Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.

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CC NH L HNH HC PHNG (tt) 1.6 nh l Ceva, Menelaus v mt s nh l v thng hng ng quy khc. Cc bi ton v thng hng v ng quy l hai ch thng gp trong hnh hc. C nhiu phng php gii quyt cc bi ton dng ny, mt trong nhng cng c c in v thng dng nht l nh l Ceva v nh l Menelaus. Bi ton 6a (nh l Ceva). Cho tam gic ABC, A1, B1, C1 ln lt l cc im thuc cc ng thng BC, AC v AB. Khi AA1, BB1, CC1 i mt song song hoc ng quy khi v ch khi

A1B B1C C1 A . . 1 A1C B1 A C1B

Chng minh.

(1.6.1)

Trng hp 1: AA1, BB1 v CC1 ng )

quy. Gi O l giao im ca 3 ng. Qua A v ng thng song song vi BC ct BB1 v CC1 ln lt ti P v Q. Khi p dng nh l Thales ta c:

A1B OA1 A1C A B AP 1 AP OA AQ A1C AQ

Hn na:

B1C BC C1 A QA , B1 A PA C1B CB A1B B1C C1 A AP BC QA . . . . 1 A1C B1 A C1B AQ PA CB

@

T ta c

Trng hp 2: AA1//BB1//CC1 (Dnh cho bn c) ) Gi s ta c h thc (1.6.1), ta cn chng minh AA1, BB1 v CC1 song song hoc ng quy. Thc vy, nu cc ng thng trn song song i mt th ta c iu cn chng minh. Trng hp AA1, BB1 ct nhau ti O, ta cn chng minh O thuc CC1. Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu http://vuptnk.tk

Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
Gi C l giao im ca CO v AB. Khi , p dng phn thun ta c

A1B B1C C A . . 1 A1C B1 A C B

M do (1.6.1) nn suy ra

C1 A C A C C1 , vy O thuc CC1. @ C1 B C B

nh ngha 6.1. Trong mt tam gic b ba ng thng xut pht t 3 nh ng quy th ngi ta gi l b 3 ng thng Ceva. T cng thc (1.6.1), bng phng php din tch, ta c th a v dng lng gic sau: Bi ton 6a. Cho tam gic ABC, A1, B1, C1 ln lt l cc im thuc cc ng thng BC, AC v AB. Khi AA1, BB1, CC1 i mt song song hoc ng quy khi v ch khi
sin AA1 , AB sin BB1 , BC sin CC1 , CA . . 1 sin AA1 , AC sin BB1 , BA sin CC1 , CB

(1.6.2)

H thc (1.6.2) c gi l nh l Ceva dng sin. Bi ton 6b. (nh l Menelaus) Cho tam gic ABC, A1, B1, C1 ln lt l cc im thuc cc ng thng BC, AC v AB. Khi A1, B1, C1 thng hng khi v ch khi

A1B B1C C1 A . . 1 A1C B1 A C1B

Hng dn:

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Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
) V CD// AB (D thuc A1B1). p dng nh Thales ta c

A1B CD DC v A1C BC1 C1B

B1C DC B1 A C1 A
Do

A1B B1C C1 A DC . . 1 A1C B1 A C1B DC

) Dnh cho bn c. Ch : Cc di v gc cc cng thc trn l di i s v gc nh hng, trong mt s trng hp ta ch cn xt di hnh hc v gc hnh hc th v phi thay - 1 thnh 1. Cng thc (1.6.2) c th c vit li nh sau:
sin A1 AB sin B1 BC sin C1CA . . 1 sin A1 AC sin B1 BA sin C1CB

Ta c mt s bi ton, nh l p dng nh l Ceva m Menelaus sau: Bi ton 6.1. Trong mt tam gic th ta c cc tnh cht sau: a) 3 ng cao ng quy b) 3 ng trung tuyn ng quy c) 3 ng trung trc ng quy d) 3 ng phn gic trong ng quy, mt ng phn gic trong v hai ng phn gic ngoi ng quy e) Chn 3 ng phn gic ngoi thng hng

Bi ton 6.2. (nh l Desargues) Cho hai tam gic ABC v ABC. Gi A1 l giao im ca BC v CB, B1 l giao im ca AC v CA, C1 l giao im ca AB v BA. Khi A1, B1, C1 thng hng khi v ch khi AA, BB v CC ng quy. Hng dn.

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Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
) Cho AA, BB, CC ng quy ti O. Ta chng minh A1, B1, C1 thng hng. p dng Menelaus cho tam gic ACO vi ct tuyn B1 AC ta c:

B1 A C C AO . . 1 B1C C O AA
Tng t cho tam gic CBO vi ct tuyn A1BC:

A1C BB C O . . 1 A1 B BO C C
V tam gic OAB vi cc tuyn C1 AB:

C1B AA BO . . 1 C1 A AO BB B1 A A1C C1 B . . 1 B1C A1B C1 A

Nhn cc ng thc trn v rt gn ta c

p dng Menelaus o cho tam gic ABC suy ra A1, B1, C1 thng hng. ) Gi s A1, B1, C1 thng hng. Th p dng phn thun cho hai tam gic AC1 A v tam gic CA1C ta suy ra iu cn chng minh. @ Bi ton 6.3. Cho t gic ABCD ngoi tip ng trn (I), gi M, N, P, Q ln lt l cc tip im ca I vi AB, BC, CD v AD. Chng minh rng NP, MQ v BD ng quy. Hng dn:

Gi I l giao im ca QM v BD. p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic ABD ta c:

QA ID MB MB ID . . 1 , suy ra . 1 QD IB MA QD IB

NB ID PC ID NB . 1 . . 1 , do theo nh l DP IB PD IB NC Menelaus th I, N, P thng hng. @

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Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
Bi ton 6.4. Cho t gic ABCD c AB v CD ct nhau ti P, AC v BD ct nhau ti I, AD v BC ct nhau ti P. ng thng PI ct AD v BC ti M, N. Khi v
MI NI MP NP

MA QA MD QD

Hng dn: p dng Menelaus cho tam gic AID vi ct tuyn QBC ta c: QA BD CI . . 1 QD BI CA p dng Menelaus cho tam gic ADC vi ct tuyn MA PD IC PIM ta c: . . 1 MD PC IA Tng t i vi tam gic ICD ta c :
BD AI PC . . 1 BI AC PD

T 3 ng thc trn, ta suy ra ta c

MA QA .@ MD QD

Bi ton 6.5. (nh l Pascal). Trn ng trn cho cc im A, B, C v A, B, C. Gi X l giao im ca AB v BA, Y l giao im ca AC v CA, Z l giao im ca BC v CB. Khi X, Y, Z thng hng. Hng dn.

p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic PQR vi cc ct tuyn A1BC, B1AC v C1AB ta c:

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Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
A1P BR C Q C R AQ BP . . 1, 1 . . 1 A1R BQ C P C1Q AP BR
V

B1Q C P AP . . 1 B1 P C R AQ

(1)

Hn na p dng phng tch ca cc im P, Q, R vi ng trn (O) ta c: PA.PB QC.QA RB.RC 1, 1, 1 PB.PC QB.QA RA.RB T (1) v (2) ta suy ra @ Ta thng p dng nh l Pascal trong m hnh sau: (2)

A1P C1R B1Q . . 1 , do theo Menelaus th A1, B1, C1thng hng. A1R C1Q B1P

nh ngha 6.2. Trong mt tam gic hai ng thng xut pht t mt nh ca tam gic v i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic xut pht t nh c gi l hai ng ng gic. c bit, ng thng ng gic vi ng trung tuyn c gi l ng i trung. V d, trong mt tam gic vung th ng cao xut pht t nh ca gc vung l ng i trung. Nhn xt. Gc gia hai ng ng gic vi hai cnh ca gc cho l bng nhau.

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Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
Bi ton 6.6. Cc ng thng ng gic vi b ba ng thng Ceva th cng l b ba ng thng Ceva.

Bi ton 6.7. Nu 3 ng thng xut pht t nh ct ct cnh i din to thnh 3 im thng hng th ng thng ng gic ca chng ct 3 cnh to thnh 3 im thng hng. Hng dn. S dng nh l Ceva v Menelaus dng lng gic. Trng hp c bit l bi ton sau: Bi ton 6.6.1. Ba ng i trung ca tam gic th ng quy ti mt im. (im ny c gi l im Lemoine)

Bi ton 6.6.2. Trong mt tam gic, cc ng thng k t tm ng trn bng tip trong mi gc vung gc vi cnh i din th ng quy ti mt im. Sau y chng ta xt mt s bi ton p dng nh l Ceva v Menelaus. Bi ton 6.8. (im Gergonne). Cho tam gic ABC, ng trn ni tip tam gic tip xc vi BC, AC v AB ln lt ti D, E, F. Khi AD, BE v CF ng quy ti mt im. (im ny c gi l im Gergonne) Bi ton 6.9. (im Nagel). Cho tam gic ABC, gi I, J, K ln lt l im im ca ng trn bng tip gc A, B, C vi cc cnh BC, AC v AB. Khi AI, BJ, CK ng quy ti mt im. (im ny c gi l im Nagel) Chng ta tng lm bi ton sau: Cho tam gic ABC, v pha ngoi tam gic dng cc tam gic vung cn (u) ABD, ACE v BCF vi nh gc vung l D, E, F. Khi AF, BE v CD ng quy.. y l bi ton kh hay v c nhiu cch gii, tuy nhin nu ta dng Ceva gii bi ton ny th c th tng qut ln mt cht l: thay cc tam gic vung cn(u) thnh cc tam gic cn ng dng th kt qu vn cn ng. y l kt qu ti chng minh c hi nm lp 10, tuy nhin, sau ny mi bit rng cng ch l h qu ca nh l sau:

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Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
Bi ton 6.10 (nh l Jacobi). Cho tam gic ABC v cc im X, Y, Z nm ngoi tam gic tha ABZ = XBC, BCX = YCA v CAY = ZAB. Chng minh rng AX, BY, CZ ng quy. Hng dn. S dng nh l Ceva sin. Nhn xt. Nu dng gc nh hng th khng cn gi thit X, Y, Z nm ngoi hay nm trong tam gic. y l mt nh l kh hay v kh tng qut. Mt s h qu ca nh l Jacobi: Bi ton 6.10.1. Cho tam gic ABC, v pha ngoi tam gic dng cc tam gic cn DAB (DA = DB), EAD (EA = EC) v FBC (FB = FC) i mt ng dng. Khi AF, BE v CD ng quy. Bi ton 6.10.2. Cho tam gic ABC ngoi tip ng trn (I). Gi D, E, F l im i xng ca I qua BC, AC v AB. Khi AD, BE v CF ng quy.

Cc bi ton rn luyn. Bi 6.11.(IMO 1982/5) Trn ng choAC v CE ca lc gic u ABCDEF ta ly im M, N sao cho AM/AC = CN/CE = r. Xc nh r B, M, N thng hng. Bi 6.12.(Korea 1997). Trong mt tam gic nhn ABC vi AB AC, gi V l giao im phn gic ca A vi BC v D l chn ng vung gc h t A n BC. Nu E v F l giao ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AVD vi CA v AB. Chng minh rng AD, BE v CF ng quy. Bi 6.13.(Bulgaria 1996/2). ng trn (1) v (2) c tm tng ng l (O1) v (O2) tip xc ngoi nhau ti im C, ng trn () tm O tip xc ngoi vi (1) v (2). Gi m l tip tuyn chung ca (1) v (2) ti C, v AB l ng knh ca O v vung gc vi m, trong A, O cng pha i vi m. Chng minh rng AO1, BO2 ct nhau ti mt im thuc ng thng m. Bi 6.14.(IMO shortlist 31th) Ly im M nm trong tam gic ABC. AM ct BC ti D, BM ct AC ti E, CM ct AB ti F. Chng minh rng SDEF SABC

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Trung tm bi dng Kin Thc Quang Minh 423/27/15 Lc Long Qun, P.5, Q.11
Bi 6.15.(H V Anh). Gi K, L, M, N l trung im cc cnh AB, BC, CD v DA ca t gic li ABCD. KM ct AC v BD ti P v Q, LN ct AC v BD ti R, S. Chng minh rng: PA.PC = QB.QD RA.RC = SB.SD Bi 6.16.(ng trn Mixtilinear). Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). ng trn (I) tip xc vi AB, AC v tip xc vi (O) ti D, E, F. Chng minh rng DE i qua tm ni tip ca tam gic ABC. Hng dn. (Pascal) Bi 6.17.(vulalach). Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O), cc ng cao AA, BB, CC v trng tm G. Gi A1, B1, C1 l im i xng ca A, B, C qua O. Tia AG, BG, CG ct (O) ti A2, B2, C2. Chng minh rng A1A2, B1B2 v C1C2 ng quy. Hng dn. (Pascal) Bi 6.18.(H V Anh). Tam gic ABC c ng cao AD, BE v CF, trc tm H. DP AB, DQ AC . R l giao ca DP v BE, S l giao ca DQ v CF, M l giao ca BQ v CP. N l giao ca PS v RQ. Chng minh rng M, N, H thng hng. Hng dn. (Dersargues) Bi 6.19. (2001 Australian Math Olympiad) Let A, B, C, A, B, C be points on a circle such that AA is perpendicular to BC, BB is perpendicular to CA, CC is perpendicular to AB. Further, let D be a point on that circle and let DA intersect BC in A, DB intersect CA in B, and DC intersect AB in C, all segments being extended where required. Prove that A, B, C and the orthocenter of triangle ABC are collinear. Hng dn. (Pascal) Bi 6.20.(1991 IMO unused problem) Let ABC be any triangle and P any point in its interior. Let P1, P2 be the feet of the perpendiculars from P to the two sides AC and BC. Draw AP and BP and from C drop perpendiculars to AP and BP. Let Q1 and Q2 be the feet of these perpendiculars. If Q2P1 and Q1P2, then prove that the lines P1Q2, Q1P2 and AB are concurrent. Hng dn. (Pascal)

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