gia chuyn v v bin dng. ~ chuyn v ct ~ li gii cho chuyn v ti cc nt trong phng php phn t hu hn ~ tnh n tr ca chuyn v ~ bin thin chuyn v trong phng php phn t hu hn. 752 displacements, slope, monitoring and interpretation of quan trc v l gii chuyn v mi dc. 753 dissolve lm ha tan. 754 distinct element method ~ computational scheme ~ force displacement laws ~ law of motion phng php phn t ring bit. ~ s tnh ~ cc nh lut lc- chuyn v ~ nh lut chuyn ng. 755 distinct element method (DEM) phng php phn t tch bit. Tt c cc phng php s tr vi phn v tch phn truyn thng nh phn t hu hn sai phn hu hn... u c xut pht im l nhm gii cc bi ton v dch chuyn, ng sut trong mi trng lin tc, l iu rt t gp trong thc t mi trng t , nht l mi trng vi rt nhiu h khe nt. Tuy v l thuyt, chng u c th gii

c nhng bi ton ny bng cch m phng cc h khe nt bng nhng phn t c bit, song khi , quy m bi ton tr nn rt ln, i hi rt nhiu v thi gian v my tnh. Phng php phn t tch bit do Cundall ln u tin xut nhm gii cc bi ton trong mi trng khng lin tc. Do cng ca cc khe nt rt thp so vi ca cc khi gia chng, c th gi thit nhng khi ny l gi cng v mi bin i v ng sut, dch chuyn di tc ng ca ngoi lc ch yu u xy ra trong cc khe nt. Nh vy, c th coi mi trng khng lin tc nh l tp hp ca cc khi gi cng, lin kt v tng tc vi nhau thng qua cc khe nt vi cng, bin dng nht nh. Thut ton gii do , da trn c s nh lut lcdch chuyn, xc nh mi tng tc gia cc khi , v nh lut chuyn ng, xc nh dch chuyn ca cc khi di tc dng ca mt cn bng lc. 756 distort lm bin dng, lm bin dng xon. 757 distortion s bin dng, s bin dng do xon. 758 distribute phn phi, phn b. 759 disturbance s lm thay i, lm bin i, xo trn, xo ng. 760 disturbed sample

mu b xo trn. Mu t b thay i, mu t khng cn nguyn dng, b ph hy do qu trnh ly mu, bo v hoc vn chuyn mu 761 disturbing moment thi Im mt n nh, thi im b dch chuyn . 763 ditch rnh, ho (rnh ho thot nc). 764 diversion ~ channel ~ ditch ~ tunnel s i hng. i hng ca knh mng, ho that nc hoc cc ng ngm 765 divert Chuyn hng, thay i hng. 767 double core barrel ng hai lp, ng ly mu hai lp. 768 double layer tng, lp kp. Xem clay 769 downstream h lu.

H lu sng, h lu ca dng chy. 770 down-time thi gian cht. 771 drag no vt. Nh dredge. 772 dragline thit b no vt lng sng. 774 drain mng, mng, cng rnh, dn nc, thot nc, ng dn nc. a) Mt lung lch nh, hp t nhin cho nc chy. b) Lung, lch, ng nc t nhin hay nhn to tho nc hoc a nc d tha khi mt khu vc. Knh mng nhm gim mc nc ng rung c th canh tc c. Cng rnh. ng t: a nc mt hoc tho nc i theo mt hng nh trc. 775 drain ditch mng that. 776 drainage s tiu, that nc, h thng tiu, that nc. a) Bin php lm cho nc chy khi mt khu vc bng lung lch trn hoc di mt t. b) Qu trnh tho, x nc mt khi mt khu vc bng lung lch, hoc chuyn nc d tha trong t theo dng chy xung. Cng c th

thc hin vic tho, x hoc chuyn dch bng cc bin php t nhin hoc nhn to qua h thng lung lch l thin hoc ngm. c) Thut ng dng chung cho lung lch, sng, h v lu vc nc mt tho, x nc khi mt khu vc; mt h thng tiu that nc. d) Nhng c im v nc trn mt bn , bao gm bin, sng, ao, h, knh mng. e) Mt khu vc c tiu that nc qua cc lung lch, a drainage area. f) Hot ng chuyn nc khi mt vng trc y ly li. 777 drainage basin (geol.) khu vc thot nc. 778 drainage blanket lp t thot nc. Nh apron, blanket. 779 drainage of slopes thot nc mi dc. Thot nc mi dc, Xem gim p mi dc. see depressurization of slopes 780 drainage path qu o thot nc, ng thot nc. 781 drainage well ging that nc. Mt loi ging x nc tha trong hoc trn mt t tng cha nc khng sc cha nc thm na v ca that nc th qu xa tho nc i vi tc mong mun. Ging that nc cn c s dng cha mt s cht thi, nhng bin php ny thng b cm. T ng

ngha: absorbing well. T so snh: relief well. 782 draw ~ control of ~ rate and sequence of khai thc qung. Kim sot ~ Tin v trnh t ~ 783 drawbar pull lc ko, lc nng. 784 drawdown lm kh nc, lm ht nc trong h cha. 785 dredge no vt, s no vt. 787 drill khoan, khoan t hoc ly mu, cng tc khoan. 789 drill core li khoan. Mu t ly t h khoan. 790 drill hole h khoan. Nh borehole. 791

drilled caisson (see also drop - pneumatic -) cc ng knh ln. Mng ging c thi cng bng cng ngh khoa p. 792 drilling ~ contracts ~ machine ~ instrumented khoan. Hp ng ~ my ~ khoan lp t thit b o, quan trc. 793 drilling fluid dung dch khoan. 794 drive (to advance a tunnel or adit) khoan thi cng ng hm. 795 drive (to drive in a pile or sampler) ng cc hoc ng ng ly mu t. 796 drive head (for casing or piles) u n. Dng trong ng cc, ng ng chng... 797 drive shoe, driving mi dn. Dng trong ng cc thi cng. 798

driving helmet, drive cap chp u cc. M c chp ln u cc trong khi ng cc. Nh drive cap. 799 driving record (pile) biu ng cc. Biu ghi chp s nht ba p thay i vi su ng cc 800 drop caisson mng ging, mng ng knh ln. Xem drilled caison, pneumatic caison 801 drop hammer ba ng cc. Ba ng cc theo nguyn l u ba ri t do. Xem pile hammer. 802 dry blasting agents (DBA) thuc n kh. 804 dry strength (rock) cng ca trng thi kh. 805 dry unit weight trng lng ring kh. 806 dry weight trng lng kh. 807

dry-mix process qu trnh trn kh. 808 ductile deformation bin dng do. L qu trnh xy ra khi vn c th chu bin dng vnh cu m khng mt i kh nng chu ti. 809 ductility s, mm do, d un. 810 dumper xe vn chuyn t . 811 durability of shotcrete bn (thi gian) ca b tng phun. 813 dutch cone penetrometer thit b xuyn tnh, xuyn cn kiu H Lan. 814 dyke (chng lt). 816 dynamic loading due to blasting cht ti ng do n mn. 817 dynamic relaxation method

phng php th nghim hi phc ng. 818 dynamic strain induced by wave propagation bin dng ng do lan truyn sng. 819 dynamic stress ~ induced by sudden excavation ~ induced by wave propagation ng sut ng. ~ do khai o t ngt gy ra ~ do lan truyn sng. 820 dynamic Young's modulus h s n hi ng. L h s n hi tnh c t tc sng m trn c s l thuyt n hi. Cc h s n hi tnh v ng t lin quan vi nhau v chu tc v bin gia ti khc hn nhau, chng hn khi o bng xung sng m v cht ti c hc bng kch. H s n hi ng c th ln gp 10 ln h s n hi tnh, nht l trong mm yu, bo ha. 821 dynamite thuc n. 822 early strength of shotcrete Cng sm ca b tng phun 823 earth

t. Vt liu c th d dng o ln bng cuc chim v xng hoc cc loi my c kh : my gt, my i, my xc ... 824 earth dam p t. p c xy dng bng vt liu p p (nh cui si, mnh phong ha, ct, bt v t). Thng thng cc p loi ny c phn "nhn" bn trong bng t st hoc cc loi vt liu khng thm nc khc v mt p thng c k chng li xi mn do sng gy nn. 825 earth dams ~ critical design states ~ discharge face ~ filter criteria ~ flow nets p t. Cc trng thi thit k ti hn ~ mt x nc ~ tiu chun lc ~ li dng chy. 826 earth dike t. cng trnh nhn to p dc hai b sng chng l lt, s dng t p l chnh. 827 earth pressure p lc t. a) p lc ca t tc dng ln cc cu trc, v d nh tng chn. b) p lc tc dng ln khi t xem xt ti mt v tr bt k trn ranh gii ca n.

828 earth pressure cell ng h o p lc t. 829 earth pressure, coefficient ~ active ~ passive ~ at rest h s p lc t. ~ ch ng ~ b ng ~ trng thi ngh. 830 earth science khoa hc tri t. Mt t thng gy s nhm ln k c vi cc nh khoa hc ch b mn khoa hc lin quan ti tri t. Trong mt s trng hp c dng nh t ng ngha vi a cht v khoa hc a cht nhng thc ra chuyn t ny thng bao gm c cc mn hc nh : kh tng, vt l i dng, ha th nhng v nng hc. Chuyn t ny thng c dng nh danh t s t. 831 earthfall t ri, t st. 832 earthflow trt t. S dch chuyn mt khi ln t v phong ha trn mt mt trt xc nh v theo mt ranh gii r rng. Mt trt t nhiu u c hng song song vi mt a hnh, khi

trt s nm li mt khu vc c a hnh trng chn mt dc. Vt liu trong qu trnh trt t khi b xoay trn, tr mt t vt liu nm pha ngoi ra. 833 Earthquake ng t. 834 earthquake - resistant (referring to a foundation or structure) Kh nng chng ng t, ( cp n vic chng ng dt ca mng hoc kt cu cng trnh). 835 earthquake engineering k thut chng ng t. S, mn hc nghin cu v hnh vi ca mng cng trnh v cc cu trc lin quan ti cc dao ng a chn v cc bin php hn ch nh hng ca ng t ti cc cng trnh. 837 earthwork(s) cng trnh t. Cng tc t, o, khai thc, vn chuyn, p t a) Tin trnh xy dng cc nn t p, xy dng nn mng cho cc cng trnh v san gt v lu m cc vt liu t p. b) Nn p hoc cc cng trnh khc c xy dng bng t. 838 eccentric loading cht ti lch tm. 839 economic consequences of instability

Cc hu qu v kinh t ca mt n nh (mi dc, hm l v.v..) 840 economy in design of shotcrete mixes Tnh kinh t trong thit k hn hp b tng phun 841 effect of moisture Tc ng, nh hng ca m, hm lng nc 842 effective burden, in blasting Lp ph hu hiu, trong n mn 843 effective diameter ng knh hu hiu. ng knh ca cc ht t tng ng vi gi tr 10% ht mn hn trn ng cong phn b ht. 844 effective drainage porosity rng thot nc hu hiu. T ng ngha: effective porosity. 846 effective force lc hiu dng, lc hu hiu. Lc c truyn dn nh kin trc ht ca mt khi t chu ng sut. 847 effective grain size kch thc ht hu hiu, ng knh ht hu hiu. 848

effective normal stress ng sut vung gc hu hiu. ng sut hu hiu theo phng thng ng tc dng ln mng. 849 effective particle size c ht hu hiu. 851 effective permeability thm hu hiu. Kh nng chuyn dch cht lng v kh ca mt loi t khi c mt mt cht lng hoc kh khc, th d du ho hoc nc. Xem thm: absolute permeability, relative permeability. 853 effective pore volume th tch l rng hu hiu. Khong trng trong t cho php nc c th t do lu thng, tr khong trng b khng kh v nc mng mng chim ch. 854 effective porosity rng hu hiu. T l phn trm tng dung tch mt khi t hoc c nhng khe k lu thng vi nhau bn trong. Khng nn s dng thut ng specific yield lm t ng ngha vi thut ng ny. T ng ngha: effective drainage porosity. Nh so snh: porosity, continuous porosity. 855 effective pressure p lc hu hiu. Effective stress. 856

effective spacing, in blasting dn cch hu hiu, trong n mn. 857 effective stress ~ law ~ maximum past ~ method of analysis ~ strength envelope ng sut hu hiu. nh lut ~ ~ ti a trong qu kh phng php phn tch ~ ng bao ng sut-sc bn hu hiu 858 effective stress ng sut hu hiu. V i th, l ng sut iu hnh mi phn ng c hc ca mt vt liu xp. l lc php tuyn trung bnh trn n v din tch truyn dn t ht ny sang ht khc ca mt khi t . ng sut ny c coi l hu hiu v n c kh nng huy ng lc ni ma st. Trong t bo ha v trng thi cn bng, ng sut hu hiu bng ng sut tng tr i ng sut trung ha ca cht lng (thng l nc) trong cc l rng ca vt liu (thng c gi l p lc l rng hoc p lc nc l rng). Khi nim ng sut hu hiu c Terzaghi K. nu ra ln u tin nm 1936 dng "nh lut ng sut hu hiu", lm c s cho vic tm hiu cc c tnh, hnh vi k thut ca t. N t cc i khi t b nn cht ngay trc khi b ph hy. T ng ngha: effective pressure. 859 elapsed time

thi gian tri qua, thi gian th nghim. Thng c nhc n trong cc th nghim, tnh t thi im bt u th nghim. 860 elastic constant hng s n hi. Mt trong nhng h s xc nh tnh cht n hi ca vt cht, nh hng s Lame, hng s Poisson hoc h s n hi (moduli of elasticity). 861 elastic constants for a rock mass Cc hng s n hi ca khi . 862 elastic deformation bin dng n hi. 863 elastic deformation, in ~ analysis of trough subsidence Bin dng n hi Trong phn tch ln dng lng mng 864 elastic limit gii hn n hi. im trn ng cong ng sut - bin dng phn cch hai trng thi n hi v khng n hi. 865 elastic limit gii hn n hi. ng sut ln nht c th pht trin trong mt vt th m khng li bin dng lu di sau khi vt th c gii phng khi trng thi ng sut . c xc nh nh l

im trn ng cong ng sut - bin dng phn cch hai trng thi n hi v khng n hi 866 elastic medium, wave propagation in lan truyn sng trong mi trng n hi. 867 elastic models of explosive-rock interaction M hnh tng tc n hi cht n- 869 elastic modulus H s, m dun n hi. Xem modulus of elasticity. 870 elastic state trng thi n hi. 871 elastic-brittle rock mass, ~ support line calculations for khi cng dn, n hi. Tnh ng cong tr lc cho ~. 873 elasticity ~ isotropic ~ matrix of ~ modulus of ~ transverse isotropic tnh, s, n hi. Tnh cht ca vt liu tr li hnh dng ban u sau khi

khng cn lc tc dng ~ ng hng ~ ma trn ~ h s ~ ng hng ngang 874 electrical monitoring devices Cc thit b quan trc chy in. 875 electrical resistance strain gauges bin dng k in tr. Linh kin, thit b, dng c o bin dng in tr, tc o bin dng ca vt th trn c s bin i in tr. 876 electrically indicating piezometers, use of, in measurement of water pressure ng o p lc nc chy in. S dng ~ trong vic o p lc nc. 877 electro - osmosis gia c nn t bng phng php in- thm. Gia c nn t bng phng php in- thm, Nc c dch chuyn v that ra khi t di tc dng ca dng in. 878 elliptical coordinates h ta ellip. 879 elliptical excavation, stress distribution around khai o (hm, h o) dng ellip. Phn b ng sut xung quanh ~ 880

embankment , nn. , nn ng, bao, quai v.v... c to/xy dng nn bng cch p t/, gi tt l 881 embankment fill t p. t/ dng p , gi tt l t p 882 empirical prediction of subsidence due to longwall mining D on theo kinh nghim (thc nghim) v ln do khai thc l dc. 883 empirical strength criteria tiu chun sc bn thc nghim. 884 en echelon blasting patterns kiu n mn theo hng. 885 end - bearing pile cc chu ti bng mi. Cc ct (sc chu ti ca cc ch yu l thnh phn mi cc, sc chu ti do ma st bn khng ng k). 886 end effect hiu ng ma st u mu Hiu ng (nh hng, tc ng) hai u mu. Thng gp trong th nghim nn mu t , khi hai u ca mu c phn ng, hnh vi khc i so vi phn gia, do lc ma st gia mu vi hai tht truyn ti, cn tr bin dng ca hai u mu, nh hng n kt qu th nghim. c c kt

qu th nghim tin cy, phi tm cch gim hiu ng ma st u mu. Cc nghin cu cho thy chiu di mu phi t khong 2 ln ng knh ca n. 887 energy ~ changes accompanying underground mining ~ control of energy releases ~ excess ~ instability concept in Griffith crack theory ~ kinetic ~ modes of adverse response in an underground excavation due to release of ~ potential ~ release ~ associated with cut-and-fill stoping ~ associated with thin tabular excavations ~ general determination of, for gradual and sudden excavation ~ release during rockbursts ~ strain ~ density of ~ transmission in rock nng lng. bin i nng lng trong khai thc hm l kim sot, khng ch gii phng nng lng nng lng d khi nim bt n nh nng lng trong l thuyt v khe nt ca Griffith nng lng ng lc cc kiu phn ng c hi trong khai o ngm do gii phng nng lng gy ra th nng

gii phng nng lng gii phng nng lng lin quan vi khai thc dng bc kiu o-lp, tc t thi nhng ni va khai thc xong gii phng nng lng lin quan vi khai o dng lp xc nh nng lng gii phng trong khai o dn dn v t ngt gii phng nng lng khi n nng lng bin dng mt gii phng nng lng s dn truyn nng lng trong 888 engineering geological mapping o v a cht cng trnh. Xem engineering geology. 890 engineering geology a cht cng trnh. a cht hc ng dng trong cc cng tc cng trnh, nht l trong khai thc hm m v xy dng dn dng. Theo nh ngha ca Hi a cht cng trnh (1969), y l vic ng dng nhng s liu, k thut v nhng nguyn l a cht hc vo vic nghin cu tnh cht t nhin ca t hoc nc ngm nhm bo m rng nhng yu t a cht c nh hng n v tr, quy hoch, thit k, xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng nhng cng trnh k thut v pht trin ngun nc ngm c xc nh mt cch y , c x l, s dng mt cch hp l v c ng dng vo cng trnh. T ng ngha: geologic engineering. 891 engineering rock mechanics c hc cng trnh B mn c hc nghin cu cc tnh cht c l ca phc v cho cng tc cng trnh nh xy p, khai thc m, xy dng dn dng v.v...

892 equal angle projection php chiu ng gc. Xem php chiu cu lp th. 893 equal area projection php chiu ng din. Xem php chiu cu lp th. 895 equilibrium cn bng, trng thi cn bng, cn bng ti trng. 896 equilibrium, differential equations of phng trnh cn bng vi phn. H cc phng trnh vi phn din t trng thi cn bng ca trng ang xt. 897 equilibrium, states of trng thi cn bng. 898 equipotential ng p lc. 899 equivalent nodal forces in finite element method lc tng ng ti cc nt trong phng php phn t hu hn. 900 equivalent radius bn knh tng ng.

901 equivalent working height cao cng tc tng ng. 902 erodable c kh nng b xi mn. 903 erosion xi mn. 904 evaporite bay hi, cht bc, khong vt thnh to do bc hi. 905 excavation s o t. 906 excavation (the hole or space created) khai o, cng tc o, im khai o. H o hoc khong khng gian c to nn do cng tc o. 907 excavation (the process) o h mng, qu trnh o h mng. 908 excavation design, see design thit k khai o. Xem design. 909

excavation surface mt h o, gm thnh v y h o. 910 excess energy nng lng d. 911 excess hydrostatic pressure p lc nc d. p lc nc gia cc ht t vt qu p lc thy tnh ca nc. 912 excess pore pressure p sut l rng d. 913 excess pressure p lc o, p lc ln hn trng thi tnh ban u. 914 exchangeable ions cc in c th trao i. 915 existing force ti trng tc ng ban u. 916 exit gradient gradient thy lc u ra. 917 expand

trng n. Th d t b trng n do ngm nc. 918 expansibility kh nng trng n. 919 expansion s trng n. 920 expansion bolt bu lng n. Bulng neo trong khi xy gm mt bulng vn trong mt hnh cn tch l c. Khi vn cht bulng hnh cn n ra v p cht vo l neo. 921 expansive force lc trng n. 922 expansive soils t trng n. Thuc loi t c vn , thng gy kh khn cho k thut cng trnh, vi cc tnh cht c l, nht l sc bn, c th bin i rt mnh khi hm lng nc thay i, d gy s c cho cc cng trnh nh ng x, p, nn mng... 923 experimental th nghim, thc nghim. 924 exploration, site investigation

Thm d hin trng, kho st hin trng. Xem site invertization. 925 exploration thm d. Xem thm d di t subsurface exploration, thm d ngm. 926 explosive-rock interaction, elastic models m hnh n hi v tng tc gia cht n-. 927 explosives ~ detonation of, initiation sequence for, type, weight and distribution of cht n. ~ n, trnh t n, kiu, lng, v phn b 928 expression biu thc. 929 extension joint, - fracture khe nt m, khe nt tch. Khe nt hnh thnh do lc ko. 930 extensometer cng k. Thc o cng dn, tc bin i v kch thc ca vt th khi cht/d ti. 931 external work in finite element method

cng do ngoi lc thc hin. Khi nim o dng trong phng php phn t hu hn. 932 extraction ratio h s thu hi qung. T l gia lng (th tch) qung thu c trn tng lng (th tch) t khai o. 933 extraction scheme s thu hi qung. 934 fabric, soil kt cu t, cu trc t. 935 face position, influence on subsidence V tr gng hm, l v nh hng ca n ti st ln. 936 factor analysis h s Xem: coefficient 937 factor of safety, safety factor ~ bearing capacity ~ piping ~ slope stability ~ definition of ~ influence of slope curvature on h s an ton. ~ ca kh nng chu ti ~ ca ng ng

~ ca n nh mi dc ~ nh ngha ~ nh hng ca cong mi dc ti 941 failure

~ condition ~ criteria, see strength criteria ~ critical failure plane inclination ~ delineation of zones of ~ identification of potential failure modes in jointed rock ~ inclination of thrust to failure surface ~ modes of, for a roof beam in stratified rock ~ point s ph hy, ph hng, ph hoi. a) Trng thi ca vt liu khi lc ct vt qu trng thi gii hn. b) Thng c hiu l xy ra (hoc bt u xy ra) trong t khi n t sc bn cc i. V mt k thut, ph hy thng c hiu l xy ra khi t khng th chng mt cch tho ng lc tc ng ln n hoc thc thi mt cch trn vn cc chc nng k thut ca n na. Cch hiu ny khng ch bao gm nhng khi nim nh sc bn cc i hay kh nng chu ti ca t , m c nhng chc nng khc ca cng trnh, th d nh kh nng chn gi nc i vi p hoc ng hm chu p. Trong mt s trng hp, bin dng qu mc c th l mt tiu chun ph hp hn xc nh ph hy. ~ iu kin xy ra ph hy

~ tiu chun ph hy. Xem tiu chun sc bn ~ nghing ca b mt ph hy ti hn ~ vic xc nh i ph hy ~ vic xc nh cc kiu ph hy tim tng trong dp v ~ nghing ca lc y so vi b mt ph hy ~ kiu ph hy i vi dm trn hm, l trong phn lp ~ im, thi im ph hy 942 failure (progressive ~) (s, qa trnh, hin tng) ph hy tng dn S ph hy dn dn, ph hy lu tin, ph hy tng dn, gi tt l ph hy tng dn 943 failure condition trng thi ph hy, iu kin ph hy. 944 failure controlled by two surfaces ph hy gii hn bi hai mt phng. Thng dng trong c hc , khi hai mt khe nt giao ct nhau to nn mt khi nm c th b dch trt, ph hy dc theo hai mt phng . 945 failure criterion tiu chun ph hy. iu kin c hc ti vt liu rn b ph hy do tch, nt, hoc b bin dng qu mt gii hn no . Thng th tiu chun ph hy c biu th bng cc khi nim ng sut, bin dng, tc thay i ng sut, tc thay i bin dng hoc bng t hp cc thng s trn. 946 failure envelope ~ piping

~ settlement ~ shear ng bao ph hy. Xem ng bao sc bn. L qu tch cc im ph hy mu t/ trong nhng iu kin (thng l ng sut) khc nhau ~ i vi si ng ng (ch yu xy ra trong t ct) ~ ng bao ln. L ng bao ph hy trong tiu chun ph hy khng da trn sc bn ti hn ca t m da trn ln cho php ca cng trnh t trn chng. ~ ng bao ph hy dng ct, da trn sc bn chng ct ca t, . Ngoi ra, cn c cc ng bao ph hy ko, un, nn p v.v... 947 failure envelope (Mohr ~) ng bao ph hy (Mohr). Do Mohr xut ln u tin nm ... trn c s cc th nghim nn p mu t, . Trong h ta vi trc tung l ng sut ct v trc Honh l ng sut php tuyn tc ng ln b mt ph hy ca mu, ng bao Mohr l ng tip tuyn vi tt c cc ng trn ng sut. Nhng ng trn ny ct trc Honh ti 2 im ng vi cc gi tr 3 (ng sut bao quanh) v 1 (ng sut dc trc), vi tm ti [(1+3)/2; 0] v bn knh bng (3-3)/2. V l thuyt, ng bao Mohr l ng cong. Ngi ta xc nh n mt cch gn ng bng mt ng thng trn c s tiu chun sc bn ct do Coulomb xut ln u tin nm 1776. Do vy, ng bao Mohr nhiu khi cn c gi l ng bao Mohr-Coulomb, ct trc tung ti mt im c gi tr c gi quy c l lc dnh kt, C, ca t, . dc ca ng bao xc nh gc ni ma st, , ca t . 948

fairhurst equation phng trnh Fairhurst. Do Fairhurst xut nm ... biu din ng bao ph hy ca t . 949 falling ri, , l. Ri, l , mt dng ph hy t, (ch yu ) 950 falling head permeameter Thit b th nghim h s thm ca t vi ct nc thay i. 951 falling head test Th nghim xc nh thm thu ca t, vi ct nc cp pha trn mu h thp dn do nc thm qua mu chy xung di m khng c b sung thm. Xem constant head test. 952 false - bedded s phn lp gi tng. Xem current bedded, cross bedded. 953 fat clay t st bo. 954 fatigue lm cho km chu ng, lm mi. Ni v s, th nghim gim bn ca vt liu bng gia ti lp li. 955

fault t gy. L cc cu trc dp v, ph hy theo xy ra dch chuyn c th nhn bit c. C th xc nh c t gy cn c vo s dch chuyn tng i ca hai pha ca b mt t gy. Chiu dch chuyn thng c dng phn loi t gy. t gy c th rt ln hoc kh nh. Chng c th cha cc loi vt liu mm yu nh st, dm kt kin to hoc cc mnh vn . B mt t gy thng c du hiu trt hoc c th c ph bi mt s khang vt nh grapht, clorit c sc bn ma st thp. Xem discontinuity. 956 fibrous si, cu to dng si. 957 fibrous peat than bn c dng si. 958 fictitious load distributions s phn b ti trng tng tng. 959 field data s liu kho st hin trng. 960 field equation phng trnh trng. Trong c hc t, , l phng trnh biu din mi quan h gia chuyn v ca tng im ca ton b trng ang xem xt di tc ng ca ti trng. Phng trnh trng

c tng qut t vic tng hp, rt gn cc phng trnh thnh phn gm: phng trnh ti trng-ng sut, phng trnh tng ng bin dng, phng trnh thc nghim (cu thnh) ng sut-bin dng v cc iu kin bin. 961 field instrumentation thit lp quan trc hin trng. Lp t thit b o c, quan trc hin trng, th d, kim tra chuyn dch ca mt khi trt, kim tra ln ca mt t do nh hng ca khai o ngm. 962 field investigation kho st hin trng, thm d hin trng. 963 Field measurements, plotting and analysis of o c hin trng, v th v phn tch kt qu. 964 field test Th nghim hin trng, th nghim ti a im kho st. Nh field experiment hoc in-side test. 965 filamented pahoehoe vt liu p, t p, (s) xy k. Sn phm p nhn to t vt liu t t nhin hoc vt liu thi. 966 fill lp. a) Dng vt liu t nhin nh si, , t v ph thi nh t thi, qung thi, lp y mt khong trng nh hm l khai khang c, p b ao, h, vc hoc p p. Xem

thm backfill, made-land. b) t dng nng cao b mt ca mt vng trng, nh lp h, lp ch st l, p , p nn ng. c) Chiu dy ca phn vt liu s dng lp cho t ti mt bng nh trc. 967 filled discontinuities, shear strength of sc bn ct ca khe nt b lp nht. 968 filter mng lc. Mt lp hoc mt h thng lp cc vt liu thm c s dng nhm ngn chn cc ht t cun theo dng chy. 969 filter design thit k mng lc. 970 filter well ging lc nc. 971 filtration lc. Vic ty, tr nhng vt th dng huyn ph hoc vn c khi mt cht lng bng cch cho n chy qua mt mng lc c l nh. 972 fine aggregate ct liu mn. 973 fine gravel

cui si nh. a) Thut ng th nhng M ch cui si c ng knh t 2 n 12.5 mm (1/12-1/2 in.); trc kia c s dng cho t sn (nay gi l very coarse sand - ct rt th) c ng knh 1-2 mm. b) Thut ng k thut cng trnh, ch si c ng knh t 4.76 mm n 19 mm (3/4 in.) (b gi trn ry tiu chun s 4 ca M). 974 fine-grained ht mn. a) Ni v c kin trc tinh th hoc thy tinh ht mn c th nh magma, c ng knh ht trung bnh di 1 mm (0.04 in.). T ng ngha: aphanitic. b) Ni v trm tch hoc trm tch, v v cu trc ca n vi nhng thnh phn cu to rt nh kh nhn bit c bng mt thng, c th nh trm tch c ng knh ht trung bnh di 1/16 mm (62 micron, bng hoc nh hn kch thc ca bn). Xem thm finely crystalline. Thut ng ny c s dng vi ngha tng i, nhiu gii hn v kch thc ht khc nhau c xut v s dng. Xem thm: coarse-grained, medium-grained. c) Ni v mt loi t m thnh phn cu to ch yu l bn v st. M, ng knh trung bnh ti a ca ht l 0.05 mm (0.002 in.), c cc k s s dng l 0.074 mm (lt qua ry tiu chun s 200 ca M); Hi Khoa hc Th nhng Quc t cng nhn gii hn ng knh 0.02 mm. Xem thm: coarse-grained, fine earth. 975 fine-granular ht nh, mn. Nh micro-granular. 976 fines

ht mn. Phn ht t mn hn ry s hiu 200 (0.075mm) ca b ry tiu chun ca M. 977 finite difference ~ approximation ~ consolidation ~ method (FDM) ~ seepage ~ wave equation sai phn hu hn (SPHH). Xem Computational methods of stress analysis. ~ phng php gii gn ng h phng trnh SPHH ~ gii bi ton c kt bng phng php SPHH ~ Phng php SPHH ~ gii bi ton thm bng phng php SPHH ~ Biu din phng trnh dng sng bng phng php SPHH 978 finite Element Method (FEM) ~ displacement variation ~ equivalent nodal forces ~ interpolation functions ~ solution for nodal displacements ~ stiffness matrix ~ strain vector ~ stresses within an element ~ analysis phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH). Xem Computational methods of stress analysis. ~ gii bi ton cht ti-chuyn v bng phng php PTHH, trong ly chuyn v lm n s

~ lc tng ng ti cc nt trong phng php PTHH. ~ cc hm ni suy trong phng php PTHH ~ li gii bng phng php PTHH i vi chuyn v ti cc nt ~ ma trn cng trong phng php PTHH. Ma trn lin h gia vct lc tc ng v chuyn v tng ng ti cc nt ca trng ang xt. ~ vct bin dng trong phng php PTHH. ~ ng sut tn ti trong mt phn t ~ Phn tch PTHH. 979 firm cng, chc (ni v t hoc cng). 980 firm ground t cng. 981 fissure nt, khe nt. Xem crack 982 fissured b nt, c tnh nt n, d b nt. 983 fissured clay st b nt n (khi gim m, ko theo thay i sc bn) 984 fissures khe nt. Xem discontinuities

985 flaggy rock phn lp. c phn chia thnh nhng lp mng trong qu trnh thnh to. 986 flat-jack method phng php kch phng. Xem stress measurement methods: flat-jack method 987 flexible pavement ng mm. ng giao thng c thit k v thi cng cho php bin dng n hi v chu un. 988 flexural toppling lt un. Mt dng trt l . Xem block-flexure toppling. 989 floating bridge cu phao. 990 Floating circle counting method Phng php m bng cch trt ca s trn, dng trong x l kt qu o v khe nt bng php chiu lp th 991 floating foundation mng phao ni. c thit k tng ng vi ti trng phn t chim ch. 992 floating pile cc ma st, cc ni.

Cc lm vic ch yu bng ma st bn tip xc vi t nn l ct hoc st. Nh friction pile. 993 flood bank (geol., as naturally at margin of river) Din tch t b ngp lt hai bn b sng trong ma l , mc nc dng ln trong ma ma. 994 flood bank* (flood control structure), dyke, levee iu, tng chn c xy dng ven sng chng l. 995 flood plain Bi bi 996 floor heave tri sn. Bin dng ca y h o, sn hm l do gii phng ng sut theo chiu thng ng. 999 flow curve ng cong chy, vng cung chy.
1000 flow index gii hn chy ca t. Nh liquidity Index. 1001 flow net ~ anisotropic soil ~ earth dams ~ electrical analogy ~ finite difference ~ sketching li thm, li dng chy. c v phn tch dng thm qua p t, iu. ~ trong t d hng ~ trong p t p

~ m hnh in tr tng t ca li dng chy ~ Xc nh li dng chy bng phng php sai phn hu hn ~ v li dng chy 1002 flow of ore dng qung (khi khai thc ra). 1003 flow slide trt dng, trt bn. Dng t trt l v b tri do t nn b ha lng, hay xy ra di tc dng ca ng t. Nh mudslide. 1004 flowage (geol.) bin dng do ca . 1005 Flowing chy. Mt dng ph hy t, (ch yu t) 1006 flowline ng chy, ng thm, dng chy Nh streamline 1007 fluidity chy, linh ng. 1008 flume ng knh dn nc. 1009 fluvial deposit trm tch sng sui. Trm tch t hnh thnh do qu trnh chuyn t ni khc n di tc ng ca dng chy. 1010 flyrock, control of kim sot hn ch bay. 1011 foam concrete b tng bt. 1012 fold

np un. L cu trc th nm ca cc lp thay i do b un di tc ng ca cc lc kin to sau trm tch. Np un c phn loi trn c s hnh thi v cung cch hnh thnh chng. 1013 folded (geol.) b un np do cc qu trnh thnh to a cht. 1014 foliation shear zone i dp v dng phin l. Cc i dp v dng phin l hnh thnh do chuyn dch chnh lch gia cc lp k nhau ca bin cht, tp trung cc lp yu hn, th d nh mica, chlorite, talc hay phin graphite, trong tng khi trng cng chc hn nh granit gnai v quaczit. Mc d c th di hng vi trm mt, chuyn dch thng khng ln, ch t vi cm n 1-2 m. Chiu dy i st kin to, vn thng ch vi cm, nhng hai bn, thng b dp v mnh, bin i v c nt dy ti 1-2 mt. 1015 footing (foundation) footings, allowable bearing capacity ~ circular ~ eccentric load ~ net bearing capacity ~ on clay ~ on sand ~ on silt ~ rectangular ~ settlement ~ square ~ strip ~ ultimate bearing capacity ~ water table effects mng nh, mng cng trnh. Kh nng chu ti cho php (ti trng cho php) ~ mng trn ~ ti trng lch tm ln mng ~ kh nng chu ti thc ~ mng trn/trong t st ~ mng trn/trong ct ~ mng trn/trong bn, bt ~ mng ch nht ~ ln ca mng ~ mng vung ~ mng bng ~ kh nng chu ti (ti trng) ti hn ~ nh hng, tc ng ca mc nc ngm ln mng

1016 force displacement laws in distinct element method nh lut v quan h gia lc-chuyn v, p dng trong phng php phn t ring bit (tch bit) (DEM). 1017 forced vibrations Dao ng cng bc 1018 foreshore Khu vc c s thay i thy triu 1019 formwork Copha, khun thi cng. Xem shuttering. 1020 fossil ha thch. 1021 fossilized stresses resulting from denudation ng sut ha thch. ng sut pht sinh do cc hot ng xm thc. Xem ground stress. 1022 found b tng mng 1024 foundation ~ deep ~ shallow mng, nn mng. ~ mng su ~ mng nng 1025 fracture

~ development during cut-and-fill stoping ~ due to blasting ~ modes of see discontinuities t gy, khe nt, dp v.

S hnh thnh cc mt phn tch trong mu bng cch ph v cc mi lin kt trong mu to nn cc b mt mi. Thi im bt u xut hin khe nt khng nht thit trng vi thi im mu b ph hy hoc t ti sc bn cc i. ~ s hnh thnh, pht trin trong khai thc qung theo bc kiu o-v-lp ~ dp v, nt n do n mn ~ cc kiu loi dp v, nt n xem discontinuities. 1026 fracture mechanics c hc khe nt. B mn c hc nghin cu cc tnh cht c l v hnh vi ca khe nt, tc mi trng khng lin tc. Xem Mechanics of discontinuous medium. 1027 fracture toughness test th nghim xc nh cng ca khe nt. Th nghim o nng lng cn thit pht trin mt khe nt. Th nghim c thit k to ra mt khe nt ti mt im xc nh trc v pht trin n mt cch n nh. Chnh v th phi gim dn cng ng sut tc ng ln khe nt khi n ang di ra. Cn tin hnh cc th nghim o cng khe nt nghin cu cc vn v ct , to khe nt bng bm p nc v n mn v.v. C th tin hnh vi kiu th nghim xc nh cng khe nt trn li khoan nh: mt khoanh li khoan dng a vi mt rnh hng tm; mt on li khoan c khot rnh hnh ch V dc trc; hoc mt on li khoan di b un theo kiu dm, vi y di b ca khot to rnh. Sau ngi ta to ra cc lc ko hoc un hnh thnh khe nt trong mu. cng khe nt l thc o cng ng sut ti hn, KIc, ti u mi khe nt, cn thit hnh thnh v pht trin khe nt. N l hm s ca ti trng v tp trung ng sut, lin quan n hng s Poisson v c im hnh hc ca mu. cng khe nt cng c th c biu din nh tc gii phng nng lng ti hn, GIc, l nng lng cn thit to ra mt b mt mi. GIc l hm s ca KIc, h s n hi, E, v hng s Poisson, nh sau: . GIc cn c bit ti nh l lc to nn khe nt. 1028 fractured annulus around a circular opening Vnh, i nt n, dp v quanh hm l, h o tit din trn. 1029 fractured zone, radius of i dp v, nt n, bn knh ca. 1030 fractureness mc dp v, nt n. 1031 fragile rock core, preservation of vic bo qun li khoan d gy v. 1032

fragmentation and draw control kim sot vic ph v khai thc, thu hi qung. 1033 franklin criterion tiu chun sc bn Franklin. 1034 free vibrations dao ng t do. 1035 free water nc t do. 1036 freeze ng bng. 1037 freezing B ng bng, c kh nng b ng bng. 1038 freezing n. S ng bng. 1039 freezing zone*, zone of frost penetration Vng, i b ng bng, su b ng bng ( su k t b mt t). 1040 French drain thot nc kiu Php. 1041 fresh water nc ngt. a) Nc c hm lng cht rn ha tan di 1000 mg/lt; ni chung, nc c trn 500 mg/lt l khng thch hp ung v s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip (Solley v nnk., 1983). b) Vi ngha thng thng, nc sng sui, ao h khng nhim mn hoc c t cha mui. Xem thm: portable water, saline water. T ng ngha sweet water. C th vit freshwater, fresh-water. 1042 fresh water estuary

ca sng nc ngt. a) Ca sng c ngun nc ngt vo loi tr nc mn. Xem thm: positive estuary. b) nhng h nc ln, c nhng nhnh nc v h, phn tip gip gia nhnh v h thng c ca rng, gi l vng chuyn tip gia sng nhnh v h; mc nc y chu nh hng ca mc nc h do seiches (thy triu gi, mc nc dao ng h) hoc wind tides (thy triu do gi to nn). Ch tip gip gia h v nhnh sng thng c doi t hoc p chn. 1043 fresh water ice bng nc ngt. Bng c hnh thnh bi nc ngt sng sui, h hoc di t ng kt li khi nhit xung thp. T ng ngha fresh ice. 1044 fresh water limestone vi h nc ngt. Loi vi c hnh thnh do s tch t hoc kt ta ca nc ngt h, sng sui, hang ng. vi y thng c to hoc nt sn. Xem thm: underclay limestone. 1045 friction ~ angle of ~ angle of, for fractured rock ~ apparent angle of ~ effective angle of ~ estimation of ~ for minefill ~ limiting value of ~ role of, in slope stability ~ negative ma st, lc ma st. gc ~ gc ma st ca dp v, nt n gc ma st biu kin gc ma st hu hiu xc nh gc ma st gc ma st ca vt liu lp m gi tr gii hn ca gc (lc) ma st vai tr ca ~ trong n nh mi dc Ma st m. Lc ma st xy ra i vi mng cc, khi t xung quanh ln st nhanh hn cc, cht thm ti ln cc. 1046 friction angle gc ma st, gc ni ma st ca t, . Xem angle of internal friction. 1047

friction circle method phng php ng trn ma st. Phng php xc nh cung (mt) trt trong t. 1048 friction pile cc ma st. 1049 frictional resistance sc khng ma st. 1050 friction-only wedge stability charts Phng php (ton ) tnh n nh ca khi nm ch da trn lc ma st. 1051 frost (ice deposit as in "hoar frost") ni bng. 1052 frost (occurrence of freezing temperatures) bng (xy ra nhit ng bng). 1053 frost action tc ng do ng bng. 1054 frost heave gin n v nng nn t do tc ng ca nc trong t b ng bng. 1055 frost in the ground ng bng trong t nn. Xem permafrost hoc frozen ground. 1056 frost resistance Sc khng i vi bng 1057 gabion, ~ use of, in slope protection r chng sng v xi mn. ~ s dng r bo v mi dc. L phng php truyn thng, nhanh v hu hiu, t i hi nhng tnh ton phc tp. Ngi ta tng lc khng trt ca nhng mi dc ang hoc c kh nng mt n nh bng cch an nhng lng, r c hnh th, kch thc nht nh, bng tre hoc dy thp, xp tng vo ri t chn mi dc, gn nh to nn mt cu trc

dng tng chn. 1058 gage u o, dng c o. Nh gange. 1059 galleries, drainage gallery (see also drainage -, test -, collector -, adit -) hm thot nc. Rnh, cng, hm that nc, thu nc. 1060 gas pressure, effect of, during blasting Tc ng ca p sut kh trong n mn. 1062 gauge, gage (U.S.) o, hiu chnh, thit b o. 1063 Gaussian quadrature integration php tch phn cu phng Gaux. p dng trong phng php phn t hu hn tnh gn ng cc biu thc tch phn. 1064 geologic conditions iu kin/c im a cht. 1065 geologic thuc v a cht. Nh geological 1066 geological compasses a bn a cht. Xem compass. 1067 geological data ~ collection of ~ graphical presentation of s liu a cht. ~ thu thp s liu a cht ~ phng php biu din s liu a cht bng th. 1068 geological terms, definitions of nh ngha, thut ng a cht. 1069

geomechanics ~ considerations in longwall mining ~ geomechanics classification scheme a c hc. Mn khoa hc v cc phn ng c hc ca tt c cc loi vt liu a cht, k c t. Do vy, c hc cng l mt phn ca a c hc. ~ Phn tch a c hc trong khai thc l dc ~ S phn loi a c. Xem geomechanics rock mass classification. 1071 geomechanics Rock Mass Classification h phn loi a c hoc h phn loi RMR. Do Bieniawski Z.T. xut nm 1973 ch yu trn c s cc s liu thu thp c cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng trong trm tch Nam Phi. Sau h tip tc c Hon thin t kinh nghim p dng nhng ni khc trn th gii. H RMR s dng 5 thng s phn loi l (1) sc bn ca mu nguyn trng; (2) nh danh cht lng RQD; (3) Gin cch khe nt; (4) c im khe nt; (5) c im nc ngm. Cng gp im ca tng thng s cho ta gi tr RMR tng c s. Gi tr ny sau s c hiu chnh Ty theo hng ca h khe nt chnh. T gi tr RMR hiu chnh, c th c tnh mt s thng s c l ca hoc xut cc bin php tr lc, thi cng v.v... 1072 geometrical terms, definitions of nh ngha, thut ng hnh hc. 1073 geophone tai t. Thit b cm bin, cm trn mt t theo mng li v gin cch nht nh, ghi nhn nhng chn ng ca t khi c ng lc tc ng ti mt im (th d n mn, g ba v.v...) 1074 geophysical thuc a vt l. 1075 geophysical tests ~ for the estimation of in-situ moduli th nghim, o a vt l. ~ tnh cc hng s n hi ng ngoi hin trng 1076 geostatistics a thng k.

a) Khoa hc thng k p dng trong a cht, ng dng cc phng php thng k hoc thu thp s liu thng k a cht. b) Trin khai k thut thng k nh gi hm m do trng phi G. Matheron Php xng. 1078 geotechnical thuc a k thut. C lin quan n nhiu lnh vc ca a k thut geotechnics. 1079 geotechnics a k thut. Khoa hc ng dng cc phng php hay nguyn l khoa hc k thut thu thp, phn tch v s dng kin thc v cc vt liu ca v tri t nhm gii quyt cc vn k thut; y l mt ngnh khoa hc ng dng lm cho tri t thch hp hn vi i sng ca con ngi. a k thut bao gm cc lnh vc v c hc t, c hc v nhiu kha cnh k thut khc na ca a cht, a vt l, thy vn v cc khoa hc lin quan. 1080 geotechnics a k thut. Vic ng dng nhng phng php khoa hc v nguyn l k thut tip nhn, gii thch v s dng kin thc v cc cht liu ca v Tri t gii quyt nhng vn k thut; ngnh khoa hc nhm lm cho con ngi c thm nhiu iu kin c tr trn Tri t. N bao gm nhiu lnh vc v c hc t, c hc , v rt nhiu mt k thut thuc a cht, a vt l, thy vn v cc b mn khoa hc khc. T ng ngha: geotechnique. 1082 geotechnique a k thut. T ng ngha: geotechnics. T nguyn Php. 1084 geotechnology a k thut. Vic ng dng cc phng php khoa hc k thut cng trnh vo khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin. 1086 glacial bng h. 1087 glacial drift trm tch c ngun gc bng h. 1089 gouge a) San lp khe nt hoc b mt b dch chuyn b) St nho. Sn phm c ngun gc kin to, lp y cc khe nt, i ph hy, dp v, do

 gc b dp v, nt n, c nt to nn. 1091 grade loi, cp phi. ht. 1092 grade distribution phn b ht. ng cong phn b thnh phn (%) c ht ca mt loi t (). Nh gradation. 1093 grade San bng phng, lm bng phng, cng tc lm phng (lm phng t p xy dng ng). 1095 gradient gradient. 1096 gradient, critical ~ hydraulic gradient S chnh lch, chnh lch thy lc dc, ti hn ~ thy lc 1097 grading curve ng cong phn phi thnh phn ht t, ng cong phn phi kch thc ht t. Nh grain size distribution curve. 1098 grading n. Phn loi thnh phn ht t, cu to t l phn trm thnh phn ht t. 1099 grain size ~ classification ~ distribution c ht. Thnh phn ht ca t, . ~ Phn cp ht ~ Phn b ht 1100 grain size analysis phn tch kch thc ht t.

Phn tch kch thc ht t, Phn tch thnh phn ht t, th nghim phn tch thnh phn ht. Nh particle size analysis. 1101 grain size distribution curve ng cong phn phi thnh phn ht t, th biu din kt qu th nghim phn tch thnh phn ht t. Xem particle size ditribution curve. 1102 grain, particle ht t. 1103 granite granit, granit. 1104 granular t dng ht c c tnh ca ct, khng dnh. Xem sand. 1105 granulation S nghin, phn tch, to nn cc ht nh. 1106 granulometric Phn phi ht t 1108 gravel cui si. a) Nhng mnh trn cnh, tch t li trong t nhin do kt qu ca hin tng xi mn, bao gm ch yu l nhng ht ln hn ht ct (ng knh trn 2 mm, hoc 1/12 in.). T ng ngha: boulders, cobbles, pebbles, granules; tp hp ca nhng mnh ; cui kt ri. Anh, ngi ta lit vo loi ny nhng vin c ng knh 2 - 10 mm. Xem thm: rubble, pebble. b) Thut ng thng dng ch s tch t ri rc nhng mnh , nh trm tch vn sng sui hoc ven h, ven bin, hnh thnh nhng hn trn cnh, ln trong ct, chim khong 50-70% ton khi. c) Thut ng th nhng ch cc hn hoc khang vt c ng knh 2 - 20 mm (Jacks v nnk., 1960, trang 14). Thut ng ny tng t nh pebbles. Anh, thut ng ny cng ch nhng vin c ng knh 2 - 50 mm. M, thut ng ny ch cc hn hoc khang vt c ng knh 2 - 75 mm (1/6 - 3 in.). Trc y ch nhng mnh c ng knh 1 - 2 mm. Xem thm fine gravel. d) Thut ng cng trnh ch nhng hn trn cnh c ng knh t 4.76 mm (b gi li trn ry tiu chun s 4 ca M) n 76 mm (3 in.). Xem thm fine gravel, coarse gravel. e) Mt tng cui si. f) Thut ng c ch ct. g) Volcanic gravel - cui si ni la. 1109 gravel pit

h o kho st, khai thc cui si. 1110 gravel, permeability ~ size si, thm thu ca.

c ht ~. 1112 gravelly mud bn cui, si. Bn si. Trm tch ri gm 5 - 30% cui si v bn hoc ct (bn + st) chim t l di 1:1 (Folk, 1954, trang 346). 1114 gravelly sand ct cui si. Ct si. a) Trm tch ri gm 5 - 30% cui si v mt t l bn hoc ct (bn + st) chim t l ln hn 1:1 (Folk, 1954, trang 346). b) Trm tch ri cha t l ct nhiu hn si, trn 10% si v di 10% nhng cht liu khc c kch thc nh hn (Went Worth, 1922). 1116 gravelly soil t cui si. t si. Loi t c cha nhiu cui si, chim t l n 35-60%, phn cn li l t mn (fine earth). 1117 gravitational loading, sliding due to trt do ti trng. Mt dng trt t trong nguyn nhn gy trt chnh l trng lng ca khi trt. 1118 gravitational stresses ng sut trng trng. ng sut trong t sinh ra t nhiu ngun t nhin, a cht v nhn to khc nhau. Ngun d d on nht v ph bin nht l ng sut trng trng. ng sut trng trng tng dn theo chiu su cng vi chiu dy v trng lng ca lp ph. N c chiu thng ng (hng v tm Tri t) v l mt trong ba ng sut chnh tr khi c cc hot ng kin to, hoc khi a hnh thay i lm quay trng ng sut. Trong a s cc ng dng cng trnh, ng sut theo chiu thng ng hu nh ch c ngun gc trng trng. Khi c th tnh c trc tip mt cch tin cy bng cch nhn th trng ca vi chiu su ca im ang xt. ng sut theo chiu ngang mt phn cng l do trng lc gy ra v t c xu hng phnh ra theo chiu ngang nhng li b t xung quanh cn tr. Theo l thuyt n hi, gi tr ng sut theo chiu ngang c th tnh c trn c s hng s n hi Poisson, tc t s gia phn n ra theo chiu ngang v phn nn p li theo chiu thng ng khi cht ti n trc mt mu hnh tr. i vi hu ht cc loi , hng s Poisson ch vo khong 0.1-0.25, tc l nh hn 0.3, nn ng sut theo chiu nm ngang, nu ch do mt mnh trng lc, ch bng khong 1/3-1/4 ng sut theo chiu thng ng. Ch su

ln, c 5 km hay hn, trong iu kin nhit , p sut ln, ng t v.v... ng sut ca t mi gn n trng thi thy tnh. Tuy nhin, gi tr ng sut theo chiu nm ngang nh tnh ton trn thng nh hn nhiu so vi thc t, them ch ln gp vi ln so vi ng sut theo chiu thng ng. Kiu phn b ng sut trong cng nh vy khc rt nhiu so vi t c kt bnh thng, vi t s gia cc ng sut theo chiu nm ngang/thng ng, cn gi l h s p lc t trng thi ngh, gn nh khng i gn mt t. Ni cch khc, trong cng su khng ln, t s gia cc ng sut thnh phn ni trn t c ngha v khng cho php c tnh ng sut theo chiu ngang. Trong thc t, cn phi o trc tip hoc ngoi suy t nhng kt qu o gn . trm tch tr, mm yu hn, nht l cc loi c th nm thoi, t b un np, t gy cng nh xm thc, xi mn, thng th hin xu hng trung gian gia t v cng. Trc ng sut chnh cc i trong chng c th gn nh thng ng. 1119 gravitational water nc trng trng. Nc chu tc ng ca lc trng trng. 1120 gravity trng lc, trng trng. Lc to nn do trng lng bn thn 1122 gravity dam p trng lc. p n nh bn vng bng chnh trng lng bn thn. 1123 gravity draw system h thng thu hi qung t chy. 1124 gravity flow of caved ore dng t chy ca qung khai thc ra. 1125 gravity retaining wall tng chn t trng lc. Tng chn t c thit k n nh, bn vng bng chnh trng lng bn thn 1126 gravity slope mi dc trng lc, mi dc trt. on mi dc phn trn sn i, thng pha trn gc ngh ca vt liu b xi mn, dc ln hn phn mi dc ra tri bn di. T ng ngha: steil-wand; boschung. 1127 gravity water nc t chy. a) Nc chy t do. b) Nc chy trong ng ng theo dc hoc trng trng ch khng phi do bm, ng dng trong ti tiu hoc cp nc cng cng.

1128 great circle ~ projection of ng trn ln. Hnh chiu ca ~. Xem Spherical stereographic projection. 1129 great circle and pole representing a plane, construction of Biu din mt mt phng bng ng trn ln v cc ca n. Xem Spherical stereographic projection 1130 griffith crack theory ~ Griffith cracks ~ Griffith criterion and extension l thuyt v khe nt Griffith. Nm 1924, Griffith xut l thuyt v khe nt ti hn gii thch ti sao knh li v di ng sut thp hn nhiu so vi lc lin kt phn t l thuyt. Sau , l thuyt ca Griffith c m rng ra cho t , vi cc khe nt Griffith ranh gii cc ht trong ni la, dng l rng trong trm tch v dng khe nt trong cc tinh th. Khe nt Griffith hot ng nh mt ni tp trung ng sut. Ti u mt ca chng, ng sut c th cao hn rt nhiu so vi trung bnh i vi ton b mu, v thng l ng sut ko mc d ng sut trung bnh i vi ton b mu c th l nn p. Thng thng, cc khe nt chu tc ng ca ng sut n trc vung gc l xung yu nht, nhng trong iu kin nn p, cc khe nt nm nghing li tp trung ng sut ko ln nht ti u mt ca chng. V th, khi ng sut n trc ln mu vt tng ln, mt khe nt nm nghing li l khe nt u tin lan rng ra. Trong th nghim nn n trc, hng lan rng ca khe nt lc u to vi khe nt mt gc khong 70, sau gim dn, tin dn ti song song vi hng cht ti, lm cho mu vt n ra mt cch nhanh chng. Trong mu vt chu nn p a trc, cc khe nt s c xu hng pht trin theo ng cong tin dn ti song song vi trc ng sut chnh cc i v vung gc vi trc ng sut chnh cc tiu. Tng khe nt sau mt thi gian pht trin n mt mc ti hn s tin ti n nh. Khi ng sut s chuyn sang tp trung cc khe nt bn cnh v nhng khe nt ny, n lt mnh li tip tc pht trin. Sau mt thi gian, nhng khe nt ny s kt ni vi nhau dng bc thang cho n khi gy v xy ra. Cc khe nt pht trin rng khp trong mu lm sc bn gim dn trong khi th tch mu n ra. Qu trnh pht trin ca khe nt gy ra nhng vi chn ng hay bc x sng m c th pht hin c bng cc tai t gn ln mu vt. ~ Khe nt Griffith ~ tiu chun sc bn Griffith v bin dng ko 1131 grooving tool thit b to rnh, xai rnh. Thit b th nghim c dng trong th nghim xc nh trng thi gii hn ca t. 1133 ground

t, t nn. Nh soil. 1134 ground behaviour hnh vi, phn ng ca nn di tc ng ca ngoi lc. T ng ngha: ground reaction, ground response. 1135 ground characteristic line ng c trng ca nn t, . ng cong biu din hnh vi, phn ng ca nn t, di tc ng ca ngoi lc. Trn c s , c th xc nh c thi gian lp dng v tr lc cn thit t c n nh cn thit ca nn t, . 1136 ground condition iu kin, c im nn t, . 1137 ground convergence dch chuyn hi t, hng tm ca t, . Xung quanh hm, l khi o. 1138 ground heave tri nn. Phn ng tri ln ca nn t do vic khai o gii phng ng sut theo chiu thng ng. 1139 ground improvement ci thin nn t . Cc bin php gia c, ci thin tnh cht c l ca t , tng cng kh nng chu ti ca chng. 1140 ground movement chuyn dch nn t . T ng ngha: ground displacement. 1141 ground reaction Xem ground response, ground behaviour. 1142 ground response ~ time-dependent phn ng, hnh vi ca nn t . Xem Ground behaviour. ~ ph thuc thi gian ca t . 1143 ground settlement ~ differential

ln, st. Hin tng mt t h thp cao i cng vi qu trnh c kt, lm cht dn ca t . C th so snh vi ground subsidence, tuy mc thp hn. Ln lch, ln khng u. 1144 ground surface motion due to blasting Rung ng, chn ng, chuyn ng, chuyn dch ca mt t do n mn. 1145 ground treatment x l t, x l nn mng. 1146 ground-support interaction tng tc nn-tr lc. T tng t: rock-support interaction. 1147 groundwater ~ conditions ~ flow ~ influence of, on stability, in plane failure nc ngm, nc di t. iu kin/c im nc ngm Dng nc ngm nh hng ca nc ngm ti n nh ca mi dc, trong kiu ph hy mi dc vi mt trt phng. 1148 groundwater level cao mc nc ngm, cao nc ngm. Xem piezometric level. 1149 groundwater lowering H mc nc ngm, ht nc gim mc nc ngm. Xem dewatering, unwatering. 1150 groundwater table cao b mt nc ngm, cao nc ngm di mt t thin nhin, mt nc ngm . Xem water table, phreatic surface. 1151 group index ch s nhm. 1152 grout curtain, grouted cut - off

Bm pht to thnh mng, thnh tng trong t, bm pht to thnh mng chng thm 1153 grout grouting ~ for rockbolts and dowels Bm phun, bm pht x l nn, x l khe nt trong , x l chng thm qua nn hoc thn . Bm pht (nha ng, ximng, ha cht, dung dch st v.v. Bm pht chng thm hoc gia c t . ~ Bm pht va xi mng trong khoan bt, tr lc bng neo, vt, cht . 1154 gunite b tng phun, va xi mng. 1155 gypsum thch cao. 1156 hair crack vt nt nh. 1157 half-heading method of roadway formation Phng php thi cng hm l giao thng trong gng l c o lun phin tng na mt, xen gia vi o v a cht, lp dng tr lc. Thng c p dng nhng ni iu kin t khng thun li, hoc ng knh hm l qu ln, khng cho php khoan o ton b gng l mt lc. 1158 halfspace n bn khng gian. Nn t thng c m hnh ha thnh bn khng gian vi cc lp t l v tn. Xem semi-infinite solid. 1159 hand - operated, manual cm nang, s tay hng dn s dng. 1160 hanging valley thung lng treo. Thung lng bm dnh v b treo vo cc khi , vch ni... 1161 hanging wall

tng treo, vch treo. 1162 hangingwall caving, subsidence associated with Khai o, khai thc pha cnh treo (ca t gy, thn qung v.v...) St ln lin quan vi ~. 1163 hard - metal bit u mi khoan bng kim loi c ti luyn v c cng cao. 1164 hard rock rn chc. a) Thut ng s dng mt cch khng cht ch ch loi ngun bin cht hoc ni la phn bit vi trm tch. b) Loi c tnh chng chu xi mn tng i cao. c) Loi i hi phi khoan hoc n mn di chuyn i phc v mc ch kinh t. d) Thut ng s dng mt cch khng cht ch ca th khoan ch trm tch trc Crta v phi khoan vi tc tng i chm v nhn li khoan c th bit c ngay su ca . Xem soft rock. 1165 hardness (of meterials or rock) cng (ca t, , qung, khong vt). cng, cng ca vt liu hoc ca . 1166 hardness (of water) cng , cng ca nc 1167 hardpan Khi t c tnh cht xi mng ha, c bn chc 1168 harmonic extraction Khai thc mt cch c k hoch, hi ha. 1169 head head (of water) u, phn trn, pha trn (ca ct nc), gng (hm l). Chiu cao ct nc, p lc ct nc, ti trng thy tnh 1170 head (ok) u ca khi t.

1171 header pipe ng thu nc, ng c u thu, u ng. 1172 heading Rnh o kho st t, rnh o kim tra o h mng. 1173 headrace - channel knh dn nc vo. 1174 heal (of a dam) Chn p pha thng lu. 1175 heave S nng trn mt t, s y tri b mt t do o h mng hoc ng cc. 1176 heave Nng tri mt t, y h o do gim ti trng tc dng bn trn t. 1177 heaving (as in "heaving soil") Nng tri t, trong n dt. 1178 height of capillary rise chiu cao ct nc mao dn. Chiu cao ct nc c nng ln do tc ng ca lc mao dn. 1179 helical auger Khoan xon, mi khoan c dng xon. 1180 hemispherical (stereographic) projection contouring ~ contouring net ~ determination of the line of intersection of two planes ~ equal angle projection ~ equal area projection ~ great circle

~ projection of ~ identification of failure modes of rigid blocks ~ Lambert projection ~ lower hemisphere projection ~ polar net ~ poles ~ projection of ~ representation of in-situ stress ~ rotation about an inclined axis ~ Smidth projection ~ small circles ~ Wulff projection php chiu bn cu (lp th). Phng php biu th v phn tch mi quan h ba chiu gia cc mt phng v ng thng trn biu hai chiu. Mt phng c biu th bng mt ng trn (gi l ng trn ln, l giao tuyn gia mt phng v mt hnh cu c tm nm trn mt phng ) v cc (l giao im gia hnh cu v mt ng thng i qua tm hnh cu, vung gc vi mt phng ni trn). Do ng trn ln v cc mt phng u xut hin trn c hai bn cu trn v di nn ch cn mt bn cu l biu th v x l cc s liu cu trc. Ty theo loi bi ton (v nhiu khi, Ty theo c s thch, thi quen ca ngi s dng) c th dng na bn cu di hoc trn. Php chiu lp th cho php biu th cc ng trn ln v cc trn mt mt phng. Ty theo mt phng ny ng hoc nm ngang m ta c php chiu ng gc (Wulff) hoc ng din (Lambert hoc Schmidt). Php chiu ng gc c u im trong vic gii mt s bi ton k thut trong khi php chiu ng din li thun li trong vic phn tch cc s liu v hng gin on. ~ v ng ng mc ~ li ng mc ~ xc nh giao tuyn gia hai mt phng ~ php chiu ng gc ~ php chiu ng din ~ ng trn ln ~ hnh chiu ca ng trn ln ~ xc nh kiu ph hy ca cc khi cng bng php chiu cu lp th ~ php chiu Lambert, php chiu ng din. ~ php chiu lp th dng bn cu di ~ li cc ~ cc ~ im, php chiu cc cc ~ biu din trng ng sut hin trng bng php chiu cu lp th ~ s, php quay quanh mt trc nghing ~ php chiu Smidth, php chiu ng din ~ vng trn nh ~ php chiu Wulff, php chiu ng gc 1181 heterogeneous khng ng nht.

Nn t bao gm cc lp t c dc tnh khc nhau (ct, st, ct bi....) 1182 heterogeneous stress field trng ng sut khng ng nht. Xem stress field. 1183 high tensile bolt bu lng cng cao. 1184 hill creep trt l i. S chuyn ng chm ca sn i dc do nh hng ca trng trng, t tri xung phn thp, trng, thung lng. y l yu t quan trng ph hoi sn i trong qu trnh t gy nh vng ni Alpes. 1185 hoek-Brown empirical strength (failure) criterion ~ application of tiu chun sc bn (ph hy) thc nghim ca Hoek-Brown ~ p dng 1186 hollow cylinder test th nghim vi mu hnh ng. L mt bin th ca th nghim nn ba trc i xng. Ngi ta khoan chnh tm bn trong mt li khoan hnh tr to nn mt mu hnh ng. Gia ti c th t bn trong, bn ngoi ng hoc dc trc, t c th nghin cu nhiu trng thi v qu o ng sut nh bin dng phng dc trc (axial plane strain), tng hoc gim ng sut trung bnh cho n khi gy v, kt hp cc trng thi ko, ct v nn v.v... Tuy nhin, cn xc nh phn b ng sut trn c s l thuyt n hi, v phn b ng sut nhn chung khng ng nht tr khi thnh ng mng v l loi ht mn. Ngoi ra, vic xc nh thi im ph hy kh kh dn n kh khn trong x l kt qu. 1187 homogeneous ng nht. t nn ng nht, t nn bao gm mt lp t c cc c tnh ging nhau. 1188 homogeneous zones i ng nht. 1189 honeycomb structure kt cu dng t ong. 1190 Hookes law

nh lut Hooke. Xc nh quan h ng nht, ng hng, n hi, tuyn tnh gia ng sut v bin dng. 1191 horizon (geol.) B mt ngang phn chia cc lp t. 1192 horizon (soil) B mt ngang ca nn t. 1193 horizontal displacement chuyn v ngang. 1194 horizontal drains cng, rnh, ng thot nc nm ngang. 1195 horizontal force on a roof prism Lc tc ng theo chiu ngang ln mt khi lng tr trn vm mi (hm, l). 1196 horizontal stress ng sut theo chiu ngang. Xem stress. 1197 humid room phng m. Phng bo dng mu t duy tr mt m c nh theo yu cu k thut 1198 humidity m ca t, hm lng nc trong t 1199 hybrid computational schemes s tnh ton kt hp. Gia hai phng php s tr, th d phn t hu hn v phn t bin, nhm pht huy c nhng u im v gim bt nhc im ca mi phng php, gp phn lm cho cng vic tnh ton nhanh, hiu qu hn. 1200 hydraulic conductivity dn thy lc. 1201 hydraulic diaphragm transducers

B chuyn i da trn nguyn l mng chn thy lc. 1202 hydraulic fill Khi t p thy lc, khi t p c tc dng cn bng vi p lc nc 1203 hydraulic gradient gradient thy lc, dc thy lc. chnh p lc nc ti hai im. 1206 hydraulic pressure cells bung, ngn, gian p sut thy lc. 1207 hydraulic props thit b, linh kin, chi tit thy lc. 1208 hydraulic test on preexisting fissures (HTPF method) Th nghim bm p nc l khoan ln cc khe nt sn c (phng php HTPF). Xem stress measurement methods. 1209 hydraulic-fill dam p t bi. 1210 hydrodynamic ng lc hc thy lc. Tc ng ng lc hc ca dng chy. 1211 hydrodynamic lag s tr thy ng lc. 1212 hydrofracturing s, th nghim bn p nc. S, th nghim bm p nc (hoc cht lng khc) to ra cc khe nt, trn c s o trng ng sut v mt s tnh cht (nh sc bn, bin dng) ca t . Xem stress measurement methods. 1213 hydrologic cycle chu k thy vn. 1214

hydrolysis thy phn. 1215 hydrometer analysis phn tch thnh phn ht t bng th nghim thy lc. Xem grain size analysis. 1216 hydrometer, areometer Dng c o t trng cht lng, t trng k. ng th nghim, dng c th nghim dung trng t v thnh phn ht t 1217 hydrostatic thy tnh. p lc thy tnh ca nc, p lc tnh ca ct nc trong t 1218 hydrostatic components of stress thnh phn ng sut thy tnh. Thnh phn thy tnh ca trng ng sut, nh nhau theo mi hng. 1219 hydrostatic compression test th nghim nn thy tnh. L th nghim nn trong c ba ng sut chnh thnh phn u bng nhau. Khi qu o ng sut nm dc theo ng cho ca khng gian ng sut vi 1 = 2 = 3. cng chc hu nh c th chu c nn p thy tnh rt ln m khng b gy v. Trong khi , mt s xp hn nh phn vi, than xp, lava pumice, ni la phong ha v.v... c th b p li do cu trc khung xng ca chng b ph hy. Do p sut nn p cao, mu thng c cho vo ng, hp kim loi kn trc khi vo cht lng ca bung p sut. Trn mu thng c gn bin dng k xc nh nn p cng nh thi im chy do hoc gy v. Xem triaxial compression test. 1220 hydrostatic equilibrium cn bng thy tnh. 1221 hydrostatic state of stress trng thi ng sut thy tnh. 1222 hydrostatic stress field ~ energy changes accompanying excavation of a spherical cavity Trng ng sut thy tnh ~ bin i nng lng trong khai o to khong khng hnh cu 1223

hysteresis ~ loop S, hin tng tr. ~ng cong tiu tn nng lng, m t s phn tn nng lng 1224 ice layer Lp do ng bng to nn 1225 ice lens Lp mng do ng bn gto nn 1226 ignition loss lng mt khi nung Lng vt cht b mt do th nghim nung 1228 Illite khong vt st. Xem aluminum octahedron. 1229 impermeable, impervious khng thm nc. Lp t, c h s thm nh th d nh t st. Nh imperrious 1230 in situ ti ch, ti hin trng 1231 inclination of failure plane, critical gc, nghing ti hn ca mt trt. 1232 inclined axis, rotation about php, s quay quanh trc nghing. 1233 inclined plane, shearing on ph hy ct theo mt trt nghing. 1234 inclinometer thit b o nghing. Thit b xc nh s dch chuyn ngang ca cc lp t, mi dc... 1235

inclusions bao th. Tinh th, khong vt, cht (thng c ngun gc mcma, nhit dch) vi iu kin kt tinh, thnh to khc (thng c nhit , p sut thnh to, kt tinh thp hn) vi mi trng vt cht bao quanh chng. 1236 incompetent (of rocks or foundation soil) Lp t v c cng cao v tnh bin dng nh. 1237 incomplete closure s ng, khp li khng kn, khng ht. Ni v cc khe nt, vi khe nt, hnh thnh v pht trin di tc ng ca ti trng, cng vi bin dng vnh cu. Sau khi d ti, do bin dng vnh cu trn m chng khng th ng, khp kn li nh trc c na. 1238 increment s tng trng. 1239 index ch s, th d ch s do ca t. 1240 index liquid ch s lng. 1241 indirect formulation of the boundary element method Php, cch xy dng thut ton, li gii phng php phn t bin mt cch gin tip. Xem Computational methods of stress analysis. 1242 indirect tensile strength test th nghim ko gin tip. Th nghim gin tip xc nh sc bn ko ca t, . Trong trng ng sut hai trc (3 = 0), thng b gy v khi ng sut t n gi tr sc bn ko n trc ca chng ngay c khi mt trong hai ng sut chnh l ng sut ko cn ng sut kia l ng sut nn, vi iu kin l ng sut nn lun nh hn 1/3 ng sut ko. iu ny cho php xc nh sc bn ko ca bng nhng on li khoan khng cn gia cng v bng thit b cht ti n gin kiu nh th nghim cht ti Brazin. Xem Brazilian test. C hai c im v cng l hn ch ca phng php ny. l ng sut ko cc i bin i khng ng nht trong mu, khng ging nh trong th nghim ko trc tip, v phi tin hnh tnh ton trn c s cc gi thit n hi. Thuc h cc th nghim ko gin tip c th nghim cht ti Brazin, th nghim cht ti im, th nghim cht ti dm un v.v... 1243

individual footing mng n, mng ring l. 1244 induced stresses in slopes ng sut sinh ra trong mi dc di tc dng ca ngoi lc. 1245 indurated c lm cng do c tc ng ca xi mng. 1246 inert aggregate ct liu tr. 1247 inertial force lc qun tnh. 1248 infilling of discontinuities vt cht lp nht khe nt. Xem discontinuities. 1249 infiltrate thm thu. Th d nc thm thu qua cc l rng ca t 1250 infiltration capacity kh nng thm. Tc thm thu mc gii hn hoc mc ti a. Thut ng ny c coi nh t ng ngha c ca infiltration rate. K hiu: f. 1251 infiltration coefficient h s thm. T l gia mc thm v lng ma mt loi t c th trong iu kin c th. 1252 infiltration rate t sut thm. Tc hp th nc ma hoc bng tan ca mt loi t trong iu kin c th, biu th bng su ca nc thm xung trong mt n v thi gian (cm/s hoc in./h). T ng ngha: infiltration velocity. Xem thm: infiltration capacity. 1253 infiltration water nc thm. T ng ngha khng chnh xc lm ca free water.

1254 infinite slope ~ c-* soil ~ dry sand ~ submerged mi dc v hn. iu kin gi thit xy dng thut ton v tnh n nh ca mt mi dc vi chiu di theo ng phng tng i ln hn nhiu so vi chiu rng theo hng cm. ~ Mi dc v hn trong t c-* (t c c sc bn dnh kt ln sc bn ma st) ~ Mi dc v hn trong ct kh ~ Mi dc v hn ngp nc 1255 infinitesimal strain bin dng cc nh, bin dng vi phn. 1256 influence functions for the description of surface subsidence Hm nh hng m t st ln b mt. 1257 influence of stress rate nh hng ca tc gia ti (gy ng sut). Hay gp trong cc vn liu trnh by v th nghim mu t, , trong sc bn, kh nng bin dng ca mu c th ph thuc vo tc gia ti. Tc gia ti cao thng cho kt qu sc bn ln v bin dng nh. Do vy, khi m t, trnh by th nghim v kt qu th nghim, cn ch ra tc gia ti. c c cc kt qu th nghim thng nht, c th tham kho ln nhau, cc hip hi th gii (v c hc t, v.v...) thng ngh nn tin hnh th nghim mt tc gia ti nht nh, hay gp nht trong thc t. 1258 initial (state of) stress ng sut ban u. L mt thng s rt quan trng cn bit khi thi cng cng trnh, nht l cc cng trnh ln v cng trnh ngm. Trng thi ng sut ban u ca t ph thuc vo qu o ng sut m t tri qua trong sut lch s pht trin ca chng. 1260 initial consolidation c kt ban u, c kt tc th. C kt do thot nc t khi t. S gim t ngt v th tch ca khi t ch yu do gim th tch ca phn kh trong cc l rng ca khi t trc khi xy ra c kt s cp. 1261 inorganic v c, khng c tnh hu c. Khng c thnh phn hu c trong t, khng c c tnh hu c, khng ln hu c trong t 1262 inplace

ti hin trng, ti ch. Ni v cc th nghim ti hin trng, cc phng php xc nh c tnh ca t v ti hin trng, khng ly mu v phng th nghim. Xem insitu. 1263 in-situ density T trng ti ch. T trng ca mt n v nc o c ti su thc t ca nc. Xem thm: potential density. 1264 in-situ state of stress

~ compatibility with structural features ~ factors influencing ~ measurement of ~ presentation of ~ results of trng thi ng sut hin trng. Thng v rt cn, c xc nh trc, trong v sau khi thi cng cng trnh. Trng thi ng sut hin trng l tng vc t ca ng sut ban u (initial stress) v ng sut kch thch (induced stress) do vic thi cng cng trnh gy ra. Trng thi ng sut hin trng thng c xc nh bng cch o trc tip trong cc l khoan hoc ng hm bng mt s phng php nh overcoring, undercoring, slotting stress meter, hydraulic fracturing, sleeve fracturing, flat jack v.v... Tnh tng ng, tng hp ca ~ vi cc c im cu trc Cc yu t nh hng n ~ Vic, cng tc o ~ Biu din ~ Kt qu o ~. 1265 in-situ testing ~ cone penetrometer test ~ field permeability ~ plate bearing test ~ standard penetration test ~ vane shear test th nghim hin trng. Th Th Th Th Th nghim nghim nghim nghim nghim xuyn tnh hin trng xc nh thm thu hin trng cht ti bn nn hin trng xuyn ng, xuyn tiu chun, SPT ct cnh hin trng.

1266 instrumented drilling khoan quan trc. Khoan c lp t cc thit b quan trc, o c. 1267 intact soil/rock t/ nguyn trng/dng, nguyn vn, nguyn khai 1268 intake structure for water kt cu p chn nc. 1269 intergranular pressure p lc l rng, p lc l rng ca nc gia cc ht t. Xem effective pressure. 1270 interlocking a) S ci, kha ln nhau. b) S lin kt gia cc ht t. Ni v khe nt tch vi nhm ln tng i so vi chiu rng ca n, c th to nn cc rng, to nn hiu ng ci kha ln nhau, tng thm sc khng trt ca khe nt. 1271 interlocks of sheet piling Lin kt gia cc vn c thp bo v h o, bo v mi dc 1272 internal drainage thot nc ni b. Thot nc trn mt t, nhng nc khng chy ra ti bin m ch ti mt vng trng nht hoc vng trung tm ca mt lu vc. Hin tng ny thng xy ra nhng vng kh cn hoc bn kh cn. T phn ngha: external drainage: that nc ngoi vi. Xem thm: centripetal drainage pattern. T ng ngha: interior drainage, inland drainage, closed drainage, endorheism. 1273 internal erosion xi mn ngm, xi mn t t bn trong. 1274 internal friction lc ni ma st, ma st trong. i lng, cng vi lc dnh kt, biu th sc chng ct ca t di tc dng ca ngoi lc. Lc ni ma st ti b mt ph hy ti hn t l thun vi ng sut php tuyn do ngoi lc sinh ra trn b mt . Xem: cohesion. 1275 internal work in finite element method

ni cng. Cng o do ng sut trong t sinh ra di tc dng ca ngoi lc. Khi nim ni cng, i vi ngoi cng, dng xy dng thut ton trong phng php phn t hu hn. Xem external work. 1276 international Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Standardization of Laboratory and Field Tests Hip hi c hc quc t, tiu ban xy dng cc tiu chun th nghim trong phng v hin trng. 1277 international system of units (SI) h thng n v quc t SI. 1278 interpolation functions hm ni suy. 1279 intersection of two planes giao tuyn gia hai mt phng. 1280 intraformational shears trt, ct gia tng. S, hin tng trt, ct gia tng (t, , thnh h a cht). 1281 intrinsis curve Vng trn Mohr tim cn vi ng bao ph hoi t. c xc nh xc nh cng t trng thi gii hn 1282 inundation lt, ngp. 1283 invariants of stress cc i lng bt bin ca ng sut. 1284 ion exchange trao i in. 1285 irrigation ti tiu.

Ti tiu nc trong thy li. 1286 irrigation ditch mng ti tiu. 1287 isochromatic ng sc. 1288 isolated foundation Mng n, mng c lp. Nh isolated footing. 1289 isomorphous substitution thay th ng hnh. 1290 isopachs ng ng dy. ng minh ho dy thc ca mt a tng. Ngi ta xy dng cc bn ng dy ch ra s phn b v chiu dy ca mt phn v a tng no , c khi ch l mt tp ct dy vi mt, nhng cng c khi l c mt phn v a tng gm nhiu tp t, , dy hng km. Bn ng dy rt c ch trong vic xc nh bi cnh kin to phn v a tng hnh thnh. Th d, hnh thi ca mt b trm tch, v tr ca ng b bin, cc khu vc nng, v trong mt vi trng hp, bin nng v mc xi mn, c th nhn bit c bng cch o v nhng bin i v dy ca mt phn v a tng no . 1291 isostasy s, tnh ng tnh. 1292 isotropic ng hng. c nhng tnh cht nh nhau theo cc hng khc nhau. 1293 jack kch thy lc. S dng kch thy lc nng vt nng hoc p cc. 1295 Janbu's modified method of slices Phng php lt ct ci tin ca Janbu (dng trong tnh n nh ca mi dc). 1296 jet bm pht

Phun nc di p lc cao, bm pht dung dch di p lc x l nn 1297 jetty bridge cu tu. 1298 joint

~ Joint set ~ Joint system khe nt. L c im cu trc ph bin nht trong v thng c ngha nht v mt a k thut. Khe nt l nhng nt n a cht nhng khng km theo cc du hiu dch chuyn c th thy c dc theo chng. Mt nhm khe nt song song vi nhau thng c gi l h khe nt. Cc h khe nt giao ct nhau lm thnh h thng khe nt trong . Chng c th m, b lp y hoc c hn gn li. Khe nt c th hnh thnh song song vi mt phn lp, phn phin hoc th ch v khi thng c gi l cc khe nt phn lp, phn phin hoc th ch. i khi chng c chia ra thnh khe nt ct v tch v lin h vi mt trng ng sut kin to no . Khe nt ct chy song song vi t gy v cc i dp v, dch trt. Khe nt tch chy vung gc vi hng ca trc ng sut chnh cc tiu. ~ H khe nt ~ H thng khe nt. Xem discontinuities. 1299 joint compressive strength, estimation of xc nh sc bn nn ca khe nt. 1300 joint contour plot th mt khe nt. Biu din mt khe nt bng cc ng ng mc, ng ng tr. 1301 joint dip, joint dip direction hng cm khe nt. 1302 joint

Mi ni, imtip xc, im ni gia hai phn t t hoc 1304 joint pole plot th cc khe nt. Biu din cc khe nt bng cc ca chng trong php chiu lp th. 1305 joint roughness coefficient (JRC) h s nhm. x x ca khe nt (JRC). H s do Barton v Choubey xut biu din sc bn ca b mt khe nt. 1306 joint set, joint set number h khe nt, s h khe nt. 1307 joints in the specimen, and scale effect khe nt trong mu v hiu ng kch thc (quy m). Ty theo kch thc quy m ca trng t ang xem xt m ngi ta c th c nhng kt lun rt khc nhau v tnh nguyn trng, lin khi ca mu hay mc pht trin, tnh lin tc, s h khe nt v cc c im khc ca chng. Chng hn, mt mu nh dng tin hnh th nghim trong phng c th khng c khe nt (nhn thy c bng mt thng). quy m ln hn, c th thy ton b cc h khe nt vi y cc c im ca chng. 1308 Kaiser effect hiu ng Kaiser. Xem stress measurement methods: Kaiser effect. 1309 kaoline Mt loi t st vi thnh phn ch yu l khang vt kaolinite, khang vt st 1310 karst features c im karst. Nhng c im a cht c trng cho mi trng vi v cc thnh to ccbont khc, nh a hnh cacxt, hang ng cacxt, c im a cht thy vn cacxt v.v... 1311 kentledge H dm v i trng c s dng trong th nghim nn tnh cc s dng kch thy lc 1312 kinematics ng hc. L mt nhnh ca c hc, nghin cu v chuyn ng ca vt cht m khng xem xt ti nguyn nhn hoc lc gy ra n. 1313

kinetic energy nng lng ng lc. Xem kinetics. 1314 kinetics (=dynamics) ng lc hc. L mt nhnh ca c hc, nghin cu v lc, nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn ng ca vt cht. 1315 Kirsch equations phng trnh Kirsh. H phng trnh do Kirsch xut v cc mi quan h ng sut-bin dng, tnh cht c l t , tr lc v.v..., trong bi ton khai o mt ng hm tit din trn trong mi trng t n hi, ng nht, tuyn tnh. 1316 laboratory investigation, - test programme th nghim trong phng, kho st trong phng. 1317 laboratory strength test data, analysis of Phn tch kt qu th nghim trong phng v sc bn t . 1318 Ladanyi-Archambault equations Phng trnh thc nghim biu din sc bn ct ca khe nt trong do Ladanyi v Archambault xut (19..), trong cc tc gi c gng gn cho cc thng s thc nghim mt s ngha vt l nht nh, nh t l gia din tch pht trin khe nt v din tch nguyn trng v.v... 1319 lag Lm chm, lm ng cng chm, lm chm tc dng ca ph gia, lm chm s ng cng ca xi mng 1320 lag bolt bu lng bt g. 1321 lagging (foundation eng.) thanh chng bo v h o. 1322 lagging (general eng.) lp cch nhit. 1323

lambert projection php chiu Lambert, php chiu ng din. Xem hemispherical stereographic projection.see equal-area projections 1324 Lames constants``

~ equations hng s Lame. Tng t Hooke, Lame cng xy dng mi quan h ng sut bin dng ca vt liu, s dng mt s hng s mang tn ng. Nhng hng s ny c quan h v c th suy ra c t mt s hng s khc c dng ph bin hn, nh h s n hi Young, E, v h s Poisson, . Phng trnh Lame. 1325 lamina lp c bn, lp c dng phng, lp mng. 1326 laminar c dng phng , mng. 1327 laminated (structure) kt cu c dng phng v mng. 1328 lamination s phn lp c dng phng. 1329 land subsidence st ln t. t b ln trn din tch ln, t b ln do h mc nc ngm, do b sp hang ngm, sp hm l. 1330 land uplift t b nng ln, t b y tri ln. 1331 landfill bi thi. Bi rc, cht thi v cc vn t , lp y dn mt khong trng c sn hay c to nn ring cho mc ch rc. 1332 landfill (sanitary ~) bi thi y t.

Bi thi rc y t, rc bnh vin. 1333 landslide trt t. Thut ng bao trm nhiu dng chuyn ng ca t do dc, s vn chuyn, trng lc ca khi t hoc nguyn trng. Thng thng, t chuyn ng trong mt vng tng i hn ch hoc theo b mt t gy. Tnh cht ca a im, cu trc v cht liu c nh hng ti sc khng chu i vi t gy, do dn n rt nhiu hnh thi, tc , dng thc v quy m trt. Trc, trong v sau khi trt thng c hin tng nt dc theo mt trt v bn trong khi trt. Thut ng ch loi hnh trt thng cn c vo loi hnh t hoc qu trnh trt, th d l , trt tnh tin, trt c khi, l c khi, bn tri, chy, st, ln v.v.. T ng ngha: landsliding, slide, landslip. 1334 landslide (features and dimensions of ~) cc c im v quy m trt l t. 1335 landslide accumulation khi t tch t. Phn t trt nm trn mt t ban u. 1336 landslide breccia dm kt trt t. Dm kt b v vn v tp hp li do trng lc, nh l hoc ln. 1337 landslide crown m khi trt. Phn t nguyn th trn cng, bn trn vch trt chnh, nm ngoi khi trt v khng b l ra do trt t. 1338 landslide depleted mass khi mt t. Phn t trt nm trn mt trt nhng nm di mt t ban u. 1339 landslide depletion khi t mt. Phn bao bi vch trt chnh, khi mt t v mt t ban u. 1340 landslide depth of rupture surface, Dr su mt trt. su nht ca mt trt di mt t ban u, o vung gc vi mt phng cha Wr v Lr. Tc chiu rng v chiu di khi trt. 1341 landslide depth of the displaced mass, Dd su khi trt . su nht ca khi trt, o vung gc vi mt phng cha Wd v Ld.

1342 landslide displaced material vt liu trt, khi trt. Phn t b trt khi v tr ban u ca n do chuyn ng trt. 1343 landslide flank cnh, bin khi trt. Phn t nguyn th hai bn mt trt. 1344 landslide foot chn khi trt. Phn khi trt chm qu chn mt trt. 1345 landslide head u khi trt. ng tip xc trn cng gia khi trt v vch trt chnh, i qua nh khi trt. 1346 landslide length of displaced mass chiu di khi trt. Khong cch ngn nht t mt chn ti nh khi trt. 1347 landslide length of rupture surface chiu di mt trt LD. Khong cch ngn nht t chn mt trt ti m trt. 1348 landslide main body thn khi trt. Phn khi trt nm trn mt trt. 1349 landslide main scarp vch trt chnh. Mt dc ng ca phn t khng b trt, bn trn khi trt. 1350 landslide minor scarp vch trt ph. Mt dc ng l ra trong phm vi khi trt, do chuyn dch chnh lch gia cc phn ca khi trt gy ra. 1351 landslide original ground surface mt t ban u. 1352 landslide rates and types of movements Tc trt l t v cc dng chuyn dch 1353

landslide shear surface mt trt. Slip surface. 1354 landslide surface of rupture mt trt. Mt y ca khi trt. 1355 landslide surface of separation mt phn tch. t t ban u nay b ph bi chn khi trt. 1356 landslide tip mt chn khi trt. im nm trn mp chn khi trt, xa nht k t nh khi trt. 1357 landslide toe mp chn khi trt. ng vin thp nht ca khi trt, i qua mt chn khi trt. 1358 landslide toe of surface of rupture mp di ca mt trt. Giao tuyn gia phn thp ca mt trt vi mt t ban u. 1359 landslide top nh khi trt. im tip xc cao nht gia khi trt v vch trt chnh. 1360 landslide total length chiu di tng. Khong cch nh nht t mt chn khi trt ti m trt. 1361 landslide width of displaced mass, Wd chiu rng khi trt. Chiu ngang ln nht ca khi trt, vung gc vi chiu di Ld. 1362 landslide width of rupture surface, Wr chiu rng mt trt. Chiu ngang ln nht gia hai bin, vung gc vi chiu di Lr. 1363 landslide zone of accumulation i tch t. i trong khi trt nm cao hn mt t ban u. 1364 landslide zone of depletion

i mt t. i trong khi trt nm thp hn mt t ban u. 1365 landsliding trt t. S trt t t trn xung. ng thi trt t t trn xung. 1366 landslip trt t. T ng ngha vi landslide. Ngi Anh hay dng. 1367 lateral pressure ~ active ~ at rest ~ backfill material ~ Culmanns construction ~ line loads ~ passive ~ stratified backfill ~ submerged backfill ~ surcharge loads ~ yield conditions p lc, p sut bn (hng). p lc, p sut bn ch ng p lc, p sut bn trng thi ngh p lc, p sut bn do t lp, t p sinh ra Biu din p lc bn bng phng php ho ca Culmann p lc, p sut bn, do cht ti theo tuyn to nn p lc, p sut bn b ng p lc, p sut bn do vt liu san lp theo lp sinh ra p lc, p sut bn do vt liu san lp ngp nc sinh ra p lc, p sut bn do ph ti sinh ra iu kin bin dng do do p lc, p sut bn sinh ra. 1368 lateral strain indicator thit b o bin dng ngang. 1369 lateral yield bin dng chy do ngang. Bin dng chy do bn hng, theo chiu ngang, theo chiu vung gc vi chiu gia ti. 1370 laterite t laterit.

1371 Laubschers geomechanical classification scheme h phn loi a c Laubscher. H phn loi khi do Laubscher ngh trn c s ci tin h phn loi a c ca Bieniawski chuyn p dng cho khai thc m hm l. 1372 leakage mt nc, thm, r nc. 1373 lean clay t st c do thp. 1374 least count s m cc tiu. 1375 levee bo v. Xem dyke. 1376 level (instrument) Thit b o cao . 1377 level (mining) ng hm ngang trong l. 1378 level o cao , o cao a hnh mt t. 1380 levelling rod mia, cc mia. Thc xc nh cao. 1381 lightweight aggregate ct liu nh. 1382 lime content hm lng vi. 1383

lime vi sng. 1384 lime stabilization n nh, gia c t bng vi. Xem soil stabilization, admixtures. 1385 limestone and related carbonate rocks vi v cc loi cacbonat khc. Loi trm tch ch yu c ngun gc ha-sinh. 1386 limestone vi. 1387 limestone quarry face, stability of, investigation of mt, gng khai thc m vi. ~ nghin cu, kho st n nh ca 1388 limit equilibrium analysis ~ of chimney caving ~ of longwall failure ~ of toppling on stepped base phn tch trng thi cn bng ti hn.

~ Phn tch khai o, khai thc qung dng l dc (dng ng khi) bng phng php cn bng ti hn ~ Phn tch ph hy xy ra trong l dc bng phng php cn bng ti hn ~ Phn tch ph hy kiu lt trn b mt ph hy dng bc bng phng php cn bng ti hn 1389 line load ti trng theo tuyn, theo ng. Ti trng tc ng theo ng thng ln mt phng ca mng, ti trng tng chu lc tc dng ln mng 1390 line load, stresses and displacements induced by ng sut v bin v do gia ti dng tuyn sinh ra 1391 line of intersection of two planes, determination of

Xc nh giao tuyn gia hai mt phng 1392 linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) B, thit b, dng c cm bin vi phn tuyn tnh (LVDT). 1393 lined borehole, cased H khoan c bo v thnh 1394 lining (of tunnel) Lp vt liu bo v ng hm, lp b tng bo v vch ng hm khng b st l. 1395 lining, support stiffness and support pressure for cng v p sut tr lc ca v, o hm l. 1396 liquefaction s ha lng. Hin tng vt liu (c bit l ct) phn ng nh mt cht lng di tc dng rt nhanh (gn nh tc thi) ca mt ngoi lc ln (th d ng t). 1397 liquid limit (see DEFINITIONS) gii hn lng. Xem Atterberg limits, A-line. Gii hn chy, hm lng nc ca mu t b xo trn c chuyn tip gia trng thi chy v trng thi do ca t, c xc nh t th nghim trong phng. 1398 liquid limit apparatus Thit b mang tn Casagrande xc nh gii hn ca t. 1399 liquidity index (see DEFINITIONS) ch s lng. Xem atterberg limits, a-line. Ch s chy ca t, c xc nh t m, gii hn do v ch s do ca t. 1400 lithostatic state of stress trng thi ng sut thch tnh. 1401 live load Ti trng ng, ti trng khc ti trng bn thn. Ti trng s dng, ti trng ng

1402 load ~ increment

~ unloading ~ convergence characteristics of a rock specimen ti trng. Bc gia ti, bc cht ti dn. Thng gp trong cc th nghim nn, cht ti trong phng th nghim hoc hin trng, trong ti trng c tng dn tng bc ln vt chu ti (mu t , mng cc v.v...) n khi ph hy xy ra hoc n khi t ti trng thit k. ~ d ti, th nghim d ti. ~ cc c im bin dng hi t (hng tm) ca mu chu ti 1403 load - settlement curve ng cong ti trng ln. th biu din quan h gia ti trng tc dng v ln 1404 load cell u o p lc, lc k. Nh load gauge. 1405 load test, loading test th nghim th ti. Th nghim tc dng ti trng ln cc nh gi sc chu ti ca cc. 1406 loader thit b gia ti, thit b cht ti. 1407 Load-haul-dump (LHD) draw system h thng khai thc qung bng ng gong. 1408 loading and unloading cycle chu k cht/ ti, gim ti. Th nghim gia ti v gim ti thc hin theo quy trnh th cc nhm xc nh bin dng do v bin dng n hi ti cc cp ti trng quan trng. 1409 loading berm b phn p, gim p. Khi t c p thm hn ch p lc y ni ca nc. Nh stabilizing berm. 1410 loading frame h gin thp gia ti.

1411 loam ct bi, st, ct ln vi vt liu hu c. 1412 loess t st yu, hong th. 1413 logging of core m t li khoan. o v li khoan. Xem core logging. 1414 log-spiral method phng php tng/gim lga. 1415 Londe factor of safety equation h s an ton Londe. H s Londe trong phng trnh xc nh , h s n nh, an ton. 1416 longitudinal ~ (P) wave velocity ~ sublevel caving ~ wave in a bar kinh tuyn, dc. Tc sng dc (sng P) Khai thc ngm bng l dc Sng dc trong mt thanh st 1417 long-term deformation bin dng di hn. 1418 long-term strength of shotcrete sc bn di hn ca va b tng phun. 1419 longwall mining methods ~ continuous subsidence caused by ~ in coal ~ in hard rock phng php khai thc qung l dc.

~ ln lin tc do khai thc l dc gy ra ~ m than ~ trong cng 1420 loose ri. Ni v ct ri, t c cht thp 1421 loosening s, hin tng ha ri. Hin tng bong, li lng, ri rc dn ca t gn b mt gim p (th d, gng, vch hm, l) do gii phng ng sut. 1422 loss of weight gim trng lng, mt ti. 1423 Love (L) wave sng Love (L). 1424 low water mc nc thp ca thy triu. Mc nc khi h thy triu. 1425 lower hemisphere projection php chiu lp th bn cu di. Xem hemispherical stereographic projection. 1426 lubricated platens tht, nn bi trn. a, bn nn c bi trn, gim hiu ng ma st hai u mu th nghim. 1427 Lugeon tests, see pumping tests th nghim Lugeon. Th nghim bm ht, p nc l khoan, xc nh cc c im thm thu, kh nng, cha nc ca t . 1428 macadam macadam. c s dng lm ng. 1429 made ground t p, t san lp. 1430

magnesian limestone vi dolomit. Nh dolomitic dolostone. 1432 major discontinuities, definition of nh ngha v gin on, t gy, khe nt chnh ch yu. 1433 major principal stress ng sut chnh cc i. ng sut chnh ln nht ca t hoc , c xc nh t cc th nghim tiu chun 1434 mandrel ng dn mandrel ng dn ng cc, th d thi cng cc Raymond. 1435 manometer u o p lc, ng h o p lc. Nh pressure gauge. 1436 mantle Mc, ngun th d mc nc ngm 1437 mapping of exposed surfaces ~ photographic o v cc din l t ~ bng phng php chp v x l nh 1438 marker bed Lp t c s, lp t so snh, lp t tham kho chnh, tng nh du 1439 Markland's test php th Markland. Php th nhm xc nh s b (ch da trn gc ni ma st) xem c kh nng xy ra trt phng trong hay khng, bng cch so snh gc ni ma st ca dc theo khe nt ang xem xt, gc dc ca khe nt v gc ca mi dc. 1440 marsh t m ly. t rt yu, t vng m ly. Nh fen, bog, muskeg. 1441 mat foundation mng b, mng bn.

Thng s dng cho mng nh vi iu kin t nn khng thun li, khng s dng c mng n hoc mng bng. 1442 material properties tnh cht (c l) ca vt liu. Th d cc tnh cht v sc bn (ct, un, ko v.v...), bin dng (h s n hi Young, h s Poisson), kh nng thm thu v.v... 1443 matrix ~ of elasticity ~ of strain ~ of stress ma trn. Tp hp c xp xp theo trt t nht nh nhm biu din mt i lng, thng s c hng no trong khng gian. ~ n hi ~ bin dng ~ ng sut 1444 matrix (geol.) Dng cu trc a cht cng trnh theo ma trn. 1445 Mean discontinuity spacing gin cch khe nt trung bnh. Gin cch trung bnh gia cc khe nt cng h. Thng s m t mt cch nh lng mt h khe nt no v cht lng, mc nt n ca khi . 1446 mechanical analysis phn tch c hc, c l. 1447 mechanical analysis of soil grain size ~ particle ~ Phn tch ch tiu c hc ca t ~ Phn tch thnh phn ht ca t nn. 1448 mechanical monitoring devices thit b quan trc c l. 1449 mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) t c gia c c hc.

Bng m ln, gia c vi a k thut, li thp v.v.... 1450 mechanics of blasting c hc n mn. B mn c hc nghin cu v cht n, hiu qu, nh hng ca n mn ti cc tnh cht c l ca t v ng dng k thut n mn trong xy dng dn dng, khai thc m v.v... 1451 mechanics of slope failure c hc ph hy mi dc. B mn c hc nghin cu v tnh cht c l ca t v cc mt gim yu trong chng, tham gia vo qu trnh ph hy mi dc, c ch ph hy mi dc cng nh cc bin php a k thut n nh mi dc. 1452 mechanism ~ of chimney caving ~ of sink hole formation c ch. ~ khai thc l ng dng ng khi ~ c ch thnh to h st. 1453 medium (as of grain size) c ht trung bnh. Kch thc c ht trung bnh ca t c xc nh t kt qu phn tch thnh phn ht t. 1454 melange (xem li ?) Thnh to do dch chuyn kin to (ch yu theo chiu ngang) cc thnh to hnh thnh t trc, khin cc thnh to c hn nm trn cc thnh to tr hn, gi tt l melange. 1455 mercury fulminate funminat thy ngn. 1456 mesa kt cu, kin trc "mesa". Dng kt cu mesa ca . 1457 mesh li. Li phn t phn tch bi ton c hc t, ; li thp, hoc li vt liu a k thut bo v mi dc hoc gia c nn. 1458 metamorphic bin cht.

1459 meteoric water nc kh quyn. 1460 method (boundary element ~, BEM) phng php phn t bin. Xem Computational method of stress analysis. 1461 method (distinct element ~, DEM) phng php phn t tch bit. Xem Computational method of stress analysis 1462 method (finite element ~, FEM) phng php phn t hu hn. Xem Computational method of stress analysis 1463 method (numerical ~) phng php s. M hnh ha bng phng php s tr. 1464 methods of stress analysis cc phng php phn tch ng sut. Cc phng php phn tch ng sut nhm tm hiu c im phn b trng ng sut trc khi tin hnh thi cng cng trnh, la chn a im thi cng ti u, d bo trc nhng phn ng, dch chuyn c th xy ra trong t trong v sau khi thi cng, v nh liu trc cc bin php gii quyt. Cc phng php phn tch ng sut bao gm xy dng cc m hnh vt l, n gin ha cc vn thc t gp trong v sau khi thi cng thnh cc bi ton n gin c th gii bng cc phng php gii tch, v m hnh ha bng cc phng php s nh phn t hu hn, phn t bin, phn t tch bit v.v. gii cc bi ton gii tch v s tr cn tho mn nhng iu kin nh: (1) iu kin bin, (2) phng trnh cn bng vi phn, (3) phng trnh cu thnh v hnh vi ca vt cht, v (4) phng trnh tng hp bin dng. Xem Computational method of stress analysis. 1465 mica mica. 1466 micaceous thuc v mica, c dc tnh ca mica. 1467 microfissure vi khe nt.

Khe nt nh, vi khe nt trong hoc t 1468 microseismic activity ~ monitoring of hot ng vi chn.

~ quan trc hot ng vi chn. 1469 mine design thit k m. Xem design. 1470 mineral khong vt. 1471 mining methods ~ artificially supported ~ influence of orebody properties on ~ naturally supported ~ selection of cc phng php khai thc. ~ tr lc nhn to ~ nh hng ca c im thn qung ti ~ tr lc t nhin ~ s la chn 1472 mining subsidence st ln do khai thc ngm. Ln st b mt t do o ng ngm khai thc m thng to nn do sp ng l. 1473 minor principal stress ng sut chnh cc tiu. ng sut chnh nh nht ca t hoc c xc nh t cc th nghim tiu chun. 1474 mix design for cement grout thit k cp phi trm xi mng. Thit k trn va xi mng phun (dng bt, trm cc khe nt, to mn chng thm v.v...) 1475 mix design process for shotcrete qu trnh thit k b tng phun. 1476 model test

th nghim m phng. Th nghim thng qua m hnh c thu nh v m phng bi ton trong phng th nghim. 1477 modeling m hnh ha. Xem Stress analysis, Computational methods of stress analysis. 1478 models ~ base friction ~ physical m hnh. ~ ma st y, ma st mt ph hy ~ vt l 1479 modes ~ of fracture ~ of operation of monitoring devices ~ of pillar failure ~ of rupture and yield in triaxial compression kiu, loi, cch thc, li, phng thc. ~ kiu, loi khe nt ~ phng thc hot ng ca cc thit b quan trc ~ phng thc ph hy tr m ~ phng thc ph hy v chy do trong nn ba trc 1480 modes of rupture and yield in triaxial compression kiu ph hy v bin dng do trong nn p ba trc. Khi ng sut bao quanh tng ln, n km hm s pht trin ca cc khe nt v iu ny lm sc bn ca mu tng ln ng k. C ch ph hy thay i Ty theo trng thi ng sut trong mu. Khng gian ng sut c th chia ra lm 5 vng vi cc kiu ph hy v bin dng do khc nhau. Vng I l vng ca ring ph hy ko, trong cc khe nt nm vung gc vi ng sut ko pht trin m rng trc tin. T lc bt u m rng, cc khe nt tr nn khng n nh v pht trin trong mt phng ring ca chng. Vng II l ni ph hy dng th ch dc trc, ch yu xy ra vi ng sut bao quanh thp. Cc khe nt nm nghing so vi ng sut chnh cc i 1, s pht trin trc tin mt cch khng n nh. Khe nt s cong dn tin ti song song vi trc 1. Trong ph vng IIa, ng sut vung gc vi khe nt ti hn s l ng sut ko, trong khi , ph vng IIb, n s l ng sut nn p. Vng III l vng ca ph hy ct gin. Trc , ng sut tp trung u mt khe nt s ln vt qu sc bn ma st ca thnh khe nt. Qu trnh gy v vi m thng rt t ngt, c th nghe thy c. Tng khe nt s pht trin tng dn cho n khi s lng chng nhiu n mc lm yu mu, to nn mt b mt ph hy ct cho. Vng IV l vng ca ph hy do. Cc mt trt, khi sinh ra u c sc bn ln hn mu vy quanh v do vy, to ra nhiu mt trt. Hnh vi do ca mu vt cn c th hin ch mu phnh ra. Cc mt trt nghing 45 so vi trc ng sut chnh. Ph hy xy ra t t v

khng pht ra ting ng. Vng V l vng chy do n thun. Hon ton khng c pht trin m rng khe nt v tng th tch mu lin quan vi chng. Chy do xy ra dng trt gia cc mt tinh th. trng thi ng sut cao nh vy, mt cong sc bn c l tr nn song song vi ng cho khng gian ng sut. Cc vng I, II v III c trng bi ph hy gin. Phng trnh ranh gii chuyn tip gin-do trong trng hp i xng 2 = 3 c Mogi xut nm 1966 dng: . Chuyn tip gin-do xy ra khng ch ph thuc vo ng sut. Chng hn, n xy ra ng sut thp nu mu vt m v nng, hoc khi tc nn p rt chm. Chuyn tip gin-do cng ph thuc vo thnh phn khong vt. Chng hn st, halit, thm ch calxit chuyn sang bin dng do nhit v p sut tng i thp, trong khi thch anh hay feldspar ch chy do su hng chc km. 1481 modulus ~ of deformation ~ relation with Rock Mass Rating ~ of elasticity ~ of rigidity ~ shear ~ Youngs modun, h s, hng s. Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng, th d modun bin dng tuyn tnh, mdun bin dng ct, bin dng nn. ~ h s bin dng ~ quan h gia h s bin dng v ch s cht lng (nh danh, cho im khi ) ~ m un, h s n hi ~ m un cng ~ m un ct ~ hng s Young 1482 modulus ratio t s m un. Trn c s sc bn nn v h s n hi, Deere v Miller (1966) xut khi nim t s m un, mt i lng khng th nguyn, l t s gia h s n hi Young v sc bn nn n trc. T s m un giao ng trong khong 500 n 200. 1483 Mohr strength theory l thuyt sc bn Mohr. Xem Failure envelope (Mohr) 1484 Mohrs circle diagram ng trn Mohr. Xem Failure envelope (Mohr). 1485 Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion ~ determination of angle of friction and cohesive strength for tiu chun sc bn Mohr-Coulomb. Nh Mohr-Coulomb strength envelope. Xem Failure envelope (Mohr).

~ xc nh gc ni ma st v lc kt dnh. 1486 Mohr's envelope ng bao Mohr . M t kt qu th nghim, cng nn hoc biu din trng thi ti hn v sc khng ct ca nn. 1487 moisture content wet/dry side of optimum ~ m. T l (%) gia th tch nc c trong mu vt vi tng th tch mu vt. hai pha t/kh, tc l c m tng ng ln v nh hn so vi m ti u. Khi nim thng gp trong cng tc m t. 1488 moisture content m ca t. T s gia trng lng ca nc trong l rng v trng lng ht t, th hin bng t l %. 1489 moisture density curve, Proctor ng cong th trng - m. ng cng m t quan h gia m ca t v dung trng c xc nh t kt qu m cht mu t trong phng theo tiu chun. 1490 mole (tunnelling) thit b thi cng ng ngm, khoan ng ngm. 1491 moment (mechanics) moment. Moment do lc to dng lch tm, c xc nh bng ti trng nhn vi cnh tay n (khong cch gia trng tm v im t ti). 1492 moment of inertia moment qun tnh. 1493 monitoring ~ of rock mass performance ~ systems for ~ and instrumentation quan trc. ~ quan trc hnh vi, ng x, kh nng lm vic ca khi ~ h thng quan trc quan trc v thit lp quan trc

1494 monky (piling) khi m u ba ng cc. 1495 montmorillonite Khong vt montmorilonit. 1496 moraine moren. Thuc v dng t st c ngun gc moraine 1497 mortar va, va st, va xi mng. 1498 motion of ground surface due to blasting Rung ng (chn ng, chuyn ng, chuyn dch) ca mt t do n mn. Nh ground surface motion due to blasting. 1499 motion, equation of Phng trnh chuyn ng. 1500 motion, law of, in distinct element method nh lut chuyn ng, trong phng php phn t tch bit. 1501 motoway ng cao tc. Nh motoroad, express way, freeway, thruway. 1502 muck (mining or tunneling spoil) muck out mucking, muck removal Ph thi, vn, t vn t cng tc o ng ngm v ng l Vn chuyn ph thi, ly ph thi ln t cng tc o hoc o t Vic, cng tc dn dp, o xc t thi. 1503 muck t hu c, t bn. Nh gyttja, organic soil.

1504 mud - flat t bn phn lp phng, t bn c st ln. 1505 mud (oversaturated clay or silt soil) t bn, t st v ct bi qu bo ha. 1506 mud (drilling) dung dch khoan. Dung dch st c s dng bo v thnh h khoan v vn chuyn mn khoan. Nh drilling fluid. 1507 mudflow dng bn. Mt dng trt l t. Xem lahar. 1508 mudjacking bm dung dch st, bm bn. 1509 mudstone bt kt. C ngun gc t mundston 1510 multi-axial compression nn a trc (thng l 3 trc). 1511 multiple and continuous failure state testing th nghim nn p ph hy nhiu ln. Th nghim do Kovari v nnk. xut, ci tin t th nghim nn p ph hy mu mt ln. Trong th nghim nn p ba trc truyn thng, mu t c nn p ti khi ph hy trong iu kin ng sut bao quanh khng i. Nh vy mu s b ph hy v ch dng c mt ln. Trong th nghim nn p ph hy nhiu ln, u tin mu c cht ti vi ng sut bao quanh thp. Ngay ti thi im ph hy ( y hiu l ngay khi ng cong ng sut-bin dng t gi tr cc i), ngng cht ti v ng sut bao quanh c tng ln n mt gi tr mi. Tip tc cht ti cho n khi ng cong ng sut-bin dng li t cc i. C th tip tc nhiu ln. Sau khi hiu chnh, c th dng c ng bao ph hy ch t mt th nghim trn mt mu. V l thuyt, cn c th va tng ng sut bao quanh, va cht ti trong khi lun gi mu trng thi t sc bn cc i. Khi , qu o ng sut s chnh l ng bao ph hy v t th nghim s v c mt ng bao ph hy lin tc. Phng php ny cho php tin hnh th nghim nhiu ln trn cng mt mu , c bit hiu qu trong trng hp kh ly mu. Tuy nhin, ng bao ph hy v trn c s nn p ph hy nhiu ln cng mt mu thng nm thp hn so vi ng bao xy dng

t nhiu th nghim ring bit. V th, ngi ta thng phi tin hnh hiu chnh. 1512 multiple-point borehole extensometers (MPBXs) Th nghim o bin dng ti nhiu im bng cng k l khoan (MPBX). c tin hnh bng cch c nh mt s im dc theo thnh l khoan. Sau dng cng k quan trc chuyn v ca nhng im ny so vi im tham chiu c nh ti y l khoan. 1513 munltispan beam Dm nhiu nhp. 1514 muskeg m ly, t hu c. 1517 NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) phng php NATM. Phng php o hm mi ca o. Phng php c p dng trong khi o cc tuyn ng hm xuyn qua dy ni Alp o. c im ca phng php l p dng h thng tr lc ch yu gm neo v b tng phun, tn dng ti a kh nng t chng , iu chnh ca khi , quan trc hnh vi, ng x ca khi vy quanh ng hm mt cch lin tc v tr lc b sung tc thi ti nhng ni, theo cc s liu quan trc, xy ra bin dng, chuyn dch ng hm vt qu mc cho php. 1518 natural frequency tn s t nhin. Tn s dao ng t nhin ca vt th 1519 natural water content hm lng nc t nhin. m t nhin ca t. 1520 near field domain of an excavation trng nh hng gn quanh cng trnh khai o. Trng nh hng xung quanh ng hm, h o, ni c th quan trc, o c nhng chuyn dch, bin dng ng k trong t . Phn bit vi trng khng b nh hng bi khai o (Far field domain). 1521 near-surface undercoring Phng php o trng ng sut gn cc mt l t bng k thut undercoring. Xem Stress measurement method: near surface undercoring. 1522 negative exponential distribution

Phn b theo quy lut hm m m. 1523 negative pore fluid pressure p lc nc l rng m, p lc nc trong l rng ca t c gi tr m lm tng cng t nn, th d p lc to nn do mao dn. 1524 negative skin friction ma st m. Ma st to nn do dch chuyn ca cc mng nh hn dch chuyn ca t nn. t nn treo thm ti trng vo cc. Nh negative wall friction. 1525 negative wall friction Ma st bn m. Hay gp trong trng hp mng cc t trong nn t yu. Lc ma st gia mt bn ca cc v t nn c th c gi tr m khi t nn ln nhanh hn cc, to thm ti trng cht ln cc. 1526 neutral pressure p lc nc trong l rng ca t. 1527 node nt. Hay gp trong cc m hnh s tr th d phn t hu hn, phn t bin, sai phn hu hn v.v... trong trng ang xem xt c chia theo mng li thnh mt h thng cc nt c a ch, trt t xc nh. Cc n s ca bi ton t ra i vi ton b trng c tm li gii tng nt. Th d trong bi ton ng sut bin dng ca mt trng t gii bng phng php phn t hu hn, yu cu t ra l phi xc nh thay i trng thi ng sut, bin dch chuyn, hng dch chuyn ca ton b trng khi c mt ngoi lc tc dng. Khi , trng s c chia nh ra thnh nhiu phn t, mi phn t gm nhiu nt hp thnh v li gii s phi c tm cho mi nt ca ton b trng. 1529 noise problems associated with production blasts Vn v ting n trong n mn sn xut. Xem blasting. 1530 non khng dnh. Ni v t khng dnh. 1531 non- cohesive Khng kt dnh. Ni v mt s loi t, chng hn ct, trong sc bn khng ct (chng hn theo tiu chun sc bn Mohr-Coulomb) ch gm c thnh phn ni ma st, lc dnh kt c coi nh bng khng. Nh cohensionless.

1532 non-isotropic khng ng hng. Xem anisotropic, anisotropy. 1533 normal ~ displacement ~ force ~ stiffness of discontinuities ~ strain component ~ stress ~ to a plane ~ direction cosines for php tuyn, vung gc. ~ dch chuyn php tuyn ~ lc php tuyn ~ cng php tuyn ca b mt khe nt ~ thnh phn bin dng php tuyn. Cng nh ng sut, bin dng ti mt im c biu din bi mt tenx bin dng, vi cc thnh phn bin dng ct v bin dng php tuyn. ~ ng sut php tuyn ~ php tuyn, vung gc vi (ca) mt mt phng ~ csin nh hng ca php tuyn vi (ca) mt mt phng. Trong khng gian ba chiu, mt mt phng hay ng thng c xc nh bi ba gc mt hay ng thng lm vi ba trc ta . cho n gin hn, ba gc ny c biu din di dng csin ca chng. 1534 normal force lc php tuyn. Lc vung gc, lc thng ng tc dng ln mng, lc vung gc vi mt phng. 1535 normal stiffness cng php tuyn. cng php tuyn l mt thng s quan trng ca gin on, hay c s dng nht trong vic m hnh ha hnh vi ct trt ca chng bng cc phng php s. cng php tuyn thng c o nh l dc ca ng cong ng sut-dch chuyn php tuyn trong th nghim ct trc tip. Trong m hnh ha, thng s ny thng c coi l hng s, nhng thc t n li bin i phi tuyn. 1536 normal stress ng sut php tuyn. ng sut vung gc, ng sut vung gc vi mt phng mng. 1537 normally consolidated t c kt bnh thng. t c c kt vi chnh trng lng bn thn t trong qu trnh lch s.

1538 null indicator ch s 0. 1539 numerical methods phng php s. Phng php s tr, m hnh ha bng phng php s tr. Xem computational methods of stress analysis. 1540 O - ring seal vng ni dng ch O. 1541 obliquity, angle of nghing, gc nghing, lc tc dng nghing vi mt phng mng. 1542 observation well ging quan trc mc nc ngm trong t. Xem standpipe, piezometer. 1543 observation wells, use of, in measurement of water pressure ging quan trc. dng ging quan trc o p lc nc. 1544 observational method phng php quan trc. L mt trong nhiu phng php nghin cu cc tnh cht c l, c im hnh vi ca trng t di tc ng ca ngoi cnh. 1545 occlude hp th. 1546 oedometer test th nghim c kt. Th nghim cht ti mu t, nhm tm hiu cc c im c kt ca chng, nh kh nng c kt, tc c kt v.v... 1547 oedometer, consolidometer thit b nn c kt t nn.Thit b nn c kt t nn. Th nghim Oedometer. Nh consolidation test apparatus. 1548 one dimensional mt trc, mt hng.

1549 ooze (geol., for organic - rich deposit) t bn phn b su. t bn ln hu c. 1550 ooze (wet mud or slime) t bn t. 1551 open caisson mng ging m, mng dng caison. Nh , drop caison. 1552 open cast mining khai thc l thin. Khai thc m l thin, h o l thin. Nh strip mining . 1553 open cut (as in mining) o h mng l thin, h do l thin. 1554 open piezometers, use of, in measurement of water pressure ng o p lc nc m. Piezometer m, ng o p lc nc m. s dng piezometer m o p lc nc. L kiu piezometer n gin nht, o p lc nc trn c s cn bng trc tip vi p sut kh quyn. 1555 open pit mining khai thc m bng h o l thin. Nh open cast mining . 1556 open pit(s) ~ blasting ~ planning of, data representation and analysis for, suggested method of ~ slope, projected, circular failure and analysis of ging, h o l thin. ~ khai o ging, h l thin bng phng php n mn ~ thit k, chun b, trnh by v phn tch d liu, xut bin php khai o l thin ~ mi dc ca h o l thin, ph hy dng cung trn v phn tch ph hy mi dc ca h o l thin. 1557 open well ging quan trc mc nc. Ging thot nc, ging khai thc nc, ging m l thin. Xem standpipe.

1558 optical monitoring devices thit b trc quang, quan trc quang hc. 1559 optimum - water content m ti u m cht t. 1560 optimum ti u. Tt nht, th d m ti u d m cht t dung trng cao nht. 1561 optimum charge in production blasting design liu ti u trong thit k n mn sn xut. 1562 ore ~ dilution of ~ flow during draw qung. ~ S ngho dn qung c v hm lng ln tr lng do khai thc ~ dng qung to nn trong qu trnh khai thc 1563 orebody ~ engineering environment of ~ geomechanical environment ~ geometric configuration of thn qung. ~ mi trng, cnh quan, iu kin k thut cng trnh ca thn qung ~ mi trng, cnh quan, iu kin a k thut ca thn qung ~ c im hnh hc ca thn qung 1564 organic hu c. Thuc v hu c, c c tnh hu c. 1565 organic soil t hu c. t c ngun gc hu c. 1566 orientation of core ~ use of geological markers nh hng li khoan.

Xem core orientation. ~ s dng cc tng a cht nh du (du hiu a cht) nh hng li khoan 1567 orientation of discontinuities hng gin on (khe nt, t gy v.v...). 1568 orientators, see Core orientation Thit b nh hng li khoan. Xem core orientation. 1569 oriented sample mu nh hng. Mu c ly nghin cu cu trc a cht. 1570 origin of planes gc ta . Giao im ca ba mt phng to nn h ta -cc trong khng gian ba chiu. 1571 orthotropy trc giao, trc chun. 1572 outcrop l ra. 1573 outcrop lm l ra. Nh crop out. 1574 outwash bng tch. Vt liu c ngun gc t bng h. 1575 outwash plain Mt t phng to nn do t c ngun gc bng h. 1576 oven - dried Lm kh mu t bng t sy. 1577 overbreak dp v, gy v qu mc (so vi thit k). Hay gp trong k thut cng trnh ngm bng phng php n mn, khi k thut n mn, liu

thuc n, thi gian v bin php lp dng tr lc cha hp l, dn ti hin tng gy v qu mc thnh v vm hm l. 1578 overburden lp ph. Ti trng ca t p thm, ti trng cht thm, ti trng ph thm tc dng ln cc lp t 1579 overcompaction m qu mc. m vi nng lng ln hn yu cu 1580 overconsolidated qu c kt. Trong qu trnh thnh to v lch s ca lp t c tc dng ca ti trng ln hn trng lng bn thn hin c ca cc lp t. 1581 overconsolidated clay t st qu c kt. Tc l chu p sut lp ph trong qu kh ln hn so vi hin ti. 1582 overconsolidation ratio (OCR) h s qu c kt. 1583 overcoring stress measurement o trng ng sut bng phng php khoan chm. Xem stress measurement methods: overcoring. 1584 overstrain bin dng qu mc. Bin dng qu ln. 1585 overstressed Khu vc, vng chu ti trng ln hn d kin. 1586 oxbow lake h cht. H khng s dng. 1587 P- and S-wave arrivals o thi gian ti ca sng P v sng S. Tn hiu pht i gm hai thnh phn chnh l sng P (sng dc hay sng nn p) giao ng dc theo phng truyn sng, v sng S (sng ngang hoc sng ct) giao ng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Sng P lan truyn nhanh hn

sng S, ti thit b thu trc v c s dng ch yu nh mt ch s v cht lng . Sng P lan truyn c c trong mi trng rn v lng, cng nhanh khi bo ha nc cng cao, trong khi sng S ch lan truyn c trong mi trng rn. Do sng S ch lan truyn c thng qua ct liu khang vt, vn tc ca n gn nh trong c hai mi trng kh v bo ha. Sng S rt hu ch trong mt s ng dng c bit v c th o bng cch loi b sng P bng cc thit b c bit ch pht ra sng S, hoc nhn bit mt cch cn thn thi im ti ca n trn ton b ph sng ghi nhn c. 1588 packing (arrangement of grains in soil or rock) s sp xp ht t. Kt cu ht ca t, s sp t ht trong khi t v . 1589 packing (in pile driving) m u cc . Gim chn trong cng tc ng cc. 1590 parameter thng s. Ch s, thng s m t c trng ca t . 1591 parent rock, - material m. t gc, vt liu gc, v vt liu ban u. 1592 partial extraction khai thc mt phn. S khai thc, thu hi qung mt phn, tng phn, khng ht. 1593 particle - size Kch thc ht t, kch thc ht . Nh grain size. 1594 particle forces lc lin kt gia cc ht. 1595 particle size ~ distribution ~ effective ht. ~ phn b ht ~ ht hu hiu 1596 particle size distribution curve, grain

ng cong biu din thnh phn ht t 1597 particle velocity tc , vn tc ht. 1598 particle ht t, ht . Xem grain. 1599 parting s tch ri. 1600 pass lt sng, lt ry. S i qua. Thuc cc ht qua sng trong th nghim phn tch thnh phn ht t. 1601 passive earth pressure p lc t b ng. Xem active earth pressure. 1602 passive support tr lc th ng, b ng. Xem active support. 1603 path of percolation Qu o dch chuyn ca ng thm nc, qung ng thot nc, khong cch thot nc. Xem seepage path. 1604 patton equation phng trnh Patton. Phng trnh biu din sc bn ca khe nt do Patton (1966) xut. Phng trnh gm 2 on tuyn tnh ng vi hai khong ng sut php tuyn nh v ln. 1605 pavement (road and air field) Kt cu bn trn ca nn ng b, ng bay. 1606 pavement pumping Cng ngh bm xy dng mt ng, mi ni ca ng bay. 1607 paving lp mt ng.

1608 pea gravel , cui. 1609 peak strength (peak strength criterion) sc bn cc i (tiu chun sc bn cc i). Xem strength, strength criteria. 1610 peak value Gi tr nh ng cong, gi tr cao nht. 1611 peat than bn, t c nhiu hu c. 1612 pebble cui si nh. 1613 pelite . Xem mud stone. 1614 penetration xuyn, s xuyn vo t. 1615 penetration resistance sc khng xuyn, sc khng ca t, cng ca t c th hin di tc dng ca mi xuyn. 1616 penetration test th nghim xuyn ti hin trng. 1617 penetrometer thit b xuyn t. 1618 per cent, percentage t l phn trm.

1619 percentage consolidation, consolidation degree of t l c kt. T l phn trm c kt. T s gia trc trung tm ca ng sut hu hin mt thi im no v tr trung bnh ca ng sut hu hiu khi kt thc c kt. Xem definitions. 1620 percentage saturation, saturation degree of t l phn trm bo ha. T s gia th tch l rng trong t c cha nc v tng th tch l rng trong t. Xem definitions. 1621 perched water nc b treo. 1622 perched water table mc nc b treo. 1623 percolation thm, thm thu ca nc trong t. 1624 percussion ng, p. Th dng ng bng u ba. 1625 percussion drilling khoan p. 1626 perimeter blasting n mn dc bin. Bin php n mn vi liu lng nh, mt l mn dy, dc theo ranh gii khai o, to ra cc khe nt ngn cch phn t s o i v phn cn li. Mc ch nhm gim nh hng ca n mn liu ln sau n sc bn t thnh cng trnh, nng cao kh nng t chng ca chng. 1627 permafrost bng vnh cu. Bng tn ti lu di khng b tan hng nm. 1628 permanent access ng vo, li vo kin c, lu di, vnh cu, di hn. 1629

permanent support tr lc kin c, lu di, vnh cu, di hn. 1630 permeability coefficient of ~ compacted clay ~ definition of ~ field measurement of ~ laboratory determination ~ non-homogeneous soil ~ of jointed rock ~ of mine fill , tnh, kh nng thm, thm thu. H s thm, t s gia tc dng thm v gradient thy lc (s chnh lch thy lc) tng ng. thm ca st m cht ~ nh ngha o thm hin trng ~ o thm trong phng th nghim thm ca t khng ng nht thm ca t dp v thm ca t bi thi (m). 1632 permeameter ~ constant head ~ variable head thit b o thm, thit b th nghim xc nh h s thm. ~ vi ct nc khng i ~ vi ct nc thay i 1633 persistence of discontinuities mc , tnh lin tc ca cc gin on (khe nt, t gy v.v.). 1634 pervious, permeable d thm, c h s thm cao. 1635 petite sismique method phng php vi a chn. Ra i Php, phng php ny o kt hp tc sng S, bc sng v s tt dn m t trng t c o. Ngi ta xc lp c mt s i snh c tnh nh lng gia cc

thng s "a chn" vi cc tnh cht khc, th d nh h s bin dng tnh. 1636 phi-circle method phng php ng trn Phi. Phng php ho xc nh mt trt tim nng trong mi dc t hoc nn t p, vi l gc ni ma st ca t. 1637 photoelastic method phng php quang n hi. Phng php nghin cu cc tnh cht c l ca mt mi trng n hi, th d trng ng sut ca mt tm knh phng di tc ng ca ngoi lc, bng quan trc quang hc, tc l ghi nhn nhng bin i v mu sc, cng v.v. ca chm nh sng chiu qua tm knh ti thi im ngoi lc tc ng. 1638 photographic mapping of exposed structures Phng php o v cu trc bng cch chp nh cc vt l a cht. 1639 phreatic surface Mc nc ngm so vi nn t thin nhin. Nh phreatic line, piezometric surface. 1640 phreatic water nc ngm. Nh groundwater. 1641 physical models m hnh vt l. Cc m hnh xy dng trong phng th nghim nhm m t mt hin tng vt l no . 1642 pier tr (cu). 1643 pier foundation mng tr, mng ging. 1644 pier (breakwater or jetty) mng ging, mng tr cu (cng hoc p chn, ph sng). Thi cng bng cng ngh h ging chm qua nc v t, hoc bng hi p 1645 pier (part of bridge support) mng ging, mng tr xy dng cu. 1646

piezometer thit b o p lc nc. 1648 piezometric level Mc nc ngm xc nh bng thit b o p lc nc 1649 pile ~ capacity ~ compaction ~ driving ~ dynamic formula ~ foundation ~ friction ~ group ~ settlement ~ tip ~ wave equation cc, mng cc.

Kh nng chu ti ca cc m ln (nn) bng cc (ct, t gia c bng cc cht ph gia v.v.) ng, p cc Cng thc tnh kh nng chu ti ca cc bng cc phng php ng (sng m v.v.) Mng cc Cc ma st, cc treo Nhm cc , s ln ca cc Mi cc Phng trnh sng xc nh kh nng chu ti, cht lng, khuyt tt v.v. ca cc. 1650 pile bridge cu tr cc. 1651 pile cap i cc. 1652 pile driving ng cc. 1653 pile driving formula

cng thc ng xc nh sc chu ti ca cc. c xc nh qua cc thng s v trng lng ba, chiu cao ri ba, trng lng cc, ln v bin dng n hi ca cc. 1654 pile driving resistance sc chu ti ng ca cc. Sc chu ti do khng ng ca cc, xut hin trong qu trnh ng cc. 1655 pile foundation mng cc. Mng s dng cc 1656 pile group nhm cc. Cc c b tr thnh nhm chu ti trng bn trn 1657 pile hammer u ba ng cc. Nh pile monkey, drop hammer. 1658 pile helmet m chp u cc . ng cc. Nh driving helmet. 1659 pile load sc chu ti ca cc. Ti trng tc ng ln mt cc. 1660 pile loading test th nghim nn tnh cc. Cht ti th sc chu ti ca cc v lp quan h gia ti trng tc dng ln i cc v ln. c s dng xc nh sc chu ti ca cc. 1661 piling frame, pile driving frame dn ng cc. thit b ng cc nng nh hng cho u ba ng cc. 1662 piling rig Thit b ng cc nh. 1663 pillars ~ bearing capacity of roof and floor rocks ~ collapse of ~ factor of safety of ~ field observations of performance on

~ in-situ loading tests on ~ loads and stresses in ~ mining of ~ monitoring seismic activity in ~ stability index ~ strength of ~ support ~ yielding pillars tr (m). Kh nng chu ti ca trn (nc) v sn l, ngay pha trn v di tr Ph hy, , sp tr an ton ca tr Quan trc hin trng kh nng lm vic ca tr Th nghim cht ti tr ngoi hin trng Ti trng v ng sut trong tr Khai thc tn thu cc tr m Quan trc a chn ti cc tr m Ch s n nh ca tr Sc bn ca tr Chng hm, l bng tr Tr bin dng chy do. 1664 piping Si nc, n nc. Do tc dng ca p lc nc lm ph v kt cu t. 1665 piston sampler thit b ly mu kiu piston. 1666 pit - run t khng phn loi. c coi l ng nht khai thc v s dng. 1667 pit m, bi khai thc t, ct hoc . 1668 placement water content m m cht qui nh. m ca t c quy nh m cht t. m, dung trng t c xc nh t th nghim m cht trong phng m bo cht lng m cht ti hin trng. 1669 planar discontinuities, shear strength of

Sc khng ct ca gin on phng (khe nt, t gy c b mt tng i phng). 1670 plane compression nn p phng. Nn p dc theo cnh ca mt tm phng, to nn trng thi ng sut phng, tc l khng c thnh phn ng sut theo chiu vung gc vi mt phng. 1671 plane failure ph hy phng. Ph hy vi b mt ph hy phng, th d dc theo mt khe nt, t gy c trc. 1672 plane of isotropy mt ng hng. 1673 plane of weakness ~ condition for slip on ~ effect on elastic stress distribution mt gim yu, mt yu.

~ iu kin trt theo mt gim yu ~ nh hng ca mt gim yu n s phn b ca ng sut n hi. 1674 plane strain ~ conditions ~ roof design procedure in stratified rock bin dng phng. Bin dng xy ra trong iu kin mt chiu ca bi ton di ng k so vi hai chiu cn li (th d con p, hm l v.v.). Khi , c th gi thit rng mi mt phng vung gc vi chiu u c cc iu kin ng sut-bin dng nh nhau. Bi ton khng gian ba chiu c th rt gn v hai chiu, tc l xem xt ng sut-bin dng ca mt lt ct c dy bng mt n v. ~ iu kin bin dng phng ~ quy trnh thit k trn, vm, nc hm (l) trong phn lp vi gi thit bin dng phng. Tc l trong trng hp hm, l di so vi tit din ca n c th b qua nh hng ba chiu ca gng hm, l. Khi cc bi ton ng sut-bin dng kinh in c th gi thit l xy ra trong iu kin bin dng phng. 1675 plane stress ng sut phng. ng sut trn mt mt phng, khng k n ng sut theo phng vung gc vi mt phng ang xem xt. 1676 plane table

bn a hnh. c xc nh t cng tc trc c. 1677 plane waves in a three-dimensional medium Sng phng trong khng gian ba chiu. 1678 planning of slope stability studies Lp k hoch nghin cu n nh mi dc. 1679 plastic chart biu do ca t. Xem Atterberg limits, A-line. Trn biu ny c th hin ng A, vi cc khong phn chia loi t. Bng cch ln trn bn ny mt s ch s do ca t, th d gii hn deo, gii hn lng, ch s do v.v., c th xc nh t thuc loi no, chng hn t st, t ct hay t bt v.v. 1681 plastic deformation bin dng do. Bin dng xy ra trong mt vt th ang chu tc ng ca ngoi lc ln hn gii hn chy do ca n, khin cho vt th khng tr li c hnh dng, trng thi ban u ca n na sau khi d ti. 1682 plastic equilibrium cn bng do. 1683 plastic flow dng chy do. 1684 plastic index ch s do (ca t). 1685 plastic limit gii hn do (ca t). Hm lng nc ca mu t b xo trn, trng thi chuyn tip t do sang trng thi na cng (c xc nh bng cc th nghim tiu chun). Xem atterberg limits. 1686 plastic range vng bin dng do ca t. 1687

plastic zone, zone of instability i bin dng do, i mt n nh. i t chu ti ln hn gii hn chy do ca chng, sinh ra bin dng do (chuyn v qu mc n hi), lm mt i trng thi n nh ban u ca i. Th d, i t xung quanh ng hm. 1688 plasticity tnh, do (ca t, ). 1689 plasticity (Atterberg limit test) th nghim gii hn do. Sau th nghim ti, i vi cc loi c Id2 nh hn 80%, nht l cc loi phin st, nn tin hnh th nghim xc nh cc gii hn do. Mu cn c ly t phn cn li trong b nc sau khi lm th nghim ti. Khng nn chun b mu bng cc bin php nghin hoc ha tan ha hc. Mc du nhng cch ny c th cho ta mt sn phm dng bt, loi t nhn to ny khng c cht g ging vi ban u. Khng cn tin hnh th nghim i vi cc loi vt liu dng khng c tnh do. u tin xc nh gii hn do bng cch ln mu bng tay, trn mt tm knh to thnh con giun. Trong qu trnh , mu s kh dn. Gii hn do Wp l hm lng nc trong mu khi n b t on trc khi mnh hn 3.2 mm. Nu mu khng to giun c th c th coi n l khng c tnh do v khng cn xc nh tip gii hn chy lng na. Gii hn chy lng c xc nh bng cch cho mu vt vo a ca dng c th nghim, kha mt rnh ct ngang qua mu vt. Sau cho a nng ln ri xung nhiu ln cho n khi rnh trn khp li. Gii hn lng l hm lng nc cn thit lm cho rnh ni trn khp li sau 25 ln a ri. Cn thay i hm lng nc v lp li th nghim t nht 3 ln. Gii hn lng Wl c xc nh bng cch dng th bin thin hm lng nc theo s ln a ri. Ch s do Ip cng c biu din dng phn trm hm lng nc, l hiu s gia cc gii hn lng v do. Ch s ny, cng vi bn ti Id2, c dng phn loi cc loi phin st. 1690 plasticity chart biu do ca t. S d do ca t, c s dng phn loi t. Nh plastic chart. 1691 plasticity index ch s do (ca t). L hiu s gia gii hn chy v gii hn do ca t. Nh plastic index. 1692 plate bearing test plate bearing test - loading Th nghim bn nn ti hin trng. Th nghim xc nh cc c im bin dng, hng s n hi, ln, kh nng chu ti v.v. ca t, bng cch cht ti ln mt bn nn bng thp, hnh vung, ch nht hoc trn, kch thc khong 1 m. 1693 plumbline

phng thng ng. Hng thng ng, ng thng ng xc nh bng qu di. 1694 plunge of a line , gc chi, cm ca mt ng thng. 1695 pneumatic tyred roller thit b m t vi bnh hi. 1696 pneumatic caisson ging chm hi p. 1697 pneumatic diaphragm transducers B cm bin c mng ngn hot ng trn c s thay i p sut kh. 1698 pneumatically applied concrete (mortar) Bm pht b tng (va) bng kh nn. 1700 point - bearing pile cc chng. Sc chu ti ca cc ph thuc ch yu vo sc chu ti ca t hoc v tr mi cc. Sc chu ti do ma st bn c b qua. Nh end bearing pile. 1701 point load ti trng im. Ti trng tp trung. Gi thit l ti trng c tc dng vo mt im, khc vi ti trng phn b u hoc tc dng theo ng thng. 1702 point load test (Point load index) th nghim cht ti im (Ch s chu ti im). Trong trng hp khng trang thit b tin hnh th nghim nn n trc, hoc khng cn bit chi tit v c im ng sut-bin dng trong iu kin nn n trc ca mu m ch cn c nh sc bn cc i ca n, c th lm th nghim cht ti im qua gin tip xc nh sc bn nn n trc. Ngi ta t mt on li khoan vo gia hai mi thp cng ca thit b cht ti im. Bng cch xc nh lc P ti li khoan b v t p sut cc i ghi c trn ng h o v tit din bit ca pt tng, c th tnh c ch s chu ti im theo cng thc: Is=P/D2 vi D l ng knh li khoan. Sau mt s ln th nghim (khong 100), kt qu trung bnh c th i snh vi sc bn nn n trc ca mu . Vi D=50 mm, Broch v Franklin (1972) xut cng thc i snh l: c 24Is. Bieniawski (1975) xut cng thc hiu chnh nu D 50 mm nh sau: c (14+0.175D)Is. Th nghim cht ti im cng c dng tnh sc bn ko ca . Ch s Is gn bng khong

0.8 ln sc bn nn n trc. 1703 point load, stresses and displacements induced by ng sut v bin dng gy ra bi. Cht ti im. 1704 point resistance sc chu ti mi cc. 1705 Poissons ratio h s Poisson. L t s gia bin dng bn v bin dng dc trc. Trong c hc n hi, h s Poisson l mt i lng quan trng, cng vi h s n hi Young xy dng nn ma trn cng c trng ca mi loi t . i vi hu ht cc loi t , h s Poisson bin i trong khong 0.1-0.4, ch yu trong khong 0.2-0.3. Khi bin dng chy do xy ra, h s Poisson mt i ngha ca n v tng dn, c khi ln gn n 1.0 1706 polar net li cc. Dng tnh s cc trong mi mt li, phc v cho vic v cc ng ng mc mt cc. Hay gp trong php chiu lp th, khi cc mt phng (chng hn ca cc khe nt) c biu din di dng cc cc ca chng. 1707 pole representing a plane, construction of php tm cc ca mt mt phng. Trong php chiu cu lp th, cc ca mt mt phng c tm bng cch dng mt ng thng t tm ca hnh cu, vung gc vi mt phng ang xt. ng thng ny ct hnh cu ti 2 im. Ty thuc vo php chiu lp th s dng bn cu trn hoc di m mt trong 2 im ni trn tr thnh cc ca mt phng. Sau , phi thc hin mt s bc biu din im ny trn cc li ng din hoc ng gc. 1708 poling board tm bo v, bn bo v. 1709 polyaxial compression test th nghim nn a trc, th nghim nn ba trc thc th. Trong th nghim ny, ba ng sut chnh khc nhau ng thi tc ng ln ba cp mt bn ca mu vt hnh lp phng. y hu nh l th nghim duy nht c kh nng tm hiu ton b mt cong sc bn trong khi vn bo m c trng thi ng sut ng nht trong mu. Tuy nhin, th nghim li rt kh tin hnh, v rt kh trnh c nh hng tng h gia cc a nn. Th nghim nn a trc c th tin hnh kim tra nh hng ca ng sut chnh trung gian ti sc bn t . Hu ht cc tiu chun sc bn thc nghim u c biu din bng quan h gia cc ng sut chnh cc i v cc tiu, vi gi thit rng ng sut chnh trung gian c nh hng khng ng k n sc bn t . Kt qu th nghim

nn a trc, ngc li, cho thy ng sut chnh trung gian c th tng ng k sc bn ca t . 1710 polyaxial stress ng sut a trc. Xem stress, polyaxial compression test. 1711 polygonal ground t nn a din, t a din. 1712 pontoon bridge cu phao. 1713 poorly graded poorly graded* uniformly graded cp phi xu. t c s phn loi km, t bao gm cc ht tng i ng nht, c tp trung trong mt khong hp ca ng cong phn tch thnh phn ht. 1714 pore l rng, khe rng. Th tch rng gia cc ht t. 1715 pore pressure p lc nc l rng. p lc ca nc, hi nc trong cc l rng trong t, . Nh pore water pressure. 1716 pore pressure (excess ~) p sut nc l rng d. 1717 pore pressure (negative excess ~) p sut nc l rng d m. 1718 pore pressure (positive excess ~) p sut nc l rng d dng. 1719 pore water Nc l rng, nc trong l rng ca t. 1720 pore water pressure

p lc nc l rng. 1721 pore-water pressure ~ in mine backfill p lc nc l rng trong bi thi m. 1722 porosity rng, rng ca t. T s gia th tch l rng v th tch ca khi t. 1723 porosity index ch s l rng. 1724 porous c c tnh rng. 1725 portable shear box thit b th nghim ct xch tay. 1726 portal ca hm, l. 1727 possible effects of proposed construction Nhng hu qu c th c do vic thi cng cng trnh gy ra. 1729 pot - hole (geol.) t b xi 1730 potential drop Gim nng lng, gim p lc, mt p lc, tn tht ca ct nc p lc. 1731 potential energy th nng. 1732 powder factor, choice of, in blasting design

S la chn h s thuc n trong thit k n mn. 1733 power law quy lut m. Quy lut c biu din bng mt hm m. 1734 power shovel gu o t. 1735 pozzolan, pozzolana puzolana. Cc c tnh ca puzolana. 1736 prebored, predug khoan dn, khoan trc. Th d khoan dn ng hoc p cc. 1737 precast concrete pile cc b tng c sn. 1738 precedent practice kinh nghim thc t, tin l. 1739 precision chnh xc. 1740 precompression nn trc. 1741 preconsolidation pressure (load) p lc nn trc. p lc c kt trc. p lc tc dng ln t nn ln hn p lc bn thnh hin c ca t. 1742 preconsolidation stress ng sut tin c kt, ng sut trc c kt. 1743 prediction of subsidence due to longwall mining D bo ln do khai thc l dc. 1744

preload, preloading gia ti trc. Gia ti ln nn t yu nn c kt t nn trc khi xy dng cg trnh. t nn c kh ton b hoc phn ln ln trong qu trnh gia ti trc. C th kt hp vi bc thm hoc cc ct tng nhanh qu trnh c kt. Xem surcharge load, loading. 1746 pre-mining state of stress Trng thi ng sut trc khi khai thc. 1747 pre-reinforcement d ng lc. 1748 pre-split blasting n mn ct trc. 1749 pressure - void ratio curve Biu quan h rng v p lc 1750 pressure bulb bu ng sut. Th tch ng sut trong t c hnh thnh di y mng cng trnh do ti trng bn ngoi tc ng. Khi ng sut trong nn thay i cng vi su. Xem bulb of pressure. 1751 pressure cell pressure cell (to apply confining pressure) pressure cell, load cell (a readout devide) bung, gian, ngn p sut. u o p lc, u o lc, thit b cho php c s liu trc tip, c dng trong th nghim khng c n hng. Nh pressure chamber. 1752 pressure chamber Bung, gian, ngn p sut. Nh pressure cell. 1753 pressure gauge (gage) ng h o p lc. Nh manometer. 1754 pressure of explosive detonation p sut do n mn gy ra.

1755 pressure, active ~ at rest ~ head ~ hydrostatic ~ lateral yield conditions ~ passive ~ water p sut ch ng (t). ~ p sut (t) trng thi ngh ~ ct p sut ~ p sut thy tnh ~ p sut bn khi xy ra chy do ~ p sut b ng (t) ~ p sut, p lc nc (l rng). Xem active earth pressure. 1756 pressurization method (strain nulling method) phng php bm p (trit tiu bin dng). Xem stress measurement methods: pressurization method 1757 prestress ng sut trc. ng sut c p dng trc vo ct thp trc khi lm vic trng thi lu di nhm tng hiu qu s dng vt liu thp v b tng. 1759 primary cosodilation c kt s cp, c kt nguyn sinh. S gim th tch ca khi t gy bi mt ti trng tc dng ko di. Qu trnh ny lm cho nc trong cc l rng ca t b "y" ra v ti trng tc dng t nc chuyn dn sang cc ht rn ca t. 1760 primary explosives n mn s cp. 1761 primary support tr lc s cp, tr lc bc u. 1762 principal deviator stress ng sut chnh lch chnh. 1763 principal plane mt phng chnh.

Mt phng theo mt hng c bit, ch chu tc ng ca ng sut php tuyn trong khi cc thnh phn ng sut ct b trit tiu. Cng ca ng sut php tuyn chnh l cng ca trng thi ng sut trn mt phng chnh. Php tuyn ca mt phng chnh xc nh hng ca trc ng sut chnh. V bt k cch biu din trng thi ng sut no cng u c 3 hng quy chiu, nn cng c 3 trc ng sut chnh. Nh vy, c 3 ng sut chnh m hng ca chng s phi tm, biu din trng thi ng sut ti mt im. 1764 principal strain bin dng (bin sut) chnh. 1765 principal stress ~ axes of ~ major, intermediate and minor ~ plane principal stress ~ relation with structural features ng sut chnh. ~ trc ng sut chnh ~ ng sut chnh cc i, trung gian v cc tiu ~ ng sut chnh phng ~ tng quan gia ng sut chnh vi cc c im cu trc. 1766 principal stress ng sut chnh. Cng mt s i lng lin quan khc, khi nim ny dng xc nh mt cch thng nht v trng thi ng sut ti bt k im no ca mi trng ang nghin cu, nhng i lng ny bt bin di bt k s quay no ca cc trc quy chiu. biu din trng thi ng sut ti mt im cn c ba trc ng sut chnh, cc i, trung gian v cc tiu. 1767 probe cn xuyn, cn khoan. 1768 proctor compaction test th nghim m cht Proctor. c thc hin trong phng xc nh quan h gia m ca t v dung trng t v nh hng cho cng tc m cht ti hin trng. 1769 production blasting ~ delay intervals in ~ design n mn sn xut, n mn khai thc. ~ khong vi sai trong n mn khai thc ~ thit k n mn khai thc.

1770 profile mt ct, th d mt ct a cht. Nh cross - section. 1771 profile functions for subsidence troughs hm biu din mt ct vng st ln. 1772 proglacial c ngun gc bng h. 1773 progress chart biu tin . 1774 progressive tng dn, dn dn, t t. Th d s ph hng khi t c tin trin t t vi thi gian. 1775 progressive failure in slopes ph hy nhanh dn mi dc. 1776 projection of a line hnh chiu ca mt ng thng (trong php chiu cu lp th). 1777 prop u , gi ta, chn . 1778 protective filter lp lc bo v, lp filter bo v. 1779 proving ring vng th. 1780 puddle clay t st c nho trn. 1781 pulling resistance

sc khng nh. Cng chng nh, lc chng nh c to nn dng ma st bn gia cc neo, thanh neo hoc cc chu ti trng ko. 1782 pulling test th nghim nh cc, th nghim ko neo. Th nghim xc nh cng chng nh ca cc hoc neo. 1783 pulvimixer thit b nghin v trn vt liu. Thit b nghin nh t hoc vi x l nn. 1784 pumice pumice. 1785 pump bm, bm pht. 1786 pumping Cng tc bm, bm pht. Bm pht dung dch di p lc. 1787 pumping test th nghim bm pht. Xc nh p lc, lu lng, vn tc bm v iu chnh dung dch bm. 1789 Q-system h Q. H phn loi khi bng ch s cht lng Q. H Q do Barton v nnk. (1974) xut nhm phn loi khi . H Q c xy dng u tin trn c s mt s cng trnh ngm Na-uy. Sau , cng vi h phn loi a c RMR ca Beniawski (1973), h Q c ph bin v p dng rng ri trn th gii, khng ch trong lnh vc cng trnh ngm m cn c cc cng trnh thi cng trn khc. 1790 quarry m . 1791 quarry - run rock, shot m khng phn loi. c s dng tng t nh nhau cho cng mc ch. 1792 quartz thch anh.

Vt liu bng thch anh. 1793 quartzite quaczit. 1794 quasi-static loading due to wave propagation cht ti gi tnh do truyn sng. 1795 quick clay st nhanh, t st nhy cm.

1796 quick condition iu kin (th nghim) nhanh, th nghim khng thot nc. 1797 quick ground t chy. 1798 quick sand ct nhanh, ct nhy cm, ct chy. 1799 quick shear test Th nghim ct nhanh t, , khng qua c kt v thot nc. 1800 radial ~ displacement ~ fracture propagation due to blasting ~ strain ~ stress hng tm, to tia. Dch chuyn hng tm Pht trin khe nt to tia do n mn Bin dng bn, bin dng ngang, bin dng to tia, bin dng hng tm ng sut hng tm. 1801 radial flow dng chy hng tm, ta tia. Dng cung trn.

1802 radius of fractured zone bn knh i dp v. Quanh hm l, do khai o gy ra. 1803 radius of influence bn knh nh hng. 1804 raft foundation mng b, mng bn. 1805 raise S nng, thot ln trn. 1806 raker pile cc ng nghing. c thit k v thi cng tng kh nng chu ti trng ngang. 1807 ram (in triaxial cell) a) Pit tng trong bung nn ba trc th nghim nn t, . b) ng v m nn. 1809 rammer u m, u ng. Nh punner. 1810 ramp ng dc, dc. 1811 Rankine, active pressure ~ passive pressure p lc ch ng Rankine. p lc b ng Rankine. 1812 rate of consolidation ~ coefficient of consolidation ~ construction period ~ differential equation ~ prediction ~ time factor tc c kt.

H s c kt Tc c kt trong thi gian thi cng Phng trnh vi phn biu din hin tng c kt Tnh, d bo c kt Yu t thi gian trong c kt. 1813 rate of excavation, influence on pillar loads and stresses tc o. nh hng ca tc khai o ti ti trng ln cc ct tr m v trng ng sut. 1814 rate of feed tc np. 1815 rate of increase of stress, rate of loading tc tng ng sut, tc tng ti trng. Th d tc tng ti trng trong th nghim nn. 1816 rate of strain tc bin dng. 1817 Rayleigh wave sng Rayleigh. 1818 readability kh nng, tnh c c. 1819 rebound curve ng cong gim ti. Th d gim ti t th nghim nn tnh cc. 1820 rebound test th nghim bt ny. o bt ny ca ba Schmidt xc nh sc bn ca b mt , khe nt, b tng v.v. Xem Schmidt hammer rebound test. 1821 recharge cp thm, cung cp thm. Th d cung cp thm nc cho nc ngm gim ln st t. 1822

recharge well ging cp nc cho nc ngm. 1823 recompact m li. m li t nn sau khi kim tra. 1824 recompression nn li. 1825 recorder ngi ghi chp, ngi theo di kt qu th nghim. S ghi chp, ghi nhn. 1826 rectangular footings mng hnh ch nht. 1827 rectangular plate, buckling of in an excavation roof tm, tng, phin hnh ch nht. S ph hy vm trn ca cng trnh ngm dng ri l c tng. 1828 reference point im chun, mc chun. 1829 references tham kho, tham chiu, quy chiu. Th d, ti liu tham kho, h quy chiu, im tham chiu v.v. 1830 refusal chi, phn lc li. Th d ng cc n lc cc b chi. 1831 regolith, overburden ti trng lp ph. Ti trng do t trm tch ph ln trn lp t c. 1832 regulator iu chnh, iu ha. 1833 regur (black cotton soil)

t en dng bng. 1834 reinforced concrete b tng ct thp. 1835 reinforced earth t c ct. t c gia c thm bng cc bin php c hc, ha hc v.v. 1836 reinforcement ~ of massive rock ~ in the crown of a stope ~ to prevent sliding ~ to prevent toppling gia c, gia cng, lm mnh thm. Gia c khi trng Gia c vm, trn trong khai thc hm l dng bc. Xem tr lc v gia cng . Gia c chng trt Gia c chng lt Nh rock support and reinforcement 1837 reinforcing bars ct thp gia c. 1838 relative density t trng tng i. Dung trng tng i, ch s dung trng, ch s cht ca t. 1839 relative strength value of an explosive Gi tr cng ph tng i ca mt cht n. 1840 relaxation, ~ test th nghim hi phc, th nghim gim ti. Th nghim cht ti i vi mu vt, sau d ti v theo di hnh vi (c im ng sut-bin dng v.v.) ca mu vt trong khi d ti. 1841 released energy ~ associated with cut-and-fill stoping ~ associated with thin tabular excavation ~ general determination of for gradual and sudden excavation nng lng gii phng.

~ nng lng gii phng khi khai thc dng bc kiu o-lp ~ nng lng gii phng trong khai o, bc cc tm mng ~ vic xc nh nng lng gii phng trong khai o tng bc v t ngt. 1842 relief well ging gim p. 1843 remedial measures for critical slopes Cc bin php khc phc i vi mi dc ti hn (xung yu). 1844 remolded soil t b xo trn. t c li. t b xo trn v c, li hnh dng ban u. 1845 remould, remold Xo trn t, ph v kt cu nguyn dng ca t, ch b mu t. 1846 remoulded soil, remolded soil t b xo trn. 1847 remoulding index ch s xo trn mu t. 1848 remoulding sensitivity nhy ca mu t b xo trn. nhy ca t, quan h gia cng ca t trng thi nguyn dng v trng thi b xo trn. Xem sensitivity. 1849 required support line ng tr lc. ng biu din mc tr lc cn thit i vi mt cng trnh khai o, chng hn hm, l. Cng vi ng cong biu din mc dch chuyn ca t , ng tr lc lm nn ci gi l ng cong tng tc nn-tr lc (ground-support interaction curve). N xc nh mc tr lc cn thit gia c, m bo n nh t , v thi im lp dng tr lc. Lp dng tr lc qu sm hn ch c t dch chuyn, song i hi mt lng tr lc ln v khng tn dng c ti a kh nng t chng ca t . Lp dng tr lc qu mun li lm cho t dch chuyn qu mc cho php, khin cho vic lp dng tr lc khng cn tin cy na v khng d on c hnh vi sau ny ca t . Lp dng tr lc ng lc,

ng mc l mt trong nhng yu cu ln nht ca k thut cng trnh hin i. N i hi phi theo di st hnh vi ng x ca t trong lc khai o, phi c cc bin php tnh ton kp thi. 1850 reservoir B cha nc, h cha nc. Th d p p xy dng h cha nc, h cha nc cho cng trnh thy in. 1851 residual deformation bin dng d. 1852 residual soil t resudial, t tn tch. 1853 residual strength cng d. Cng cn li ca t sau khi t tr cao nht, tn ti vi bin dng ln. 1854 residual strength

~ criterion for sc bn d. Sc bn cn d li ca t sau khi b ph hy. Sc bn d c xc nh trn c s ng cong ng sut-bin dng. Sau khi t cc i, ng cong ny i xung ti mt khong no th hu nh chuyn sang i ngang, hm rng sau khi mu vt b ph hy hn, vn cn mt p lc nht nh tip tc gy dch chuyn dc theo b mt ph hy. Ngoi ra, cng cn xc nh sc bn d mt gc khc, vi ngha rng ngay c khi t b ph hy, chng vn c mt sc bn nht nh. ~ tiu chun sc bn d. 1855 residual stress ng sut d. ng sut cn li trong cc sau tc ng ca u ba ng cc. ng sut cn d li trong t sau khi d ti. Xem ground stress. 1856 residual subsidence ln d. 1857 resistance

sc khng, sc chng, sc bn. 1858 resisting moment momen khng, momen chng. Momen to nn do cc lc v cnh tay ng ngc chiu vi momen do ngoi lc to nn. 1859 resistivity survey Kho st v thm d bng o in tr khng. 1860 response of rock mass to mining in stratified rock Phn ng ca khi i vi vic khai thc trong phn lp. 1861 restoring force lc c phc hi. 1862 resultant stress ng sut tng, ng sut kt qu. 1863 retaining dam p gi nc. 1864 retaining structure/wall tng chn t, tng gi t, tng bo v mi dc. Cc cu trc/tng c xy nn chn, chng li s c ph hy t, . 1865 retrogressive landslide trt l t li dn. Trt l t ln dn, rng dn, ngc ln nh dc. 1866 revetment lp bo v. 1867 rheology, consolidation model ~ strength component lu bin. M hnh c kt lu bin Thnh phn sc bn lu bin. 1868

rib pillars ~ design of ~ rib side tr chng dng v ko. Thit k tr chng dng v ko Cnh v ko. 1869 rigid block failure ~ from an excavation roof ~ from excavation sidewalls s ph hy ca khi cng. ~ t vm, trn mt cng trnh khai o ~ t vch mt cng trnh khai o 1870 rigid body displacement ~ rotation s dch chuyn ca th cng. ~ s xoay ca th cng 1871 rigid foundation mng cng. Mng c gi thit l cng, khng bin dng. 1872 rigid pavement ng cng. Kt cu ng cng. 1873 rigidity cng. 1874 rigidity modulus modun cng ca t. 1875 ring shear apparatus thit b ct vng mu t. 1876 rip rap lp bo v.

Bng hc ( k b). 1877 riser pipe ng dng. 1878 river wall tng, bo v b sng. Xem levee. 1879 road embankment p, lp t xy dng ng. 1880 road foundation, subgrade mng ng. Lp c s xy dng ng. 1881 road metal maccadam cng. maccadam c p nh. 1882 roadbed (of railways) lp mng di ng st. 1883 roadway nn ng, b mt y ng. 1884 rock ~ breakage by explosives ~ delineation of zones of failure ~ influence of properties of on blasting performance ~ Influence of rock structure on excavation geometry ~ Mass ~ Mass classification schemes ~ Material

~ Monitoring performance of rock mass ~ Response of mass to mining in stratified rock ~ Rock Mass Rating (RMR) ~ Strength and deformability ~ Strength criterion for ~ Structure ~ soft ~, weak ~ . Ph bng thuc n Xc nh i ph hy trong nh hng ca tnh cht ca ti hiu sut n mn nh hng ca cu trc ti hnh dng h o Khi Cc h phn loi khi Mu , vt liu Quan trc hnh vi ca khi Phn ng ca khi i vi vic khai thc trong phn lp nh im khi (RMR). Phng php nh im, phn loi khi do Bieniawski xut (1973). Sc bn v c tnh bin dng ca Tiu chun sc bn ca Cu trc mm, yu 1885 rock bit Mi khoan , mi khoan cp p. Nh rock chisel. 1886 rock bit Mi khoan , mi khoan ba nn xoay. Nh tricone bit, roller bit. 1887 rock bolt vt , neo . 1888

rock burst n. Mt dng gii phng ng sut trong . 1889 rock core li khoan , mu khoan . 1890 rock fall , l. S c ri, l . 1891 rock fill san lp, p bng . 1892 rock flour bi . 1893 rock mass khi . Khi nim dng ch ton b mi trng ti hin trng, c cha c cc mt phn lp, t gy, khe nt, np un v nhng c im cu trc khc. Khi thng khng lin tc, khng ng nht v c nhng c tnh k thut d hng. 1894 rock mass classification phn loi khi . L vic nh lng ha nhng kinh nghim thu c trong qu trnh kho st thi cng mt s cng trnh trn s dng cho nhng cng trnh sau. Mt s h phn loi khi hin c p dng ph bin trn th gii l h phn loi a c (Geomechanics classification) (cn gi l h cho im khi (Rock Mass Rating, RMR System), v h Q (cht lng khi ). Nhng h phn loi ny gn im cho mt s thng s hoc c tnh ca khi , sau cng gp nhng im ny t c mt cch nh gi, phn loi khi tng th. im phn loi sau cn c i chiu vi nhng hnh vi c th quan st c v khi , nh khu n nh, thi gian t tr vng khng cn chng , yu cu tr lc v.v... 1895 rock mass, conditions

~ definition of ~ properties ~ rating (RMR) ~ strength trng thi, c im khi . nh ngha khi . c im, tnh cht khi . nh im khi (RMR). Sc bn khi . 1896 rock material mu , vt liu . Phn cn nguyn trng gia cc gin on, c th c i din bi mt mu vt hoc mt mnh ly t li khoan phc v th nghim trong phng. 1897 rock mechanics ~ definition of ~ emergence ~ objectives in mining ~ role of geology in c hc . Mn khoa hc l thuyt v ng dng v hnh vi ca v khi , mt ngnh c hc v phn ng ca v khi i vi cc trng lc ca mi trng vt l ca chng. nh ngha ~ S ra i ca b mn c hc i tng ca c hc trong khai thc m Vai tr ca a cht hc trong c hc 1898 rock pressure p lc tnh ca , p lc y ca .
VPP ThinMinh 04.7914.838 Th vui ung ch Vit Nam Thit k website Vit Nam Thuc cho ngi Vit
Bichuoi

Posts: 325 T o Joined: Tue Aug 28, 2007 2:56 pm

Re: , T in Anh Vit, a k thut, <tip>

by Bichuoi on Sun Nov 11, 2007 11:44 am

1900 rock quality designation (RQD) nh danh cht lng . Khc vi thu hi li khoan l phn trm chiu di li khoan thu hi c trn tng chiu di khoan, RQD l phn trm tng chiu di cc on li khoan di hn 10 cm trn tng chiu di khoan, thng l mt nhp khoan. Nh vy, RQD l mt bin th ca thu hi li khoan, dng gip cho vic o v li khoan. nh danh cht lng c chia thnh rt tt (RQD=90-100%), tt (75-90%), trung bnh (50-75%), km (25-50%) v rt km (<25%). Mc d sc bn ca cng nh hng ti RQD, n ph thuc nhiu hn vo gin cch khe nt v rt gn gi vi c khi . nh danh cht lng . Khi nim do Deer xut nm 1968 nhm nh lng ha gin cch khe nt. RQD c xc nh trn c s li khoan, bng cch cng tng chiu di ca tt c cc on li khoan di hn 10 cm ca mt nhp khoan ri chia cho tng chiu di ca nhp khoan. Sau ny, Priest v Hudson (1976) xut thm cch c tnh RQD trn c s gin cch khe nt. 1901 rock slabbing (stress-induced) tch phin (do ng sut). Mt dng gii phng ng sut trong . 1902 rock slide trt . 1903 rock structure cu trc . Bn cht v s phn b cc c tnh cu trc ca khi . 1904 rock support and reinforcement ~ available support line ~ design of ~ face support in longwall mining ~ ground characteristic line ~ materials and techniques of

~ pre-reinforcement ~ principles of ~ required support line ~ rockbolts ~ rock-support interaction ~ support pressure ~ critical value of ~ support reaction line ~ tendons ~ terminology tr lc v gia c . ng (biu din) tr lc hin c Thit k tr lc v gia cng khi Tr lc gng trong khai thc l dc ng (biu din) c trng ca nn trong tr lc v gia c Vt liu v k thut tr lc v gia cng khi Gia c trc trong ~ Cc nguyn l ~ ng tr lc cn thit Dng neo, vt trong ~ Tng tc - tr lc p lc, tr lc Cc gi tr ti hn trong ... ng cong tng tc - tr lc Neo thut ng dng trong ~. 1905 rock waste thi. Lp b bo mn, phong ha, vt liu b loi b 1906 rock/soil/ground response/behavior phn ng/ng x/hnh vi ca t// nn t . 1907 rockfalls and rockburst ri v n.

Trong t nhin, t thng chu tc ng ca trng ng sut. Nhng bn thn trng ng sut t khi l nguyn nhn ca cc tai bin k thut cng trnh hay gp. Ngc li, hin tng gii phng ng sut, t ngt hay t t, mi l nguyn nhn ch yu. Trong s 5 kiu phn ng chnh ca t gm n nh, trng n, ri, trn v n, ch c 3 kiu sau mi do gii phng ng sut gy ra. ri xy ra di tc ng ca trng lc, cn n li xy ra khi c gii phng nng lng mnh v t ngt, tng t nh ng t. Trong thc t, nhiu trng hp n ln, thm ch ti 5.5 Rchte, c th ghi nhn c bi cc trm quan trc a chn. cc vng m, tai ho v kh n hay xy ra do tc ng ng thi ca mt lng ln kh mtan hay ccbonc b nn p v gii phng ng sut mnh lit . Thm ch ngay gn mt t, n cng c th xy ra di dng nn, sn cc m, ng hm b tri ln. Tri sn thng gp nhng ni t c th nm ngang, p lc nc ngm ln, gii phng ng sut (theo chiu thng ng) t ngt. 1908 rockfill san lp, p . Khi c s dng san lp hoc xy p kt cu . 1909 rocky thuc v d, c c tnh ca . 1910 roll (to compact by rolling) m bng xe lu. m cht () bng xe lu vi bnh lu thp. 1911 rolled earth fill khi t p c m cht. 1912 roller bit mi khoan . Mi khoan chng khoan a 3 nn xoay. Nh rock bit. 1913 roller thit b m, thit b lu. 1914 root hole

l rng to nn do r cy. 1915 rotary drilling khoan xoay. 1916 rotational slip cung trt trn. 1917 roughness nhm, s s. Vt liu c gc cnh khng nhn. 1918 rubber - tyred compactor thit b m bnh lp. Xem pneumatic - tyred roller 1919 rubble x bn. Vt liu s dng san lp ( vn, b tng, vt liu xy dng khc), vt liu c loi b 1920 run - off chy trn. Dng chy trn b mt. 1921 runway (airport) ng bng sn bay. 1922 Rupture Gy v, dp v. L hin tng, qu trnh gy v, nt n xy ra khi b cht ti qu gii hn sc bn ca n. Thut ng ph hy (failure) khng nn dng ch hin tng, qu trnh gy v, v rt nhiu cng trnh xy lp, khai o (th d hm l) vn n nh v s dng c mc d c cc i gy v pht trin trn vm v vch hm. Nhng i nh vy c t vy quanh v h thng tr lc h tr v vn tip tc gnh chu mt phn ti trng.

1923 safe load ti trng cho php, lc an ton. Nh allowable load. 1924 safety factor, factor of safety h s an ton. Th d trong nn mng l t s gia lc ti hn ca t nn v ti trng cho php ca mng. 1925 salina mui bin. Mui ng li sau qu trnh bc hi nc mn. 1926 saline thuc v mui, c c tnh ca mui. 1927 saltation thm mui, nhim mn. 1928 saltwater nc mn. 1929 sample mu t, . 1930 sample tube ng ly mu. Nh sampling tube, shelby tube. 1931 sample ly mu t, . 1932

sampler thit b ly mu. 1933 sampling disturbance S xo trn mu t trong khi ly mu. 1934 sand ct. 1935 sand boil ct si, ct n. Ct b n, si do p lc nc. 1936 sand drain Thot nc bng ging, cc ct. Ging ct hoc cc ct c s dng kt hp vi gia ti trc tng nhanh qu trnh c kt nn v kh ln. 1937 sand pile cc ct. c s dng gia c nn cho php tng cng nn v gim ln. 1938 sand pit h o trong ct, m khai thc ct. 1939 sandstone ct kt. 1940 sandy thuc v ct, c c tnh ca ct. 1941 saprolite i saprolit. Sn phm ca qu trnh laterit ha. 1942 saturated unit weight th trng bo ha. Trng lng ring ca t bo ha 1943

saturation, degree of bo ha, bo ha. T s gia th tch nc v th tch l rng trong t. 1944 scale a) Thc t l trong bn . b) loi b lp b phong ha. 1945 scale effect nh hng ca t l. nh hng gia kch thc mu, m hnh v kch thc tht. 1946 scatter of results kt qu phn tn. Kt qu th nghim khng tp trung. 1947 schmidt hammer rebound test th nghim bt ny (o chi). C th s dng ba bt ny Schmidt, c dng ph bin trong th nghim b tng, c nh nhanh sc bn ca . Ba bt ny xch tay kiu L gm c pt tng vi l xo nn. o bng cch n u ba vo b mt vt l hoc li khoan. Khi n ht tm, mt lc s c gii phng lm pt tng bt ny tr li mt khong, c con tr nh du trn thc t l. chnh l bt ny Schmidt, t l thun vi cng ca b mt , bng khng i vi loi mm, yu v ti 60 i vi loi cng, khng b dp v. 1948 scour xi l, xi chn. 1949 scraper thit b san phng. T hnh hoc ko bng my xc. Self - propelled or tractor - drawn. 1950 scratch and indentation test th nghim o cng, th nghim n, vch. Th nghim vch c Friedrich von Mohs gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1882. Thang cng Mohs s dng 10 khang vt tiu chun, mm nht l talc (H=1) v cng nht l kim cng (H=10). Calcite v thch anh c cng tng ng l 3 v 7. Th nghim n o lm ca b mt o khi c cc mi hnh cu, hnh nn hoc chp n ln. 1951 scree vn nm trn sn ni. Xem talus slope. 1953 screen sng ht t hoc sng , cng tc sng.

1954 screening plant nh my sng v phn loi . 1955 screw auger khoan gung xon. 1956 screw pile cc xon. cc vt. Cc c mi dng vt c xon vo t. 1957 sea level mc nc bin. 1958 seal off gn, lin kt. 1959 seam va, lp. 1960 seasonal movement dch chuyn theo ma. 1961 seat of settlement khu vc pht sinh ln. 1962 secondary consolidation c kt th sinh, c kt th cp. S gim th tch ca khi t gy bi mt ti trng tc dng ko di. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra khi nc trong l rng ca t b y ra v ti trng tc dng c chuyn t nc sang phn ht rn ca t. 1963 secondary time effect c kt th cp. 1964 section, cross mt ct.

1965 sediment trm tch, lng ng. 1966 sedimentary thuc v trm tch, lng ng. 1967 sedimentation analysis, hydrometer phn tch thnh phn ht bng lng ng. 1968 sedimentation s trm tch, lng ng. 1969 seep thm, lc, thm thu. 1970 seepage failure ph hy do thm, ph hy v p do thm nc. 1971 seepage force lc thm, p lc thm. Nh seepage pressure. 1972 seepage line ng bo ha, ng thm. 1973 seepage (process) s thm. 1974 seepage (product) lng nc b mt i do thm. 1975 seepage path ng thm, qu o thm. 1976

seepage velocity tc thm, tc dng chy do thm. 1977 segregation phn tng. Vt liu b phn tng, ct liu b tng b phn tng. 1978 seismic indexes to rock quality cc ch s a chn xc nh cht lng . C th p dng cc phng php a vt l xc nh cc tnh cht nh a chn, in, t, trng lc, x ca nhm hai mc ch: o v ranh gii cc h tng, t gy, np un v m t nh lng tng h tng . m t nh lng, trong thc t ngi ta ch hay s dng cc phng php a chn. Cc phng php ny o thi gian cn sng m (tn s thp) v sng siu m (tn s cao) lan truyn trong t thit b pht n thit b thu. Vn tc sng m c tnh bng cch chia qung ng cho thi gian truyn sng, qua cho nhng thng tin thit yu v hng v mt khe nt ca , t suy ra sc bn khi , bin dng v dn thy lc v.v... Sng m lan truyn trong c chc v cng nhanh hn so vi trong mm yu, nhiu l hng, khe nt. Trong mi trng b c nhiu vi khe nt, sng m lan truyn chm hn nhiu so vi xp rng c cng hng tng cng. 1979 seismicity iu kin/c im a chn. 1980 semi - infinite solid mi trng cng bn v hn. 1981 sensitive nhy, d b thay i. 1982 sensitive clay t st nhy. 1983 sensitivity nhy. T s gia sc khng ct khng thot nc ca t st nguyn dng v t st b ph hoi. 1984 sequence of strata (geol.) trt t a tng, trnh t a tng. Th t phn tng cc lp t khng ng nht. Nh stratigraphical sequence. 1985

settlement ln, ln. ln ca nn di tc dng ca ti trng. 1986 settlement - load curve biu ti trng - ln. Kt qu th nghim nn t hoc nn cc. 1987 settlement - time curve biu ln - thi gian. Kt qu nn t hoc nn cc. 1988 settlement analysis tnh ton ln ca nn. 1989 settlement measurement o ln. 1990 settlement observation quan trc ln, theo di ln. 1991 settlement plate bn o ln, bn o ln. 1992 shaft (of a pile or caisson) mt bn. Mt bn ca cc hoc mng ging. 1993 shaft (opening for underground access) ging, h o. Kho st, thm d. 1994 shaft adhesion ma st bn. Ma st bn ca cc, bm dnh ca cc vi nn 1995 shaft friction, skin friction ma st bn. 1996 shaking test (hand test for dilatancy) th nghim rung.

Th nghim o gin n, tng th tch ca mu t 1997 shale phin st. 1998 shale (Clay) mylonite seam va mylonit st. Gm lp st nho b c nt, nhiu nc v sc khng ct tn d thp (10-20). Va st mylonit thng mng, ch vi mm ti 1-2 cm. Mu sc cng gn ging vi gc b t nn rt kh phn bit nu khng li khoan kh i mt phn. Va st mylonit thng gi nc lu hn l phin st nguyn trng v c mu ti hn. Tuy nhin, va mylonit set thng mm hn v c th phn bit vi phin st gc bng cch di mt con dao nhp dc theo chiu di li khoan. 1999 shallow beam dm thnh mng, dm nng. 2000 shallow foundation mng nng. 2001 shape factor h s hnh dng. d tnh sc chu ti ca mng. 2002 shear box thit b ct mu t trc tip. 2003 shear diagram biu lc ct. 2004 shear failure ph hy ct. Ph hng do ng sut ct. 2005 shear fracture khe nt, vt nt do lc ct. Nh shear crack. 2006 shear modulus modun ct, modun bin dng ct. Modun bin dng do lc tip tuyn. Nh rigidity modulus, modulus of shear deformation.

2007 shear th nghim ct, xc nh sc khng ct ca t . 2008 shear plane mt ct. Nh shear surface. 2009 shear stiffness cng ct. c o nh l dc ca ng cong ng sut-dch trt trong th nghim ct trc tip. Cng nh cng php tuyn, cng ct cng hay c s dng trong m hnh ha hnh vi ct ca cc gin on, cng thay i mt cch phi tuyn v rt kh xc nh. N thng ph thuc vo mc nguyn dng ca gin on, phng php th nghim, kch thc mu v ng sut php tuyn. Hu ht cc phng php s u gi thit l cng ct thay i tuyn tnh tng on, khng i trc khi ph hy xy ra. 2010 shear strain bin dng ct. 2011 shear strength (drained ~) sc bn ct that nc. Sc bn ct trong iu kin thot nc. 2012 shear strength (undrained ~) sc bn ct khng that nc. Sc bn ct trong iu kin khng thot nc. 2013 shear strength/resistance sc bn/khng ct. 2014 shear stress ng sut ct. 2015 shear test th nghim ct. 2017 shear zone vng ph hy do lc ct. i dp v. i cha t b dp v, ph hy, l ni gii phng ng sut ca khi . Cc b mt dp v ca i thng c du hiu trt hoc c ph bi mt s vt liu c sc bn

ma st thp, sinh ra trong qu trnh gii phng ng sut hoc phong ha. 2018 shearing thuc v ct, ng sut ct. 2019 shearing resistance sc khng ct. Nh shear strength. 2020 sheepsfoot roller m chn cu. 2021 sheet - pile wall, bulkhead tng c bo v h o, tng c bo v mi dc. 2022 sheet erosion xi l do ngp lt. 2023 sheet joints khe nt dng phin, l. Khe nt dng phin, l chy gn nh song song vi mt t, un ln theo a hnh v lin quan vi gii phng ng sut. Chng hn, chng xut hin dy c nhng din pht trin granit di dng v hnh gn mt t, cng xung su cng tha v cht kht. Trt t i khi cng xy ra do pht trin p lc nc l rng dc theo nhng khe nt dng phin l nm song song vi sn thung lng dc ng. 2024 sheet pile cc c. Cc chn t, bo v h o. 2025 sheeted rock b , k . 2026 sheeting (eng'g.) k . 2027 Shelby tube ng ly mu Shelby c thnh mng. Nh sample tube. 2028

shore (prop or strut used for ground support) thanh chng bo v h o, thanh chng t. 2029 shore, shoreline b, ng b. 2030 shore chng thnh h o. 2031 shot rock ph bng n mn. 2032 shotcrete b tng phun. 2033 shovel gu xc. 2034 shringkage deformation bin dng co ngt. 2035 shrinkage co ngt (t, ). 2036 shrinkage index ch s co ngt. 2037 shrinkage limit gii hn co ngt. Hm lng nc cao nht, ti hm lng nc ny vic gim nc khng lm thay i th tch khi t. 2038 shuttering cp pha. 2039 sidewall sampler

ly mu thnh h o. 2040 sieve analysis phn tch thnh phn ht t bng ry. 2041 sieve ci ry, sng t. 2042 sieve opening kch thc mt sng. 2043 sieve sng , sng t. 2044 sieving machine, sieve shaker thit b sng. 2045 silica silic. 2046 siliceous, silicious thuc v, c c tnh ca silic. 2048 silt ct bi, bt. 2049 silt up ct bi lng ng. 2050 siltation tp trung ct bi, lng ng ct bi trong lng h cha nc. 2052 silty pha ct bi.

2053 single - grained structure kt cu ht t ng nht. 2054 sink (as of a well or borehole) ng, khoan. 2055 sinkhole, swallow khu vc nn b st, t nn b st do sp hang ngm . Xem doline. 2056 silt - size fraction thnh phn ct bi trong mu t. Kch thc ht t 0.002 n 0.006 mm. 2057 site investigation th nghim hin trng, kho st hin trng. 2058 site hin trng. 2059 site topography iu kin/c im a hnh. 2060 size factor h s kch thc, h s hiu chnh t l. 2061 skin friction ma st bn. 2062 slab bn mng. 2063 slag tro x. 2064 slake durability test

th nghim ti. Cc loi t nhiu u chu tc ng ca cc chu k kh t. Th d nh granite cha phong ha, hoc ct kt thch anh gn kt tt th kh bn bi chng c th chu c nhiu chu k kh t m khng b phn r. Tuy vy, chng vn yu hn khi t v tc ng ca nc trong cc vi khe nt. Do vy, kt qu xc nh sc bn ca cn nu r hm lng nc trong ti thi im th nghim. Ngc li, nhiu loi giu st (phin st hoc mt vi loi ni la b phong ha) v cc khong vt nh anhydrite s trng n hoc phn r khi tri qua cc chu k kh t kh quyn. Tc l khng nhng chng b yu hn khi t, m chng cn b yu i mt cch vnh vin sau khi b t. Th nghim ti nhm xc nh bn ca di tc ng ca cc chu k kh t, bng cch nhng mu vo nc v xc nh tc phn r ca chng. Th nghim ti c ISRM (Hip hi c hc quc t) chun ha. Mi ng mnh nh, cn nng 40-60 g c xp vo trong tang trng bt bng li thp v sy kh. Sau tang trng c nhng vo trong b nc v quay t t. Cc mu c bn ti thp v trung bnh s phn r nhanh chng v cc mnh vn s chui ra ngoi tang trng qua cc mt li thp. Sau 10 pht, nhc tang trng cng cc mnh vn st ra, c sy kh v sau li tri qua chu k ti ln th hai. Ch s bn ti sau chu k hai, Id2, c dng phn loi, l khi lng ca mu kh cn li trong tang trng sau hai chu k kh t, biu din dng phn trm so vi khi lng mu kh ban u. Id2 gn bng 0 i vi cc mu d b ti, gn bng 100% i vi cc loi kh ti. 2065 sleeve ng ni, ng lng. 2066 slickenside B mt khe nt, mt trt ca b ph hng. 2067 slide area din tch trt. 2068 sliding trt. Mt dng ph hy t, . 2069 slip circle cung trt. 2070 slip mt trt. S trt, dch chuyn. 2071

slip surface mt trt, cung trt. Nh sliding surface slip plane, slip plane. 2072 slip trt, dch chuyn. 2073 slope mi dc. Mi/b dc, gi chung l mi dc. 2074 slope (cut ~) mi dc khai o. Mi dc to nn khi o vo t/ to nn cc b, vch hoc mi dc. 2075 slope (embankment ~) mi dc t dp. Mi dc ca do p t/ m to nn. 2076 slope (engineered ~) mi dc nhn to. 2077 slope (natural ~) mi dc t nhin. 2078 slope engineering k thut mi dc. k thut to/xy dng mi dc. 2079 slope engineering (rock/soil ~) k thut mi dc trong /t. K thut to/xy dng mi dc trong /t. 2080 slope failure Trt mi dc, ph hy mi dc, trt l mi dc. Bt k s c ph hy mi dc no (trt, l, ln, chm, nt v.v...) khin mi dc b h hi, mt n nh v tr nn nguy him, phng hi cho tnh mng con ngi, ca ci vt cht v cnh quan mi trng, gi tt l ph hy mi dc. 2081 slope failures (factors contributing to ~) cc yu t ph hy mi dc. Cc yu t gp phn ph hy mi dc. 2082

slope stability (basic concepts applied to ~) cc khi nim c bn trong n nh mi dc. Cc khi nim c bn ng dng trong nghin cu n nh mi dc. 2083 slope stability (sub-surface model and back-analysis for ~) m hnh a cht v phn tch ngc trong phn tch n nh mi dc. 2084 slope stability analyses (typical input data for ~) cc d liu chnh cn trong phn tch n nh mi dc. 2085 slope stability analysis phn tch n nh mi dc. Vic nghin cu, kho st, phn tch, tnh ton mc n nh, an ton ca mi dc. 2086 slope stabilization methods phng php gia s mi dc. Cc phng php nhm lm cho mi dc b ph hy, hoc ang mt n nh, c nguy c b ph hy tr nn n nh v an ton. 2087 slope wash vt liu tri t sn dc. Nh hill wash. 2088 slough m ly. Nh bog, swamp, marsh, muskeg. 2089 slough Bo mn t b mt ca mi dc, t trn b mt mi dc b chy. 2090 sluice bn nc. o, lm sch vi p lc nc. 2091 sluicing (consolidation of rock fill using water) m nc. Lm cht, m cht khi p bng p lc nc. 2092 sluicing (excavation using monitors) o bng bc nc. o bng cch dng p lc nc. 2093 slump

tt xung, s tt xung, 2095 slurry - trench ho st. Ho o cha dung dch st hoc dung dch bentonit. 2096 slurry dung dch, bn st. 2097 smooth - wheel roller xe lu bnh st nhn. Thit b m vi bnh thp trn, nhn. 2098 soapstone, talc talc. 2099 sod, turf cng tc t lp t, bo v. 2100 sod t lp t bo v. 2101 soft ground (as in -- tunnelling) t hoc yu. Trong khai o cng trnh ngm. 2102 soft water nc mm. 2103 softening lm mm. 2104 soil - cement t xi mng. t trn xi mng tng cng v gim ln. 2105 soil binder lin kt, dnh kt ca t.

2106 soil colloid t nn dng keo. 2107 soil exporation kho st t nn, thm d t nn. 2108 soil horizon tng lp t nm ngang. Xem horizon. 2109 soil mechanics c hc t. L b mn c hc chuyn nghin cu v cc tnh cht c l ca t vi nhng ng dng chnh trong thc t nh: kho st v thit k cc cu trc t p nh p, nh gi n nh ca cc mi dc t nhin v nhn to, nh gi kh nng chu ti ca nn t i vi cc cng trnh xy dng, nh gi mc v s phn b p lc t ln cc cng trnh xy dng nh tng chn, d bo dng thm ca nc trong t, ci thin cc tnh cht c l ca t bng cc phng php ha hc, c hc v.v. 2110 soil mixing plant trm trn t. 2111 soil moisture m ca t. 2112 soil t. 2113 soil profile mt ct ca t nn. 2114 soil property, ~ characteristic tnh cht t nn, c tnh t nn. 2115 soil stabilization ~ admixtures ~ blasting

~ compaction ~ compaction pile

~ drainage

~ heavy tamping

~ injection and grouting

~ precompression

~ reinforced earth ~ summary ~ terra-probe ~ vibrofloatation gia c t nn, ci thin tnh cht t nn, x l nn. Cc tnh cht vt l ca t c th c ci thin bng mt s bin php kinh t, nh ~ gia c t bng ph gia. Xem admixtures ~ gia c t bng n mn. N mn ngm c th p dng lm cht cc loi t khng kt dnh nh ct. Bin php ny gy nn hin tng ha lng, thng t hiu qu cao

su qu 1 m, cch xa cc cng trnh hin c. ~ gia c t bng m ln. Xem compaction. ~ gia c t bng cc , ct. t (ct), c kh nng thot nc tt, c th gia c bng cc , ct. Bin php ny gm khoan ng mt cc ng xung ti su cn thit. Sau va rt dn ng ln, va lp l bng vt liu ht nh , ct v.v. C hai qu trnh khoan ng cc v cc chuyn ng xung di lm chuyn dch t xung quanh u c tc dng lm cht t, c gia c thm sau bng , ct v.v. ~ gia c t bng bin php thot nc. Cc tnh cht k thut ca t c th ci thin ng k bng bin php thot nc, nht l i vi cc loi t ct c thm thu cao. Thot nc c th p dng su khng ln dng ho, rnh, hoc su ln, dng ging. Cc mi dc c th gia c, n nh thm bng cch khoan to ng thot nc theo chiu ngang. i vi cng tc nn mng, tuy nhin, cn ch vic thot nc khng gy ln qu mc cho cc cng trnh xung quanh. ~ gia c t bng m ba. t khng dnh kt hoc t san lp c th c gia c bng cch th ri ba (nng 5-40 t) t cao 7-35 m. Bin php ny mnh c th lm cht t su ng k. Gn y, k thut ny cng c p dng th cho c t dnh kt. ~ bm pht va. Bm pht va c s dng rng ri trong vic kim sot, khng ch cc dng chy ngm. Do va ng thi cng lp y cc l rng trong t nn bin php ny cng c th p dng tng sc bn ca t v gim st ln qu mc. C rt nhiu bin php bm cng nh loi vt liu to va. Th d c th khoan v sau bm p va y l khoan cng lc vi vic rt ng chng ln. Mt cch khc l dng ng chng c xm l sn v li trong l khoan sau khi pht va. Va c th pha trn tim nhp c vo cc l rng trong t hoc to nn mt mn chn, thu knh, chn p, lm cht thm t. Vt liu to va c th l xi mng, st bentont (tim nhp c mt khong ngn, c hiu qu ch yu i vi t ht th), hoc cc loi dung dch nht khc (sodium silicate, cho cc loi t ht mn). Mt s dung dch cn to nn gel (cc th nhy, c qunh), lm gim kh nng thm thu, nn p, ci thin sc bn ca t. ~ gia c t bng bin php gia ti trc. Gia ti trc l bin php kh hiu qu v kinh t. Gia ti trc thng c tin hnh bng cch t san lp mt thi gian kh di trc khi thc s thi cng cng trnh, lm nn t t n ln thit k. Mt h thng quan trc, gm bn ln v cc ng o p lc piezometer c thit lp xc nh ln ca nn. Khi thi cng, lp t gia ti trc c th xc i ton b hoc mt phn. Gia ti trc cng c th thc hin bng bc thm ct, lm gim chiu di qung ng thot nc, v do vy, gim thi gian c kt. ~ gia c t bng bin php to ct, t c ct. tng v t c ct do Vidal (1969) xut v c nghin cu ng dng rng ri trong thi gian gn y (th d t san lp sau tng chn). Bin php ny bao gm vic t xen vi li kim loi, vi a k thut v m cht thnh tng lp. Tnh cht t c ci thin rt nhiu nh cng m, sc bn ca cc lp ct v lc ma st gia t v ct. 2116 soil structure kt cu t, dng kt cu t. 2117 soil survey kho st t nn, thm d t nn.

2118 soil types ~ cohesionles ~ cohesive ~ expansive ~ normally consolidated

~ overconsolidated soil

~ loose sand

~ loess

~ bentonite

~ peat kiu loi t. t khng dnh kt t dnh kt t trng n t c kt bnh thng. Ch yu ni v t st, l t cha bao gi chu ti ln hn ti trng hin ti. t c kt bnh thng nhn chung thng c xu hng nn p mnh, kh nng chu ti thp v c thm thu km ~ t qu c kt. Ch yu ni v t st, l t trong qu kh tng chu ti trng ln hn ti trng hin ti. t qu c kt c kh nng chu ti tng i cao v thng c kh nng nn p thp ~ ct ri. L loi ct c t trng rt thp, c th lm cht thm bng cch cht ti ng. Ct ri c th gy ra mt s vn v nn mng i vi cc cng trnh c t cc my mc c th gy ra rung ng khi chng vn hnh. Ct ri bo ha nc cng c th ha lng nhng vng c ri ro ng t cao, gy nn st ln ng k. ~ Hong th, ct vng. L cc thnh to gi tch, ht mn dng bt tng i ng nht. Chng c kh nng thm thu tng i cao theo chiu thng ng, nhng thp theo chiu nm ngang. Khi bo ha nc, Hong th c kh nng nn p cao, c th gy tr ngi i vi mt s cng trnh thy cng nh knh mng, p. ~ st bentont. L loi st c do cao, hnh thnh do qu trnh phn hy tro ni la. St

bentont l loi t c kh nng trng n cao khi bo ha nc. Do vy, st bentont c th gy tr ngi cho nn mng, mt ng, nn ng b tng khi tri qua nhng thay i v m theo ma. Mt khc, bentont li thng c ng dng lm lp lt nn chng thm trong cc b, h cha nc. ~ than bn. L loi t hu c dng si, b phn hy mt phn, hoc l loi t c cha mt lng ln vt cht hu c dng si. Than bn c t s rng v kh nng nn rt ln. 2119 soil, soil forming process

[a k thut] t, qu trnh hnh thnh t. nh ngha t ca cc nh a k thut tng i khc vi nh ngha ca cc nh a cht, th nhng, nng hc v.v. t l mi loi vt liu, hu c hoc v c, nm ph trn gc. Da vo ngun gc, t c th chia thnh t hu c v t v c. t hu c l hp cht trong phn ln l sn phm sinh trng v phn r ca thc vt, v trong mt s trng hp, l tch t v, xng ca cc sinh vt nh. t v c phn ln bt ngun t cc qu trnh phong ha ha l ca gc. t v c vn cn li ni chng hnh thnh nn gi l t tn tch. Nu t di chuyn ti mt a im khc bi nc, gi v.v. th n c gi l t di chuyn, v c th c chia nh hn theo c ch vn chuyn chng thnh, th d gi tch, bin tch, l tch, ph sa v.v. 2120 sol Mt loi t yu dng keo. 2121 soldier beams, - piles dm cc thp ch H, gia cng c thp. Dm thp chng thnh h o. 2122 solute d b ha tan. 2123 solution dung dch. 2124 sorting phn loi, phn tch ht, la chn ht.

2126 sound rock tt. cng, nguyn dng cha b phong ha. 2127 sound o su. 2128 sounding (depth of water) o su nc ti im thm d. 2129 sounding (soil probe) o su v sc khng xuyn ca t nn. 2130 sounding rod, probe cn xuyn. 2131 sources of ground stress ngun gy ng sut trong t . ng sut thnh phn nm ngang trong t thng khc xa so vi tnh ton trn c s l thuyt n hi v chiu dy lp ph. R rng trng trng ch l mt trong nhng ngun gy ng sut. Ngi ta cha hiu ht v ang tch cc nghin cu mt s ngun c th khc nh qu trnh trm tch, bin dng do, dch trt theo mt phn lp trong qu trnh trm tch v xm thc, tnh d hng ca , ng sut ha thch, b mt a hnh, kin to v.v... Chc chn l trong cc mi trng khc nhau nh trm tch, mc ma, bin cht v.v... s xy ra nhng qu trnh khc nhau v tng ng to nn cc ch ng sut khc nhau. 2132 sources of ground stress: Fossilized stress resulting from denudation ng sut ha thch do hot ng xm thc. Do bin dng chy do, t c v nh vn ghi nh c nhng hiu ng cht ti trong qu kh. Sau khi lp bng hoc t bn trn b ra tri i, ng sut do chng to ra vn cn tn lu li (ha thch) v gp phn to nn gi tr ln ca ng sut tng theo chiu nm ngang. Chng hn, phn ln b mt Tri t b ph mt lp bng dy ti 1 km trong k Pleistocene, to nn mt ng sut theo chiu thng ngln ti 9 MPa ti y lp bng. Ti , ng sut theo chiu nm ngang cng t ti khong 1/4 gi tr ni trn. Khi lp bng tan, ng sut theo chiu thng ng mt i v mt t phng ln. Song ng sut theo chiu nm ngang li khng d b mt i nh vy. mt s ni, ng sut theo chiu nm ngang hin ti vn cn ln gn vi gi tr t c khi vn cn lp bng. iu tng t cng xy ra trong trng hp lp t ph trn b xm thc, xi mn, ra tri. Kt qu l nhiu khi, ng sut chnh cc i trong t chuyn sang tc ng theo chiu nm ngang. 2133

sources of ground stress: effect of rock anisotropy nh hng ca tnh d hng ca t ti trng thi ng sut. Tnh d hng ca t c th l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin ng sut theo chiu nm ngang ln hn tnh ton. Amadei v Savage (1985) kt lun l i vi phn lp, ng sut trng trng ph thuc vo b dy ca mi lp v s thay i cng ca chng theo chiu su. Hu ht cc loi phn lp u c cng theo chiu phn lp ln hn so vi chiu vung gc vi n, v cng dn theo chiu su. 2134 sources of ground stress: effect of topography nh hng ca a hnh ti trng thi ng sut. Khi nng ln, b mt lc a b xm thc bi h thng cc sng sui v cc hot ng xi mn ca bin v bng h. Mt trong nhng tc ng ca xm thc l gii phng ng sut theo chiu thng ng trong khi vn lu gi ng sut theo chiu nm ngang. Ngoi ra, do b mt a hnh b phn ct, to ni, i, thung lng v.v..., trng thi ng sut cc b cng thay i theo. min i ni, trng ng sut gn mt t c xu hng thay i ph hp vi cc ng ng mc a hnh. Chng hn, trc ng sut chnh cc i v cc tiu chuyn sang nm song song v vung gc vi b mt sun ni. y thung lng c th b tri ln khi o lp ph trn lm mng p p hoc khai thc . 2135 sources of ground stress: tectonic stress nh hng ca hot ng kin to ti trng thi ng sut. Cng vi trng trng, lp ph (c hin ti ln trong qu kh), nhiu ni, cc hot ng kin to cng l mt ngun to nn trng thi ng sut trong t . Hin ti, ngi ta bit rng cc mng kin to ang tri dt vi tc ln ti 12 cm/nm. 2136 specific gravity trng lng ring. 2137 specimen mu t, . Nh sample. 2138 spillway ng x l, knh x l ca h cha. 2139 split spoon dng c ly mu. Nh sampler. 2140 spoil ph thi t h o, mn khoan. Nh muck. 2141

spongy m t. 2142 spoon sampler, sampling spoon dng c ly mu, tha ly mu. 2143 spread footing mng bng. 2144 spreading trn, loang, b te ra. Mt dng ph hy t, (ch yu t). 2145 spring (mechanical device) l xo. Th d : l xo phn lc nn trong m hnh Winkler, l xo m t phn lc ngang ca nn ln cc. 2146 spring (source of water) ngun nc. 2147 springline ng thm. Nh line of seepage. 2148 springline, springing (line of arch foundation) ng cung. ng ni hai u ca mng vng cung. 2149 sprinkler thit b phun. 2150 spud (as in "spudded barge") mng cc ln, mng dn khoan du kh ngoi khi. dn khoan. 2151 square thuc v php tnh bnh phng. 2152 square (figure)

hnh vung. 2153 square (numerical product) bnh phng. 2154 square root khai cn bc hai. 2155 stability n nh. 2156 stability analysis phn tch n nh. 2157 stability analysis by method of slices Phn tch n nh Mi dc bng phng php lt ct. 2158 stability factor (Terzaghi) h s n nh (Terzaghi). 2159 stability number (Taylor) h s n nh (Taylor). 2160 stabilization cng tc gia c , cng tc x l (nn t, mi dc). 2161 stabilize gia c t nn, x l t nn. 2162 stabilizer, stabilizing agent cht gia c, cht lm cng (nn t, mi dc...). 2164 stabilizing berm. b phn p.

Nh loading berm. 2165 stable equilibrium cn bng bn. 2166 standard compaction th nghim m cht tiu chun. 2167 standard penetration resistance (N value) sc khng xuyn ng tiu chun (tr s N). 2168 standard penetration test (S.P.T.) th nghim xuyn ng tiu chun. 2169 standpipe ng o mc nc ngm. 2170 state of equilibrium trng thi cn bng. 2171 static loading test th nghim nn. Th nghim nn tnh cc hoc bn nn. 2172 static sounding xuyn tnh CPT. Nh seaticatic penetration. 2173 steady state trng thi n nh lu di, trng thi c nh, thng xuyn. 2174 steam hammer ba hi ng cc. 2175 steel pile cc thp. 2176

sticky limit gii hn bm dnh. 2177 stockpile kho cha vt liu, bi cha vt liu (, ct, st). 2178 stone - filled drain (French drain) thot nc qua mng lc bng , thot nc kiu Php. 2179 stone base nn bng macadam. 2180 stone bed cc khi a, bi . Nh stone field; felsenmeer. 2181 stone . 2182 storage reservoir h cha nc. 2183 strain at failure bin dng ti thi im ph hy. 2184 strain control kim sot bin dng. Khng ch bin dng. Xem control of strain. 2185 strain ellipse ellip bin dng. 2186 strain gage dng c o bin dng. 2188 strain bin dng, bin dng n v.

2189 strand din nh hng thy triu. Khu vc thay i mc nc do thy triu. 2190 stratification phn tng, phn lp. 2191 stratigraphical sequence th t phn lp, tun t phn tng. 2192 stratum lp t. 2193 stream line (current) dng chy. 2194 stream dng chy. 2195 stream chy, nc chy. 2196 streaming potential p lc, th nng ca dng chy. 2197 streamline ng chy. ng m t dng chy, dng chy trong s m t li dng chy trong t nn v p lc nc. Xem flowline. 2198 streamlined flow, laminar dng chy phng. Dng chy u, dng chy khng b ri lon. 2199 strength

~ peak

~ residual cng , sc khng, sc chng, sc bn. Ni v trng thi ng sut, ti mu hay mt phn khi b gy v. xc nh c sc bn, cn xc nh c thi im xy ra gy v (Xem rupture). Khi gy v xy ra t ngt, n lun i km vi s gim xung cng t ngt ca ti trng tc ng, vi ting ng, i khi kh to. Tuy nhin, gy v cng c th xy ra t t, rt kh xc nh, nht l khi th nghim mu mm yu trong iu kin ng sut bao quanh ln. ~ Sc bn (cc i). L ng sut cc i m c th chu c trong mt s iu kin nht nh. Sau khi t sc bn cc i, mu c th vn cn mt s kh nng chu ti no v thng ch t n sc bn d (cc tiu) sau khi bin dng ng k. ~ sc bn d/tn d/st. 2200 strength (tensile) sc bn ko. Xem Tensile strength test. 2201 strength (triaxial compressive ~) sc bn nn ba trc. Xem triaxial compressive strength test. 2202 strength (uniaxial compressive ~) sc bn nn n trc, nn h hng. Xem uniaxial compressive strength test. 2203 strength and yield criteria tiu chun sc bn v chy do. Trong c hc t, , t trc ti nay, cc nh khoa hc v ang b ra kh nhiu cng sc tm kim mt tiu chun sc bn v chy do c c s l thuyt, kh d p dng c cho mi loi t . Nhng c gng u tin c l xut pht t l thuyt khe nt Griffith, nhng tiu chun sc bn do ng a ra khng my ph hp vi thc t. Cc tiu chun hin ang c p dng trong thc t u l tiu chun thc nghim n gin, c tm ra bng cch khp mt ng cong vi cc s liu thc nghim. Mt s tiu chun thc nghim c p dng ph bin l: tiu chun Mohr-Coulomb, tiu chun Hoek-Brown. Ngoi ra cn c mt s tiu chun khc nh ca Franklin (1971), Bieniawski (1974), Yudhbir (1983), Johnston (1985) v.v. 2204 strength anisotropy tnh bn d hng. Do kin trc vt cht c th nh hng, hoc do cc mt phn lp, th ch m hnh vi ca rt nhiu loi tr nn d hng. Dng d hng n gin nht l ng hng ngang, tc l ng nht theo hai hng v khc vi hng th ba. Sc bn cc i ca cc ng

hng ngang trong th nghim nn ba trc thay i Ty theo hng ca cc mt ng hng, th ch hoc cc mt gim yu so vi hng ca trc ng sut chnh. 2205 strength criteria tiu chun sc bn. Tiu chun sc bn l mt phng trnh dng kim tra xem gy v c xy ra hay khng trong iu kin tc ng kt hp ca 3 ng sut chnh. Rt kh a ra mt tiu chun sc bn n gin, Hon chnh v sc bn t khng phI l mt i lng n tr. Chng hn, sc bn nn n trc ca thng, t nht, ln gp 8 ln sc bn ko, cn sc bn nn ba trc th ph thuc rt nhiu vo ng sut bao quanh. Do vy, cn tin hnh rt nhiu th nghim c v s lng ln kiu loi, xc nh cc thng s tng ng vi mi iu kin gy v c th xy ra. 2206 stress ng sut. 2207 stress control kim sot ng sut, khng ch ng sut. Xem control of stress. 2208 stress distribution phn b ng sut. 2209 stress measurement o trng ng sut. Trng thi ng sut trong t i khi cn o trong qu trnh kho st phc v cho vic thit k. Khi khc, li cn o trong qu trnh khai thc hoc xy dng kim tra cc tnh ton thit k v cnh bo hin tng vt qu ng sut do qu trnh khai o gy ra. Trong phn ln thit k k thut phc v cho khai o trong t , ch cn c tnh s b da trn kinh nghim cng nh cc s liu hin c v trng ng sut ton cu hoc khu vc. Ngc li, cn tin hnh o trng ng sut trong mt s trng hp quan trng, th d khi lp k hoch khai thc quy m ln mt khu vc cha c thm d chi tit, hoc thit k gian my nh my thy in, khi vic sa cha nhng gi thit sai lm trong khu thit k c th cn t hn chi ph cho vic o. C th c nhiu phng php o trng ng sut, trong mt s phng php c m t chi tit trong cc vn liu ca Hip hi c hc quc t (ISRM, 1987), nh overcoring, undercoring, flat-jack method, hydrofracturing, sleeve fracturing, stress relaxation v.v... 2210 stress measurement (method): flat-jack test o trng ng sut bng phng php kch phng. Phng php kch phng nhiu khi l bin php thay th r hn so vi khoan chm (overcoring) v thng c p dng o ng sut gn b mt cc din l nh vm trn, vch hoc sn hm l hoc thnh, y h o l thin. Kch phng l mt tm m lm t hai tm thp mng c hn ni kn xung quanh, y nc hoc du. C nh

mt s im o chuyn v trn b mt v ghi khong cch gia chng. Dng mt ca a to mt khe vung gc vi b mt . Nht kch vo trong khe, sau bm phng kch ln lm khe m rng ra cho n khi t c nhng s o khong cch ban u (trit tiu bin dng). p sut bm ti thi im chnh l thnh phn ng sut vung gc vi khe tn ti trc khi c n. bit trng thi ba chiu ca ng sut, cn c nhiu khe vi hng ct khc nhau trn vm v vch hm. Tuy nhin, trng thi ng sut o c b nh hng ca chnh cng tc khai o, n mn v.v... Do vy, xc nh c trng thi ng sut ban u, cha b xo trn trong cn tin hnh cc m phng s tr v s phn b ng sut xung quanh ng hm. 2211 stress measurement (method): hydraulic test on preexisting fissures (HTPF) o trng ng sut bng bm p nc ln cc khe nt c sn. Cornet (1986) xut mt phng php gn ging vi th nghim bm p nc l khoan nhng khng phi to ra khe nt mi. Th nghim bm p nc c tin hnh ln cc khe nt c sn vi gc nghing khc nhau xc nh ton b tensor ng sut khu vc. Ngi ta cch ly mt on l khoan ni c sn mt khe nt, quan st thy, chng hn bng camera. Sau bm p nc on l khoan ny vi p sut ln m li khe nt . Tng ng sut php tuyn tc ng ln khe nt c th xc nh bng mt trong hai cch, hoc t p sut ng bm tc thi hoc t cc bc c p sut khng i. 2212 stress measurement (method): hydrofracturing o trng ng sut bng phng php p nc to khe nt. o trng ng sut ti su ln, c vi trm mt n vi km, nhiu khi khng th tin hnh khoan chm c. Do vy, bm p nc to khe nt thnh l khoan gn nh l phng php duy nht trong vic nghin cu, th d cc b cha du, kh, hoc phc v cho thit k cng trnh ngm su ln trc khi o cc hm, ging thm d. Bm p nc to khe nt thnh l khoan trc tip cho gi tr ng sut chnh cc tiu khng ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca khi . Sau c th c tnh cc thnh phn ng sut khc. u tin, mt on l khoan su nghin cu, (tt nht l chn on tng i t khe nt, c thm nh) c cch ly bng cch bm phng cc tm chn trn v di. Sau bm nc (hoc mt loi cht lng khc) vo on l khoan ni trn. Tng dn p sut nc ng thi quan st bin i lng nc bm vo. Lng nc t ngt tng cng vi p sut t ngt gim chng t khe nt hnh thnh. Nu tip tc bm nc, khe nt s pht trin su vo trong theo hng vung gc vi trc ng sut chnh cc tiu. Khi khe nt pht trin khong 10 ln ng knh l khoan, ngng bm nc v o p sut tc thi ti thi im ng van. Lp li quy trnh ny vi ln xc nh chnh xc p sut trn. N chnh l gi tr ng sut chnh cc tiu. Hiu s gia cc gi tr p sut cc i ti thi im hnh thnh v m li khe nt gia hai chu k u chnh l sc bn ko ca . Hng ca khe nt c th xc nh bng camera, qut siu m hoc mng nh du. Khi mt khe nt gn song song vi l khoan, cn xc nh thm c gi tr ng sut chnh cc i. 2213 stress measurement (method): Kaiser effect o trng ng sut bng hiu ng Kaiser. Khi mu b nn trong phng th nghim, n s pht ra bc x sng m khng nghe c (AE, acoustic emission) vi tc tng dn cng vi gia ti. Hiu ng Kaiser (Kaiser, 1953) l s tng t ngt bc x sng m khi gia ti t n gi tr ln hn bt k gi tr no trong

qu kh m mu tng tri qua. Phng php o trng ng sut trn c s hin tng ny, do vy rt gn gi vi phng php phc hi ng sut (DSCA), ch li khoan c gia ti li trong phng th nghim bng thit b nn n trc cho n khi xc nh c trng thi ng sut cao nht mu tri qua. Tuy nhin, mt s loi c v nh mt tr nh v lch s chu ti ca chng ch sau vi ngy, khng th hin hiu ng Kaiser. 2214 stress measurement (method): Near-surface undercoring o trng ng sut gn b mt bng phng php khoan undercoring kiu Italia. Chun b mt din l bng phng, th d trn vch hm thm d. C nh mt s im o trn mt ng trn v o khong cch ng knh gia tng cp im o. Sau khoan vung gc vi mt chnh tm ng trn v ghi cc s o xc nh dch chuyn hng tm (hi t) ca l khoan. Trn c s xc nh ng sut tn ti trong b mt trc khi khoan. 2215 stress measurement (method): overcoring o trng ng sut bng phng php khoan chm. C s ca phng php khoan chm l li khoan c gii phng hu nh Hon ton khi trng thi ng sut v n ra t gn ti kch c t do ban u ca n. Ngi ta khoan mt l nh vo trong , t vo thit b o bin dng hoc o ng knh l, ghi li nhng s liu ban u. Sau khoan mt l ng tm, vi ng knh ln hn, chm ln l khoan u, ly ra li khoan dng vnh khn vi cc thit b o vn t trong. Trng thi ng sut tn ti trc khi khoan chm c xc nh bng cch tc ng mt ng sut bn ngoi li khoan cho n khi thit b o li ghi nhn c nhng s liu ban u. Cng c th tnh c trng thi ng sut t cc s liu ban u v cui cng vi cc gi thit n hi, tuyn tnh v ng nht v tnh cht c l ca t . Gonano v Sharp (1983) cn xut mt li gii s tr i vi loi c tnh d hng ngang. Phng php khoan chm cho php xc nh c trng thi ng sut su kh ln, trnh c nhng xo ng gn mt t. Cng c th t thit b o m khng cn khoan chm, nu ch xc nh nhng bin i v trng thi ng sut m khng cn bit gi tr ban u ca n. Khoan chm c nhiu bin ci, ch yu l thit b o bin dng. Chng hn, ph bin nht l ng sut k (bin dng k) ca S Khai khong M (USBM stress gauge), ci chn ca Nam Phi (South African doorstopper). Ngoi ra, cn c phng php khoan chm ca B o Nha, Nam Phi, xtralia. Cc phng php ny, tuy nhin thng c p dng su di 70 m v do vy, cn o mt ng hm thm d khi mun o su ln hn. Phng php SSPBHiltscher ca Hi ng Nng lng Quc gia Thu in cho php o su ln hn nhiu, ti 500 m. Cng nh nhiu phng php khc, khoan chm i hi nhiu k thut v kinh nghim. Khi x l kt qu cn tnh n nhng xo ng ng sut do bn thn vic khoan gy ra. 2216 stress measurement (method): pressurization (strain nulling) methods o trng ng sut bng cc phng php nn p to p sut (trit tiu bin dng). Thuc h ny c cc phng php kch phng (flat-jack), p nc (hydrofracturing) to khe nt mi hoc p nc ln cc khe nt c sn (phng php HTPF), p nc c mng ngn (dilatometer hay sleeve fracturing) v.v... Xem flat-jack method, hydrofracturing method, HTPF method, sleeve fraturing method. 2217

stress measurement (method): sleeve fracturing (dilatometer test) o trng ng sut bng phng php p nc c mng ngn. Phng php ny (Stephansson, 1983) rt gn gi vi phng php p nc to khe nt. Ngi ta ch t thm mt ci mng ngn gia cht lng v t thnh l khoan. Nh vy va c th to ra c cc khe nt song song vi trc l khoan, va ngn khng cho cht lng xm nhp vo cc khe nt . Thit b, v thc cht, Hon ton ging nh thit b dng trong th nghim o kh nng bin dng ca khi thnh l khoan (drillhole dilatometer test), gm bm v mt ci ti c th phng ln c. Tc l va c th o c trng thi ng sut trong , va o c c im bin dng ca chng. Trc ht, ti c chun ha bng mt ng hnh tr bng kim loi. Tip n, ti c lun vo trong l khoan v bm cng ln. Cc h s n hi ca t c xc nh trc trn c s quan h gia p sut v th tch cht lng bm vo. Sau , tng p sut cho n khi hnh thnh khe nt trong . Hng ca khe nt, nm trong mt phng vung gc vi trc ng sut chnh cc tiu, c xc nh bng mng dnh nh du qun quanh ti. Vic tnh gi tr cc ng sut chnh c tin hnh ging nh th nghim bm p nc l khoan. Xem hydrofracturing test. 2218 stress measurement (method): slotting stress meter o trng ng sut bng phng php khoan x rnh. Hu ht cc phng php khoan chm u chm, t v khng ti s dng c khin chng tr nn khng thc t khi i mt vi trng ng sut y bin ng v khi cn tin hnh nhiu ln o c th x l s liu bng phng php thng k. Nm 1986, Bock m t k thut khoan x rnh o trng ng sut m khng cn n khoan chm, cho php tin hnh nhiu php o, nhanh v c th ti s dng. Ngi ta dng mt a ca mng, ca dc trc to trong thnh l khoan nhng rnh nh hnh na vng trng, dy khong 0.8 mm v su c 30 mm. Dng mt cm bin c nhy cao theo di khp li ca rnh. Ti mi su, t nht c th tin hnh 3 php o 3 rnh c hng khc nhau. Bng cch , c th xc nh c cc i ng sut-cu trc khc nhau. 2219 stress measurement (method): Stress relaxation (DSCA) test o trng ng sut bng phng php phc hi ng sut (DSCA test - Differential Strain Curve Analysis, Phn tch ng cong bin dng chnh lch). Trong phng php ny, mu li khoan sau khi ly ln c cht ti li trong phng th nghim ti cc gi tr trng ng sut ban u. Phng php da trn nguyn l rng khi khoan, li khoan n ra do hin tng gii phng ng sut dng v s cc vi khe nt. gin n bao gm c thnh phn n hi tc thi v thnh phn bin dng do vnh cu. Bin dng n hi mt i nhng bin dng do th c th xc nh bng cch cht ti li ti p sut thy tnh ln c th ng li ton b nhng vi khe nt mi c to ra khi khoan. Vi ti thiu l 6 cm bin t theo nhng hng nht nh, c th xc nh c tenx ca 3 bin dng chnh, t suy ra trng thi ng sut hin trng. Tuy phong php mi ra i v vn giai on th nghim, Hon thin, nhng ngi ng h n cho rng c th xc nh c ton b tenx ng sut t cc mu li khoan nh hng, v vic cht ti trong phng th nghim th kh thi hn ngoi hin trng nhiu, nht l i vi su ln. 2220 stress path qu o ng sut.

L ng th hin lch s ng sut (cht ti, d ti, thay i ng sut bao quanh v.v...) trong khng gian ng sut. 2221 stress path, influence of nh hng ca qu o ng sut (lch s gia ti). Hay gp khi ni v nh hng ca qu o ng sut ti cc tnh cht c l ca t , th d sc bn, kh nng bin dng v.v... 2222 stress space trng, khng gian ng sut. Phng trnh tiu chun sc bn ca mt loi vt liu c th v dng mt mt cong trong khng gian ng sut ba chiu vi cc trc ng sut chnh lm trc ta . Mt cong ni trn chnh l qu tch ca mi kh nng kt hp gia cc ng sut chnh gy ra gy v. Mt cong sc bn ca t ch yu hng v pha c ba trc ng sut chnh u l nn p, v t thng c sc bn ko thp. Gi s mt mu ang chu tc ng tng dn ca cc ng sut chnh thnh phn. Khi , lch s cht ti c th c v di dng mt qu o ng sut trong khng gian ng sut. Khi qu o ng sut cn nm trong mt cong do ng bao sc bn to nn th mu vn cn kh nng chu ti. Gy v xy ra ngay khi qu o ng sut chm vo mt cong ni trn v khng th cht ti thm c na. Mt cong sc bn, nh vy, xc nh ranh gii gia nhng trng thi ng sut c th c v nhng trng thi khng th c i vi mt loi vt liu. Tng t, cng c th xc nh thm mt cong chy do (xem yield), nm Hon ton bn trong mt cong th nht. Mt cong chy do xc nh ranh gii gia bin dng n hi (pha trong) v bin dng do (pha ngoi). 2223 stress-strain behavior ng x/hnh vi ng sut-bin dng (ca t/). 2224 strike (geol.) ng phng. 2225 strip footing mng bng. Nh stip foundation. 2226 strip mining khai thc m l thin. Nh open cast mining. 2227 structure kt cu. 2228 strut thanh chng ng, cc chng ng.

2229 sub - base (pavement) lp mng di ca nn ng. 2230 subglacial di lp t bng h. 2231 subgrade lp t nn ngay di mng cng trnh. 2232 subgrade reaction, modulus of phn lc nn, h s phn lc nn, h s Winkler 2233 subgrade surface b mt lp nn di mng cng trnh. 2234 submerged unit weight trng lng ring ca t di mc nc ngm. 2235 subsidence ln st. 2236 subsoil t nn di mng cng trnh. 2237 suction ht, lc ht do mao dn. 2238 sudden drawdown h mc nc nhanh, tho nc trong h cha nhanh. Nh rapid drawdown. 2239 superelevation

 cao ln hn, cao ln. 2240 surcharge ti trng, ti trng cht thm ln nn. Nh surcharge load. 2241 surface course (pavement) lp mt ng, lp o ng, lp bo v. Nh surfacing. 2242 surface of sliding b mt trt, mt dch chuyn. Mt tip xc gia khi t b trt v khi t khng b dch chuyn. 2243 surface tension ng sut cng b mt. 2244 swallow hole h st, phu st. Khu vc t b ln st, h st do hang ngm b sp. Nh sink hole. 2245 swamp m ly. Nh bog. 2246 swell n, trng n. t c th b trng n khi hp th nc. 2247 swelling pressure p lc trng n ca t. 2248 swelling test th nghim trng n. Sau th nghim ti, c th tin hnh thm th nghim trng n i vi cc loi c du

hiu trng n. Bn cht ca th nghim l xc nh nhng bin i th tch ca mu vt trc v sau khi ngm trong nc. Tuy nhin, th nghim ny cn rt nhiu thi gian v do vy, trong thc t khng c xp vo loi th nghim ch th hng u. 2249 tail water level mc nc thp nht. 2250 tailings ui qung Ph thi ca qung. 2252 tamp m cht, nn cht. 2253 tamper thit b m nn. 2254 tapered foot roller thit b m chn cn dng nn. 2255 taxiway (air field) ng bng. 2256 tear fault t gy x. 2257 temperature gradient gradient nhit . 2258 temporary bridge cu tm.

2259 tenacious bn vng, kh b ph hy. 2260 tensile cut off gii hn, bin ca sc bn ko. Sc bn ko ca t c coi nh rt thp v khng ng tin cy. Trong thc t, ngi ta b qua chng trong qu trnh thit k. Nhng mt s phng trnh tiu chun sc bn thc nghim, th d tiu chun Mohr-Coulomb, li cho mt mt cong sc bn Hon chnh, vt nhn v pha nh, v do vy, gn cho t mt sc bn ko qu ln. Khi p dng mt s tiu chun sc bn, v vy, ngi ta dng mt phng trnh khc, to bin mi trong khong khng gian ng sut ko, v b bt phn nh ca mt cong ban u. 2261 tensile strength sc bn ko (ca t ). Nhn chung, t c coi l c sc bn ko rt thp, hu nh khng ng k so vi cc sc bn nn, ct ca chng. Khi thit k nhiu cng trnh, thm ch ngi ta coi sc bn ko ca t bng khng. Trong thc t, nu khi b nt n nhiu, sc bn ko ca chng hu nh bng khng. Ch c mt s trng hp pht trin ng sut ko, v do vy, ko theo s cn thit phi bit sc bn ko ca t . Chng hn, ng sut ko pht trin dc mt di ca mt tng t phn lp ngang vm mi ca hm l, ng sut ko xut hin trong bm p nc l khoan to khe nt, do thay i nhit b mt t di nh mt tri. Trong cc cng tc khoan v n mn, t b dp v do trng ng sut ko rt cc b pht trin. 2262 tensile strength field measurement xc nh sc bn ko ca ngoi hin trng. Cc th nghim bm p l khoan ngoi hin trng, ngoi kh nng xc nh c tnh bin dng ca t , cn c th o sc bn ko ca chng. Thit b p c hai loi, mt l ti mm c th bm phng ln c, loi th hai l loi cng, cn gi l kch l khoan (borehole jack), gm hai na hnh tr lm bng thp c kch n ra p cht vo thnh l khoan. Bin dng l khoan c o cng vi bin i p sut v t ng cong p sut-gin n l khoan c th xc nh c c im chy do. Khi p sut ln, khe nt c th hnh thnh v pht trin lan rng ra t thnh l khoan. o p sut hnh thnh khe nt, P1. Sau gim p sut ln thnh l khoan xung v li tng tr li xc nh p sut P2, lm khe nt li m ra. P1 l hm s ca sc bn ko v trng thi ng sut p nn quanh l khoan. P2 ch l

hm s ca trng thi ng sut trong t . Nh vy, sau khi loi i hiu ng ca tp trung ng sut xung quanh l khoan, c th xc nh sc bn ko ca t . 2263 tensile strength sleeve fracturing test xc nh sc bn ko ca bng th nghim bm p. Th nghim bm p xc nh c tnh bin dng ca cng c th s dng trong phng th nghim o c sc bn ko ln h s n hi khi ko bng cch bm p t pha trong mu hnh ng. Thit b bm p gm mt ng mm c th bm phng ln c, dng c o p sut v thay i th tch. Ngi ta khoan chnh tm bn trong mt li khoan hnh tr to mt mu hnh ng. Sau lun ti mm vo trong ng v bm. p sut, P, cn thit lm v mu c lin h vi sc bn ko, t, ng knh trong, r, v ngoi, R, qua cng thc i vi ng tr thnh dy n hi nh sau: 2264 tensile stress ng sut ko. 2265 tensiometer thit b o lc ko. 2266 tension ko, ng sut ko. 2267 tension crack ~ zone ~ critical, in circular failure, location of ~ depth, critical, in plane failure ~ as indicator of instability in plane failure khe nt tch. Khe nt vi b mt x x, thng dc ng, pht trin theo hng vung gc vi trc ng sut chnh cc tiu, hay song song vi trc ng sut chnh cc i. ~ khe nt do ko, khu vc b nt do ko ~ ti hn, trong ph hy mi dc vi mt trt dng cung trn ~ su ca khe nt tch ti hn, trong trng hp ph hy mi dc vi mt trt phng. ~ khe nt tch, du hiu bt n nh ca mi dc vi mt trt phng.

2268 tensor tenx. Khi nim, m t mt i lng c hng trong khng gian (th d ng sut, bin dng) gm nhiu vect thnh phn. 2269 terra rossa t terra rossa. t st do, t st phn v phong ha ca vi, thng c mu 2270 terrac thm Mt t phng, b mt rung bc thang trn i t, thm. 2271 terrain analysis phn tch nh. 2272 test load ti trng th nghim. Nh trial load. 2273 test pit h o th nghim. Nh trial pit. 2274 test site hin trng th nghim. 2275 thermal analysis phn tch nhit. Phn tch nhit chnh lch. Nh differential thermal analysis. 2276 thermal conductivity dn nhit. 2277

thermokarst hang ngoi trong bng. Hang ngm hnh thnh do nhit. 2278 thin - walled sampler ng ly mu t thnh mng. 2279 thixotropy tnh cht lu bin ca t. 2280 through beam dm rng. 2281 throw (of a fault; geol.) t gy thun. Cnh treo ca t gy thun. 2282 thrust (of a fault; geol.) t gy nghch. Cnh treo ca t gy nghch. 2284 tidal flat, mud flat vng t chu nh hng thy triu. 2285 tidal land, littoral khu vc chu nh hng thy triu. 2286 tie - back neo t, (cho tng chn). 2287 tie - rod thanh neo.

2288 tight khng thm nc, cht. 2289 till t st hn. t st c ngun gc bng h. Nh boulder clay, ground moraine. 2290 timber pile cc g. 2291 timbering ti vch g chng thnh h o. 2292 time - consolidation curve biu c kt - thi gian. M t qu trnh nn c kt t vi thi gian. 2293 time - settlement curve biu ln - thi gian. 2294 time factor h s thi gian trong bi ton c kt t nn. 2295 tip (mining eng'g.) ui qung. Ph thi t khai thc m. 2296 tip (of a pile) mi cc. Nh pile point. 2297

tip loi b. 2298 toe (of a dam) chn p. 2299 toe (or foot) of a slope chn mi dc, chn p. 2300 top of slope nh mi dc, nh p. 2301 toppling lt, ln, l . Mt dng ph hy t, (ch yu ). 2302 topsoil t b mt, t trng trt. 2303 torsional shear test th nghim ct xon. Th nghim ct bng tc dng m men xon. 2304 total displacement chuyn v ton b. 2305 translation s chuyn dch. 2306 trench rnh, ho.

2308 triaxial ba trc, th nghim ba trc. 2309 triaxial cell (triaxial testing cell) bung p sut (dng trong th nghim nn ba trc). Xem triaxial compression test. 2310 triaxial compression test (triaxial compressive strength test) th nghim nn ba trc. Th nghim nn ba trc cng tng t nh th nghim nn n trc, song c thm cc ng sut chnh trung gian v cc tiu tc dng ln mt bn cong ca mu nh p sut cht lng bao quanh. y l trng hp ring ca th nghim nn ba trc ni chung vi cc ng sut chnh trung gian v cc tiu khc nhau, v do vy, thng c bit ti di tn gi th nghim nn ba trc i xng (axisymmetric triaxial compression test). Mu hnh tr c gia cng ging nh cho th nghim nn n trc. Mu c lng vo mt bao cao su cch ly, t trong bung p sut vi p sut cht lng 3 tc dng ln mt cong ca mu hnh tr. Tc ng mt ng sut dc trc 1 ln mu bng mt pt tng c m thp cng, c th chuyn ng ln xung thng qua mt l mt trn ca bung p sut. C th to hoc o p sut nc l rng hnh thnh trong mu qua mt ng lun di y bung p sut, ni lin vi mu. Bin dng dc trc ca mu c th o bng cch dng cc b cm bin vi sai tuyn tnh (Linear variable differential transformers - LVDTs). Bin dng cc b dc trc hoc bin dng bao quanh chu vi mu cn c th o bng cc bin dng k in tr nh ln b mt mu . 2311 triaxial strength ~ of anisotropic rock sc bn nn ba trc. ~ ca d hng. Xem anisotropy, anisotropy of uniaxial compressive strength of rock, strength anisotropy. 2312 triaxial stress Xem triaxial compression test. 2313

true dip gc cm thc. 2314 tsunami sng thn. 2316 tungsten bit mi khoan vi thp cng. 2318 tunnel (branch ~) ng hm nhnh. 2319 tunnel (exploratory ~) ng hm thm d. 2320 tunnel (headrace) ng hm nhn nc. on ng hm pha trc tuc bin pht in. 2321 tunnel (tailrace ~) ng hm x l. on ng hm pha sau tuc bin pht in. 2322 tunnel alignment hng hm, l. 2323 tunnel cross-section tit din hm, l. 2324 tunnel crown vm, trn hm.

2325 tunnel face gng l, hm. 2326 tunnel face-dependent ph thuc gng l, hm. 2327 tunnel lining V, o hm (bng thp hoc b tng ct thp v.v.). 2328 tunnel sidewall thnh, vch hm. Phn thnh hm thng ng, vung gc vi sn hm. Tip ln trn l trn, vm hm vi thnh hm khng cn thng ng, vung gc vi sn hm na. Ngn cch vi trn, vm hm bi mt ng chy dc thnh hm gi l tunnel springlines (ng cung). 2329 tunnel springlines ng cung, ng chia thnh, vch hm. ng phn chia thnh vch hm vi vm, trn hm. Xem tunnel sidewalls. 2330 tunneling ngnh cng trnh ngm, vic khai o ngm. 2331 tunnelling quality index (Q) ch s cht lng khi (Q). Ch s do Barton v nnk. (1974) xut nh gi cht lng khi . Xem Q-system of rock mass classification. H Q lc u Hon ton da trn c s thc t khai o v tr lc cng nh cc c im a cht-a k thut ca t mt s cng trnh ngm. Do vy, nhiu khi ch s cht lng khi , Q, cn c gi nh vy. 2332 turbidity c.

2334 turbulent khng c quy lut, dng chy ri. 2335 turn bridge cu quay. 2336 two-dimensional stress ng sut hai chiu (2-D). S gin lc trng thi ng sut ba chiu thc t tn ti trong t gii cc bi ton hai chiu (th d v ng sut, chuyn v v.v.). 2337 two-dimensional wedge, design of support for thit k tr lc cho khi nm hai chiu. 2338 U.S. Department of Agriculture classification system h phn loi t ca B Nng nghip M. 2339 ultimate (at failure) ti hn, gii hn. t nn trng thi gii hn b ph hy. 2340 unconfined compression nn khng n hng, nn mt trc, nn n gin. 2341 unconfined compressive strength cng nn khng n hng, sc bn nn, n trc. Xem uniaxial compressive strength. 2343 unconformity khng ng nht, bt chnh hp. 2344

unconsolidated (geol.) khng c kt, cha c kt. 2345 unconsolidated (soil mech.) cha c kt. 2346 unconsolidated undrained (UU) shear test th nghim ct nhanh. Th nghim xc nh c trng chng ct ca t. Ngay sau khi t gia ti thng ng ln mu tc dng lc ct, lc ny cng tng rt nhanh. Sau 1-2 pht l mu hon ton b ct. nh vy di nh hng p lc nn, c di nh hng ca lc ct, nc u khng kp thot. Thng s sc chng ct trong trng hp ny c k hiu Phi(u), C(u). 2347 unconsolidated undrained shear strength sc bn ct khng c kt-khng thot nc, sc bn ct UU. 2348 underconsolidated, partly consolidated ang c kt, c kt mt phn. 2349 undercutting ~ influence of, in plane failure undercutting (geol.) undercutting (eng'g.) s to hm ch. S lm mt chn do cc yu t t nhin (hot ng thy triu, sng v.v.) hoc nhn sinh ~ nh hng ca to hm ch trong ph hy mi dc vi mt trt phng Xi ngm chn Mt chn . 2350 underground excavations ~ design of in jointed rock ~ design of in massive elastic rock ~ design of in stratified rock

~ energy changes accompanying mining ~ planning and design khai o ngm. ~ thit k khai o ngm trong dp v ~ thit k khai o ngm trong khi trng n hi ~ thit k khai o ngm trong phn lp ~ bin i nng lng trong qu trnh khai o, khai thc ngm ~ lp k hoch v thit k khai o ngm 2351 underground mining methods ~ selection of phng php khai thc ngm. 2352 undermine khai thc m, chng l. 2353 underpinning cu cha nn mng cng trnh. 2354 underwater excavation o di nc. 2355 undisturbed khng b xo trn, mu t nguyn dng. 2356 undrained, - test khng thot nc. Th nghim nn t khng cho php that nc. 2357 uneveness of discontinuities li lm ca b mt gin on.

2358 uniaxial compression tests ~ class I and II behaviour

~ cyclic loading ~ influence of height to diameter ratio of specimens ~ influence of specimen volume ~ influence of standard of end preparation of specimens ~ influence of strain rate ~ influence of testing machine stiffness

~ test procedure th nghim nn n trc.

~ loi ng x I v II. Do ch to c cc thit b th nghim mi, t ng iu chnh c gia ti trn c s theo di tc th hnh vi ca mu t ang chu ti, nht l sau khi t n ti trng cc i, ngi ta thu c ng cong ng sut-bin dng Hon chnh ca mu t trong th nghim nn n trc (Warsick, 1977). T , ngi ta chia, ch yu trn c s on ng cong ng sut-bin dng sau cc i, t lm 2 loi, loi ng x I v loi ng x II. t loi I thuc loi gin, c sc bn gim t cc i xung sc bn d mt cch t ngt, tc th. t loi II gim sc bn mt cch t t, thm ch c loi khng gim. ~ gia ti lp ~ nh hng ca tng quan cao/ng knh mu ti sc bn nn n trc ~ nh hng ca th tch mu ti sc bn nn n trc

~ nh hng ca vic gia cng 2 u mu ti sc bn nn n trc ~ nh hng ca tc bin dng ti sc bn nn n trc ~ nh hng ca cng ca thit b th nghim. cng ca thit b th nghim y c hiu l kh nng iu chnh gia ti tc thi trn c s o din bin hnh vi ca mu vt chu ti. Khi mu vt bin dng, n gii phng ra nng lng bin dng. Nng lng ny tc ng ln hai a nn ca thit b th nghim. Trc kia, ngi ta cha c bin php theo di s gii phng nng lng bin dng v khng iu chnh c gia ti. Kt qu l mu vt b gy v gn nh tc th v ng cong ng sut-bin dng sau cc i khng theo di c. Sau ny, ngi ta tm ra cch theo di c s gii phng nng lng bin dng, phn hi li iu chnh tc gia ti cho ph hp vi nng lng bin dng (servo-controlled machine). Nhng thit b th nghim ny c coi l c cng cao hn cng ca mu vt. ~ quy trnh th nghim nn n trc 2359 uniaxial compressive strength sc bn nn n trc. Xem Uniaxial compressive strength test. 2360 uniaxial compressive strength test (Uniaxial compression test) th nghim nn n trc, nn khng n hng. Th nghim nn n trc (ISRM, 1981) c tin hnh nh mt th nghim ch th hoc kt hp vi cc th nghim nn ba trc khc xy dng ng bao sc bn. Th nghim c tin hnh bng cch nn gia hai a ca thit b nn mt mu t hnh tr thng ng vi hai u c mi nhn song song vi nhau. a nn trn c ni vi pt tng truyn ti v vi ngn gia ti cng p k xc nh ti trng cc i, P. Sc bn nn n trc ca mu c tnh bng cch chia P cho tit din ngang ca mu, A. C th cn phi hiu chnh kt qu do thay i tit din mu nu gy v ch xy ra sau khi bin dng t ti 2-3%. Th nghim nn n trc c l l th nghim ph bin nht trn mu xc nh sc bn nn n trc (h hng), cc hng s m un n hi v h s Poisson ca vt liu . 2361 uniaxial tensile strength sc bn ko n trc. Xem tensile strength. 2362 unified classification system h phn loi t thng nht. Xem AASHTO classification system. 2363 uniformity coefficient

h s ng nht. 2364 uniformly graded thnh phn ht t khng ng u. 2365 unit weight ~ buoyant ~ dry ~ moist ~ of rocks and soils ~ saturated ~ typical trng lng ring. Th trng, trng lng trn mt n v th tch. ~ th trng ni ~ th trng kh ~ th trng t ~ th trng ca t ~ th trng bo ha ~ th trng in hnh. 2366 unsaturated khng bo ha. t khng bo ha. 2367 unsoaked khng cho thm nc. 2368 unstratified khng phn tng, khng phn lp. 2369 unsupported height chiu cao t do, chiu cao khng phi chng thnh.

2370 unwater thot nc. Nh dewater. 2371 unweathered khng, cha b phong ha. 2372 uplift ko ln, y ln, nh ln. 2373 upper hemisphere projection php chiu lp th bn cu trn. 2374 upstream thng lu, bn trn. 2375 USBM stress gauge ng sut k USBM (ca S Khai khang M). 2376 vadose water nc b treo. Nc trong t nm vng t khng bo ha bn trn mc nc ngm, nc mao dn. 2377 vajont slide s c trt Vajont. S c trt t ni ting, xy ra p Vajont (Italia) nm 1963 trong thi gian tch nc vo h lm gn 2000 ngi cht. 2378 valley train khu vc tp trung trn, nhn. 2379

vane apparatus thit b ct cnh. 2380 vane shear vane shear test th nghim ct cnh. 2381 variable flow dng chy thay i. 2382 varve varve, mt loi t trm tch. 2383 vector product, see cross product php nhn vct. Php nhn c hng hai vct, cho kt qu l mt ma trn c hng. 2384 vegetation, use of, in slope protection S dng thm thc vt trong bo v mi dc. 2385 velocity index ch s tc sng m. Tc sng m o trong phng th nghim ch yu ph thuc vo xp hng ca mu . Ngc li, tc sng m o ngoi thc a li gim Ty thuc vo gin cch khe nt, m v cht lp y. T s tc sng m k, xc nh bng cch chia tc sng P o ngoI thc a cho tc o c trong phng th nghim l mt thng tin rt hu ch v cht lng . N tin gn ti 1.0 cho vi h khe nt nh, cht st v tha, v gim xung gn ti 0 trong mi trng nt n cao. Deer v nnk. (1969) xut khi nim ch s tc sng m, bng , thay i trong khong 0-20 i vi cht lng km, v 80-100 i vi cht lng tt. 2386 velocity of wave propagation tc truyn sng.

2387 velocity ratio t s tc sng. 2388 ventilation Thng gi. 2389 vertical crater retreat (VCR) stoping Khai thc qung theo bc to moong khai thc git cp. 2390 vertical displacement chuyn v ng. 2391 vertical drainage wells ging thot nc ng. 2392 vertical force on a tetrahedral block Lc tc ng theo chiu thng ng ln khi t din. 2393 vertical stress ng sut thng ng. 2394 vibrating plate compactor thit b m bn rung. 2395 vibrating roller con ln rung, dng trong m t. 2396

vibrating wire gauge ng h o vi nguyn tc dy rung. 2397 vibrating wire sensors ~ stressmeter cm bin dy rung. ~ cm bin dy rung dng trong ng sut k. 2398 vibratory roller vibrating ~ Xe, my m rung bng h thng bnh xe, xe m rung. 2399 vibro - flotation m rung su gia c t nn. 2400 virgin compression curve ng cong nn p nguyn sinh, nguyn thy, s cp. 2401 virtual displacement chuyn v, chuyn dch o. Dng trong phng php phn t hu hn. Xem computational methods of stress analysis. 2402 virtual work cng o. Dng trong phng php phn t hu hn. Xem computational methods of stress analysis. 2403 viscosity nht. 2404 viscous lag s tr nht.

2405 visual inspection kim tra bng mt, quan st bng mt. 2406 void l rng trong t, . 2407 void ratio ~ critical ~ typical t s rng. Ch s rng ca t, t s gia th tch l rng v th tch ht t. ~ t s rng ti hn ~ t s rng in hnh. 2409 volume, influence on pillar strength Th tch, nh hng ca th tch ti sc bn ca tr (m). 2410 volumetric thuc v th tch. 2411 volumetric extraction ratio T s th tch v mc khai thc, thu hi qung. 2412 volumetric strain bin dng th tch. L s thay i thc v th tch (mu vt) do cht ti. Cng nh cc bin dng thnh phn nh bin dng dc trc, bin dng theo chu vi mu, bin dng bn, hng tm (to tia), bin dng th tch cng bao gm thnh phn n hi v thnh phn vnh cu. Bin dng th tch c th c tnh theo cng thc: . Ngoi ra, c th cn tnh c nh l tng i s ca cc bin dng bn v bin dng dc trc. 2413 vortex current

dng chy xon. 2414 wall friction (angle) gc ma st gia t v tng chn. Gc ma st gia cu trc tng chn (kiu th nhm) vi t cn tr lc bi cu trc . Dng trong thit k tng chn v tnh ti trng t ln theo phng php th ca Cunall. Trong tnh ton theo l thuyt Rankine, gc ma st ny b b qua v gi thit l tng nhn Hon ton, khng to nn lc ma st vi t. 2415 wash boring khoan vi bm nc tun hon. 2416 wash t b bo mn thy lc. 2417 wash pipe ng bm nc. 2418 wash sample mu ly bng nc tun hon. 2419 wash water nc bm. 2420 waste dumps ~ creation of 'noses' in stability of bi thi (t , rc v.v.). ~ to mi (cng t vt liu thi) tng n nh ca bi thi. 2421 waste rock

 thi. 2422 water ~ effect of, in tension crack ~ influence of, on shear strength ~ influence of, on shear strength of planar discontinuities ~ measurement of ~ pressure ~ reduction of, see De-pressurization of slopes ~ wedge analysis including nc. ~ tc ng ca nc ti cc khe nt tch ~ nh hng ca nc ti sc bn ct ~ nh hng ca nc ti sc bn ct ca b mt cc khe nt phng ~ o m ~ p lc, p sut nc ~ gim m, xem pressurization of slopes ~ x l bi ton trt khi nm c yu t nc 2423 water - bearing cha nc. 2424 water - gauge (tide) thc, ng h o mc nc (bin). 2425 water - holding capacity kh nng gi nc. 2426 water - level mc nc, cao mc nc. 2427 water - logged

bo ha nc. 2428 water - table cao mc nc ngm, b mt mc nc ngm. 2430 water content m, hm lng nc trong t. T s gia trng lng ca nc trong l rng v trng lng ht t 2431 water, capillary ~ pressure nc mao dn.

~ p lc nc mao dn 2432 watering ti nc. 2433 watershed khu vc thot nc, ng phn thy. 2434 watertight khng thm nc, cch nc. 2435 wave ~ cylindrical and spherical ~ equation ~ longitudinal (P) wave velocity ~ of stress ~ pressure ~ propagation in a three-dimensional medium ~ propagation in an elastic medium

~ reflected ~ transverse (S) wave velocity sng.

~ sng hnh tr v hnh cu ~ phng trnh sng ~ tc sng dc (sng P) ~ sng ng sut ~ p lc, p sut do sng to nn ~ truyn sng trong khng gian ba chiu ~ truyn sng trong mi trng n hi ~ sng phn x ~ tc sng ngang (sng S) 2436 waviness of discontinuities un ln ca b mt gin on. 2437 weathering (susceptibility to ~) phong ha. S thay i tnh cht ca t do thi tit, phong ha ( nhy cm phong ha, tnh, kh nng d b phong ha). Xem weathering processes and patterns. 2438 weathering crust v phong ha. Xem weathering profile. 2439 weathering degree mc phong ha. Xem Weathering grade. 2440 weathering grade mc phong ha. C th phn loi mc phong ha ca dn t khe nt vo n li cn ti hoc theo mc phn r ca vt liu . Bng phn loi ph bin nht chia mc phong ha ca thnh 6 (cp) bc t I n IV gm gc cn ti, phong ha yu, phong ha trung bnh, phong ha mnh, phong ha hon ton v t tn tch. Cc bc ny c th i snh vi cc

kt qu th nghim xuyn ng SPT hoc th nghim cht ti bn nn. Chng hn bc I ng vi gi tr xuyn ng N > 35, bc IV ng vi N < 8 v.v... 2441 weathering grade: Completely decomposed rock cp phong ha: phn r hon ton. Thuc cp phong ha V trong bng phn cp phong ha. m hon ton b phn r nhng vn cn bo tn c kin trc nguyn thy. Rt d b vn tan trong nc, c th to vt bng cch n nh ba a cht. Khng o c ch s bt ny N bng ba bt ny Schmidt. 2442 weathering grade: fresh rock cp phong ha: ti, cha phong ha. Thuc cp I trong bng phn cp phong ha. Khng c nhng du hiu ca phong ha. Khng b i mu. 2443 weathering grade: highly decomposed rock cp phong ha: phn r mnh. Thuc cp phong ha IV trong bng phn cp phong ha. m b phn r mnh, c th dng tay b v nhng ming ln. Kh b tan trong nc. Khng n to vt c bng ba a cht. Ch s bt ny Schmidt N nh hn 25. Ch s xuyn ng bng thit b xuyn ng cm tay ln hn 250 kPa. 2444 weathering grade: Moderately decomposed rock cp phong ha: phn r trung bnh. Thuc cp phong ha III trong bng phn cp phong ha. m hon ton bin i mu. Khng b c nhng ming ng knh nh hn 55 mm. Ch s bt ny Schmidt N trong khong 25-45. 2445 weathering grade: residual soil cp phong ha: t tn tch. Thuc cp phong ha VI, cp cui cng trong bng phn cp phong ha. L t hnh thnh ti ch do qu trnh phong ha nhng mt ht kin trc nguyn thy ca m. 2446 weathering grade: slightly decomposed rock cp phong ha: phn r yu. Thuc cp phong ha II trong bng phn cp phong ha. m b mt mu dc theo cc khe nt. Sc bn gn bng ti. Ch s bt ny Schmidt N ln hn 45. Cn vi nht ba mi p v c.

2447 weathering processes and patterns qu trnh v kiu loi phong ha. Phong ha l qu trnh lm gim yu v/hoc phn r t di tc ng ca kh v thy quyn. phong ha c phn bit vi ti (cha phong ha) bng cch quan st mc phn hy khang vt th d nh feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, l nhng khang vt d b phn hy nht. C th phn bit phong ha vt l v phong ha ha hc.Cn phn bit gia phong ha v bin i, l qu trnh gy nn bi cc nguyn nhn ni sinh nh nhit dch, p sut, nhit cao. Phong ha l mt qu trnh trm tch, tc l mt qu trnh a cht xy ra trong nhng iu kin nhit , p sut gn mt t v hnh thnh nn cc sn phm trm tch. 2448 weathering profile mt ct v phong ha. Mt mt ct v phong ha in hnh gm y 6 cp phong ha (xem weathering grade), c mc phong ha gim dn t trn xung. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, tr cc cp phong ha trn v di cng, cc cp phong ha trung gian thng khng c ranh gii phn nh r rt lm. Ngi ta cn chia mt ct v phong ha thnh 2 tng A, B, hoc thnh mt s lp. C khi ngi ta cn phn loi v phong ha theo thnh phn vt cht nh laterit, feralit. 2449 w``edge failure ~ analysis of, practical example of ph hy mi dc dng khi nm (trong ). Khi nm do hai mt khe nt giao ct nhau to thnh v trt xung dc theo b mt cc khe nt khi hi cc iu kin ph hy, tc l lc gy trt tr nn ln hn lc cn dc theo b mt hai khe nt v giao tuyn gia hai khe nt phi l ra b mt mi dc (mt thong). 2450 wedge formation s hnh thnh khi nm ( mi dc ). S giao ct gia cc khe nt cha hn to nn khi nm. Ch do mt yu t th ba, th d vic khai o lm l ra giao tuyn gia hai mt khe nt th khi nm mi thc s tn ti. Trt khi nm c xy ra hay khng ph thuc vo tng quan gia lc cn dc theo hai b mt khe nt v lc gy trt (trng lc ca khi trt, ph ti, nc ma, ng t v.v.). 2451 wedge geometry, definition of c im hnh hc khi nm. c im kch c, hnh dng, hng so vi b mt mi dc, l ra b mt mi dc hay cha

v.v. 2452 wedge problem solutions ~ comprehensive ~ short Li gii cho bi ton ph hy mi dc dng trt khi nm ~ li gii ton din ~ li gii gin lc. 2453 wedge theory l thuyt nm. L thuyt phn tch trng thi ng sut trong t. 2454 wedge, weight and base area of Khi nm, trng lng v din tch mt y 2455 wedging (in timbering) Chn nm trong tng chn t bng g 2456 weep - hole h thot nc. 2457 weeping drain Thot nc qua ng lc, thu nc qua ng lc. Nh, weeper. 2458 weighted creep ratio T s lu bin (t bin) c trng s. 2459 weight-volume relationships Tng quan gia khi lng-th tch. tnh th trng 2460

welded mesh li thp. Dng trong gia c b tng, trong tr lc cng trnh ngm (hm, l) bng phng php pht va b tng c ct thp. 2461 well - graded t v c thnh phn ht c phn b rng trn biu phn tch thnh phn ht. 2462 well - sorted u, t c thnh phn kch thc ht gin on, khng lin tc, tp trung ti mt khu vc trn biu phn tch thnh phn ht. 2463 well casing ng chng thnh ging. Lp bo v thnh ging, o ging. 2464 well grade cp phi tt. 2465 well sieving Phn tch thnh phn ht bng phng php t 2466 well ging nc. 2467 wellbore breakout and borehole ellipticity Xc nh trng ng sut bng phng php bm p nc bin dng l khoan. Trong phng php ny, ngi ta bm p nc to nn cc vt v vin quanh thnh l khoan hai pha i din, khin l khoan chuyn sang c dng ellip vi trc di vung gc vi trc ng sut chnh cc i. 2468 wellpoint

im thot nc c mng lc. 2470 westergaard, area load ~ influence chart ~ point load biu westergaard tnh nh hng ca ti trng.

~ cho trng hp cht ti din ~ cho trng hp cht ti im 2471 wet unit weight th trng nc. Trng lng ring ca t c nc. T s gia tng trng lng v th tch tng th ca mu t. 2472 wet-mixed process qu trnh trn t (b tng). 2473 wettability m t, ht nc. 2474 wharf wall cu tu. Nh quay wall. 2475 wind - laid deposit gi tch. Nh aeolian deposit. 2476 wire mesh Li thp dng lm ct trong gia c b tng, to lp tr lc trong cng trnh ngm, trong ci to t, trong gia c mi dc v.v.

2477 wire sawing technique for recovery of shear strength testing samples k thut ca dy. Ly mu kch thc ln phc v cho th nghim ct. 2478 wood pile cc g. 2479 work done by a force Cng do mt lc to nn. 2480 workability d hnh thnh, d thi cng. 2481 working height cao cng tc, cao lm vic. 2482 Wulff projection phng php chiu cu lp th Wulff (ng gc) v.v. 2483 X - ray investigation phn tch bng tia X quang. 2484 X - ray photograph, radiograph chp X quang. 2485 yield

~ criterion

~ envelope ~ load density ~ point ~ strength ~ stress ~ surface chy do, bin dng do. Ni v trng thi, gi tr ng sut, hoc thi im ti t, khng ch cn bin dng n hi m bt u c bin dng do (bin dng vnh cu). Khi , mt phn bin dng bt u khng th hi phc c na, hay t khng th tr li hnh dng ban u c na sau khi d ti. ~ tiu chun chy do ~ ng bao chy do ~ ti trng chy do ~ im chy do ~ sc bn chy do ~ ng sut chy do ~ mt cong, mt bao chy do 2486 yield point (limit of proportionality) im chy do. Gii hn tuyn tnh gia lc v bin dng 2487 yield strain bin dng chy do. Bin dng ti v tr gii hn chy 2488 yield stress ng sut chy do. ng sut ti v tr gioi hn chy 2489 yield chy, chy do. 2490 yielding pillars ct tr m b bin dng chy do. Thng gp trong cc vn liu v khai thc hm l, khi ti trng ln cc tr m tr nn

cao n mc cc bin dng xy ra trong tr khng ch n thun l bin dng n hi na. bt u xut hin bin dng do, (bin dng vnh cu). 2491 Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity) hng s n hi Young. L hng s n hi do Young xut trn c s tin hnh th nghim nn n trc trn mu . C th thy l hng s n hi dc trc ca mu vt, tuy vy, li thay i trong sut qu trnh cht ti, v do , khng phi l mt hng s vt liu c xc nh mt cch n tr. C nhiu cch xc nh n vi nhiu tn gi khc nhau nh: (1) M un n hi tip tuyn, l dc ca ng cong ng sut-bin dng dc trc khi mu vt t ti 50% sc bn cc i ca n; (2) M un n hi trung bnh, l dc trung bnh ca on tng i thng ca ng cong ng sut-bin dng dc trc; (3) M un n hi ct tuyn, l dc ca on thng ni im u ca ng cong ng sut-bin dng dc trc vi mt im khc ca ng cong ti mt phn trm nht nh no ca sc bn cc i. 2493 zero air voids curve (Proctor) ng m bo ha. ng biu th rng bng khng ( th nghim m cht Proctor). 2494 zero air voids density (Proctor) Dung trng ca t trng thi m bo ha (m Proctor) 2495 zone of fracture i dp v, ph hy, c nt, trong t . 2496 zone of influence of an excavation i nh hng khai o. i t vy quanh mt cng trnh khai o, trong xy ra nhng bin dng do cng tc khai o gy ra, c th cm nhn thy c bng cc bin dng k. V l thuyt, i nh hng do khai o c th v cng rng. Song thng thng, trong k thut cng trnh, ngi ta ch gii hn i nh hng ti mt khong cch nht nh tnh t tm cng trnh khai o. Xem near field domain of an excavation. i snh vi far field domain of an excavation. 2497 zone of plasticity i bin dng do.

i t vy quanh mt cng trnh khai o, trong t bt u chu bin dng do. Da vo trng thi ng sut v sc bn, hay ng sut chy do ca t , c th xc nh c ln ca i bin dng do. 2498 zones of rock failure, delineation of xc nh i b ph hy. Th d, xung quanh hm l, hoc dc theo mt trt ca mt mi dc v.v...