Mach Dien 2 Phuong Phap Toan Tu Laplace

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.
HCM
KHOA IE N
BO MON. C S KY THUAT IEN
------------0-----------

BIEN SOAN: ThS. LE TH THANH HOA NG

BAI GIANG.

MACH IEN II

TP. HCM Thang 12 / 2007
K 1
k 1 C
+
_
k 2
k 2
2
R
1
R
X(P) ) P ( X
1
) P ( Y
LI NI U

MCH IN l mt mn hc c s quan trng i vi sinh vin khi k thut
ni chung v sinh vin ngnh in ni ring. c th tip tc nghin cu chuyn su
v lnh vc in th sinh vin phi nm vng nhng kin thc trong mn hc MCH
IN.
Ngoi ra mn hc ny l cn l mn c s cho sinh vin hc tip cc mn
chuyn ngnh khc nh mn iu Khin T ng, My in, L Thuyt Tn Hiu
Mch in II ny bao gm ba chng :
Chng I: Phn tch mch trong min thi gian
Chng II: Phn tch mch trong min tn s
Chng III : Mch khng tuyn tnh
Chng IV. ng dy di
Quyn sch ny tc gi trnh by cc phng php phn tch mch c km theo
cc v d c th v cc bi tp c son theo tng cc chng l thuyt, gip
ngi hc c th gii v ng dng vo cc mn hc c lin quan.
Tc gi vit bi ging ny vi s c gng su tm cc ti liu trong v ngoi
nc, vi s ng gp tn tnh ca cc ng nghip trong v ngoi b mn, cng vi
kinh nghim ging dy mn hc ny trong nhiu nm. Tuy nhin y cng l ln u
tin bin son bi ging mch in II nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Ti rt
mong s ng gp kin ca cc ng nghip, ca cc em sinh vin v cc bn c
quan tm n bi ging ny.

Xin chn thnh cm n.
TP. HCM thng 12 nm 2007.
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MC LC

Trang

CHNG : PHN TCH MCH TRONG MIN THI GIAN
(QU TRNH QU ) .......................................................................... 1
I.1. KHI NIM ............................................................................................................. 1
I.2. P DNG PHNG TRNH VI PHN GII BI TON QU
(PHNG PHP TCH PHN KINH IN) ................................................................ 1
I.2.1. Gii bi ton vi iu kin ban u bng 0 ....................................................... 1
I.2.2. Gii bi ton vi iu kin u khc 0 .............................................................. 6
a. Mch c cun dy ......................................................................................... 6
b. Mch c t .................................................................................................... 8
I.3. P DNG PHNG PHP TON T LAPLACE GII BI TON QU .. 12
I.3.1. Mt s kin thc c bn bin i Laplace .................................................. 12
I.3.2. nh lut Kirchhoff dng ton t .................................................................... 16
I.3.3. S ton t Laplace ..................................................................................... 17
I.3.4. Thut ton tnh qu trnh qu bng phng php ton t ........................... 17
I.3.5. Mt s v d v cc bi ton qu vi cc iu kin ban u bng 0 ............ 17
I.3.6. Cc bi ton qu vi cc iu kin ban u khc 0 .................................... 21
BI TP CHNG I ................................................................................................. 27
CHNG II: PHN TCH MCH TRONG MIN TN S ................................. 36
II.1. NH NGHA HM TRUYN T .................................................................... 36
II.2. BIU DIN TH CA HM TRUYN ......................................................... 40
II.2.1. c tuyn logarit - tn s logarit ................................................................... 40
II.2.2. c tuyn bin - tn s logarit .................................................................. 41
II.2.3. c tuyn pha tn s Logarit ......................................................................... 45
BI TP CHNG II................................................................................................ 48
CHNG III: MCH PHI TUYN .......................................................................... 51
III.1. CC PHN T KHNG TUYN TNH ............................................................ 51
III.1.1. in tr phi tuyn ........................................................................................ 51
III.1.2. in cm phi tuyn (cun dy phi tuyn) ..................................................... 51
III.1.3. in dung phi tuyn..................................................................................... 52
III.2. CC THNG S C TRNG CA CC PHN T PHI TUYN ................ 53
III.2.1. in tr tnh v in tr ng ...................................................................... 53
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III.2.2. in cm tnh v in cm ng .................................................................. 53
III.2.3. in dung tnh v in dung ng ............................................................... 54
III.3. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH KTT .............................................. 54
III.3.1. Phng php th ...................................................................................... 54
III.3.2. Phng php d ........................................................................................... 55
III.3.3. Phng php gii tch .................................................................................. 57
III.4. CCH GHP NI CC PHN T KTT ............................................................ 61
III.4.1. Mc ni tip cc phn t KTT ..................................................................... 61
III.4.2. Mc song song ............................................................................................. 62
III.4.3. Cch ni cc phn t KTT vi ngun tc ng ............................................ 63
III.4.4. Mch KTT dng mt chiu .......................................................................... 64
III.5. BI TP CHNG III (Mc III.4) ..................................................................... 67
III.6. CHUI FOURIER ............................................................................................... 69
III.6.1. Chui Fourier lng gic ............................................................................. 69
III.5.2. Chui Fourier dng phc ............................................................................. 70
III.7. BI TP CHNG III (Mc III.6) .................................................................. 76
CHNG IV. NG DY DI ............................................................................. 78
IV.1. CC THNG S N V CA NG DY DI ......................................... 78
IV.1.1. nh ngha ......................................................................................................... 78
IV.1.2. Phng trnh ng dy di v nghim ............................................................ 79
IV.1.3. Nghim ca phng trnh ng dy di vi tc ng sin ................................. 80
IV.1.4. Cc quan h nng lng trn ng dy di ...................................................... 83
IV.2. BI TP CHNG IV ....................................................................................... 84
IV.3. QU TRN NG DY DI .................................................................. 86
IV.3.1. Phng trnh ton t ca DD .......................................................................... 86
IV.3.2. ng in p vo ng dy h mch cui ....................................................... 86
IV.3.3. ng in p vo ng dy ti in tr ........................................................... 88
IV.3.4. th Zig Zac (gin bounce) ..................................................................... 89

TI LIU THAM KHO
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Chng I. Phn tch mch trong min thi gian
1
CHNG I: PHN TCH MCH TRONG MIN THI GIAN
(QU TRNH QU )

I.1. KHI NIM
Qu trnh qu l qu trnh bin i dng in ban u thnh gi tr xc lp.
Xt mch in nh hnh v (1.1):

Trong : K l kha dng ng m mch in.
Trc khi kha K ng i = 0 gi l gi tr ban u.
Kha K ng trong mt thi gian di th dng in t n gi tr xc lp l i =
R
E

Qu trnh bin i t gi tr ban u n gi tr xc lp c gi l qu trnh qu .
I.2. P DNG PHNG TRNH VI PHN GII BI TON QU
(PHNG PHP TCH PHN KINH IN)
I.2.1. Gii bi ton vi iu kin ban u bng 0
V d 1: Cho mch in nh hnh v (1.2):

Ti t = 0 ng kho K li. Tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch in.
Li gii
Khi kha K ng li:
u
R
+ u
L
= E (1.1.1)
M: u
R
= iR
E
K
R
i(t)
L
H nh (1.1)
E
K
R
i(t)
L
Hnh (1.2)
Chuong I
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2
dt
di
L u
L
= thay vo pt(1.1) ta c:
E
dt
di
L iR = + (1.1.2)
Vy ta phi gii phng trnh vi phn tm i(t).
Gi s i l nghim ca phng trnh:
i = i
t do
+ i
xc lp
(1.1.3)
i
xc lp
: l dng in trong mch sau khi ng (hoc m) kho K sau
mt thi gian di. Trong mi mch in c th c mt gi tr xc lp.
i
t do
: l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn c v phi bng khng
(phng trnh thun nht).
(Thnh phn t do ca in p v dng in ph thuc vo nng lng tch ly trong mch v cc
thng s mch, n khng ph thuc vo hnh dng ca ngun tc ng)
t i
td
= ke
St
Trong :
k: hng s
S: s phc
t: thi gian
iR + L
dt
di
= 0 (1.1.4)
Thay vo:
ke
St
R + L
dt
) d(ke
st
= 0
0 LS) (R ke
St
= +
nghim i
td
= 0 ( 0 ke
St
= )
R + LS = 0
L
R
S =
L
Rt
td
ke i

=
M: i
xc lp
=
R
E

Vy:
t
L
R
ke
R
E
i(t)

+ =

Chuong I
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3
Xc nh k: Da vo iu kin ban u ca bi ton i(0
+
)= 0

Ti t = 0: 0 ke
R
E
i(0)
o
= + = k =
R
E

|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
t
L
R
t
L
R
e 1
R
E
e
R
E
R
E
i(t) (A)
Vy:
Ti t = 0 i = 0
Ti t = i =
R
E

t
R
L
= : hng s thi gian
i(t) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
e 1
R
E

Khi t = 3 th i ~ i
xc lp
(96%)
Thi gian qu l thi gian dng in i t gi tr ban u n gi tr xc lp.

Cha ng ng
ng K
t
t
0-

t
0+

i(0
-
) i(0
+
)
i
t
0
R
E

Chuong I
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4
V d 2: Cho mch in nh hnh v (1.3):

Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm u
c
(t).
Li gii
Khi ng kha K: u
R
+ u
c
= E (1.2.1)
M:

u
c
+ RC
dt
du
C
= 0 (1.2.2)
y l phng trnh vi phn. Gii phng trnh vi phn trn tm u
c
(t).
t: u
c
= u
c t do
+ u
c xc lp
(1.2.3)
u
c xc lp
: l in p xc lp trn t mt thi gian di sau khi ng (hoc
m) kha K.
u
c xc lp
= E (khi t c np y)
u
c t do
: l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn c v phi bng khng.
u
c
+ RC
dt
du
C
= 0 (1.2.4)
t: u
c t do
= ke
St
Vy:
0
dt
) RCd(ke
ke
St
St
= +
Trong :
k: hng s
S: s phc
t: thi gian
ke
St
+ RCS.ke
St
= 0
ke
St
(1 + RCS) = 0
Do ke
St
= 0 nn:
(1 + RCS) = 0 S =
RC
1

u
R
= iR thay vo(1.2.1)
dt
du
C i
C
=
C E u
c
(t)
i(t)
K
R
Hnh (1.3)
Chuong I
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5
Phng trnh trn l phng trnh c trng
u
c t do
= k
RC
t
e

u(t) = E + k
RC
t
e

Xc nh k: Da vo iu kin ban u ca bi ton:
u
c
(0) = 0
Ti t = 0:
u
c
(0) = E + ke
0
= 0
k = E
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

RC
t
c
e 1 E (t) u
t = RC: hng s thi gian ca mch (n v s)
Vy: u
c
(t) = E(1
t
e
)
- khi t = 0 u
c
(t) = 0
- khi t = u
c
(t) = E

Theo bi ta tm i(t)
i = C
dt
du
C

=
dt
) E.e d(E
C
RC
t
=
RC
t
e
RC
CE

=
RC
t
e
R
E

i(t) =
t
e
R
E

vi t = RC
- Ti t = 0 i =
R
E

- Ti t = i = 0

R
E

t
i
0
E
0
t
u
c
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6
I.2.2. Gii bi ton vi iu kin u khc 0
a. Mch c cun dy
Cho mch in nh hnh v (1.4)

Ti t = 0, m kha K. Xc nh i(0
+
).
iu kin bo ton t thng: Tng t thng mc vng trong mt vng kn lin
tc ti thi im ng m:
(0
) = (0
+
) (1.1)
- Ti t
0
(0
)
- Ti t
0+

(0
+
)
T thng = L.i
L.i(0
) = L.i(0
+
) (1.2)
Ti t
0-
:
(0
) = L
1
.i(0
)
i
L1(0-)
=
R
E

i
L2(0-)
= 0
Ti t
0+
:
(0
+
) = L
1
.i(0
+
) + L
2
.i(0
+
) = (L
1
+ L
2
).i(0
+
)
M: (0
) = (0
+
)
L
1
.i(0
) = (L
1
+ L
2
).i(0
+
)
Vy
2 1
1
L L
R
E
L
) i(0
+
=
+
(1.3)

L
2
K
E
i(t)
R L
1
Hnh (1.4)
Chuong I
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7
V d p dng:

Ti t = 0 m K, tm i(t).
Li gii
Trc khi m K:
3A
4
12
R
E
) i(0 = = =

Ti t
0+
:
A
4
3
L L
) i(0 L
) i(0
2 1
1
=
+
=

+

Khi m K:
iR + (L
1
+ L
2
)
dt
di
= E : phng trnh vi phn
Gii phng trnh vi phn
t i = i
td
+ i
xl

i
xl
= 3
R
E
= (A)
i
td
l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn c v phi bng 0
iR + (L
1
+ L
2
)
dt
di
= 0
t i
td
= ke
St

ke
St
R + (L
1
+ L
2
)
dt
) d(ke
St
= 0
ke
St
[R + (L
1
+ L
2
)S] = 0
Do ke
St
= 0 nn R + (L
1
+ L
2
)S = 0 S =
2 1
L L
R
+

i
td
=
t
L L
R
2 1
ke
+

L
1
= 1H
i(t)
4
L
2
= 3H
K
E = 12V
Hnh (1.5)
Chuong I
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8
i(t) = 3 +
t
L L
R
2 1
ke
+

Xc nh k:
i (0
+
) = 3 + ke
o
=
4
3

k =
4
9

Vy i(t) = 3
t
e
4
9

vi t =
R
L L
2 1
+

t
qu
= 3s dng in t gi tr n nh.

Khi m kha K dng in tng ln 3A (gi tr i
xl
)

b. Mch c t

Ti t = 0 ng kha K. Tm u
c
(t).
Li gii
Trc khi ng K:
u
c1
(0
) = E
u
c2
(0
) = 0
Ti t(0
+
):
i
4
3

3
t
0
Lc m K
K
E
R
C
1
C
2

u
c
(t)
a
Hnh (1.6)
Chuong I
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9
u
c1
(0
+
) = u
c2
(0
+
) = u
c
(0
+
)
iu kin bo ton in tch: in tch ti 1 nh (nt) lin tc ti thi im ng
m:
q(0
+
) = q(0
) (1.4)
in tch ti a t(0
)
t(0
): q(0
) = C
1
.u
c1
(0
) = C
1
.E
t(0
+
): q(0
+
) = C
1
.u
c1
(0
+
) + C
2
.u
c2
(0
+
) = (C
1
+ C
2
).U
c
(0
+
)
q(0
+
) = q(0
)
(C
1
+ C
2
).U
c
(0
+
) = C
1
.E
u
c
(0
+
) =
2 1
1
C C
E C
+

V d p dng:
Cho mch in nh hnh v (1.7):

Ti t = 0 ng K, tm u
c
(t).
Li gii
+ Tm iu kin ban u:
u
c
(0
+
) =
2 1
1
C C
E C
+
=
3
20
4
1
2
1
10 .
2
1
=
+
(V)
+ Khi ng K li ta c:
u
R
+ u
c
= E
Vi C = C
1
+ C
2
; u
R
= iR = RC
dt
du
c

RC
dt
du
c
+ u
c
= E : phng trnh vi phn
Gii phng trnh vi phn tm u
c

Ta t: u
c
(t) = u
ctd
+ u
cxl

Vi u
cxl
= E (in p sau khi ng kha K thi gian di)
Tm u
ctd
bng cch cho v phi ca phng trnh vi phn bng 0
K
E
2O
C
1

C
2

1
2
1
4
F F
Hnh (1.7)
Chuong I
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10
RC
dt
du
c
+ u
c
= 0
t u
ctd
= ke
St
thay vo phng trnh ta c:
0
dt
) RCd(ke
ke
St
St
= +
Trong :
k: hng s
S: s phc
t: thi gian
ke
St
+ RCS.ke
St
= 0
ke
St
(1 +RCS) = 0
Do ke
St
= 0 nn:
(1 +RCS) = 0 S =
RC
1

Phng trnh trn l phng trnh c trng.
Ta c u
c
(t) = E + k
RC
t
e

Xc nh k: Da vo iu kin ban u ca bi ton.
u
c1
(0
) = E ; u
c2
(0
) = 0
u
c
(t) = E + k
RC
t
e

Ti t = 0 u
c
(0
+
) = E + ke
0
= 10 + ke
0
=
3
20

k =
3
10

t = RC: hng s thi gian ca mch (n v s)
t = RC = 2
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
1
2
1
=
2
3

Vy u
c
(t) = 10
3
2t
e
3
10

(V)

u
c

10V
3
20
t
0
Lc ng K
Chuong I
T
h

v
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n

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11
V d: Cho mch in nh hnh v (1.8)

Cho e(t) = 10cos(10t + 45
0
). Khi K ang ng v tr 1, ti t = 0 ng K sang
v tr 2. Tm i(t).
Li gii
Trc khi ng K sang (2) ta c:
i(0
) =
2
1
R
E
= (A)
Khi va ng sang (2) i(0
+
)
i(0
+
) =
2
1

(A) (do L.i(0
) = L.i(0
+
), khng gy t bin v ch c 1 cun dy)
Khi ng K sang (2)
iR + L
dt
di
= e = 10cos(10t + 45
0
)
t i = i
td
+ i
xl

i
xl
: dng in xc lp l dng in khi ng in mt thi gian di.
Ta c s tng ng:

Tng tr phc ton mch:
0
45 2 10 10 j 10 Z Z = + =

2
1
45 2 10
45 10
Z
E
I
0
0
XL
=
Z
Z
= =

i
xl
=
2
1
cos10t
Xc nh i
td
ta gii phng trnh vi phn:
10O
j10 0
45 10 E Z =

xl
I

10O
1H
e(t)
1
2
K
5V
Hnh (1.8)
Chuong I
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v
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H

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K
T

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n

12
iR + L
dt
di
= 0 i
td
= k
t
L
R
e
= ke
10t

i(t) = ke
10t
+
2
1
cos10t
Xc nh k: Da vo iu kin ban u ca bi ton
i(0
+
) = ke
0
+
2
1
cos0 =
2
1

k = 0,207
Vy i(t) = 0,207e
10t
+
2
1
cos10t
I.3. P DNG PHNG PHP TON T LAPLACE GII BI TON
QU
Phng php tch phn kinh in nghin cu mc trn c u im l cho thy
r hin tng vt l ca dng in v in p qu nhng khng tin dng cho
cc mch phc tp v vy vic gii trc tip phng trnh vi phn s kh khn, khi
bc ca phng trnh vi phn cao.
Phng php ton t c u im l ch, n cho php i s ha phng trnh
vi tch phn, vi cc iu kin u c t ng a vo phng trnh i s, do
kt qu nhn c s nhanh hn trong trng hp gii trc tip.
I.3.1. Mt s kin thc c bn bin i Laplace
Gi f(t) l hm gc, bin thin theo thi gian t v ta bin i thnh hm F(p).
F(p) c gi l hm nh; p: s phc. Biu thc (1.5) dng xc nh nh ca mt
hm f(t).
L [f(t)]=
0
( ) ( )
pt
F p f t e dt
=
}
(1.5)
Trong P l s phc:
p = o + je
Cc tnh cht c bn ca bin i Laplace l:
nh ca o hm gc:
L [f(t)] = F(p) =
}
0
pt
dt e ) t ( f
dt
d
(1.6)

Dng cng thc tch phn phn on ta c:

}
0
pt
dt e ) t ( f = f(t)

0
Pt
e + p
}
0
pt
dt e ) t ( f = p.F(P) f(0) (1.7)
nh ca o hm gc bng hm nh nhn vi p.
L

P
) P ( F
dt ) t ( f
0
=
(
(1.8)

nh ca tch phn hm gc bng hm nh chia cho p.
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
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.
H
C
M

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13
Nh hai tnh cht quan trng ca bin i Laplace ta chuyn phng trnh vi tch
phn theo hm gc thnh phng trnh i s vi nh l F(p).

BNG BIN I LAPLACE

Hm gc f(t) Hm nh F(p)
1
1
p

t
e
o

1
p o +

( )
1
1
t
e
o
o

( )
1
p p o +

.
t
t e
o

( )
2
1
p o +

coset
2 2
e + P
P

sinet
2 2
e
e
+ P

t
2
1
p

t
n

1 n
P
! n
+

1 2
2 1
1
( )
t t
e e
o o
o o

1 2
1
( )( ) p p o o + +

1 2
1 2
1 2
1
( )
t t
e e
o o
o o
o o

1 2
( )( )
p
p p o o + +

n t
t e
o

1
!
; 0,1, 2...
( )
n
n
n
p o
+
=
+

2
1
1 (1 )
t
t e
o
o
o

( +

2
1
( ) p p o +

2
1
( 1)
t
e t o
o

+
2
1
( ) p p o +

(1 )
t
t e
o
o

2
( )
p
p o +

sin
t
e t
o
e

2 2
( ) p
e
o e + +

cos
t
e t
o
e

2 2
( )
p
p
o
o e
+
+ +

Chuong I
T
h

v
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e
n

H

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K
T

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M

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k
t
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d
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.
v
n

14
2
1
(1 cos ) t e
e

2 2
1
( ) p p e +

sin t t e
2 2 2
2
( )
p
p
e
e +

cos t t e
2 2
2 2 2
( )
p
p
e
e
+

1 2 2 1
2 2
1 2
sin sin t t e e e e
e e

1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
( )( ) p p
e e
e e + +

1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
sin sin t t e e e e
e e

2
2 2 2 2
1 2
( )( )
p
p p e e + +

2 1
2 2
1 2
cos cos t t e e
e e

2 2 2 2
1 2
( )( )
p
p p e e + +

2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
cos cos t t e e e e
e e

3
2 2 2 2
1 2
( )( )
p
p p e e + +

sin t
t
e

arctg
p
e

Ngc li nu bit hm nh F(P) =
(p) P
(p) P
2
1
ta c th tm c hm gc theo cng
thc sau:

=
=
n
1 K
pKt
K 2
K 1
e
) (p P'
) (p P
f(t)
Trong
'
2
P (P
K
) l o hm ca a thc P
2
(p) ti im P = P
K

Sau y l mt s v d cch tm hm gc:
V d 1: Cho hm nh
F(p) =
( )( )
4
1 2 p p + +

Hy tm hm gc f(t).
Li gii
Khi gp hm phc tp ta dng phng php phn tch:
Bc 1: Phn tch
( )( )
4
1 2 1 2
A B
p p P P
= +
+ + + +

Tm A: nhn 2 v cho (P+1)
( ) 1 4
2 2
B P
A
p P
+
= +
+ +

Cho P = 1 A = 4
Tm B: nhn 2 v cho (P + 2)
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
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n

H

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K
T

T
P
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C
M

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15
( ) 2 4
1 1
P
A B
p P
+
= +
+ +

Cho P = 2 B = 4
Bc 2: Tra bng
2
( ) 4. 4
t t
f t e e

=
Cch 2: Ta c th tm A v B bng cch ly gii hn
A = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
1
1
4
2
4
1
=
+

P
lim
P

B = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
2
2
4
1
4
lim
2
=
+

P
P

V d 2:

( )
8
( )
2
F P
P P
=
+

Hy tm hm gc f(t).
Li gii
Bc 1: Phn tch
( )
8
2 2
A B
P P P P
= +
+ +

Tm A: Nhn 2 v cho p
8 .
2 2
B P
A
P P
= +
+ +

Cho p = 0 A = 4
Tm B: Nhn 2 v cho p + 2
( ) 2 8 P
A B
p P
+
= +
Cho p = 2 B = 4
Bc 2: Tra bng
f(t) = 4 4e
4t

Cch 2: ta c th tm A v B bng cch ly gii hn
A = ) P ( F . P lim
P 0
= 4
2
8
lim
0
=
+
P
P

B = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
2
2
4
8
lim
2
=

P
P

V d 3:
( )( )
2
4
( )
1 2
F P
P P
=
+ +

Hy tm hm gc f(t).
Li gii
Chuong I
T
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v
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H

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K
T

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16
Bc 1: Phn tch
( )( ) ( )
2 2
4
1 2
1 2 2
A B C
P P
P P P
= + +
+ +
+ + +

Tm A: nhn 2 v cho (P+1)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 1 4
2
2 2
B P C P
A
P
P P
+ +
= + +
+
+ +

Cho P = 1 A = 4
Tm C: nhn 2 v cho (P + 2)
2

1) C(P 2) 1)(P B(P 2) A(P 4
2 2
+ + + + + + =
Cho P = 2 4 = C ( 2 + 1)
C = 4
Tm B: nhn 2 v cho (P + 2)
2

( )
( )
( )
2
2
4
2
1 1
A P
B P C
p P
+
= + + +
+ +

o hm P theo 2 v:

( )
( )( )
( )
2 2
2 .... 4
1 1
A P
B
p P
+
= +
+ +

Gi tr () khng cn quan tm
Cho p = 2 B = 4
Bc 2: Tra bng
f(t) = 4.e
t
4.e
2t
4t.e
2t

Cch 2: ta c th tm A, B, v C bng cch ly gii hn
A = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
1
1
4
) 2 (
4
lim
2
1
=
+

P
P

C = ) P ( F . ) P ( lim
P
2
2
2 +

= 4
1
4
lim
2
=
+

P
P

Tm B bng cch nhn 2 v ca phng trnh cho (p + 2)
2
, sau ly o hm 2 v
ca phng trnh v cho p = 2, ta c: B = 4.
I.3.2. nh lut Kirchhoff dng ton t
nh lut Kirchhoff 1
T biu thc
= 0 i
= 0 ) P ( I (1.9)
nh lut Kirchhoff 2
Cho mch vng kn gm R - L - C ni tip t vo in p u ta c:
) 0 ( u idt
C
1
dt
di
L Ri u
c
t
0
+ + + =
}

Chuyn sang bin i Laplace ta c:
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
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H

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K
T

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17
L.i(0)
p
(0) u
pC
1
PL R I(p) U(p)
c
+
(
+ + = (1.10)
T ta suy ra:
I(P) =
PC
1
PL R
) 0 ( Li
P
) 0 ( u
) P ( U
c
+ +
+

Cng thc trn tng ng vi s ton t ca hnh (1.9) di y:

Trong : L.i(0) v
P
) 0 ( U
C
c trng cho iu kin u ca bi ton.

I.3.3. S ton t Laplace

I.3.4. Thut ton tnh qu trnh qu bng phng php ton t
Bc 1: Xc nh cc iu kin ban u
Bc 2: Lp s ton t, gii s ton t theo cc phng php bit tm I(p).
Bc 3: Dng bin i Laplace ngc tm hm gc i(t).
I.3.5. Mt s v d v cc bi ton qu vi cc iu kin ban u bng 0
Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh v (1.10)
i(t)
C
i s ha
I(p)
CP
1

i s ha
i(t) L I(p) Lp
i s ha
R
i(t)
I(p)
R
U(p)
R
pL
PC
1

L.i(0)
I(p)
P
U
C
) 0 (

Hnh (1.9)
Chuong I
T
h

v
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n

H

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K
T

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18

Ti t = 0 ng kho K, tm i(t).
Li gii
Bc 1: Xc nh iu kin ban u
Theo bi ti t = 0 ng kha K tm i(t). Trc khi kha K ng th mch
in h. V th cc iu kin ban u u bng khng.
Bc 2: Bin i cc thng s
Trc khi mun gii mt bi ton qu trnh qu ta phi bin i cc thng s
v dng Laplace v i s ha mch in (tc l a mch in v s tng
ng di dng Laplace).
S tng ng Laplace:

Bc 3: Tnh ton cc gi tr theo bin i Laplace
Ta c: Tng tr ca mch in l nh sau:
8
( ) 2
4 4
P P
Z P
+
= + =
Cng dng in chy qua mch:
10
( ) 40
( )
8
( ) ( 8)
4
U P
P
I P
P
Z P P P
= = =
+
+

Bc 4: Phn tch
40
( 8) 8
A B
P P P P
= +
+ +
= F(P)
Tm A v B bng cch ly gii hn
A = ) P ( F . P lim
P 0
= 5
8
40
lim
0
=
+
P
P

B = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
8
8
5
40
lim
8
=

P
P

I(P)
2
10
P
P
4
10V
K
2
i(t)
1
4
H
Hnh (1.10)
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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19
Vy:
40 5 5
( )
( 8) 8
I P
P P P P
= =
+ +

8 8
( ) 5 5 5(1 )
t t
i t e e

= = (A)
Thi gian qu l:


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm i(t) qua R v u
c
(t) t trn hai u t in.
Li gii
Ti t = 0 ng kha K. Do trc khi kha K ng th mch in trn h. V vy
cc iu kin ban u bng 0.
Bc 2: i s ha mch in (tc l a mch in v s tng ng di
dng Laplace)
12 ) t ( u
c
= V
P
12
) P ( U =
C =
2
1
F C(p) =
P
2

S tng ng:

Bc 3: Tnh ton cc gi tr theo bin i Laplace
Ta c: Tng tr ca mch
i(t)
5
t
I(p)
4
12
p
2
p
U
c
(p)
12V u
c
(t)
F
2
1
K
i(t)
4
Hnh (1.11)
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

-

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20
2 4 2 2(2 1)
( ) 4
P P
Z P
P P P
+ +
= + = =
Cng dng in chy trong mch:
Z(p)
U(p)
I(P) =

2
1
p
3
2 4p
12
p
1) 2(2p
p
12
I(p)
+
=
+
=
+
=
Vy
1
2
( ) 3
t
i t e A
=
Thi gian qu :
t = 3t = 6s

Tm u
c
(t):
Ta c: in p t trn hai u t in
2 12 2
( ) ( )
4 2
Uc P I P
P P P
= =
+

24 6
1
(4 2)
( )
2
P P
P P
= =
+
+

Bc 4: Phn tch
6
1
( )
2
P P +
=
1
2
A B
P
P
+
+
= F(p)
A = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
2
1
2
1
12
6
lim
2
1
=

P
P

B = =
) P ( F . P lim
P 0
12
2
1
6
lim
0
=
+
P
P

Vy A = 12; B = 12
12 12
( )
1
2
Uc t
P
P
=
+

1 1
2 2
( ) 12 12 12(1 )
t t
Uc t e e

= = (V)
t
3
0
0
t
u
c
12
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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21
I.3.6. Cc bi ton qu vi cc iu kin ban u khc 0
- f(t) F(p)
- ) f(0 p.F(p)
dt
df(t)

- i(t) I(p)
- ) i(0 p.I(p)
dt
di(t)

-
L
dt
di
L Lp.I(p) L.i
L
(0
)
a. Cun dy

u
L
=
L
dt
di
L U
L
(P) = Lp.I(p) L.i
L
(0
)

b. i vi t in
in p ban u trn t:


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch in.
L
i
L
(0
-
) L
Li
L
(0
-
)
Lp
p
) 0
-
( u
c
Cp
1
L
C
0
-
) ( u
c
+
_
C
0
-
) ( u
c
E = 60V
i(t)
K
7
5
H
2
1
Hnh (1.12)
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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22
Li gii
Ti t = 0 m kha K, do trc t = 0 th mch in ang hot ng.
Vy ta phi xc nh iu kin ban u:
+ Xc nh dng in i qua cun dy trc khi kha K m ra:
12
5
60
) (0 i
L
= =
(A)
i s ha mch in (tc l bin i mch in v s tng ng di dng
Laplace)
u(t) = 60 V U(p) =
60
P

L =
2
1
H L.p =
2
P

S tng ng:

Bc 3: Tnh ton cc thng s theo Laplace
60
( )(5 7) 6
2
60 60 6
6
12( 10)
( )
24
(24 )
5 7
2 2
P
I P
P
P
P
P P
I P
P P
P P
+ + = +
+
+
+
= = =
+
+
+ +

Bc 4: Phn tch
12( 10)
( 24) 24
P A B
P P P P
+
= +
+ +
= F(p)
A = =
) P ( F . P lim
P 0
5
24
) 10 ( 12
lim
0
=
+
+
P
P
P

B = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
24
24
7
) 10 ( 12
lim
24
=
+

P
P
P

Vy:
4 2 p
7
p
5
) 4 2 p(p
) 0 1 12(p
+
+ =
+
+

L
I(p)
7
p
60
p
5 2
V 6
_
+
L
Chuong I
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23
(A) 7e 5 i(t)
t 4 2
+ =

Cho t = 0 i = 12 (A)
t = i = 5 (A)


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch in?
Li gii
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, do trc t = 0 th mch in ang hot ng. V vy ta
phi xc nh iu kin ban u.
Cng dng in chy qua mch khi kha K cha ng li:
5
12
60
) (0 i
L
= =
(A)
i s ha mch in (a v mch in tng ng di dng Laplace)
p
60
U(p) 60 u(t) = =

L =
2
1
H L.p =
2
P

2
5
2
1
5 ).L (0 i ) (0 U
L L
= = =

(V)
12
t
i
5
0
7
K
1
60V
i(t)
5
H
2
Hnh (1.13)
Chuong I
T
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v
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n

H

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K
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T
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-

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24
Mch in tng ng di dng Laplace:

2
5
p
60
2
p
5 I(p) + = |
.
|
\
|
+
10) p(p
24) 5(p
2
p 10
2p
5p 120
2
P
5
2
5
p
60
I(P)
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
Bc 4: Phn tch
F(p) =
5( 24)
( 10) 10
P A B
P P P P
+
= +
+ +

A = =
) P ( F . P lim
P 0
12
10
) 24 ( 5
lim
0
=
+
+
P
P
P

B = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
10
10
7
) 24 ( 5
lim
10
=
+

P
P
P

Vy:
10 P
7
P
12
10) P(P
24) 5(P
+
=
+
+

(A) 7e 12 i(t)
10t
=

I(p)
5
2
p
_
+
V
2
5
L.i
L
(0
-
)
p
60
0
t
i
12
5
Chuong I
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25

Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch v in p u
c
(t)
t ln hai u t in.
Li gii
Ti t = 0 m kha K do trc t = 0 th kha K ng, v vy ta phi xc nh iu
kin ban u:
3
2 2
12
) i(0 =
+
=
(A)
u
c
(0
) = i(0
).2 = 6 (V)
Bc 2: i s ha mch in (bin i mch in v s tng ng di
dng Laplace)

p
12
U(p) 12 u(t) = =

p
4
C(p) F
4
1
C = =
S tng ng:

p
6
p
12
p
4
2 I(p) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
p
6
p
4 2p
I(p) =
|
|
.
|
\
| +

2
I(p)
p
12
6
p
4
p
12V
2
2
F
4
1
i(t)
K
u
c
(t)
Hnh (1.14)
Chuong I
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26
2 p
3
4 2p
6
I(p)
+
=
+
=
Vy:

2
( ) 3
t
i t e
= (A)
Tm u
c
(t):

3 4 6 12 6
( )
( 2) ( 2)
Uc P
P P P P P P
= + = +
+ +

Bc 4: Phn tch
F(p) =
12
( 2) 2
A B
P P P P
= +
+ +

A = =
) P ( F . P lim
P 0
6
2
12
lim
0
=
+
P
P

B = = +

) P ( F ). P ( lim
P
2
2
6
12
lim
2
=

P
P

Vy:

12 6 6 6 6 12 6
( 2) 2 2 P P P P P P P P
+ = + =
+ + +

) e 6(2 6e 12 (t) u
2t 2t
c

= = (V)


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm cng dng in i
R
(t) chy trong mch in.
Li gii
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, do trc t = 0 th kha K m. V vy ta phi xc nh
iu kin ban u.
i(0
) =
10
20
= 2(A)
u
c
(0
) = 2.3 = 6(V)
in p trn t in bng in p trn in tr 3
t
6
12
u
c

i
R

20V
1
F
10
1
i(t)
6 3
K
Hnh (1.15)
Chuong I
T
h

v
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
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M

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27
Bc 2: khi ng kha k ta c
S ton t Laplace

1 10
( )
10
C F C P
P
= =

Da vo phng trnh li gii
10 6
( )( )
6
3
( )
2 10
5
I P Z
P P
P
I P
P
P
P
+ =
= =
+
+
vi Z = 2
3 6
3 . 6
=
+

Vy cng dng in chy qua in tr 3O:
5 p
2
5).9 (p
3.6
9
6
I(p) (p) I
R
+
=
+
= =

(A) 2e (t) i
5t
R

=

BI TP CHNG I
Bi 1.1: Cho mch in nh hnh v (1.16)

Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K tm cng dng in i
1
(t) chy trn in tr 12.
p s: Cng dng in chy trn in tr 12 l i
1
(t) = 2 (A)

6
3
10
p
6
p
I
R
(P)
4
12
i
1
(t)
8H
K
24V
i(t)
Hnh (1.16)
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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28

Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch.
p s:
t
3
5
e
3
4
8 i(t)

= (A)


Yu cu:
Ti thi im t = 0 tm u
c
(t) vi V = 2te
t
(v).
p s: u
c
(t) = 4e
-3t
4e
-2t
+ 4t.e
-2t
(v)

Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch.
Cho bit: u(t) = 30e
0,5t
(V)
K
100V
i(t)
10
5
5
i
1
(t)
5H
Hnh (1.17)
K
i(t)
1
F
2
1
2 v = 2te
-t
u
c
(t)
+
_
Hnh (1.18)
K
i(t)
3
u(t) = 30e
-0,5t
6H
Hnh (1.19)
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
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H
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29
p s:
t
2
1
5t.e i(t)

= (A)

Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm in p u
c
(t) t trn t in.
p s: u
c
(t) = 2e
2t
2e
3t
= 2(e
2t
e
3t
) (V)


Yu cu: Ti t = 0 ng kha K, hy tm in p t trn in tr R = 2.
p s:
3
40
(t) u
R
= (V)


K
i(t)
1
F
2
1
2 v = e
-2t
u
c
(t)
+
_
Hnh (1.20)

3
3
5
R = 2
1
3
K
60V
Hnh (1.21)
10V
K
i(t)
2
F
2
1
2
2
u
c
(t)
+
_
Hnh (1.22)
Chuong I
T
h

v
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e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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30
Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 ng kha K, tm u
c
(t).
p s: u
c
(t) = 5 5
t
3
2
e
= 5(1
t
3
2
e
) (V)


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm in p u
R
(t) t ln in tr R = 75 .
p s: u
R
(t) = 150e
10t
(V)


Yu cu: Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm in p u
R
(t) trn in tr R = 8 .
p s: u
R
(t) = 12e
3t
(V)

u
R
(t)
K
150V
150
10H
50
75
Hnh (1.23)
32V
2 12
8 2H 12
K
i
R
(t)
u
R
(t)
Hnh (1.24)
Chuong I
T
h

v
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
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31

Yu cu: Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm i
R
(t).
p s:
2t
R
e
8
1
(t) i

= (A)


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch.
p s: i(t) = 3e
2t
+ 6t.e
2t
(A)

Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm cng dng in i(t) chy trong mch.
p s: i(t) = 4 + e
8t
(A)
12V
5
K
6
30
i
R
(t)
3
1
16
F
Hnh (1.25)
12V
4
F
4
1
K
i(t)
1H
Hnh (1.26)
2
H
2
1
4
4
H
4
1
K
24V
i(t)
Hnh (1.27)
Chuong I
T
h

v
i
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
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32

Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 m kha K, tm in p u
R
(t) t trn in tr 2 .
p s:
t
10
1
R
e
3
8
(t) u

= (V)


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 m kha K. Xc nh v v dng dng in i
R
(t).
p s: i
R
(t) = 2,5e
t
(A)


Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 m kha K. Xc nh v v dng dng in i
R
(t) v in p u
C
(t).
p s: i
R
(t) = 2,5e
t
(A) v u
c
(t) = 10e
t
(V)
100V
15
1F
K
8 4
3 2
u
R
Hnh (1.28)
e(t) = 20sin(t +90
0
) (V)
2
2
1
F
K
4
i
R
(t)
4H
Hnh (1.29)
e(t) = 20sin(t +90
0
) (V)
2
K
2H
4
1
F
4
i
R
(t)
u
c
(t)
Hnh (1.30)
Chuong I
T
h

v
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e
n

H

S
P
K
T

T
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33

Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 kha K chuyn t v tr 1 2. Xc nh v v dng dng in i(t).
p s: i(t) = 5e
5t
(A)

Ti t = 0 m K. Xc nh v v dng dng in i
c
(t) v in p u
c
(t).
p s: i
c
(t) = 2,5e
2t
(A) ; u
c
(t) = 10e
2t
(V)


j(t) = 20cos10t (A)
5
1
5
i
L
(t)
2
1
H
K 2
i(t)
Hnh (1.31)
2 2
e(t) = 20cos4t (V)
R R
K
F
8
1
C =
i
c
(t)
u
c
(t)
Hnh (1.32)
Hnh (1.33)
Chuong I
T
h

v
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H

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34
Ti t = 0, kha K chuyn t v tr 1 sang v tr 2. Hy xc nh v v dng sng ca
dng in i
1
(t), i
2
(t), i
3
(t), bit e(t) = 2E
0
coset, e =
L
R
, E
0
> 0.
p s: i
1
(t) =
t
L
R
e
R
E
R
E

0 0
= ) 1 (
0
t
L
R
e
R
E

(A)
i
2
(t) =
t
L
R
e
R
E
R
E
2
0 0
2 2

= ) 1 (
2
2
0
t
L
R
e
R
E

(A)
i
3
(t) = i
1
(t) + i
2
(t) =
R
E
2
3
0
t
L
R
e
R
E
0
t
L
R
e
R
E
2
0
2

= )
2
1
2
3
(
2
0
t
L
R
t
L
R
e e
R
E

(A)


Hy xc nh v v dng dng in i(t) trong mch trn khi < t < + , nu
ti t = 0 m kho K. Bit rng:
e(t) = Ecoset; E > 0 v e =
RC L
R 1
=
p s: i(t) =
t
L
R
e t
L
R
R
E

). 1 (
3
(A)
hay i(t) =
R
E
3
(1 et)e
et
(A)


Hnh (1.34)
100V 50V
K
25O
0,01H
i(t)
1 2
Hnh (1.35)
Chuong I
T
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v
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H

S
P
K
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T
P
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35
Yu cu:
Ti t = 0 chuyn kha K t v tr 1 sang v tr 2. Tm cng dng in i(t)
chy trong mch.
p s:
2500t
6e 4 i(t)

= (A)

Chuong I
T
h

v
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
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H
C
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Chng II. Phn tch mch trong min tn s

36
CHNG II: PHN TCH MCH TRONG MIN TN S

Hm truyn t
Trong mc I.3 ta ni n vic p dng phng php ton t phn tch qu
trnh qu trong mch TTD. Nh vy vi tt c cc phng php hc, ta c th
xc nh c tt c cc dng in v in p trn cc phn t mch, mi trng thi
ca mch. Trong thc t i khi ngi ta khng quan tm n ton b mch, m ch
ch n mt b phn no . Trong trng hp nh vy ngi ta tm ra mt cch
khc m t mch, trong ch ch n cc i lng m ta cn tm v quan h
ca n vi ngun tc ng. Mch trong trng hp ny c xt vi khi nim tc
ng - p ng (hay l nhn qu), cng ng ngha vi khi nim truyn t Vo -
Ra.
II.1. NH NGHA HM TRUYN T
Gi thit rng, ti t = 0 mch c tc ng bi ngun p hay ngun dng (k hiu
l hm x(t), v i lng cn xt l dng hoc p u ra k hiu l y(t)). Vi x(t) v
y(t) xut hin trn cc cc ca mch (Hnh v II.1.a, b, c).

Khi iu kin u bng 0, hm truyn t c nh ngha nh sau:
W(p) =
X(p)
Y(p)

Trong : Y(p) = L[y(t)]
X(p) = L[x(t)]
Hm truyn t l mt hm c trng cho cc tnh cht ca mch, mt khi bit
W(P) ta c th tm c p ng ca mch i vi mt tc ng bt k theo biu thc
sau:
Y(p) = W(p).X(p)
y(t) = L
1
[Y(p)]
quan h gia x(t) v y(t) l n tr, th iu kin quan trng l iu kin u
phi bng 0.
Mch TTD
x(t) y(t)
Hnh II.1.a
Hai cc
i(t)
u
1
(t)
Hnh II.1.b
Bn cc
i
1
(t)
u
1
(t)
Hnh II.1.c

i
2
(t)
u
2
(t)
Chuong II
T
h

v
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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37
Hm truyn ca 2 cc l tr khng hay dn np ty theo cc i lng vo ra c
chn l dng hay p. Khi x(t) = u(t) v y(t) = i(t), th hm truyn ca 2 cc s l dn
np.
W(p) =
U(p)
I(p)
= Y(p)
Khi x(t) = i(t) v y(t) = u(t), th hm truyn ca 2 cc s l tr khng:
W(p) =
I(p)
U(p)
= Z(p)
(Ch thch: T hm truyn t hay truyn t thng c dng cho mng hai ca
(4 cc) v n mang ngha truyn t tn hiu. Khi dng cho 2 cc, n ch c ngha
l tr khng hay dn np ca 2 cc ).
V d1: Cho mch in nh hnh v (2.1)

u
1
(t): tn hiu vo ca mch (x(t))
u
2
(t): tn hiu ra ca mch (y(t))
Tnh hm truyn W(p) =
X(p)
Y(p)

Li gii
Bc 1: a mch v s ton t Laplace

Ta c: X(p) = U
1
(p)
Y(p) = U
2
(p)
Bc 2: Xc nh hm truyn t p:
U
2
(p) = U
1
(p).
CP
R
CP
1
1
+

R
Cp
1
U
1
(p)
U
2
(p)
R
u
1
(t)
C
u
2
(t)
Hnh (2.1)
Chuong II
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38
W(p) =
CP
1
R
CP
1
) P ( U
) P ( U
1
2
+
= =
RCP 1
1
+

V d 2: Cho mch in nh hnh v (2.2)

Tnh hm truyn t p W(p).
Li gii

Ta c: X(p) = U
1
(p)
Y(p) = U
2
(p)
Bc 2: Xc nh hm truyn t p
W(P) =
CP
1
R R
CP
1
R
) P ( U
) P ( U
2 1
2
1
2
+ +
+
= =
CP ) R R ( 1
CP R 1
2 1
2
+ +
+

Vy W(P) =
P 10 1
P 10 1
3
4
+
+

k 9 R
1
=
k 1 R
2
=
CP
1
) P ( U
1
) P ( U
2
R
1
= 9k
R
2
= 1k
C
1
= 0,1F
u
1
(t) u
2
(t)
Hnh (2.2)
Chuong II
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K
T

T
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39

Tnh hm truyn W(p).
Li gii

) P ( U .
CP
1
R
CP
1
R
R
R
) P ( U
1
1
1
2
2
2
+
+
=
W(p) =
1 2 2 1
1 2
1
2
R R CP R R
) 1 CP R ( R
) P ( U
) P ( U
+ +
+
=


Tnh hm truyn W(p)
1
R
2
R
) P ( U
1
) P ( U
2
CP
1
1
R
2
R ) t ( u
1
) t ( u
2
C
Hnh (2.3)
1
R
2
R ) t ( u
1
) t ( u
2
C
Hnh (2.4)
Chuong II
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T
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40
Li gii

W(p) =
CP
1
R
CP
1
R
R
CP
1
R
CP
1
R
) P ( U
) P ( U
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
+
+
+
= =
1 CP R
R
R
1 CP R
R
2
2
1
2
2
+
+
+

W(p) =
1 2 2 1
2
R R CP R R
R
+ +

II.2. BIU DIN TH CA HM TRUYN
II.2.1. c tuyn logarit - tn s logarit
Trong thc t ngi ta thng quan tm n c tuyn bin W(je); bi v n d
o lng v n cho ta bit nhiu tnh cht ca mch i vi tn s.
Khi nim v Bel v Decibel
bel B
decibel dB
1b = 10db
L n v o mc tng gim ca tn hiu
vao
ra
P
P
lg [b]
1b {P
r
= 10 P
V
}
10
vao
ra
P
P
lg [db]
+ 10db P
r
= 10 P
V

P
vo

P
ra

1
R
2
R ) P ( U
1
) P ( U
2
CP
1
Chuong II
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41
+ 20db P
r
= 100 P
V

0db P
r
= P
V

10db P
r
=
10
P
V

20db P
r
=
100
P
V

2
V
r
V
r
U
U
P
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 10lg
V
r
P
P
= 10lg
2
V
r
U
U
|
|
.
|
\
|
db = 20lg
V
r
U
U
(db)

Thng thng c tuyn tn s c vit di dng:
W(p) =
P T + 1
1
hay W(je) =
Tj 1
1
+

Trong : p = je
Tje: s phc
Modun W(je)
Argumen (e)
II.2.2. c tuyn bin - tn s logarit (Gin Bode)
V d ta kho st s bin thin ca hm truyn:
W(je) =
Tj 1
1
+

20lgW(je) = 20lg
Tj 1
1
+
= 20lg1 20lgTje +1 (dB)
- Khi e <<
T
1
Te << 1 Tje +1 ~ 1
Vy 20lgW(je)~ 0db
- Khi e >>
T
1
Te >> 1 Tje +1 ~ Te
Vy 20lgW(je)~ 20lgTe ( 20db/dec)
Gii thch:
- dec decade (10 ln tn s)
- ( 20db/dec) gim 20db khi tn s tng 10 ln
- Ti e
0

20lgTe = 20lgTe
0
= xdb
- Ti e = 10e
0

20lgTe = 20lgT.10.e
0
= 20lgT.e
0
20lg10 = x 20db

Chuong II
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H

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T
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42
c tuyn bin tn s logarit:

V d1:
Cho hm truyn:
W(p) =
P T 1
K
+
vi K, T: hng s
p = je. Hy v c tuyn bin - tn s logarit
Li gii:
Ta c:
W(je) =
Tj 1
K
+

20lgW(je) = 20lg
Tj 1
K
+
= 20lgK 20lgTje +1
- Khi e <<
T
1
Te << 1 Tje +1 ~ 1.
Vy 20lgW(je)~ 20lgK (db)
- Khi e >>
T
1
Te >> 1 Tje +1 ~ Te
Vy 20lgW(je)~ 20lgK 20lgTe ( 20db/dec)

0
T
1

T
10

20db
20db/dec
e
db
20lgK
0
T
1

T
10

20db
20db/dec
e
db
Chuong II
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43
CC BI TP V D

Tnh W(p); V c tuyn bin - tn s logarit (gin Bode): 20lgW(je)
Tm li gi tr C tn hiu vo tn s 10
5
khng b suy gim.
Li gii

W(P) =
CP
1
R
CP
1
) P ( U
) P ( U
1
2
+
= =
RCP 1
1
+
=
P 10 1
1
P 10 . 10 1
1
4 7 3
+
=
+

W(je) =
1 ) j ( 10
1
4
+
Vi p = je
Bc 3: V c tuyn bin - tn s logarit (gin Bode)
20lgW(je) = 20lg10
4
(je) +1
- Khi e <<
T
1
(T = 10
4
) T.e << 1 Tje +1 ~ 1
20lgW(je) = 0 (dB)
- Khi e >>
T
1
Te >> 1 Tje +1 ~ Te
20lgW(je) = 20lgTe (dB) ( 20 dB/dec)

R
CP
1
) P ( U
1
) P ( U
2
1K
u
1
(t)
C = 0,1F
u
2
(t)
Hnh (2.5)
Chuong II
T
h

v
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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44
c tuyn bin tn s logarit:

Ta c:
RC
1
T
1
C
= = > 10
5
C <
3 5 5
10 . 10
1
R 10
1
= = 10
8
F

V d 2: Cho hm truyn: W(p) = K(Tp + 1) Vi K, T: hng s; p = j.e
V c tuyn bin - tn s logarit (gin Bode).
Li gii
Ta c: 20lgW(je) = 20lgK(Tje +1) = 20lgK + 20lg(Tje +1)
- Khi e <<
T
1
T.e << 1 Tje +1 ~ 1.
20lgW(je) = 20lgK (dB)
- Khi e >>
T
1
Te >> 1 Tje +1 ~ Te
20lgW(je) = 20lgK + 20lgTe (dB) (20 dB/dec)

V d 3: Cho hm truyn:
W(p) =
1 P T
) 1 P T ( K
1
2
+
+
Vi K, T
1
, T
2
: hng s; T
1
> T
2
.
W(je)=
1
1
1
2
+
+
j T
) j T ( K

V c tuyn bin - tn s logarit (gin Bode)
dB
20lgK
e
+ 20dB/dec
T
1

0
4
10
T
1
=
20db/dec
e
db
Di
thng
T
10

20db
Chuong II
T
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H

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K
T

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45
dB
20lgK
1
T
1

1
T
10

e
2
T
1

20db/dec
Li gii
Ta c: 20lgW(je) = 20lgK + 20lg(T
2
je+1) 20lg(T
1
je+1)
- Khi e <<
1
T
1
<<
2
T
1
T
1
e << 1; T
2
e << 1 T
1
je +1 ~ 1; T
2
je +1 ~ 1
20lgW(je) = 20lgK (dB)
- Khi
1
T
1
<< e <<
2
T
1
T
1
e >> 1; T
2
e << 1 T
1
je +1 ~ T
1
e; T
2
je +1 ~ 1
20lgW(je) = 20lgK 20lgT
1
e ( 20 dB/dec)
- Khi
1
T
1
<<
2
T
1
<< e T
1
e >> 1; T
2
e >> 1 T
1
je +1 ~ T
1
e; T
2
je +1 ~ T
2
e
1
e + 20lgT
2
e (0db/dec)

II.2.3. c tuyn pha tn s Logarit
c tuyn pha tn s logarit: (e) = arg(W(je)) = ZW(je)
V d 1: Kho st hm truyn t
W(p) =
1 TP
K
+
vi K, T: hng s
W(je) =
1 Tj
K
+

V c tuyn pha - tn s logarit: (e)
- Khi e <<
T
1
Te << 1 Tje +1 ~ 1.
W(je) = K = 0
- Khi e >>
T
1
Te >> 1 Tje +1 ~ Tje
W(je) =
Tj
K
=
2
t

Chuong II
T
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v
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H

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P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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46

ng dng: v c tuyn pha tn s ca mch in hnh v (2.6)

W(p) =
1 P 10
1
1 TP
1
3
+
=
+

vi K, T: hng s
W(je) =
1 Tj
1
+

V d 2: Cho hm truyn t
W(p) = K(Tp + 1) vi K, T: hng s
W(je) = K(Tje + 1). V c tuyn pha - tn s logarit: (e).
Li gii
- Khi e <<
T
1
Te << 1 Tje +1 ~ 1
W(je) = K = 0
- Khi e >>
T
1
Te >> 1 Tje +1 ~ Tje
W(je) = KTje =
2
t

20lgK
db
0
T
1

e
- 20db/dec
()
0
T
1

e

2
t

e
4
t
2
t

10
3

20db/dec
db
e
10
3

1K
u
1
(t)
C = 1F
u
2
(t)
Hnh (2.6)
Chuong II
T
h

v
i
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
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H
C
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47

V d 3: Cho hm truyn
W(p) =
1 P T
) 1 P T ( K
1
2
+
+
Vi K, T
1
, T
2
: hng s; T
1
> T
2

W(je)=
1
1
1
2
+
+
j T
) j T ( K

V c tuyn pha - tn s logarit: (e)
Li gii
- Khi e <<
1
T
1
<<
2
T
1
T
1
e << 1; T
2
e << 1 T
1
je +1 ~ 1; T
2
je +1 ~ 1
20lgW(je) = 20lgK (db)
W(je) = K = 0
- Khi
1
T
1
<< e <<
2
T
1
T
1
e >> 1; T
2
e << 1 T
1
je +1 ~ T
1
e; T
2
je +1 ~ 1
1
e (20db/dec)
W(je) =
j T
K
1
=
2
t

- Khi
1
T
1
<<
2
T
1
<< e T
1
e >> 1; T
2
e >> 1 T
1
je +1 ~ T
1
e; T
2
je +1 ~ T
2
e
1
e + 20lgT
2
e (0db/dec)
W(je) =
j T
j KT
1
2
= 0

20lgK
db
e

1
T
2
t
e
Chuong II
T
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v
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T

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48

BI TP CHNG II
Bi 2.1: Cho hm truyn
W(p) =
1 P T
) 1 P T ( K
2
1
+
+
Vi K, T
1
, T
2
: hng s; T
1
> T
2

W(je)=
1 j T
) 1 j T ( K
2
1
+
+

V c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha - tn s logarit (gin Bode).


Cho R
1
= R
2
= 1KO; C = 0,1F.
a) Tnh hm truyn W(P).
b) V c tuyn bin - tn s logarit
(gin Bode): 20lgW(je)
V c tuyn pha - tn s logarit.


Cho R
1
= R
2
= 1KO, C= 0,1F.
b) V c tuyn bin - tn s
logarit (gin Bode): 20lgW(je)

e
1
T
1

2
T
1

0
2

e
db
20lgK 1
T
1

2
T
1

R
2
u
1
(t) u
2
(t)
R
1
C
Hnh (2.7)
R
2
u
1
(t)
R
1
u
2
(t)
C
Hnh (2.8)
Chuong II
T
h

v
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n

H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
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49

Cho R
1
= 9KO; R
2
= 1KO; C= 0,1F.
b) V c tuyn bin - tn s logarit
(gin Bode): 20lgW(je)

b) V c tuyn bin - tn
s logarit (gin Bode):
20lgW(je)
V c tuyn pha - tn s
logarit.

Bi 2.6: Cho hm truyn sau:
W(P) =
) 1 P T )( 1 P T (
K
2 1
+ +

W(je) =
) 1 j T )( 1 j T (
K
2 1
+ +

V c tuyn bin - tn s logarit (gin Bode): 20lgW(je)

Cho C = 1F.
b) V c tuyn bin - tn s
logarit (gin Bode):
20lgW(je) v c tuyn pha -
tn s logarit: (e)
c) Tn hiu vo c e = 10
4
rad/s
c qua c mch khng?

R
1
= 9k
u
1
(t)
R
2
= 1k
C
1
= 0,1F
u
2
(t)
Hnh (2.9)
R
2
= 1k
+
_
1k
9k
y(t)
x
1
(t)
R
1
= 1k
C = 0,1F
x(t)
Hnh (2.10)
+
_
y(t)
2k
2k
1k
x
1
(t) x(t)
C
R
2
1k R
1

Hnh (2.11)
Chuong II
T
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v
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K
T

T
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50
a) V c tuyn bin - tn s
logarit (gin Bode):
20lgW(je) v c tuyn pha -
tn s logarit: (e)
b) Tn hiu vo c e = 10
5
rad/s
c qua c mch khng?

9k
1k R
2
R
1
x(t)
C = 0,01F
x
1
(t)
+
_
y(t)
9k
1k
Hnh (2.12)
Chuong II
T
h

v
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H

S
P
K
T

T
P
.
H
C
M

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Chng III. Mch phi tuyn
51
CHNG III: MCH PHI TUYN

III.1. CC PHN T KHNG TUYN TNH
Cc phn t KTT c s dng to nn cc qu trnh KTT, m mch tuyn
tnh khng th to ra c nh cc qu trnh chnh lu, iu ch, tch sng, to dao
ng... Mch KTT l mch c cha t nht mt phn t KTT, hoc v mt ton hc
c th ni rng, mch KTT c m t bng phng trnh vi phn phi tuyn.
Cc phn t KTT ni chung khng c biu din gii tch thun tin, n thng
c m t bng cc c tuyn (c trng) thc nghim, c cho di dng cc
quan h dng in - in p i vi in tr, t thng - dng in i vi cun dy
v in tch - in p i vi t in.
III.1.1. in tr phi tuyn
K hiu:

in tr phi tuyn c xc nh bi quan h gia dng in v in p:
u = f
R
(i) (3.1) hay I =
R
(u) (3.2)
trong f
R
,
R
l cc hm lin tc trong khong (, +) v
R
= f
R
1
(hm ngc).
Cc c tuyn c m t bi cc phng trnh (3.1) v (3.2) s i qua gc ta
v nm gc phn t th nht v th ba.

Nu in tr c c tuyn (1) m khng c (2), ta gi n l phn t ph thuc
dng (R thay i theo i). Nu in tr KTT c c tuyn (2) m khng c (1), th n
l phn t ph thuc p (R thay i theo v). Trong trng hp phn t phi tuyn c
c hai c tuyn (dng l hm n tr ca p v ngc li) th l phn t phi
tuyn khng ph thuc. Cc in tr khng tuyn tnh thc t thng gp l cc
bng n dy tc, cc diode in t v bn dn
III.1.2. in cm phi tuyn (cun dy phi tuyn)
K hiu:

u
i
0
Hnh 3.1a
(1)
i
u
0
Hnh 3.1b
(2)
+
_
u
i
R
u +
_
L
i
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in cm phi tuyn c cho bi c tuyn quan h gia t thng v dng in
c dng:
| = f
L
(i) (3.3) v u =
dt
d|
(3.4)
Trong f
L
l hm lin tc trong khong (, +), i qua gc ta (|, i) v
nm gc phn t th nht v th ba. Ngoi ra phng trnh (3.3) cn c biu
din di dng:
i =
L
(|) vi
L
= f
L
1
(3.5)

III.1.3. in dung phi tuyn
K hiu:

in dung phi tuyn c c trng bi quan h KTT (khng tuyn tnh) gia
in tch v in p trn t in.
q = f
c
(u) (3.6) v i =
dt
dq
(3.7)
Trong f
c
l hm lin tc trong khong (, +), c o hm lin tc khp
ni, i qua gc ta (q, u) v nm gc phn t th nht v th ba.

Ty thuc vo iu kin lm vic, ngi ta phn bit cc c tuyn ca cc phn
t KTT thnh cc loi sau:
- c tuyn tnh c xc nh khi o lng phn t KTT lm vic vi cc
qu trnh bin thin chm theo thi gian.
- c tuyn ng c o lng khi cc phn t KTT lm vic vi qu
trnh iu ha.
|
i
0
q
u
0
i
C
+
_
u
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- c tuyn xung c xc nh khi phn t lm vic vi cc qu trnh t
bin theo thi gian.

III.2. CC THNG S C TRNG CA CC PHN T PHI TUYN
III.2.1. in tr tnh v in tr ng
in tr phi tuyn c c tuyn u = f
R
(i), c in tr tnh c nh ngha bi t
s gia in p v dng in ti im lm vic M(u
o
, I
o
) trn c tuyn tnh (hnh
3.2a).

M
o
I
U
R =
in tr ng ca phn t phi tuyn c nh ngha bi o hm ca in p
theo dng in ti im lm vic (hnh 3.2b).

M
di
du
R =
in tr tnh c minh ha trn hnh 3.2a, n bng tgo. Vi o l gc c to
nn gia ct tuyn OM vi trc i. in tr ng l tg|. Vi | l gc gia ng tip
tuyn ti im M vi trc i (hnh 3.2b).
C in tr tnh v ng u ph thuc vo im lm vic trn c tuyn ca
phn t phi tuyn, n l hm ca dng in.

R
o
= R
o
(i)
R
= R
(i)
Ch : Vi mt s phn t KTT, trong mt khong bin thin no ca dng
in v in p, in tr ng ca n c th nhn gi tr m, cn gi tr ca in tr
tnh th lun lun dng.
III.2.2. in cm tnh v in cm ng
in cm phi tuyn (KTT) c c trng | = f
L
(i).
in cm tnh l t s gia t thng v dng in ti im lm vic M(u
o
, I
o
)
(hnh 3.3a).
M
o
I
L =
0 I
o

M
u
o

i
u
|
Hnh 3.2b
Hnh 3.2a
0 I
o

M
u
o

i
u

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in cm ng L
c nh ngha bi o hm ca t thng theo dng in ti

im lm vic M (hnh 3.3b).

M
di
d
L
|
=

III.2.3. in dung tnh v in dung ng
in dung phi tuyn (KTT) c c tuyn q = f
c
(u) c cc thng s tnh v ng
c nh ngha nh sau:

M
o
u
q
C =

M
du
dq
C =
Cc thng s tnh v ng ca in dung phi tuyn u ph thuc vo im lm
vic ca phn t. Khi bit gi tr in dung ng C
(u) ta c th xc nh dng
in i qua n:
i =
dt
du
du
dq
dt
dq
= = C
(u)
dt
du

Cc thng s tnh c dng m t phn t KTT ti im lm vic tnh
M(q
o
,u
o
), cn cc thng s ng dng m t phn t KTT ti im lm vic tnh,
c ngun tc ng bin thin theo thi gian.

III.3. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH KTT
III.3.1. Phng php th
Ni dung ca cc phng php ny l da vo cc c tuyn ca cc phn t
KTT tm ra p ng ca mch di dng th, khi bit tc ng u vo.
Trn hnh (3.4a) l c tuyn vn - ampe ca mt phn t KTT no , nu t vo
n mt in p bin thin theo thi gian trn hnh (3.4b), th p ng dng in
trn phn t c th xc nh bng phng php th.

0
|
i
u
o

M
o
Hnh 3.3a
I
o

0
|
i
u
o

M
|
Hnh 3.3b
I
o

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T hnh v, ta c th xc nh gi tr ca u(t) ti nhng thi im chn v sau
dng ln c tuyn ca phn t KTT, t c th v c dng ca dng in
theo thi gian hnh (3.4c).
Phng php th cho ta kt qu nh tnh, d s dng trong trng hp ngun
tc ng c dng n gin. Trong trng hp phn tch cn kt qu chnh xc cn
phi p dng phng php gii tch.
III.3.2. Phng php d

Phn t khng tuyn tnh c cho t c
tuyn thc nghim theo bng (3.1)sau.
Hy tm I.
I (A) 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
U(v) 1 2 2,5 3 3.5 4 4,5

Li gii
Lp bng:
n I U
R1
U
R2
= IR
2
U = U
R1
+ U
R2
So snh vi 10
1 0,5 1 1 2 Khc
2 1 2 2 4 Khc
3 1,5 2,5 3 5,5 Khc
4 2 3 4 7 Khc
5 2,5 3,5 5 8,5 Khc
6 3 4 6 10 = 10
Hnh 3.4
i
u
0
) a
t
1
,t
3
t
2
t
o
,t
4
u
0
t
) b
t
1
t
1
u(t)
t
2 t
2
t
3
t
3
t
4
t
4
t
o
t
o
t

0
t
1
) c
t
1
i(t)
t
2
t
2
t
3
t
3
t
4
t
4
t
o
t
o
U = 10V
R
1

R
2
= 2O
I
Hnh (3.5)
Bng (3.1)
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Vy I = 3 (A).


Phn t khng tuyn tnh c cho
t c tuyn thc nghim theo bng
(3.2)sau. Hy tm I, I
1
, I
2
.

I (A) 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
U(v) 1,5 2 2,5 3 3.5 4 4,5

Lp bng:

S
ln n
I
1
U
R1

(c)
2
R1
2
R
U
I =
I = I
1
+ I
2
U
R3
= IR
3
U = U
R3

+ U
R1

So snh
vi 4V
1 0,5 1,5 0,75 1,25 2,5 4 = 4V
2 1 2 1 2 4 6 Khc
3 1,5 2,5 1,25 2,75 5,5 8 Khc
4 2 3 1,5 3,5 7 10 Khc
5 2,5 3,5 1,75 4,25 8,5 12 Khc
6 3 4 2 5 10 14 Khc
I = (A)
c U
R1
U
R2
= IR
2

U = U
1
+ U
2

U = 10V
In I

I = I + AI
S
R
3
= 2O
R
2

R
1

U = 4V
+
_
I
2
I
1

I
Hnh (3.6)
Chuong III
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Vy I = 1,25 (A); I
1
= 0,5 (A); I
2
= 0,75 (A).

III.3.3. Phng php gii tch
Biu din gn ng c tuyn bng a thc nguyn
Gi thit phn t KTT c cho bi c tuyn i = f(u) c c t thc nghim
hoc t cc nh sn xut hnh (3.7). Phn t KTT c im lm vic c chn l
M(u
0
, I
0
). C th biu din gn ng c tuyn ca phn t KTT bng khai trin
Taylor ti im lm vic M nh sau:
i = a
0
+ a
1
(u u
0
) + a
2
(u u
0
)
2
+ + a
n
(u u
0
)
n
(3.3.1)
Cc h s a
n
c xc nh bi:
a
0
= i(u
0
)
a
1
= i(u
0
)
a
2
=
2!
) (u i"
o
(3.3.2)
a
n
=
! n
) u ( i
) n (
0

Trong thc t ty theo mc chnh xc yu cu, ngi ta s hn ch bc ca a
thc (3.3.1). Biu thc (3.3.2) l cng thc xc nh cc h s khai trin Taylor
trong trng hp hm f(u) xc nh. i vi cc phn t KTT, hm f(u) thng
c cho bng c tuyn thc nghim, do xc nh cc h s a
n
cng phi tin
hnh bng thc nghim.
I
1
= I
1
+ AI
1

Start
I
1
= (A)
c U
R1

I
2
=
2
1 R
R
U

I = I
1
+ I
2

U
R3
= IR
3
U = U
R1
+ U
R3

U - 4sc
ln I

S
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V d khi hn ch a thc (3.3.1) bc hai, ta cn phi xc nh ba h s a
0
, a
1
,
a
2
. tm ba h s ny, ngoi im lm vic M, ta cn chn thm hai im A, B trn
c tuyn ca phn t KTT hnh (3.7). Cch xc nh nh vy c gi l phng
php ba tung . Ta s thit lp ba phng trnh m t c tuyn ca phn t KTT
ti ba im chn l:
a
0
= I
0

a
0
+ a
1
(u
A
u
0
) + a
2
(u
A
u
0
)
2
= I
A

a
0
+ a
1
(u
B
u
0
) + a
2
(u
B
u
0
)
2
= I
B
(3.3.3)
T ba phng trnh (3.3.3) ta s tm ra ba gi tr ca a
0
, a
1
, a
2
.

Biu din c tuyn bng ng gy khc (phng php tuyn tnh ha
tng on)
Trong thc t phn tch mch KTT, nhiu trng hp phi thay th c tuyn
ca phn t KTT bng nhng on thng, iu hon ton l lm n gin vic
phn tch v biu din kt qu. Phng php ny c gi l phng php tuyn
tnh ha c tuyn ca phn t KTT.
thc hin vic tuyn tnh c tuyn, hy xt mt phn t KTT c c tuyn
u=f
R
(i) lin tc v kh vi ti ln cn im lm vic M(u
0
, I
0
) hnh (3.8).
Hm u = f(i) c th khai trin thnh chui Taylor ti im M(u
0
, I
0
):
u = f(i) = f(I
0
) + f(I
0
)(i I
0
) +
2
1
f(I
0
)(i I
0
)
2
+ (3.3.4)
Nu gii hn a thc bc nht, th mt cch gn ng ta ch s dng hai s
hng u tin ca chui (3.3.4), tc l:
u ~ f(I
0
) + f(I
0
)(i I
0
) (3.3.5)
Ti im M(u
0
, I
0
) ta c:
f(I
0
) = u
0

M
0
R
di
du
) (I f' = =
Nn biu thc (3.3.5) c th vit li di dng:
u = u
0
+ R
(i I
0
)
hay u ~ R
.i + E (3.3.6)
u
B
u
0
u
A

I
B

I
0

I
A

M
A
B
u
i
Hnh 3.7
Chuong III
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Trong R
l in tr ng ca phn t KTT ti im lm vic, cn E c

xc nh theo biu thc:
E = u
0
R
.I
0
(3.3.7)
Biu thc (3.3.6) chnh l phng trnh ng thng tip tuyn vi c tuyn
u=f(i) ti im M v ct trc in p ti im E c xc nh theo biu thc
(3.3.7).

T nhng phn tch trn y c th thy rng, c tuyn ca phn t KTT ln
cn im lm vic c th c lm gn ng bng mt on thng. iu c
ngha l ta thay th mt phn t KTT bng mt hai cc tuyn tnh trn hnh (3.9).

Vic lm ng trn y c s dng trong trng hp khi phn t KTT c tc
ng l ngun dng gm hai thnh phn:
i = I
0
+ i
~

vi I
0
: l thnh phn mt chiu ti im lm vic M.
i~: l thnh phn xoay chiu tha mn iu kin |I
~max
|< I
0

Khi h p trn phn t KTT cng s bao gm hai thnh phn:
u = u
0
+ u
~

Trong u
~
l thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ti im lm vic M. T pt
(3.3.6) ta c th vit:
u
~
= R
.i
~

V d: Cho
2
3
1 |
.
|
\
|
+ =
E
u
k i vi k, E l hng s
Khai trin i(u) thnh chui Taylor ln cn u
0
= 0.
Li gii
a
0
= i(u
0
) = i(0) = k
u
i
U
0

E
M
0 I
0

Hnh 3.8
R

i
~
u
~
Hnh 3.10
R

E
i
u
Hnh 3.9
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2
1
E
u
1
E
k
2
3
i'
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
a
1
= i(u
0
) = i(0) =
2E
3k

2
1
2
E
u
1
E
k
4
3
i"

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
8E
3k
2!
(0) i"
a = =
Vy + + + + = ... u
8E
3k
u
2E
3k
k i(u)
2
2

+ Nhn xt:
- Xp x i(u) = a
0

- Khi tn hiu dao ng vi bin nh quanh gi tr u
0
ta ch cn khai
trin bc 1: i(u) = a
0
+ a
1
(u u
0
)
- Khi tn hiu dao ng vi bin ln quanh gi tr u
0
th bc ca phng
trnh khai trin tng ln m bo tnh chnh xc.

Phng php xc nh h s ca chui Taylor bng th
V d: Cho c tuyn vn - ampe c xc nh bng c tuyn thc nghim theo
bng sau:

v - 0,3 - 0,2 - 0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3
i 2,22 2,42 2,62 2,38 3,04 3,26 3,49
u
i
2 2 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,3

c i 2 2,04 2,09 2,16 2,25
u
i'
0,4 0,5 0,7 0,9

c
i
0,46 0,6 0,78

2.0
3.0
4.0
- 0,3 - 0,2 - 0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3
i
,

m
i
l
i
a
m
p
e

u, volt
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- Vit khai trin Taylor ca i(v) ln cn u
0
= 0
a
0
= i(u
0
) = 2,83
a
1
= i(u
0
) = 2,09
a
2
=
2!
) (u i"
0
= 0,3
i(u) = 2,83 + 2,09.u + 0,3.u
2

- Vit khai trin chui Taylor ca i(u) ln cn u
0
= 0,1
a
0
= i(u
0
) = 3,04
a
1
= i(u
0
) = 2,16
a
2
=
2!
) (u i"
0
= 0,39
i(u) = 3,04 + 2,16(u 0,1) + 0,3(u 0,1)
2

III.4. CCH GHP NI CC PHN T KTT
III.4.1. Mc ni tip cc phn t KTT
S ni tip hai in tr KTT c c tuyn ln lt l u
1
= f
R1
(i) v u
2
= f
R2
(i).
Mch tng ng ca cch ni tip hai phn t l mch trn hnh (3.11b).

u
u
1

u
2

i
Hnh 3.11a
u
i
Hnh 3.11b
2.0
2.1
2.3
- 0,3 - 0,2 - 0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3
A
i
/
A
u

u, volt
2.2
0,4
0,6
1,0
- 0,3 - 0,2 - 0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3
A
2
i
/
A
2
u

u, volt
0,8
Chuong III
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n
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p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta c:
u = u
1
+ u
2
= f
R1
(i) + f
R2
(i) = f
R
(i)
Bi v dng in trong mch ni tip l nh nhau, nn khi v cc c tuyn ca
cc phn t KTT trn cng mt h trc ta (u, i), ta c th xc nh in p trn
tng phn t tng ng vi tng gi tr ca dng in. Ni cc im c cng dng
in v in p bng tng in p trn tng phn t ta s c c tuyn ca c h
thng.

III.4.2. Mc song song

Mch ni song song hai in tr KTT c c tuyn ln lt l i
1
=
R1
(u) v i
2
=
R2
(u) c cho trn hnh (3.12.a). Hy xc nh c tuyn tng hp I =
R
(u) ca
in tr KTT tng ng trn hnh (3.12.b).
p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ta c:
i = i
1
+ i
2
=
R1
(u) +
R2
(u) =
R
(u)
Vi mch ni song song, in p trn cc phn t l nh nhau. Do , khi v cc
c tuyn vn - ampe ca cc phn t KTT trn cng mt h trc ta (u, i), ti
cc gi tr khc nhau ca u, ta s tm c gi tr ca I trn c h thng. Dng qua
phn t tng ng s bng tng cc dng thnh phn.

i
u
u = f
R
(i)
u = f
R2
(i)
u = f
R1
(i)
i
2

u
i
i
1

u
i
Hnh 3.12.a,b. Ni song song hai in tr KTT
i
u
i =
R
(u)
i
2
=
R2
(u)
i
1
=
R1
(u)
u
1
u
2
u
3

0
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III.4.3. Cch ni cc phn t KTT vi ngun tc ng
Trong phn tch mch KTT nhiu khi cng cn phi xy dng c tuyn tng
hp ca mch mc ni tip hoc song song ca in tr KTT vi ngun p hoc
dng.

Hy xt mch mc ni tip trn hnh (3.13.a,b) ca ngun p mt chiu c sc
in ng E vi in tr KTT c c tuyn u
1
= f
1
(i) trn hnh (3.14).
Vi cc mch trn hnh 4.1.a,b ta c cc phng trnh:
u = u
1
+ E = f
1
(i) + E
u = u
1
E = f
1
(i) E

th ca cc phng trnh c v trn hnh (3.15.a,b).

T cc th trn hnh (3.15.a,b) cho thy, vic mc ni tip ngun p mt chiu
s lm dch chuyn c tuyn ca phn t KTT dc theo trc p mt on l E.
V d: Hy tm c tuyn tng hp ca mch mc ni tip ca ngun p mt
chiu c sc in ng E vi mt iot bn dn hnh (3.16). c tuyn ca iot bn
dn c lm gn ng bng hai on thng nh trn hnh (3.17).
0
i
u
Hnh 3.14. c tuyn u.i
ca in tr KTT
Hnh 3.15.a,b. c tuyn tng hp
0
i
u
E
0
i
u
-E
Hnh 3.13.a,b. Mc ni tip ca ngun p vi in tr KTT
u
1

u
i
E
u
1

u
i
E
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64

Vi mch trn hnh (3.16.a,b) ta c th vit:
(a) u = f(i) + E
(b) u = f(i) E
th dng v p ca cc mch trn hnh (3.16) c dng nh trn hnh
(3.18.a,b).

III.4.4. Mch KTT dng mt chiu
Khi mch bao gm cc in tr tuyn tnh, ngun p, ngun dng v mt in
tr KTT, ngi ta thng p dng phng php ngun tng ng Thevenin v
Norton tm c tuyn tng hp ca mch. xc nh cc thng s ca ngun
tng ng, phn t KTT c tch ra khi mch, phn mch tuyn tnh cn li s
c thay th bng ngun tng ng c cc thng s c xc nh nh sau:
- Vi ngun p Thevenin
- in p E l in p trn cc cc A, B h mch
- in tr tng ng R
AB
l in tr tuyn tinh ca hai cc th ng
nhn t hai cc A, B.

Mch tuyn
tnh
B
u
A
Hnh 3.17. c tuyn Diode bn dn
0
i
u
i =
d
(u)
f
d
(i) f
d
(i)
Hnh 3.16.a,b
u
E
i
u
E
i
Hnh 3.18.a,b c tuyn tng hp
0
i
u
E
0
i
u
E
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65

- Vi ngun dng Norton
- Dng in J l dng qua cc cc A, B ngn mch.
- in dn G
AB
=
AB
R
1

Vi mch trn hnh, khi bit gi tr ca ngun E, c tuyn ca in tr KTT
i=(u) v gi tr R
AB
, ta c th tin hnh phn tch mch KTT bng phng php
th. Dng in v in p trn cc phn t s c xc nh nh sau:
E = R
AB
i + u (4.4.1)
hay i =
AB
R
U E
(4.4.2)
c tuyn ca phn t KTT l:
i = (u) (4.4.3)
Khi cn bng 2 v ca phng trnh (4.4.2) v (4.4.3) ta c:
(u) =
AB
R
U E
(4.4.4)
Phng trnh (4.4.4) c th c gii bng phng php th, khi ta v chng
trn cng mt h ta (u, i) (Hnh 3.20.a).
Giao im ca ng thng (4.4.2) vi c tuyn (4.4.3) l nghim ca phng
trnh (4.4.4). Ta ca giao im M s cho bit dng in qua phn t KTT v h
p trn n. H p trn phn t tuyn tnh l:
u
RAB
= E u (4.4.5)
Bng cch lm tng t, ta c th phn tch i vi mch trn hnh (3.19b). Cc
phng trnh m t mch:
J G
AB
u = i (4.4.6)
hay u =
AB
G
i J
(4.4.7)
Khi bit c tuyn ca phn t KTT:
u = f(i) (4.4.8)
Cn bng cc v phi ca phng trnh (4.4.7) v (4.4.8) ta c:
f(i) =
AB
G
i J
(4.4.9)
Hnh 3.19.a,b
u
E
R
AB
i
u
J G
AB
i
I
G

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Nghim ca pt (4.4.9) l giao im ca ng thng (4.4.7) v c tuyn (4.4.8),
ta ca im M cho bit h p trn cc cc ca mch v dng in i qua phn
t KTT (hnh 3.20b). Dng qua in dn G
AB
l: I
G
= J i

V d: Cho mch KTT nh hnh v (3.21)
Hy dng phng php th tm
in p v dng in qua in qua in
tr KTT v cng sut tiu hao trn n.
Bit J = 7 [mA]; R
1
= 200 R =
600; R
2
= 800; R
3
= 300, v c
tuyn dng p ca in tr KTT theo
bng sau:

u[V] 0,1 0,32 0,6 1,1 2 2,8
i[mA] 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Li gii
Thay th phn mch tuyn tnh nhn t hai cc A, B bng ngun dng tng
ng Norton trn hnh (3.22).
3 2
2
3 2
3 2
1
R R
R
R R
R R
R R
R
J J
AB
+
+
+ +
= = J
3 2 3 1 2 1 3 2
2
R R R R R R RR RR
RR
+ + + +
= 3 [mA]

R
AB
=
2 1
2 1
3
R R R
R ) R R (
R
+ +
+
+ =
2 1
2 1 2 3 2 3 1 3
R R R
R R RR R R R R RR
+ +
+ + + +
= 700

u
E U
I
M
R
E

0
i
i = (u)
i
J I
U
M
G
J

0
u
u = f(i)
Hnh 3.20.a,b
u
J
R
2

R
R
1

i
R
3

B
A
Hnh 3.21
J
AB

R
AB

A
B
I
u
Hnh 3.22
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Dng v p trn in tr KTT s c xc nh bng phng php th. Da
trn s tng ng hnh (3.22) v cc thng s va xc nh ta c phng trnh:
u = (J
AB
I)R
AB
(4.4.10)
Trn cng mt h trc to (u, i) ta v c tuyn ca phn t KTT v phng
trnh ng thng (4.4.10). Giao im M c ta xc nh t th M chnh l h
p v dng in trn in tr KTT.

III.5. BI TP CHNG III (Mc III.4)
Bi 3.1: Ngi ta mc ngun p E = 100V vo hai cc ni tip ca in tr tuyn
tnh R = 200 v in tr KTT c c trng cho bng (3.3) sau:
Bng (3.3)
u[V] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
I[A] 0 0,23 0,30 0,34 0,37 0,395 0,42

Hy xc nh dng qua nhnh v p trn mi phn t bng phng php th.
p s: I = 0,34[A]; u = 31[V]

Bi 3.2: Phn t khng tuyn tnh c c trng:

u[V] 0 100 200 300 400 500
I[mA] 0 0,06 0,16 0,28 0,60 2,0

c ni vi in tr R
1
= 0,4[M ], c h thng c mc ni tip vi R
2
= 0,1[M
] v ngun p E = 500[V]. Hy xc nh in p trn phn t KTT v dng in
qua mi phn t ca mch trn hnh 3.23.

1.0
2.0
3.0
0.5
1.5
2.5
1.0 2.0 3.0
i[mA]
I
M
u[V]
0.5 1.5 2.5
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p s: u= 365[V], I = 0,44[mA];
I
1
=
1
R
u
=
4 , 0
365
= 0,91[mA];
I
2
= I + I
1
=0,44 + 0,91 = 1,35[mA]

Bi 3.3: Cho mch trn hnh v (3.24) vi cc s liu:
E
1
= 64[V]; E
3
= 10[V]
R
1
= 8[]; R
2
= 24[]

c trng ca phn t KTT c cho di dng bng (3.4):

I[A] 0 1,0 1,5 2,0 3,0 4,0
u[V] 0 36 45 50 55 57
Hy xc nh cc dng in I
1
, I
2
, I
3
.

p s: I
3
= 0,85[A] v u = 32,9V
U
CD
= E
3
+ u = 10 + 32,9 = 42,9 V
I
2
=
2
R
U
CD
=1,78[A];
I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
= 1,78 + 0,85 = 2,64[A];
Bi3. 4:
Cho mch in trn hnh(3.25) vi J = 2,5[A], E = 60[V] v phn t KTT c c
trng:
R
1
I
1

E
I
2
u
R
2
I
Hnh 3.23
R
1
I
3

E
1
I
1
R
f
E
3
R
2
I
2
Hnh 3.24
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u = 5I
3

Hy xc nh dng in v in p trn phn t KTT.

p s: I = 1[A]; u = 5[V]
Bi 3.5: Cho mch trn hnh (2.26) vi gi tr ca ngun p E = 30[V], R = 20O v
c trng ca cc phn t KTT:
I
1
= 0,01u
1
+ 0,003u
1
2

I
2
= 0,04u
2
+ 0,002u
2
2

Hy xc nh in p u v dng qua nhnh I
1
, I
2
(vi u >0)
p s: u = 10V
I
1
= 0,01.10 + 0,003.10
2
= 0,4 A
I
2
= 0,04.10 + 0,002.100 = 0,6 A

III.6. CHUI FOURIER
III.6.1. Chui Fourier lng gic
Mt tn hiu c gi l tun hon nu n tha mn iu kin:
f(t) = f(t + nT) ; vi n: l s nguyn
Trong T l chu k lp li ca tn hiu, tn s tng ng vi chu k T c
gi l tn s c bn ca tn hiu, n c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
T
2
0
=
[rad/s].
Mt tn hiu tun hon vi chu k T, tha mn iu kin Dirichlet, s c biu
din bng chui Fourier lng gic c dng nh sau:
f(t) = a
0
+
=
+
1 n
0 n 0 n
) t n sin b t n cos a ( (3.6.1)
J

I

E

u

30O

30O

60O

Hnh 3.25
R
f1
R
f2 E
R
u
I
1
I
2
Hnh 3.26
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Chui (3.6.1) bao gm mt s hng khng ph thuc thi gian v tng v hn
cc hm iu ha c tn s bng n ln tn s c bn. Cc h s a
0
, a
n
, b
n
c gi l
cc h s khai trin Fourier v c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:
a
0
=
}
+T t
t
0
0
dt ) t ( f
T
1
(3.6.2)
a
n
=
}
+T t
t
0
0
0
dt n cos ) t ( f
T
2
, trong n = 1, 2, 3 (3.6.3)
b
n
=
}
+T t
t
0
0
0
dt n sin ) t ( f
T
2
(3.6.4)
Thnh phn a
0
khng ph thuc thi gian, biu th gi tr trung bnh ca hm f(t)
trong 1 chu k, n cn c gi l thnh phn 1 chiu ca tn hiu. Cc h s a
n
, b
n

l bin ca cc thnh phn cosin v sin tng ng vi cc tn s ne
0
.

Hay ta c th vit:

Sng hi bc 1 (sng c bn): sng sin tn s e
Sng hi bc 3: sng sin tn s 3e
Nhn xt:
Mt dng sng tun hon bt k c th c phn tch thnh tng nhng dng
sng hnh sin c tn s khc nhau.
III.6.2. Chui Fourier dng phc
Tn hiu tun hon f(t) cn c th c biu din bng chui phc Fourier c
dng sau:
f(t) =
= n
t jn
n
0
e F
(3.6.5)
f(t) =
2
1
a
0
+ a
1
coset + a
2
cos2et + a
3
cos3et +
+ b
1
sinet + b
2
sin2et + b
3
sin3et +
1 chiu
Sng c
bn
Hi bc 2 Hi bc 3
Sng c bn
Sng tng khng sin
Sng hi bc 3
Sng c bn
Sng tng khng sin
Sng hi bc 3
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Trong
n
F
c gi l h s khai trin Fourier v c xc nh bi biu thc:

}
+
=
T t
t
t jn
n
0
0
0
dt e ) t ( f
T
1
F
(3.6.6)
Vi mt tn hiu f(t) thc ta lun c:

n n
F F

=

v arg
n
F
= arg
n
F

hay:
n
F
t jn
0
e +
n
F
t jn
0
e

= | |
) t n F (arg j ) t n F (arg j
n
0 n 0 n
e e F
+ +
+

= 2 ) F arg t n cos( F
n 0 n

+
= C
n
cos(ne
0
t +
n
) (3.6.7)
Vi C
n
= 2
n
F
v
n
= arg
n
F
(3.6.8)
F
0
= C
0
= a
0

n
F
=
2
jb a
n n

; a
n
=
n
F
+
n
F
; b
n
= j(
n
F

n
F
)
n
F
=
2
C
n
=
2
b a
2
n
2
n
+

arg
n
F
=
n
=
n

2
t
(3.6.10)
T biu thc (3.6.5) c th thy rng, chui phc Fourier bao gm hai chui v
hn cc vect lin hip phc i vi trc thc v quay ngc chiu nhau vi vn tc
gc ne
0
. Tng hnh hc ca mi cp vect lin hip phc ti mi thi im s cho
ta thnh phn hi th n hnh (3.27). Ni cch khc, thnh phn hi th n bao gm
hai thnh phn, c hnh chiu trn trc thc bng nhau, quay ngc chiu nhau vi
vn tc bng ne
0
.

(3.6.9)
J
m

n
F

n
F

Re
T
2
0
=
T
2
0
=
0
2
T =
t
n
F 2
n
C

=
f
n
(t)
Hnh 3.27
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V d 1: Phn tch dng sng sau thnh chui Fourier, c bin l 1; chu k 2t.
f(t) =
2
1
a
0
+ a
1
coset + a
2
cos2et + a
3
cos3et ++ b
1
sinet + b
2
sin2et + b
3
sin3et
+

f(x) = 1 0 < x < t
f(x) = 1 t < x < 2t

Li gii
f(x) =
2
1
a
0
+ a
1
cosx + a
2
cos2x + + b
1
sinx + b
2
sin2x +
a
n
=
}
t
t
2
0
dx f(x).cosnx
1

a
n
=
(
+
t
} }
t
0
2
x (-1)cosnxd 1.cosnxdx
1

a
n
= ) nx sin nx sin (
n
1 2
0
t
= ) sinn2 x n sin 2 (
n
1
t t
t

Ta thy a
n
= 0 vi n = 0, 1, 2 (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
= 0)
+ Xc nh a
0
:
a
0
=
}
t
t
2
0
dx f(x).cos0x
1
=
}
t
t
2
0
f(x).dx
1

=
(
+
t
} }
t
0
2
(-1)dx 1.dx
1
= 0
+ Xc nh b
n
:
b
n
=
}
t
t
2
0
dx f(x).sinnx
1

b
n
=
(
+
t
} }
t
0
2
sinnxdx - 1.sinnxdx
1
= ) nx cos nx cos (
n
1 2
0
+
t

=
n
1
t
{1 2cosnt + cosn2t}
- Khi n l:
b
n
=
t n
4

b
1
=
t
4
; b
3
=
t 3
4
; b
5
=
t 5
4

0
- 1
1
v
et
t 2t
Chuong III
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73
- Khi n chn:
b
n
= 0
Vy f(t) =
t
4
(sinet +
3
1
sin3et +
5
1
sin5et + )
Khi T = 1ms f =
T
1
= 1000Hz e = 2tf = 2000t
Nhn xt:
- Chui Fourier l tng cc dng sng hnh sin c tn s t thp n cao.
- Bin sng hi bc cng cao th cng nh.
Ph tn s:
Ph tn s cho ta bit bin cc sng hi
f(t) =
t
4
(sinet +
3
1
sin3et +
5
1
sin5et + )

V d 2: Phn tch dng sng sau thnh chui Fourier:

f(x) =
t
x
t < x < t

Tnh h s chui Fourier.
Li gii
Tnh a
n
:
a
n
=
}
t
t
t t
.cosnxdx
x 1
=
}
t
t
2
t
x.cosnxdx
1

b
t
4

0
1 3 5 7
S ln tn s
c bn
f(x)
et
2t t
-t
0
1
- 1
Chuong III
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74
=
t
t
2 (
+
t
nx sin
n
x
nx cos
n
1 1
2

a
n
=
(
t) t t t + t t
t
2
sinn n sin (
n
1
) n cos n cos
n
1 1
2

n = 0
a
n
= 0
a
0
=
}
t
t
t t
.dx
x 1
= 0
- Tnh b
n
: b
n
=
}
t
t
t t
.sinnxdx
x 1
=
}
t
t
2
t
x.sinnxdx
1

=
t
t
2 (

t
nx cos
n
x
nx sin
n
1 1
2
= ( ) t t t
t
2
n cos n n sin
n
1

- n l: b
n
=
t n
2

b
1
=
t
2
; b
3
=
t 3
2
; b
5
=
t 5
2

- n chn: b
n
=
t
n
2

b
2
=
t
1
; b
4
=
2t
1
; b
6
=
3t
1

Vy f(t) =
t
2
(sinet
2
1
sin2et +
3
1
sin3et
4
1
sin4et + )

Nhn xt: Bin sng hi cng cao th bc cng nh
V d 3: Phn tch dng sng sau thnh chui Fourier.

t < < t
t < <
=
2 x 0
x 0 10
) x ( f gi s T = 0,628ms

b
t
2

0 1
2
3
4
5
6
S ln tn
s c bn
v
10
0
t
T
Chuong III
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75
Li gii
f(x) =
2
1
a
0
+ a
1
cosx + a
2
cos2x + + b
1
sinx + b
2
sin2x +
a
n
=
}
t
t
2
0
dx f(x).cosnx
1

a
n
=
(
+
t
} }
t
0
2
(0)cosnxdx 10.cosnxdx
1
0
nx sin
n
10
t

= t
t
n sin
n
10

Ta thy a
n
= 0 vi n = 0, 1, 2 (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
= 0)
+ Xc nh a
0
:
a
0
=
}
t
t
2
0
dx f(x).cos0x
1
=
}
t
t
2
0
f(x).dx
1
=
(
+
t
} }
t
0
2
(0)dx 10.dx
1
= 10
+ Xc nh b
n
:
b
n
=
}
t
t
2
0
dx f(x).sinnx
1

b
n
=
(
t
}
t
0
10.sinnxdx
1
= ) nx cos (
n
10
0
t

=
n
10
t
{1 cosnt}
- Khi n l:
b
n
=
t n
20

b
1
=
t
20
; b
3
=
t 3
20
; b
5
=
5t
20

- Khi n chn:
b
n
= 0
f(x) =
2
1
a
0
+ a
1
cosx + a
2
cos2x + + b
1
sinx + b
2
sin2x +
Vy f(t) = 5 +
t
20
(sinet +
3
1
sin3et +
5
1
sin5et + )
Khi T = 0,628ms f =
T
1
= 1592,36Hz e = 2tf = 10000 rad/s
Vy v(t) = 5 +
t
20
(sin10000t +
3
1
sin30000t +
5
1
sin50000t + )

Chuong III
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76
III.7. BI TP CHNG III (Mc III.6)
Bi 3.6: Cho sng chnh lu bn k nh sau:

Hy phn tch dng sng trn thnh chui Fourier.
p s: f(t) =
1
(1 +
2
coset +
3
2
cos2et
15
2
cos4et +
35
2
cos6et + )

Bi3. 7: Cho sng chnh lu ton k nh sau:

Hy phn tch dng sng trn thnh chui Fourier.
p s: f(t) =
2
(1 +
3
2
cos2et
15
2
cos4et +
35
2
cos6et + )

Bi 3.8: Hy phn tch dng sng sau thnh chui Fourier:

p s:
2

2
3

1
et
v
1
2

2
3

v
et
0 -2t 2t 4t
et
2t
f(x)
Chuong III
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77
f(t) = t 2sinet sin2et
3
2
sin3et
2
1
sin4et
5
2
sin5et
3
1
sin6et +
Bi 3.9: Khai trin chui Fourier ca dng sng sau:

p s:
f(t) =
4
coset
9
4
cos3et
25
4
cos6et + 2sinet +
3
2
sin3et +
5
2
sin5et

p s: f(t) = t
8
coset
9
8
cos3et
25
8
cos5et


p s: f(t) =
2
3

2
(sinet +
3
2
sin3et +
5
2
sin5et)

0 t 2t - t - 2t
1
2
et
f(x)
0 t
2t 3t
4t
-t
-t
t
et
f(x)
-t t 2t
2t
et
f(x)
Chuong III
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Chng IV. ng dy di
78
CHNG IV
NG DY DI

IV.1. CC THNG S N V CA NG DY DI
IV.1.1. nh ngha :

- in cm n v ca ng dy di, biu th nng lng tch ly trong t
trng ca on dy c di 1m, k hiu L
0
v c n v [H/m].
- in dung n v ca ng dy, biu th nng lng tch ly trong in trng
gia cc dy dn c di 1m, c k hiu l C
0
v c n v l [F/m].
- in tr n v ca ng dy biu th tn hao nhit trong cc dy dn, c
di 1m, c k hiu l r
0
v c n v [O/m]
- in dn r n v gia cc dy dn biu th tn hao nhit trong in mi ca
on dy c di 1m, c k hiu l G
0
v c n v [S/m].
Cc thng s n v c nu trn y c gi l cc thng s s cp ca
ng dy di.
Cch xc nh cc thng s n v:

ng dy
Thng s
Song hnh ng trc
L
0

r
d
ln
t

1
2
r
r
ln
2t

C
0

r
d
ln
t

1
2
r
r
ln
2t

r
0

t
f
r
1
0

t
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
f
r
1
r
1
0
2 1

G
0
e.C
0
.tgo e.C
0
.tgo
Zc
r
d
ln
120
r

1
2
r
r
r
ln
60

r : bn knh dy dn
d : khong cch gia 2 dy
r
1
: bn knh dy dn trong ca ng dy ng trc
r
2
: bn knh dy dn ngoi ca ng dy ng trc
: in tr sut ca dy dn
x
Ax
x = 0
i
u
x = l
S ng dy di
Hnh 4-1
Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
79
o : gc tn hao in mi
=
r
0
; c = c
r
c
0

Zc : tr khng c tnh.
c
0
=
9
10 .
26
1

t
[F/m] ; hng s in mi ca chn khng
c
r
: hng s in mi ca mi trng
0
= 4t.10
-7
[H/m] : t thm ca chn khng
r
: t thm ca mi trng

V d 1: Mt ng dy ng trc lm bng ng, c hng s in mi c
r
= 2,4 ; tgo =
10
-4
,

0
= 4t.10
-7
. ng dy lm vic tn s f = 100MHz, c kch thc hnh hc nh
trn hnh 2 v in tr sut = 1,75.10
-8
O.m. Hy xc nh cc thng s n v ca
ng dy ng trc.
Gii:
in tr n v i vi dng in xoay chiu :
r
0
=
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
f
r
1
r
1
0
2 1
=
t
t
|
.
|
\
|
+

4
10 . 75 , 1 . 10 . 10 . 4
10 . 5
1
10
1
8 8 7
3 3
= 0,627 [O.m]
in cm n v :
L
0
=
1
2
r
r
ln
2t
= 2.10
-7
.ln5 = 3,219.10
-7
[H/m]
in dung n v
C
0
=
1
2
r
r
ln
2t
=
5 ln 18
10 . 4 , 2
9
= 8,284.10
-11
[F/m]
in dn r n v
G
0
= e.C
0
.tgo = 2t.10
8
.8,284.10
-11
.10
-4
= 5,205.10
-6
[S/m]

IV.1.2. Phng trnh ng dy di v nghim :
Bi v cc thng s ca ng dy di phn b dc theo chiu di ca n, nn
in p v dng in c xc nh dc theo ng dy.

x r
0
x L
0
) t , x ( i
) t , x ( u
+
_
x G
0
x C
0
b
a
c
d
+
_
i
) t , x x ( i +
) t , x x ( u +
x
x
Hnh4- 3
2mm
10m
m
11m
m
Hnh 4-2
Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
80
Hnh 4-3 l s tng ng ca on dy c di Ax, c xt khong
cch so vi u ng dy l x.
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta c :
u(x,t) = r
0
Ax.i(x,t) + L
0
Ax
t
) t , x ( i
c
c
+ u(x + Ax, t) (4.1)

x
) t , x ( u ) t , x x ( u +
= r
0
i(x, t) + L
0
t
) t , x ( i
c
c
(4.2)

x
) t , x ( u
c
c
= r
0
i(x, t) + L
0
t
) t , x ( i
c
c
(4.3)
Ti nt c theo nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ta c :
i(x, t) = i
A
+ i(x + Ax, t) (4.4)
Trong :
i
A
= G
0
Ax u(x + Ax, t) + C
0
Ax
t
) t , x x ( u
c
+ c

S dng khai trin Taylor u(x + Ax, t) ln cn x:
u(x + Ax, t) = u(x, t) +
x
) t , x ( u
c
c
Ax +
i
A
= G
0
Ax u(x, t) + G
0
2
2
x
x
) t , x ( u
c
c

+ ...
C
0
Ax
t
) t , x ( u
c
c
+ C
0
2
2
x
t x
) t , x ( u
c c
c
+ ...
Khi b qua cc i lng tng ng vi Ax
2
ta c :
i
A
= G
0
Ax u(x, t) + C
0
Ax
t
) t , x ( u
c
c
(4.5)
Thay (4.5) vo (4.4) ta c :

x
) t , x ( i
c
c
= G
0
u(x, t) + C
0
t
) t , x ( u
c
c
(4.6)
T kt qu phn tch trn ta c h phng trnh c bn ca ng dy di nh
sau :

x
) t , x ( u
c
c
= r
0
i(x, t) + L
0
t
) t , x ( i
c
c
(4.7a)

x
) t , x ( i
c
c
= G
0
u(x, t) + C
0
t
) t , x ( u
c
c
(4.7b)

IV.1.3. Nghim ca phng trnh ng dy di vi tc ng sin

Gi s ti x = 0 c t ngun tc ng sin tn s e, trong khong thi gian t( -
, + ). ng thi cng gi thit rng in p v dng in ti mt im x bt k trn
ng dy [0,1] cng l sin cng tn s vi ngun tc ng, cn bin v gc pha
ty thuc vo khong cch x.
Khi gi thit nh vy ta c th phn tch ng dy di theo phng php bin
phc.
u(x, t)
u
U U Z =

i(x, t)
i
I I Z =

Thay vo (4.7) ta s c phng trnh DD trng thi xc lp sin :
Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
81

dx
) x ( U d
= ( r
0
+ jeL
0
). ) x ( I
(4.8a)

dx
) x ( I d
= (G
0
+ jeC
0
). ) x ( U
(4.8b)
Vi phn phng trnh (4.8a) v thay (4.8b) vo ta s c :

2
2
dx
) x ( U d

( r
0
+ jeL
0
) (G
0
+ jeC
0
). ) x ( U
= 0 (4.9)
t = ) C j G )( L j (r
0 0 0 0
+ + (4.10)
Phng trnh (4.9) tr thnh :

2
2
dx
) x ( U d

) x ( U
2

= 0 (4.11)
Tin hnh tng t cho dng in, ta s c :

2
2
dx
) x ( I d

) x ( I
2
= 0 (4.12)
Nghim ca h (4.11) v (4.12) c dng:
) x ( U
= Ae
-x
+ Be
x
(4.13a)
) x ( I
= Ce
-x
+ De
x
(4.13b)
Trong bn hng s A, B, C, D ch c 2 hng s l c lp bi v cc nghim
(4.13a, b) ng thi cng l nghim ca (4.8)
Khi thay (4.13) vo (4.8) ta c :
C =
c
Z
A
; D =
c
Z
B
(4.14)
Trong :
Zc =
) C j G (
) L j (r
0 0
0 0
+
+
(4.15)
Zc : c gi l tr khng sng (hay tr khng c tnh) ca ng dy di.
Khi thay (4.14) vo (4.13) ta c :
) x ( U
= Ae
-x
+ Be
x
= ) x ( U
t
+ ) x ( U
fx
(4.16a)
) x ( I
=
c
Z
A
e
-x

c
Z
B
e
x
= ) x ( I
t
+ ) x ( I
fx
(4.16b)
) x ( U
t
= Ae
-x
= Ae
-ox
.e
-j|x
(4.17a)
) x ( U
fx
= Be
x
= Be
ox
.ej
|x
(4.17b)
) x ( I
t
=
c
Z
A
e
-x
=
c
Z
A
e
-ox
.e
-j|x
(4.18a)

) x ( I
fx
=
c
Z
B
e
x
=
c
Z
B
e
ox
. ej
|x
(4.18b)
H phng trnh (4.16a, b) chnh l nghim tng qut ca DD trng thi xc
lp Sin.
H s c th vit li = o + j|
Trong , phn thc o c gi l h s suy gim n v, i vi ng dy di
thc t n l mt s khng m.
o = Re{}> 0
Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
82
Phn o | c gi l h s di pha n v, l mt s lun lun dng
| = Im{} > 0
Cc hng s A, B c th c xc nh vi cc iu kin b ti x = 0. Khi thay
x = 0 (4.17) ta c :

1 t t
U A ) 0 ( U

= =

1 fx fx
U B ) 0 ( U

= =
Vi cc hng s A, B va c xc nh trn y, ta c th vit qu trnh thi
gian ca cc i lng u
t
(x, t), u
fx
(x, t), i
t
(x, t) , i
fx
(x, t) nh sau :
u
t
(x, t) =
1 t
U e
-ox
cos(et - |x +
1
)
u
fx
(x, t) =
1 fx
U e
ox
cos(et + |x +
2
)
i
t
(x, t) =
c
1 t
Z
U
e
-ox
cos(et - |x +
1
)
i
fx
(x, t) =
c
1 fx
Z
U
e
ox
cos(et + |x +
2
)
trong :

1
j
1 t 1 t
e U U =

2
j
1 fx 1 fx
e U U

1
=
1
- arg{Zc}

2
=
2
- arg{Zc}
Sng u
t
(x, t) lan truyn trn ng dy dc theo chiu tng ca x nn c gi
l sng in p ti. Tc lan truyn ca n c gi l tc pha, l tc dch
chuyn cc im cng pha, c xc nh theo phng trnh : et - |x +
1
= const
Tc pha :
v =
t t
x x
1 2
1 2
=

Sng u
fx
(x, t) c bin tng hm m theo khong cch x, cn dch pha th
gim. Nh vy sng ny s dch chuyn t cui ng dy theo chiu x gim, vi vn
tc pha, v c gi l sng phn x.
i
t
(x, t) : l sng dng in ti
i
fx
(x, t) : l sng dng in phn x.
Theo l thuyt trng in t, tc lan truyn ca sng trong in mi c
xc nh theo cng thc :
v =
1
=
r r 0 0

1

Tc ca nh sng trong chn khng l :
c =
0 0
1

= 3.10
8
(m/s)
Nn tc ca sng in p v dng in :
v =
r r
c

Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
83
Nu chp nhn dy dn lm ng dy l cc vt liu khng phi st t ( tc l
r
= 1),
v mi trng gia cc dy dn l khng kh, th tc pha v = c. Nu mi trng
gia cc dy dn l in mi, c hng s c
r
> 1 th v < c.

V d 2: u ng dy ti x = 0, c t 1 ngun p e
1
(t) = 100cos10
4
t [v]. Gi thit
rng trn ng dy ch c sng ti, hy xc nh cc qu trnh thi gian ca i
1
(t)
u ng dy, in p u
2
(t), dng in i
2
(t) cui dy v tc pha v. Bit o = 3.10
-5

[Np/m]; l = 10[km]; | = t.10
-4
[rad/m]; Zc = 250.ej
45
[O]
Li Gii
p dng phng php bin phc cho ng dy trng thi xc lp sin.
Theo gi thit trn ng dy ch c sng ti, th ti mt im bt k x ta c :

x
1 t t
e U ) x ( U ) x ( U

= =

x
c
1 t x
1 t t
e
Z
U
e I ) x ( I ) x ( I

= = =

u ng dy, ti x = 0:

0
1 1 t
0 100 E U ) 0 x ( U Z = = = =

(V)

0
0
c
1 t
1 t
45 400
45 250
100
Z
U
I ) 0 x ( I Z =
Z
= = = =

[mA]
cui ng dy, ti x = l:

l j l
1
l
1 2 2 t
e e E e E U U ) 1 x ( U

= = = = =

= 100e
-0,3
e
-jt
= 74,1
0
180 Z [V]

l
c
1 l
1 2 2 t
e
Z
E
e I I I ) l x ( I

= = = = =

= 400.e
-0,3
e
- j (180+45)
= 296,3
0
225 Z [mA]
Vy :
u
2
(t) = 74,1cos(10
4
t 180
0
) [V]
i
2
(t) = 296,3 cos(10
4
t 225
0
) [mA]
Tc pha ca sng lan truyn :
v =
8
4
4
10 .
1
10
10
t
=
t
=

= 0,318.10
8
[m/s]

IV.1.4. Cc quan h nng lng trn ng dy di :
P
1
= cng sut cung cp t ngun cho DD
P
2
= cng sut cung cp cho ti
pd = p
1
p
2
= cng sut tiu hao trn ng dy
P
t
(x) = cng sut ca sng ti
P
fx
(x) = cng sut ca sng phn x
P
1
= { }
v
2
1
Z Re I
2
1

P
2
= { }
2
2
2
Z Re I
2
1

P
t
=
c
2
t
Z ) x ( I
2
1

Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
84
P
fx
=
c
2
fx
Z ) x ( I
2
1

IV.2. BI TP CHNG IV
Bi 4.1: Xc nh cc thng s s cp ca ng dy trn khng khng tn hao c
tng tr sng Z = 600O
Li Gii
Z = 600 =
0 0
/ C L v v = 3.10
5
km/s =
0 0
1
C L

Suy ra L
0
=
3
10 . 300
600
=
v
Z
= 2,0mH/km
C
0
=
180
1
10 . 3 . 600
1 1
5
0
= =
Zv
F/km = 5,5nF/km

Bi 4.2: ng dy cp di l = 80km c cc thng s sau: r
0
= 11,4O/km, L
0
= 0,6.10
-
3
H/km, C
0
= 38.10
-9
F/km, g
0
= 0,8.10
-6
S/km. cc tn s f
1
= 300Hz v f
2
= 2400Hz,
xc nh tng tr sng Z, h s tt dn o, h s pha |, tc pha v v thi gian lan
truyn t
1
v t
2
ca sng trn ton chiu di ca ng dy. Gii thch nguyn nhn lm
mo tn hiu.
Li Gii
tn s f
1
= 300Hz c:
Z
0
= 11,4 + j2t300.0,6.10
-3
=
' 40 5
0
5 , 11
j
e O/km
Y
0
= 10
-6
( 0,8 + j2t300.38.10
-3
) =
' 20 89 6
0
10 . 6 , 71
j
e
S/km
Z =
' 50 41
0 0
0
400 /
j
e Y Z

= O
=
0 0
Y Z = 10
-3
(19,5 + j21,3)km
-1

Suy ra
o = 0,0195 neper/km; | = 0,0213 rad/km
Tc pha v =
= 89000km/s. Thi gian lan truyn ca sng t

1
= 9.10
-4
s
tn s f
2
= 2400Hz c:
Z
0
=
' 30 38
0
5 , 14
j
e O/km ; Y
0
=
0
90 6
10 . 572
j
e
S/km
Z =
' 45 25
0 0
0
159 /
j
e Y Z

= O
=
0 0
Y Z = (0,0394 + j0,082)km
-1

Do : o = 0,0394 neper/km; | = 0,082 rad/km; Tc pha v = 183.000km/s.
Thi gian lan truyn ca sng t
2
= 4,37.10
-4
s
Nguyn nhn tt dn ca bin tn hiul do s khc nhau ca h s tt dn cc tn
s f
1
v f
2
. Nguyn nhn ca s bin dng pha l do tc pha khc nhau khi sng lan
truyn c tn s l f
1
v f
2.

Bi 4.3: Khi o tng tr u vo ca ng dy di l = 50km tn s f = 800Hz c cc
kt qu sau: ' 35 53 4620
0
,
Z =
nm v
Z O; ' 26 42 386
0
,
Z =
hm v
Z O.
Tnh cc thng s ng dy, tng tr u vo (ng vi cc thng s) ca ng dy
di 100km khi h mch v ngn mch.
Li gii:
Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
85
Tng tr sng ca ng dy:
Z =
hm v nm v
Z Z
, ,
. = 1,34.10
3
Z- 5
0
35 O
H s lan truyn c xc nh nh sau:
thl = =
hm v
nm v
Z
Z
,
,
2,31 j 2,55

' 20 203 2
0
5 , 1
1
1
j l
e
l th
l th
e =
+
=
2l = ln1,5 +
360
' 20 203 2
0
j
= 0,41 + j3,54

1 ' 20 83 3
0
10 . 5 , 35

= km e
j

Thng s ca ng dy
Z
= r
0
+ jeL
0
= 11 + j46,2
0 0
C j g
Z
+ = = (0,475 + j25). 10
-6

Do : r
0
= 11O/km; eL
0
= 46,2O
L
0
9,1. 10
-3
H; g
0
= 0,475. 10
-6
S/km
eC
0
= 25. 10
-6
S/km; C
0
= 5.10
-9
F/km
Vi l = 100km ta c:
l
2
= 0,41 + j3,54
th(0,41 + j3,54) =
' 50 37
0
57 , 0
54 , 3 . 2 cos 41 , 0 . 2
54 , 3 . 2 sin 41 , 0 . 2
j
e
ch
j sh
=
+
+

Tng tr u vo ca ng dy khi h mch
' 25 43 10 . 35 , 2
0 3
,
Z = =
l th
Z
Z
hm v
O
V khi ngn mch:
Z
v,nm
= 763Z32
0
15 O

Bi 4.4: xc nh cc thng s s cp ca ng dy trn khng khng tn hao di
3m, tin hnh o tng tr u vo trng thi ngn mch l Z
nm
290O tn s
10MHz.
Xc nh cc thng s s cp v th cp ca ng dy.
p s: L
0
= 1,33mH/km; C
0
= 8,3nF/km
Z = 400O; | = 12grad/m

Bi 4.5: ng dy trn khng vi dy dn bng ng c ng knh d = 3m, khong
cch gia cc dy dn l D = 200mm, xc nh in cm L
0
v in dung C
0
trn mt
km ca ng dy.
p s: L
0
= 1,95. 10
-3
H/km
C
0
= 5,7. 10
-9
F/km

Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
86
IV.3. QU TRN NG DY DI :
IV.3.1. Phng trnh ton t ca DD

x
) t , x ( u
c
c
= R
0
i(x, t) + L
0
t
) t , x ( i
c
c
(4.19 a)

x
) t , x ( i
c
c
= G
0
u(x, t) + C
0
t
) t , x ( u
c
c
(4.19 b)
Khi thc hin bin i Laplace phng trnh (4.7a,b) ta c :

dx
) P ( dU
= r
0
I(P) + PL
0
I(P) L
0
.IL(0
-
) (4.20a)

dx
) P ( dI
= G
0
U(P) + PC
0
U(P) C
0
Uc(0
-
) (4.20b)
Trong trng hp cc iu kin u bng khng, ta c th a v dng phng
trnh vi phn cp hai nh sau:
0 ) (
) (
2
2
2
= P U
dx
P U d
(4.21)
Vi:
) )( ( ) (
0 0 0 0
2
PC G PL R P + + = (4.22)
= gi l chn sng ton t ca DD
Dng in:
I(P) =
dx
P dU
PL R
) (
) (
1
+
(4.23)
Bng cch s dng cc iu kin b:
U(P)-
x = 0
= U
1
(P) (4.24a)
I(P)-
x = 0
= I
1
(P) (4.24b)
V k hiu:
Zc =
0 0
0 0
PC G
PL R
+
+
(4.25)
Ta c nghim ton t ca phng trnh DD

U(P) = U
1
(P)Chx Zc(P)I
1
(P)Shx (4.26a)
I(P) =
) (
) (
1
P Z
P U
c
Shx + I
1
(P)Chx (4.26b)
Vic phn tch nghim trong trng hp tng qut l tng i kh khn. Do
, ta ch nu ra mt vi trng hp cho cho vic tm hiu qu trnh qu xut hin
trn DD v ch gii hn bi ton kho st trn ng dy di khng tn hao.

IV.3.2. ng in p vo ng dy h mch cui

Cho ng dy trn hnh 4-4:
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Chng IV. ng dy di
87

Ta c: I
2
(P) = 0; U
1
(P) =
P
E

ng dy khng tn hao nn: (P) = P
0 0
C L ; Zc =
0
0
C
L
= Rc
T (4.26) ta suy ra:
I
1
(P) =
l P Ch R
P Sh P U
c
) (
) ( ) (
1

V: U(P) = U
1
(P)
| |
l Ch
l xSh Sh xl Ch

U(P) =
) (
) ( ) (
P PM
P L
l Ch
x l Ch
P
E
=
(4.27)
tm qu trnh thi gian ti mt im x so vi u ng dy ta phi tm bin
i ngc L
-1
ca (4.27). Sau khi bin i ta c c:
u
2
(t) = E ( )
( )
+
(
(
+
(
|
.
|
\
| +

=0
0 0
1 2
2
1 2
cos 1
2
1 2
cos
1
4
1
k
k
k
C L l
t k
x
k
t t
t
(4.28)
Cui cng ta c qu trnh in p ti cui ng dy (x=l) l:
u
2
(t) = E ( )
+
(
(
=0
0 0
1 2
2
1 2
cos
1
4
1
k
k
k
C L l
t k
t
t
; t > 0
Tc pha trn ng dy khng tn hao l v = 1/
0 0
C L
Do : l/
0 0
C L chnh l thi gian sng in p lan truyn ht ng dy. Khi
k hiu T
d
= l/
0 0
C L ta c:

u
2
(t) = E ( )
+
(
=0
1 2
2
1 2
cos
1
4
1
k
d k
k
T
t k
t
t
; t > 0 (4.29)
Hnh 4-4
Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
88
C th tm c: u
2
(t) = 0; vi 0 <
d
T
t
< 1
u
2
(t) =2E; vi 1 <
d
T
t
< 3
u
2
(t) = 0; vi 3 <
d
T
t
< 5
Qu trnh thi gian ca in p trn ng dy h mch cui c biu din trn hnh
4-5, l tn hiu tun hon vi chu k:T = 4T
d

IV.3.3. ng in p vo ng dy ti in tr
Ti t = 0, ng mt ngun p e(t) vo ng dy khng tn hao ti in tr R
2
.
Ta c:
I
2
(P) =
2
2
1
1
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
R
P U
l P Ch I l P Sh
P Z
P U
c
= +
Rt I
1
(P) t phng trnh ny v th vo (3.26a) ta s c:
U
2
(P) =
) ( ) ( ) (
). (
2
2 1
P Sh P Z l P Ch R
R P U
c
+

Khi biu din cc hm hyperbolic qua cc hm m, in p trn ti s c dng:
U
2
(P) = U
1
(P)e
-PTd
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
2
2
d
PT
e n
n
+
+

Trong : n
2
=
c
c
Z R
Z R
+
2
2
l mt s thc.
Thi gian truyn sng trn ng dy l:
Td = l
0 0
C L =
v
1

Nu ngun p u ng dy l ngun p mt chiu, ta c U
1
(P) = E/P nn:
U
2
(P) = .
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
2
2
d
PT
e n
n
P
E
+
+
e
-2PTd

(4.30)
Do: -n
2
-| 1; e
-2PTd
< 1; vi Re{P} > 0 nn:
U
2
(P) =
P
E
(1 +
2
n )e
-PTd
{1
2
n e
-2PTd
+
2
2
n e
-4PTd

3
2
n e
-6PTd
+ ...}
=
P
E
(1 +
2
n ){e
-PTd

2
n e
-3PTd
+
2
2
n e
-5PTd

3
2
n e
-7PTd
+ ...}
2E
u
2
0

1

3

5

7

t/T
d
Hnh 4-5: Biu din p cui ng dy h mch cui

Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
89
Bin i Laplace tm u
2
(t) ta c:
u
2
(t) = E(1 + n
2
){1(t T
d
) n
2
1(t 3T
d
) +
2
2
n 1(t 5Td) - ...}
= E[1(t Td) + n
2
1(t Td) - n
2
1(t 3Td) + ...]
= E | | | | { }
=
+
+ + +
0
) 1 (
2 2
) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 1 (
j
d
j
d
j j
T j t n T j t n (4.31)
Vi -1 < n
2
< 0, qu in p c v trn hnh 4-6:

IV.3.4. th Zig Zac (gin bounce)
T biu thc (4.31) c th thy qu trnh in p cui ng dy (hay ti mt
im bt k 0| x | 1) l kt qu ca s xp chng sng ti v sng phn x t hai u
ng dy.

T hnh 4-7, ta thy:
u = ut + ufx (4.32)
i = it ifx =
c
Z
1
(ut ufx) (4.33)
P = Pt Pfx =
c
fx
c
t
Z
u
Z
u
2
2
(4.34)
Cho mt m hnh ng dy in tr nh sau:

u
fx
u
t
i
fx
i
t
Z
C
P
t
P
fx
Hnh 4-7: Cc thnh phn sng ti v sng phn x.
u
2
(t)
E
0
1 3
5 7
t/T
d
Hnh 4-6: in p ti cui ng dy ti in tr.

Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
90

Ta gi s rng khng tn ti p v dng trn ng dy ti: t < 0; ti t = 0
+
, trn
ng dy ch c sng in p ti. Tr khng vo ca ng dy c gi tr bng tr
khng sng. Nh vy, in p ti ti u ng dy:

1
1 t
u

= E
c
c
Z R
Z
+
1
(4.35a)

1
1 t
i =
c
Z R
E
+
1
(4.35b)
Sau khong thi gian Td = 1/v, sng ti i n ti v b phn x. Ta c:

2
1
2
1
2
.n u u
t fx
= (4.36)

1
2
1
2
1
fx
c
fx
u
Z
i = (4.37)
Vi: n
2
=
c
c
Z R
Z R
+
2
2

Sau , sng phn x s truyn ngc v u ng dy, v xut hin phn x
ti t = 2T
d
, to ra sng ti ln th hai lan truyn v pha ti. in p v dng ti u
ng dy khi c thm thnh phn sng ti ln th hai c vit:
u =
1
1 t
u +
2
1
1
1 t fx
u u + (4.38)
i = ) (
1
2
1
1
1
1
1 t fx t
c
u u u
Z
+ (4.39)
Trong :
2
1 t
u l sng ti ti im u ng dy ln th hai.
Theo iu kin bin ti u ng dy:
u = E R
1
i
2
1
1
1
1
1 t fx t
u u u + + = E -
c
Z
R
1
) (
2
1
1
1
1
1 t fx t
u u u +

(
+ +
(
=
(
+ 1 1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 2
1
c
t
c
fx
c
t
Z
R
u E
Z
R
u
Z
R
u
Da vo (4.35a) ta vit li:

(
=
(
+ 1 1
1 1
1
1 2
1
c
fx
c
t
Z
R
u
Z
R
u ;
1
1
1
1
1
.n u u
fx t
= (4.40)
Vi: n
1
=
c
c
Z R
Z R
+
1
1
(4.41)

Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
91
Qu trnh trn c tip tc nh th, cc gi tr sng ti v sng phn x c xc
nh ln lt nh trn hnh 4-8:

V d 3: Cho ng dy ti ti in tr sau:

Vi: R
1
= 40E, R
2
= 120E, Zc = 60E, E = 100V. Hy xy dng th Zig Zac ca
in p v dng in?
Li Gii:
Ta c sng ti ti u ng dy:
60
40 60
60
. 100
1
1
=
+
=
t
u V
1
60
60
1
1
= =
t
i A
H s phn x ti:

3
1
60 120
60 120
2
=
+
= n
H s phn x ngun:

5
1
60 40
60 40
1
=
+
= n
x
x = 0
x = 1
1
t
u
T
d
1
fx
u
2T
d
2
t
u
4T
d
3T
d
2
fx
u
3
t
u
5T
d
Hnh 4-8: Qu trnh xut hin sng ti v phn x trn DD
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Chng IV. ng dy di
92
T ta xy dng th Zig Zac ca in p v dng in nh sau:

Cc mi tn trn cc th ny biu din hng truyn ca sng. T th Zig
Zac, ta c th xc nh c hai th quan trng sau y:
a. th biu din p v dng theo thi gian t
p v dng chnh l s xp chng ca cc sng ti v sng phn x. Ta k ng
thng c ta x ( tng trng cho mt im ang xt), v ct th Zig Zac ti cc
im, cho bit thi im m in p hay dng in c s bin thin t ngt do c s
khc nhau v s lng sng ti v sng phn x. Hnh 4-9 biu din in p ti u
ng dy (x = 0) v ti cui ng dy (x = l) theo thi gian.

b. th biu din p v dng theo khong cch x
T th Zig Zac, ta cng c th dng c cc th biu din s bin thin
ca p hay dng trn ng dy theo khong cch x ti mt thi im bt k. Bng
n
1
= - 1/5
n
2
= 1/3
60V
60V
20
T
d
2T
d 80
76
- 4
3T
d
- 4/3
4T
d
224/3
4/15
5T
d
n
1
= - 1/5
n
2
= 1/3
1A
1
1/3
T
d
2T
d
2/3
9/15
- 1/15
3T
d
- 1/45
4T
d
28/45
2/225
5T
d
76
u(x = 0)v
60
15
1124

0
2T
d
4T
d
6T
d
t

5T
d
u(x = l)v
80
224/3
3376/45
T
d
3T
d
0
t

Hnh 4-9: Biu din p ti u vo v cui ng dy theo thi gian.

Chuong IV
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Chng IV. ng dy di
93
cch k ng thng song song vi trc x, i qua trc thi gian ti thi im kho st.
ng thng ny ct th Zig Zac ti mt im c ta x
0
cho ta hai bn ng
dy ca x
0
c phn b p hoc dng khc nhau do c s khc nhau ca s sng ti v
sng phn x. Hnh 4-10a cho phn b p trn ng dy ti thi im t = 2,5T
d
v
hnh 4-10b cho ta phn b dng trn ng dy ti thi im t = 4/3T
d
.

i (t =4/3T
d
)A
1
2/3
x
1
21/3
b)
u (t =2,5T
d
)v
76
80
0
1/2
1
x
a)
Hnh 4-10: Biu din p dng theo khong cch

Chuong IV
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] PHAM TH C - LE MINH C NG - TRNG TRO NG TUA N MY, Mach ien II,
Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh, 2002.
[2] DAVID E. JOHNSON - JOHNNY R. JOHNSON - JOHN L. HILBURN, Electric Circuit
Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1989.
[3] DAVID IRWIN J., Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1996.
[4] JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc., Electric Engineering Circuits, 1963.
[5] NGUYEN QUA N., Ly Thuyet Mach, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh,
1993.
[6] PHNG XUA N NHAN - HO ANH TUY, Ly Thuyet Mach, NXB Khoa hoc Ky thuat,
1993.
[7] SANDER K.F., Electric Circuit Analysis, Addison Wesley, 1992.

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Mach Dien 2 Phuong Phap Toan Tu Laplace

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TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP.

c nh ngha bi o hm ca t thng theo dng in ti

l in tr ng ca phn t KTT ti im lm vic, cn E c

2 2 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,3

0,4 0,5 0,7 0,9

c gi l h s khai trin Fourier v c xc nh bi biu thc:

= 89000km/s. Thi gian lan truyn ca sng t

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