VN N NG BIN (B/L : Bill of lading)

L chng t do ngi chuyn ch (ch tu, thuyn trng) cp cho ngi gi hng nhm xc nhn vic hng ha c tip nhn vn chuyn. Tuy mi hng tu u c mu vn n ring, nhng v ni dung chng c nhng im chung. mt trc ca B/L c ghi r tn ngi gi, ngi nhn (hoc "theo lnh" ...), tn tu, cng bc hng, cng d hng, tn hng, k m hiu, s lng kin, trng lng, gi c, tng tr gi, cch tr cc (cc tr trc hay tr ti cng n), tnh hnh xp hng, s bn gc lp, ngy thng cp vn n .v.v.. Mt sau ghi cc iu kin chuyn ch. Khi chuyn ch hng va c hp ng va c vn n th quan h gia ngi vn ti v ngi nhn hng do vn n iu chnh, cn quan h gia ngi gi hng v ngi vn ti do hp ng thu tu iu chnh. B/L c ba chc nng c bn sau: - L mt bin lai ca ngi chuyn ch xc nhn l h nhn hng ch. - L mt bng chng v nhng iu khon ca mt hp ng vn ti ng bin. - L mt chng t s hu hng ha, quy nh hng ha s giao cho ai cng ch, do cho php mua bn hng ha bng cch chuyn nhng B/L. Chnh v chc nng c bit ny m vic thay th B/L bng th tc EDI l vic rt kh khn hin nay. Vn n ng bin c lp thnh mt s bn gc. Trn cc bn gc, ngi ta in hoc ng du cc ch "Original". Ngoi b vn n gc, cn c mt s bn sao, trn ghi ch "Copy". Ch c bn gc ca B/L mi c chc nng nu trn, cn cc bn sao khng c gi tr php l nh bn gc, chng ch dng trong cc trng hp: thng bo giao hng, kim tra hng ha, thng k hi quan .v.v . . C nhiu loi vn n: 1) Nu xt theo du hiu trn vn n c ghi ch xu v hng ha hay khng, th vn n c chia lm hai loi: - Vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) l vn n khng c ghi ch khim khuyt ca hng ha hay bao b. - Vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L) l loi vn n trn ngi chuyn ch c ghi ch xu v tnh trng hng ha hay bao b.

2) Nu xt theo du hiu ngi vn ti nhn hng khi hng c xp ln tu hay cha, th B/L c chia lm hai loi: - Vn n xp hng (Shipped on board B/L) ngha l vn n c cp khi hng ha nm trn tu. - Vn n nhn hng xp (Received for shipment B/L) l vn n c cp trc khi hng ha c xp ln tu. Trn B/L khng ghi r ngy, thng c xp xung tu. Sau khi xp hng xung tu, ngi gi hng c th i ly vn n xp hng. 3) Nu xt theo du hiu qui nh ngi nhn hng s c cc loi vn n: - Vn n theo lnh (B/L to order) l B/L theo ngi chuyn ch s giao hng theo lnh ca ngi gi hng, ngn hng hoc ngi nhn hng. - Vn n nh danh (B/L to anamed person) or (straight B/ L) l B/L trong c ghi r tn v a ch ngi nhn hng, do hng ch c th giao c cho ngi c tn trong B/L. - Vn n xut trnh (Bearer B/L) hay vn n v danh, l vn n trong khng ghi r tn ngi nhn hng, cng khng ghi r theo lnh ca ai. Ngi chuyn ch s giao hng cho ngi cm vn n xut trnh cho h. Vn n ny thng c chuyn nhng bng cch trao tay. 4) Nu theo du hiu hng ha c chuyn bng mt hay nhiu tu th c cc loi vn n: - Vn n i thng (Direct B/L) cp cho hng ha c chuyn ch bng mt con tu i t cng xp n cng ch, ngha l tu ch i t cng n cng - Vn n i sut (Through B/L) l B/L dng trong trng hp chuyn ch hng ha gia cc cng bng hai hoc nhiu tu thuc hai hay nhiu ch khc nhau. Ngi cp vn n i sut phi chu trch nhim v hng ha trn chng ng t cng xp n cng d cui cng. - Vn n a ht (Local B/L) l B/L do cc tu tham gia chuyn ch cp, loi B/L ny ch c chc nng l bin lai nhn hng ha m thi. Ngoi cc loi B/L c bn k trn, trong thc t cn gp cc loi B/L khc nh: - Vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter party B/L) l loi B/L do thuyn trng cp. Loi ny ch in mt mt, cn mt sau trng (nn cn c tn gi l B/L lng trng - Blank back B/L). Tr khi c quy dnh ring trong L/C, cc ngn hng s t chi cc loi vn n ny. - Vn n hn hp (Combined B/L) l loi vn n ch hng bng nhiu loi phng tin vn ti khc nhau, trong c vn ti bng ng bin. Loi vn n ny c phng Thng mi Quc t tha nhn trong khun kh Hip hi nhng ngi vn ti FIATA nn c gi l FIATA combined B/L. - Vn n rt gn (Short B/L) l loi