GNMT

K Thut
GHP NI MY TNH
K thut ghp ni my tnh
MC LC MC LC ......................................................................................................................1 I TNG MN HC ...................................................................................3 CHNG I - CNG SONG SONG ..........................................................4

1.1. Vi nt c bn v cng song song.............................................................................4 1.1.1. Tn gi ................................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Mc in p cng ...............................................................................................4 1.1.3. Khong cch ghp ni ........................................................................................4 1.1.4. Tc truyn d liu ..........................................................................................4 1.2. Cu trc cng song song ...........................................................................................4 1.3. Cc thanh ghi cng song song. ..............................................................................6 1.4. Trao i vi cc ng dn tn hiu bng phn mm ..............................................8 1.4.1. Bng hp ng .....................................................................................................8 1.4.2. Bng TurboC.......................................................................................................8 1.4.3. Bng Turbo Pascal .............................................................................................8
CHNG II - RNH CM M RNG.................................................10

2.1. t vn ................................................................................................................10 2.2. Bus PC .....................................................................................................................10 2.3. Bus ISA.....................................................................................................................13 2.4. Bus MCA ..................................................................................................................15 2.5. Bus EISA ..................................................................................................................15 2.6. Bus VESA Local .......................................................................................................15 2.6.1. t vn .........................................................................................................15 2.6.2. Tc truyn d liu ........................................................................................15 2.7. Bus PCI ....................................................................................................................17 2.8. So snh cc kiu bus khc nhau .............................................................................18 2.9. Ghp ni qua rnh cm m rng .............................................................................19 2.9.1. Mt s c im ca card ISA. .........................................................................19 2.9.2. Gii m a ch v kt ni bus ...........................................................................20 2.9.2.1. t vn ..................................................................................................20 2.9.2.2. Gii m a ch ...........................................................................................22
CHNG III - GHP NI QUA CNG NI TIP ....................24

3.1. t vn ................................................................................................................24 3.2. Ngun gc ................................................................................................................24 3.3. Mc in p trn ng truyn ...............................................................................24 3.4. u ni trn my tnh PC .........................................................................................26 3.5. Mt s chun ghp ni .............................................................................................28 3.5.1. RS422 ...............................................................................................................28 3.5.2. Chun RS423A .................................................................................................29 3.5.3. Chun RS485....................................................................................................29 3.5.4. So snh cc chun ghp ni.............................................................................29 3.6. Lp trnh cho cng RS232 .......................................................................................31 3.6.1. B truyn nhn khng ng b vn nng 8250................................................31 3.6.2. Cc thanh ghi trn UART 8250.........................................................................33 3.6.2.1. Cc thanh ghi gi ......................................................................................34 3.6.2.2. Thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn ..........................................................35
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3.6.2.3. Thanh ghi tc baud ...............................................................................36 3.6.2.4. Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn............................................................38 3.6.2.5. Thanh ghi cho php ngt ...........................................................................39 3.6.2.6. Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt.........................................................................39 3.6.2.7. Cc thanh ghi mem................................................................................41
CHNG IV - CNG USB ...........................................................................43

4.1. Nhng nt chung......................................................................................................43 4.2. u ni v cp ni....................................................................................................44 4.3. Truyn d liu ni tip qua cng USB .....................................................................45 4.4. HUB USB..................................................................................................................45 4.5. Phn cng v phn mm ca my ch ...................................................................46 4.6. Phin bn USB 2.0...................................................................................................46
CHNG V - MEM .....................................................................................47

5.1. M u .....................................................................................................................47 5.2. Truyn thng qua cng ni tip................................................................................49 5.3. Cc tiu chun dng cho mem ............................................................................49 5.4. Cc lnh mem ......................................................................................................49 5.5. Cc thanh ghi trn mem.......................................................................................52 5.6. Cp ni mem ........................................................................................................54 5.7. Ci t mem .........................................................................................................55 5.8. Cc n bo trn mem.........................................................................................56
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................58
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I TNG MN HC
Nghin cu mn hc Cu trc My tnh ta thy rng khi my tnh PC c xut xng th cha phi l mt h thng hon chnh. Ty theo yu cu s dng, ngi dng c th nng cp, m rng cu hnh bng cch ghp ni thm cc card m rng hoc cc thit b ngoi vi. Cc nh sn xut my tnh d tr sn cc rnh cm m rng trn bn mch chnh, cc cng ghp ni: song song(LPT), ni tip(COM). y chnh l nhng v tr m k thut ghp ni my tnh c th tc ng vo. Nh c k thut ghp ni my tnh m kh nng ca my tnh c m rng thm rt nhiu: v d c th xy dng c cc h thng o lng hon ton t ng c th thc hin c vic giao tip gia hai my tnh t Chu lc ny sang Chu lc khc. ghp ni my tnh vi cc thit b ngoi vi c bn kh nng la chn: Ghp ni qua cng my in hay cn gi l cng song song. Ghp ni qua cng RS 232 hay cn gi l cng ni tip. Ghp ni qua rnh cm m rng trn bn mch chnh. Ghp ni qua cng USB. Mi kh nng u c nhng u v nhc im ring v n nay vn cng tn ti. Ty theo iu kin, hon cnh c th ca bi ton ng dng m trc khi tin hnh ghp ni my tnh ta lun phi cn nhc xem nn s dng kh nng no cho thch hp. c thm thng tin cho vic la chn trc khi tin hnh ghp ni my tnh sau y ta s i nghin cu ln lt tng kh nng.
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CHNG I - CNG SONG SONG

1.1. VI NT C BN V CNG SONG SONG
1.1.1. TN GI Cng song song: D liu c truyn qua cng ny theo cch song song, c th d liu c truyn 8 bit ng thi hay cn gi byte ni tip bit song song. Cng my in: L do l hu ht cc my in u c ni vi my tnh qua cng ny. Cng Centronic: y l tn ca mt cng ty thit k ra cng ny. Centronic l tn mt cng ty chuyn sn xut my in kiu ma trn ng hng u th gii. Chnh cng ty ny ngh ra kiu thit k cng ghp ni my in vi my tnh. 1.1.2. MC IN P CNG u s dng mc in p tng thch TTL(Transiztor - Transiztor - Logic) 0v +5v trong 0v l mc logic LOW. 2v +5v l mc logic HIGH. V vy khi ghp ni vi cng ny ta ch ghp ni nhng thit b ngoi vi c mc in p tng thch TTL. Nu thit b ngoi vi khng c mc in p tng thch TTL th ta phi p dng bin php ghp mc hoc ghp cch ly qua b ghp ni quang. 1.1.3. KHONG CCH GHP NI Khong cch cc i gia thit b ngoi vi v my tnh ghp qua cng song song thng b hn ch. L do l hin tng cm ng gia cc ng dn v in dung k sinh hnh thnh gia cc ng dn c th lm bin dng tn hiu. Khong cch gii hn cc i l 8m. Thng thng ch 1,5 n 2m v l do an ton d liu. Nu s dng khong cch ghp ni trn 3m th cc ng dy tn hiu v ng dy ni t phi c son vi nhau thnh tng cp gim thiu nh hng ca nhiu. Bin php khc s dng cp dt, trn mi ng d liu c t gia hai ng dy ni t. 1.1.4. TC TRUYN D LIU Tc truyn d liu qua cng song song ph thuc vo phn cng c s dng. Trn l thuyt tc c th t n 1Mb/s nhng vi khong cch truyn hn ch trong phm vi 1m. Vi nhiu mc ch s dng th khong cch ny hon ton tha ng, tuy vy cng c nhng ng dng i hi phi truyn trn khong cch xa hn. Trong trng hp ta phi ngh ngay n kh nng ghp ni khc (nh ghp ni qua cng RS232). 1.2. CU TRC CNG SONG SONG Cng song song c hai loi: cm 36 chn v cm 25 chn. Ngy nay, loi cm 36 chn khng cn c s dng, hu ht cc my tnh PC u trang b cm 25 chn nn ta ch cn quan tm n loi 25 chn. Hnh v 1-1. Gii thiu loi cm 25 chn. :
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Bng 1-1. Sp xp cc chn trn hai loi cm. TN TN HIU Strobe V TR CHN 1 CHC NNG Khi t mt mc in p LOW vo chn ny, my tnh thng bo cho my in bit c mt byte sn sng trn cc ng tn hiu c truyn.
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Acknowledge Busy (Bo bn)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mc LOW chn ny, my in thng bo cho my tnh bit nhn c k t va gi v c th tip tc nhn. My in gi mt mc lgic HIGH vo chn ny trong khi ang n nhn hay ang in ra d liu thng bo cho my tnh bit b m d liu y hay my in ang trng thi Off-line My in t trng thi tr khng cao (HIGH) chn ny khi ht giy. Mt mc HIGH c ngha l my in ang trong trng thi c kch hot . Mc LOW chn ny my tnh nhc my in t ng np mt dng mi mi khi kt thc mt dng. Mc LOW chn ny, my in bo cho my tnh bit xy ra li khi in. My in c t tr li trng thi c xc nh lc ban u khi chn ny mc LOW. Bng mt mc LOW my in c la chn bi my tnh. Cc ng d liu ( 8 ng )
Paper empty (Ht giy) Select (La chn) Auto Linfeed (T ng np dng) Error (C li) Reset (t li trng thi my in) Select Input (La chn li vo) Ground (Ni t)
12 13 14 15 16 17 18-25
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Qua bng trn ta thy cp ni gia my tnh v my in bao gm 25 si, tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc si cp u c s dng nh vy chng ta c th tn dng dy cp ny nu c mt vi si b t. Tn tn hiu STROBE D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Ack Busy Paper Empty Select Auto Line feed Error Reset Select Input Ground S chn trn u ni PC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18-25
My tnh
My in
Hnh 1-2. S ni dy v chiu tn hiu gia my tnh v my in Qua cch m t chc nng ca tng tn hiu ring l ta c th nhn thy l cc ng dn tn hiu c th chia thnh 3 nhm: Cc ng dn tn hiu xut ra t my tnh PC v iu khin my in, c gi l cc ng dn iu khin. Cc ng dn tn hiu, a cc thng bo ngc li t my in v my tnh, c gi l cc ng dn trng thi. ng dn d liu, truyn cc bit ring l ca cc k t cn in. T cch m t cc tn hiu v mc tn hiu ta c th nhn thy cc tn hiu Acknowledge, Auto Linefeed, Error, Reset, v Select Input kch hot mc Low. Thng qua chc nng ca cc chn ny ta cng hnh dung c cch iu khin my in. ng ch l 8 ng dn song song u c dng chuyn d liu t my tnh sang my in. Trong nhng trng hp ny, khi chuyn sang ng dng o lng v iu khin ta phi chuyn d liu t mch ngoi vi vo my tnh thu thp v x l. V vy ta phi tn dng mt trong nm ng dn theo hng ngc li, ngha l t bn ngoi vo my tnh truyn s liu o lng. 1.3. CC THANH GHI CNG SONG SONG. c th ghp ni cc thit b ngoi vi, cc mch in ng dng trong o lng v iu khin vi cng song song ta phi tm hiu cch trao i vi cc thanh ghi thng qua cch sp xp v a ch cc thanh ghi. Cc ng dn ca cng song song c ni vi ba thanh ghi 8 bit khc nhau:
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THANH GHI D LIU

D7 D6 D5
A CH ( 278H, 378H, 2BCH, 3BC H)

D0
D4 D3 D2 D1
D0 (chn 2) D1 (chn 3) D2 (chn 4) D3 (chn 5) D4 (chn 6) D5 (chn 7) D6 (chn 8) D7 (chn 9) THANH GHI TRNG THI
7 6 5 4 3
A CH ( 279H, 379H, 2BDH, 3BD H)

2 1 0
Error (chn15) Select (chn 13) Paper Empty (chn 12) Acknowledge (chn 10) Busy (chn 11) THANH GHI IU KHIN
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3
A CH ( 27AH, 37AH, 2BEH, 3BE H)

D2 D1 D0
Strobe (chn 1) Auto Feed (chn 14) Reset (chn 16) Select Input (chn 17) Interrup Enable (cho php ngt) Nh s trn trnh by 8 ng d liu dn ti thanh ghi d liu cn 4 ng dn iu khin Strobe, Auto Linefeed, Reset, Select Input dn ti thanh ghi iu khin. Nm ng dn trng thi Acknowledge, Busy, Paper Empty, Select, Error ti thanh ghi trng thi. Thanh ghi d liu hay 8 ng dn d liu khng phi l ng dn 2 hng trong tt c cc loi my tnh nn d liu ch c th c xut ra qua cc ng dn ny c th t D0 n D7. Thanh ghi iu khin hai hng, hay ni chnh xc hn: Bn bit c gi tr thp c sp xp cc chn 1, 14, 16, 17. Thanh ghi trng thi ch c th c c v v vy c gi l mt hng.
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1.4. TRAO I VI CC NG DN TN HIU BNG PHN MM y l nhim v m bt k khi no mun vit mi hoc sa i mt phn mm dng cho mch ghp ni vi cng song song u phi ngh cch gii quyt. Cu hi t ra l lm th no c c cc tn hiu in trn cc ng dn tn hiu ca cng song song hoc xut d liu ra cc ng dn ny. Vic truy nhp trc tip ln cc giao din ca my tnh PC, c th l ln cc ng dn ring l c tin hnh thun li nht l bng hp ng, Cc ngn ng bc cao nh Turbo Pascal hoc C cng c nhng lnh n gin thc hin vic truy nhp ln cc cng tuy rng tc truy nhp c thp hn i cht. Trc ht ta cn bit a ch ca cc cng m qua cc giao din song song c th c trao i. Sau s quyt nh c d liu trong thanh ghi no hoc xut d liu ra thanh ghi no ? Ni chung, cc lnh c s dng c th vit nh sau: 1.4.1. BNG HP NG xut ra d liu OUT DX, AL nhp vo d liu IN AL, DX Trong a ch ca thanh ghi cn trao i phi ng trong DX. V d: Gi s LPT1 c a ch l 378H MOV DX,378H; Np a ch ca cng LPT1 vo thanh ghi DX OUT DX,AL; Xut ni dung ca thanh ghi AL ln ng dn d liu (T D0 n D7) ca LPT1. Hai lnh sau y c cc byte ng dn d liu ca cng LPT1: MOV DX, 378H; Np a ch ca cng LPT1 vo thanh ghi DX IN AL,DX: c thng tin trn cc ng dn d liu (T D0 n D7) ca LPT1 sang thanh ghi AL. Hai lnh sau y xut ni dung ca thanh ghi AL sang thanh ghi iu khin ca LPT1. MOV DX,37AH; Np a ch ca thanh ghi iu khin cng LPT1 vo thanh ghi DX OUT DX,AL; Mang ni dung ca thanh ghi AL sang thanh ghi iu khin ca LPT1. Hai lnh sau y c cc byte ng dn trng thi ca cng LPT1 t vo thanh ghi AL. MOV DX, 379H; Np a ch ca thanh ghi trng thi vo thanh ghi DX IN AL,DX: c ni dung ca thanh ghi trng thi ca LPT1 sang thanh ghi AL. 1.4.2. BNG TURBOC xut ra d liu Outportb(a ch cng,Gi tr) nhp vo d liu Inportb(a ch cng) V d Lnh sau y xut gi tr 5 qua thanh ghi d liu ca cng LPT1 Outportb(0x378, 5) Lnh sau y c thng tin ca thanh ghi trng thi ca cng LPT1 sp xp vo bin status Status= Inportb(0x379) 1.4.3. BNG TURBO PASCAL xut ra d liu PORT [a ch cng]:= Variable nhp vo d liu Variable:=PORT [a ch cng] V d PORT [$378]:= 5; Xut gi tr 5 ln ng dn d liu (T D0 n D7) ca LPT1. X:= PORT [$378] ; c thng tin trn cc ng dn d liu (T D0 n D7) ca LPT1 v t chng vo bin x.
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Khi thnh tho vi nhng thao tc dng phn mm trao i vi cc ng dn tn hih th phn cn li ca cng vic lp trnh cho cc ng dng ghp ni vi cng song song khng cn l cng vic kh khn.
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CHNG II - RNH CM M RNG

2.1. T VN Khi ta bn lun v cu trc My tnh ta thng cp ti cc cu trc bus, ng dn bus nh databus, controlbus... Cc rnh cm m rng v thc cht l mt dng th hin bng phn cng ca cc bus trn bn mch chnh, trn c th cm thm cc card m rng thay i hoc nng cp cu hnh ca my tnh. V vy cc thut ng nh rnh cm m rng, bus, bus m rng c s dng trong chng ny l nh nhau v mt ngha. Kiu card ghp ni c s dng nh hng nhiu n tnh nng ca my tnh. V vy ngay t th h my tnh u tin ngi ta da vo cc tu chn m rng ci thin cc c tnh k thut ca my tnh. Cc tu chn m rng ny l cc card c cm thm vo bus m rng. C th c n 8 rnh cm m rng c lp rp sn trn bn mch chnh. Cc card cm thm vo cho php truy cp ti: b nh, card mn hnh, a cng v a mm,xut d liu ra my in, cc cng modem, vo/ra ni tip v.v. S pht trin ca rnh cm m rng gn lin vi s pht trin ca my tnh. T trc n nay c 8 kiu bus m rng c s dng cho my tnh c nhn. Vic phn loi bus m rng c da trn s bit d liu m bus x l ng thi. l cc bus: Bus PC (ISA 8 bit) Bus EISA (32 bit) Extended Industry Standard Architecture. Bus VESA Local (32 bit) Video Electronics Standard Association. Bus SCSI (16/32 bit) Bus ISA (16 bit) Industry Standard Architecture. Bus MCA (32 bit) Microchanel Interface Architecture. Bus PCI (32/64 bit) Peripheral Component Interconnection. Bus PC/MCIA (16 bit). Cc loi bus ny ra i k tip nhau loi sau lun c chng minh c nhiu u im thm ch tm cch ph nh loi trc . Nhng trn thc t mi vic khng phi bao gi cng din ra theo ng ca ngi thit k, v vy c nhng loi ch c ra i trong vng mt vi thng th b loi khc lm cho lng qun chng hn loi MCI 32 bit. Cho n nay, trn mainboard c ch to gn y thng c 3 rnh cm ISA 16 bit v 2 rnh cm PCI; S lng v chng loi ny p ng cc nhu cu s dng thng thng ca hu ht nhng ngi s dng my tnh. 2.2. BUS PC Bus PC xut hin ngay trn my tnh PC/XT u tin cho nn c gi lun l bus PC. N tn dng cu trc ca b x l Intel 8088 cho nn c 1 bus d liu 8 bit ngoi v bus a ch 20 bit. Rnh cm ni vi bus PC c 62 chn v vy cho php cm vo 1 card m rng lm t mt tm mch in 2 mt cng c 62 tip im, mi mt l 31 tip im. V trn bus ny c 8 bit d liu c truyn cho nn bus PC cn c tn l bus 8 bit hay bus ISA 8 bit. Qua hnh v ta thy: T chn A13 n A31 ginh cho 20 bit a ch nn n c th nh a ch mt vng b nh cc i n 1 Mbyte (220=1Mb) . Tc truyn c c nh 4,772727 MHz, nh vy c nhiu nht l 4.772727 byte c th c truyn trong mi giy. Gi tr 4.772727 MHz l nhn c t b giao ng tinh th thch anh c tn s l 14.31818 MHz sau cho qua mt b chia tn s.
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Hng ca d liu c chn l i vo nu tn hiu n t b iu khin bus v c gi l i ra nu n n t thit b ngoi vi bn ngoi bus c th l t card ghp ni m rng. Cn mt loi tn hiu khc c quy nh l i vo/i ra khi tn hiu c bt ngun hoc t b iu khin bus PC hoc l t card m rng. Nh vy khi nim i vo v i ra l xut pht t cch nhn trn card m rng. Hnh 2-1. Card ISA 8 bit
Hnh 2-2. Rnh cm ISA 8 bit Bng 2-1.Chc nng cc tip im trn bus PC Tn hiu A0 - A19 AEN M t Hai chc bit thp hn ca bus a ch h thng, i khi k hiu l SA0-SA19. Chn address enable cho php dng mt card m rng cm khi logic gii m a ch I/O cc b ca n. N kch hot mc cao. Khi hot ng, Address enable ch cho thy hoc qu trnh truy nhp trc tip b nh (DMA) hoc qu trnh lm ti li ang c iu khin trn cc bus. Bus d liu (li vo/ Tm bit d liu, cho php truyn gia my ch (master li ra) bus) v card m rng. Tn hiu gi nhp (li Tn hiu gi nhp bus c t bng (4,772727 MHz i ra) vi bus PC v 8,33 MHz i vi bus ISA) v bo m vic ng b ho i vi qu trnh truyn d liu (tn hiu ny c bt ngun t xung ng h OSC). Sau cho qua b chia tn s. Cht a ch Ch cho bus m rng thy l tn hiu iu khin bus a Address Latch ch v chu trnh bus l hp l. Ngoi ra n ch cho thy ch bt u ca mt chu trnh bus trn bus m rng . c vo ra I/O read Ch cho thy mt chu trnh c vo ra ang c tin ( li vo li ra) hnh. Ghi vo ra I/O write Ch cho thy mt chu trnh ghi vo ra ang c tin hnh. c b nh h Tn hiu ny bo hiu ch cho thy mt chu trnh bus thng (System c b nh h thng trong phm vi bus a ch 20 MEMory Read bit(0h- FFFFFh). Ghi b nh h thng Tn hiu ny bo hiu ch cho thy mt chu trnh bus ghi (System MEMory b nh h thng trong phm vi bus a ch 20 bit (0hTn Bus a ch (li vo/ li ra) Cho php a ch (Address enable li ra)
D0 - D7 CLK
ALE IOR IOW SMEMR SMEMR
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IOCHRDY OWS DRQ1- DRQ3 DACK1-3 REF T/C IRQ2-7 OSC Write I/O CHeck ReaDY bus sn sng (li vo) Zero Wait State Trng thi ch bng 0. DMA Request Yu cu DMA DMA ACKnowledge (li ra) REFresh (li ra) Terminal Count m u cui (li vo) Interrupt Request FFFFFh). Cho php mt card m rng ko di thi lng cn cho mt chu trnh bus. Trng thi ch bng 0 (hay l khng c trng thi ch) cho php mt card m rng rt bt thi lng cn c cho mt chu trnh bus. Tn hiu ny ch cho thy c mt thit b ghp ni ang ngh truy nhp trc tip vo b nh Xc nhn DMA ch cho thit b ghp ni ang yu cu bit l DMA ang s l yu cu ca n. Tn hiu lm ti li c s dng bo tin cho bn mch bit n s thc hin mt chu k lm ti la Cho thy DMA tin hnh truy nhp xong v tt c cc byte c truyn. Tn hiu ny ch cho thy thit b ghp ni ang ngh b x l phc v hay cn gi l dch v t b x l Tn hiu t b giao ng tinh th l tn hiu c tn s 14,31818 MHz cung cp cho cc ng dng m rng. Tc ny bng ba ln tc CLK. Thng bo tc ng t li trng thi ban u cho bn mch m rng cm vo bus PC. Tn hiu ny ch cho thy b nh ca thit b ghp ni b pht hin mt li chn l. Cung cp in p ngun cho card m rng .
Crestal OSCillator b giao ng tinh th(li ra) RESET DRV Reset drive t li trng thi ban u(li ra) I/O CHCK I/O Check kim tra vo ra (li ra) }5V }12V v Ngun nui (li ra) GND
Kt lun: Rnh cm PC l loi rnh cm c thit k u tin cho my tnh nhng cho n nay vn tn ti trn bn mch m rng. L do l tuy vi tc truyn l 8 bit ng thi l hi thp nhng trong nhiu ng dng tc vn hon ton tho mn. c bit trong php ng dng o lng v iu khin - lnh vc khng cn i hi tc trao i d liu cao.
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2.3. BUS ISA T tn gi cho thy y l loi bus c kin trc theo tiu chun cng nghip (Industry Standard Architecture). Mt s ti liu gi bus PC l bus ISA 8 bit th loi ny c phn bit r l ISA 16 bit.Tc gi ca loi bus ny l cng ty IBM. Cng ty ny thit k ra bus ISA dng cho my tnh AT Advanced Technology da trn c s ca b x l 80286. im mnh r nt ca loi bus ny l c th cho php cng mt lc x l hoc trao i vi 16 bit d liu ngha l gp i bus PC. m bo tnh tng thch so vi bus PC ngi ta a thm vo mt rnh cm th hai thng hng so vi rnh cm th nht v c cha 36 tip im xp thnh hai hng mi hng 18 tip im. Trn rnh cm th hai c cha 8 bit d liu v 4 ng dn a ch. Nh vy trn bus ISA c tng cng 16 bit d liu v 24 bit a ch . Tc truyn d liu c quy nh bi tc ng h c nh. Nh vy trn bus ISA c mt bus d liu16 bit v chnh v l i khi bus ny cn gi l bus ISA16 bit phn bit vi bus 8 bit ngoi ra n cn 24 bit a ch ch cho php qun l 16 Mb b nh. Ging nh bus PC, n cng s dng tc ng h c nh nhng khc v gi tr, c th l 8MHz.Mt li th rt ln ca card m rng dng vi bus PC l chng c th cm c vo rnh cm ISA bi v bus ISA bo m tnh tng thch k tha. C th ni card m rng ISA rt ph bin bi v chng th hin c tnh nng u vit i vi hu ht cc ng dng ghp ni. Cc linh kin c s dng trn card m rng ISA thng rt r, cho nn c th ni trn thc t vic ghp ni bng card m rng ISA t ra l mt cng ngh qua th thch v ng tin cy. ng dng tiu biu ca card m rng ISA 16 bit c th k ra l: card vo ra ni tip v song song, card m thanh, card mng...
Hnh 2.3. Rnh cm ISA 16 bit Nh vy m bo tnh tng thch vi loi bus PC 8 bit th rnh cm m rng ISA 16 bit bao gm 2 phn: Phn th nht ging ht rnh cm PC, cc tip im hai mt c nh s theo A v B. Phn th hai bao gm 36 tip im chia lm 2 hng mi hng 18 tip im nh s l C v D. u ni bus PC chun c cha cc dy A v B. Trn dy A c 20 a ch nh t A0 n A19 v 8 ng dn d liu D0 n D7. Dy B c cha cc ng dn ngt nh s t IRQ0 n IRQ7, cc ng cp ngun nui v cc ng dn iu khin khc. Phn rnh cm b xungbao gm 2 dy C v D trn c thm 7 ng dn a ch t A17 n A23 v cc ng dn d liu t D8 n D15 v cc ng dn ngt t IRQ10 n IRQ14. Nh vy bus ISA 16 bit c nhng c im chnh sau: S dng mt bus d liu 16 bit t D0 n D15. Mt bus a ch 24 bit t A0 n A23. Tn hiu gi nhp CLK c t l 8,33 MHz.
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Hnh 2.4. Card ISA 16 bit Cc ng n SMENR v SMEMW dc s dng truyn d liu i vi 1 Mb thp nht ca b nh. C th l t 0 n FFFFh. Cn cc tn hiu MENR v MEMW c s dng truyn d liu trong vng b nh gia 1 Mb(FFFFFh) v 16 Mb(FFFFFFh). Chng hn nu khi c t a ch 001000h th ng dn SMENR c lm cho hot ng mc thp, trong khi nu nh a ch l 1F0000h th ng dn SMENR c lm cho hot ng. Bng 2-2. Rnh cm ca bus ISA 16 bit b xung. Tn hiu LA17-23 SBHE Tn Bus a ch (li vo/li ra) System Byte High Enable. Cho php byte cao ca h thng. Bus d liu(li vo/li ra). c b nh (li vo/ li ra). Ghi vo b nh (li vo/ li ra). B nh 16 bit dng cho thit b ghp ni(16 bit memory slave). 16-bit I/O slave thit b ghp ni vo ra16 bit). Cc ng dn yu cu DMA (DMA request lines) M t By bus pha trn ca a ch ca bus a ch ca h thng Chn ny ch cho thy d liu c ch i 8 bit pha trn ca bus d liu (D8 n D15). Tm bit pha trn ca bus d liu cung cp na th hai ca bus d liu 16 bit. Lnh c b nh ch cho thy mt qu trnh c b nh khi a ch b nh trong phm vi 100000hFFFFFFh(16 Mb ca b nh ). Lnh ghi vo b nh ch cho thy mt qu trnh ghi vo b nh khi a ch b nh trong phm vi 100000hFFFFFFh(16 Mb ca b nh ). Ch cho thy thit b ghp ni c nh a ch l thit b ghp ni c b nh 16 bit. Ch cho thy thit b ghp ni c nh a ch l thit b ghp ni vo ra 16 bit. Cc ng dn yu cu truy nhp trc tip b nh ch cho thy l mt thit b ghp ni ang yu cu truy nhp DMA.
SD8-15 MEMR MEMW MEMCS16
IO CS16 DRQ0, DRQ5-7
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DACK0, DACK5-7 MASTER IRQ10-12, IRQ14-15 ng xc nhn truy nhp trc tip b nh (DMA) Bus sn sng(bus ready- li vo) Yu cu ngt (Interrupt request-li vo) in p ngun +5v ng xc nhn truy nhp DMA b sung ch cho thit b ghp ni ang yu cu bit l DMA ang x l yucu ca n. Tn hiu ny cho php b nh x l khc iu khin cc ng dn iu khin, ng dn d liu v ng dn a ch h thng. Tn hiu yu cu ngt b sung ch cho thy card m rng ang yu cu b nh x l phc v (dch v ca b nh x l). Ch l ng IRQ13 thng thng c a cng s dng v c bao gm trong bus IDE Cung cp in p ngun cho card m rng .
Vcc 2.4. BUS MCA
Tc gi ca loi bus MCA(Microchannel Interface Architecture) l cng ty IBM dng cho cc my tnh PS/2 ca hng ny. Bus ny hon ton khng tng thch vi bus ISA v c th hot ng nh mt bus d liu 16 bit hoc 32 bit. S khc nhau ch yu gia hai loi bus ny l: MCA c mt bus ng b trong khi PC v ISA s dng mt bus d b.Bus d b lm vic vi tc xung nhp (xung ng h c nh) trong khi vic truyn d liu trn bus ng b khng ph thuc vo ng h c nh. Cc bus ng b hnh thnh s phn chia thi gian t cc thit b tham gia vo cuc truyn d liu l ng h h thng hoc ng h ca b x l. Tc truyn ghi trong bng thuyt minh v thng s k thut ca bus MCA l 160 Mb/s. Trn thc t ch c mt s t nh sn xut tip nhn bus tiu chun MCA v cng ch p dng cho loi my tnh PS/2. Chnh v vy bus MCA ch lu hnh trong mt thi gian rt ngn v sau th khng tn ti na. l do chnh l n khng m bo tnh tng thchvi nhng bus ra i trc n v chnh v vy n khng thu ht c s ng h ca nhng nh sn xut my tnh. 2.5. BUS EISA Bus ISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture.) l kt qu ca bc ci tin bus ISA nhm tng thm s bit c truyn. Ngi ta thc hin gii php bng cch a thm mt on rnh cm m rng na tng s bit t 16 thnh 32. Khi ta c th thc hin vic ghp ni vi mt bus d liu c a ch 32 bit. Card EISA c s tip im gp i card ISA trn c s dng mt b truyn d b vi tc xung nhp ng h bng 8 MHz. N c mt bus d liu v a ch y 32 bit v vy c th nh a ch cho mt vng nh rng ti 4 Gb. Trn l thuyt tc truyn cc i l 4 byte /mt chu k ng h. Bi v ng h chy tn s 8MHz, nn tc truyn d liu cc i l 32Mbyte/s. 2.6. BUS VESA LOCAL 2.6.1. T VN . Sau khi nng s bit d liu c truyn ln 32 bit th nhu cu ci tin ca cu trc bus l lm sao c th truyn c d liu tc ca ng h h thng. V vy hi tiu chun in t hc video VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association) thit k ra loi bus ny ch to ra nhng loi card truyn d liu gia b x l v b x l video vi tc nhanh . C th hn l ch to ra card mn hnh vi cht lng cao. Bus ny cng c hnh thnh trn c s rnh cm ISA tiu chun, sau b xung thm rnh cm ph hi nhp vo h thng bus. Khc vi phn m rng ca card EISA phn b xung thm ca card ny c khong cch gia cc tip im rt dy. 2.6.2. TC TRUYN D LIU
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Khi nng tc truyn d liu ln ta s thy khng phi tt c cc b phn trong my tnh u i hi phi c tc cao. Trn thc t cho thy vic trao i gia CPU vi b nh v card ho i hi phi c tc truyn rt cao, trong khi cc ng dng khc nh card mng, card m thanh, card vo ra ... li khng i hi tc truyn cao. V vy song song vi vic a ra thit k bus m rng ny ngi ta cng tm cch phn b hp l vic tn dng tc truyn.
Hnh 2.5. Card m rng VESA Local
C th cc b x l b nh card ho, b iu khin a cn tc nhanh nn c php truy nhp ti bus cc b 33 MHz trong ch 32 bit. Cn cc ng dng khc khng i hi tc cao th vn s dng bus ISA thng thng. Ta c th m t vic s dng kt hp gia bus VESA Local v bus ISA 16 bit bng s sau:
B x l
B nh
Card ho
B iu khin a
Bus VESA Local (33MHz/32 bit)

H thng I/O
Bus ISA Local (8MHz/16 bit) FAX/ Modem Card m thanh Cng song song
Ethernet
Hnh 2.6. Cu trc ca bus VESA Local.
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Nhn vo hnh v ta thy c mt h thng chuyn i vo ra cho php s dng c hai bus VESA Local v bus ISA ngha l tu thuc theo yu cu s dng tc truyn d liu cao hay thp m h thng vo ra s lin kt thit b vi hoc bus ISA hoc bus VESA. Phn rnh cm ph thm ca ISA chun c hai hng u ni mi hng 58 chn ngha l c tng cng 116 tip im trn c 32 ng dn d liu c nh s th t t DAT00 n DAT31 v 32 ng dn a ch t ADR00 n ADR31. im cui cng cn lu l cc ng dn d liu v a ch khng ch nm trn phn b sung ca bus VESA m mt s khng nh cc ng dn ISA tiu chun vn c s dng, trong s phi k n cc ng dn yu cu ngt IRQ. 2.7. BUS PCI Tc gi ca bus PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnection) l cng ty Intel. Cng ty ny xy dng ln mt tiu chun ghp ni mi c tn l bus cc b PCI hay thng gi tt l bus PCI dng cho b x l Pentium. Bus ny c thit k vi ch tiu: Tc hot ng nhanh S bit truyn trn bus cao (64 bit). Mc ch l y nhanh tc truy nhp p ng nhu cu tng tc trao i d liu gia b nh, b x l, b iu khin a v card mn hnh. Mt b vi mch ghp ni c s dng cho loi bus ny l chip PCI 82430 cho php ghp ni trc tip vi bus. c im: Ging VESA ch l cng truyn d liu bng cch s dng ng h h thng nhng li th hin u im hn hn so vi bus VESA l c th hot ng ch trn 32 bit thm ch cho n 64 bit. Do tc truyn cao nn trong cc my tnh c cu trc bus PCI c th hn ch cc card m rng ghp ni xung cn 2 hoc 3 rnh. Thng thng ch c card mn hnh v card iu khin a cng l s dng bus PCI. Nu d liu c truyn trong ch 64 bit v tc ng h l 33 MHz th tc truyn d liu cc i c th t n 264 Mbyte/s. phi hp kh nng truy nhp ca cc thit b khc nhau ln bus PCI v bus ISA ngi ta s dng mt khi gi l cu vo ra v b tr nh sau:
B x l
B nh
Cu PCI
Bus PCI 33MHz/64 Card ho B iu khin Cu ISA Thit b khc
Hnh 2.7. Cu trc caBus ISA 8MHz/16 bus PCI Do c th truyn ch 64 bit c ngha l bus PCI t nht phi c 64 ng dn d liu. V vy bnh thng bus PCI c kch thc tng thm gp i. Tuy vy, kch thc thc khng th tng qu mc v ngi ta phi gii quyt bng cch tng mt chn trn 1 n v din tch. Chnh v l m chn cm ca bus PCI gn nhau hn v khng cn tng thch c vi cc rnh cm PC hoc ISA.
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Tc truyn cc i trn bus ny c th t ti 264 Mbyte/s. Tuy vy, tc ny ch thc s t c khi dng phn mm 64 bit chy trn h thng c cha b x l Pentium. Cc rnh cm PCI u tin c lp rp trn mainboard vi b x l 80486, m b x l ny ch s dng ch hot ng 32 bit do vy cng ch t n tc cc i 132 Mbyte/s. C th ni bus PCI l kt qu ci tin ca cc bus dng cho my tnh PC c sn, nhng v mt logic th khc hn vi bus ISA v bus VESA. Rnh cm PCI c rt nhiu chn: Loi 32 bit c 62 chn trn mi hng v tng cng 124 chn. Loi 64 bit c 94 chn x 2=188 chn. Thng thng b x l Pentium chy vi tc ng h h thng l 33MHz hoc 50MHz. Cn ch rng bus VESA ch c th hot ng tc truyn cc i ng vi tn s 33MHz. Bi l mt cc chn cm rnh cm m rng PCI v VESA rt cao, cho nn kh nng t ch to ra cc card m rng trong iu kin khng chuyn nghip ghp ni vi cc bus ny l rt nh. V vy hai loi bus ny khng c trnh by chi tit mc d cc mainboard c ch to gn y ddu c hai n ba rnh cm m rng PCI. 2.8. SO SNH CC KIU BUS KHC NHAU Lu lng d liu c truyn da vo s cc byte c truyn trong mi cuc truyn v tc truyn. Vi cc bus PC, ISA, EISA tc truyn ny c c nh , c th bus PC 4,17MHz; bus ISA v EISA l 8,33MHz, trong khi bus PCI v VESA s dng ng h h thng thng thng l 33MHz v 50MHz. i vi nhiu ng dng th bus ISA t ra l phng tin tt nht bi v n c s dng trong mt thi gian di v cho php truyn mt lng d liu ln ng k vi gi thnh r v tin cy cao. Rnh cm ISA l mt bus d liu 16 bit v do vy c th truyn d liu vi tc cc i l 16 Mbyte/s. Bus EISA c th truyn 4 byte/ chu k ng h(chu k my), do vy tc truyn ca n nhanh gp hai ln ca bus ISA. Ta c th ch ra tc truyn cc i ca cc card ghp ni khc nhau bng bng di y: Bng 2.3. Tc truyn d liu cc i i vi cc card I/O khc nhau Card m rng PC ISA EISA MCA VESA Local PCI 8 Mbyte/s 16 Mbyte/s 32 Mbyte/s 20 Mbyte/s (160 Mbyte/s i vi tn hiu xung) 132 Mbyte/s (ng h h thng 33 MHz/ch truyn 32 bit) 264 Mbyte/s (ng h h thng 33 MHz/ch truyn 64 bit) Tc truyn cc i
T bng ny ta thy lu lng d liu truyn ph thuc vo loi rnh cm m rng c s dng. Tuy vy ta nhn xt khng phi tt c cc phn ca my tnh u i hi tc truyn d liu cao. Nhng cuc truyn d liu thng xy ra nht trn h thng l truyn d liu t b vi x l n b nh v card ho. Tc truyn d liu cn ph thuc vo ng dng v h iu hnh s dng. Cc chng trnh c giao din ngi dng ho GUI cho php c c cc lu lng d liu ln hn nhiu so vi cc chng trnh chy trn ch text. Di y l mt s Tc truyn ca mt s ng dng tiu biu. Thit b a cng Card m thanh Tc truyn 4 Mbyte/s 88 Kbyte/s ng dng Ch truyn tiu biu 16 bit, ly mu 44,1 KHz
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LAN RAM Truyn thng ni tip Super VGA 1 Mbyte/s 66 Mbyte/s 1 Kbit/s 15 Mbyte/s Ethernet 10 Mbit/s B vi x l ti b nh RAM 9600 bit/s 1024 x 768 Pixel vi 256 mu
Ch rng mt card m thanh vi cc thng s k thut c xp vo loi cht lng cao, vi cht lng ghi chun (tc ly mu 16 mu bit 44,1 KHz) ch yu cu mt tc truyn bng 88 Kbti/s trong khi cc card mng cc b li truyn vi tc 10 Mbit/s. Nh vy b truyn ny phi c tin hnh trn bus cc b. Bus PC cc b ngy nay tr thnh mt ci chun ph bin trn hu ht cc my tnh c nhn i mi v thay th hon ton vai tr ca bus VESA dng vi card mn hnh. N th hin u im vt tri so vi bus VESA c th l tc cao hn nhiu. ng tic l a s cc phn mm hin nay ang s dng hin c trn th trng my tnh cha th tn dng c ton b kh nng ca bus PCI. Bi v chng khng s dng bus d liu y 64 bit. Trong k thut ghp ni thng thng th cc bus PCI v VESA t c quan tm n bi v nhng u im ca hai loi bus ny l tc truyn d liu cao th khng cn thit hoc cha tn dng c trong khi nhc im chnh l ch to kh khn li cha vt qua c. 2.9. GHP NI QUA RNH CM M RNG iu kin tin hnh: Phi c mt bn mch m rng, card phi hot ng tt. Phi c phn mm ci t thch hp chnh thc ng k card vo trong h thng my tnh. Cch gii quyt: Mt s loi card m rng thng dng nh card modem, card m thanh, card vo ra th chn gii php mua l thun li nht bi gi thnh gim m cht lng li m bo, l do l cc card c sn xut trong iu kin cng nghip s lng ln nn gi thnh h ngoi ra vic kim tra xut xng c tin hnh nghim chnh bi nh sn xut. Vi mt s mc ch chuyn dng ngha l i tng ng dng tng i hp v s lng cn khng nhiu th ta thng chn gii php t thit k v t lm, v d card dng trong k thut o lng, thu thp s liu o lng, card iu khin i tng c th. C th v mt k thut khng phc tp lm nhng ngc li ta mua thng rt t hoc khng th tm mua c. Trong k thut ghp ni thng dng thng ngi ta ch s dng rnh cm ISA 8 bit hoc 16 bit. Trn cc bn mch chnh c ch to gn y thng cng c ba rnh cm ISA 16 bit t sn trn bn mch chnh. y chnh l ch np vo cc card bin i D/A v A/D hoc l cc card to ra cc cng ghp ni khc nh to ra bus GPIB hoc RS-485... S d bus ISA c dng nhiu bi v n c cu trc cng nh kch thc hnh hc tng i n gin. Chnh v vy trong k thut ghp ni nhiu ti liu ch trnh by n loi rnh cm ny. 2.9.1. MT S C IM CA CARD ISA. Kch thc hnh hc: c th thit k ra mt card m rng th thng s u tin phi quan tm l kch thc hnh hc cc i cho php i vi mt card. Kch thc hnh hc cc i ca mt card thng c quy nh ngay t khi xy dng cc tiu chun p dng cho bn mch. Kch thc cc i ca card ISA 8 bit l: Cao: 106,7mm ( 4,2"). Di : 333,5mm ( 13,3"). Dy: 12,7mm ( 0,5" ) c linh kin. Kch thc cc i ca card ISA 16 bit l: Cao: 121,92mm ( 4,8"). Di : 333,5mm ( 13,3"). Dy: 12,7mm ( 0,5" ) c linh kin. S khc nhau ca hai loi card ny th hin chiu cao, nguyn nhn l v ca my tnh AT c thit k cao hn v my tnh XT.
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2.9.2. GII M A CH V KT NI BUS 2.9.2.1. t vn C th c nhiu card m rng ni vo bus, vn t ra l lm th no CPU c th trao i trc tip vi tng card ring l khi rnh cm tt c cc card m rng c ni song song vi nhau. V vy trc khi mt card m rng c t trong mt rnh cm ca my tnh PC th a ch vo ra ca card cn phi c la chn. Bi v y chnh l a ch m my tnh s trao i vi card. Vn ny rt quan trng bi v c th tin hnh trao i vi card th mi card m rng phi c mt a ch vo ra duy nht. Vn ny c cc nh thit k my tnh PC gii quyt nh sau: Ngi ta d tr mt vng 1024 a ch ch vo ra v vng vo ra ny chim 64 Kbyte u tin ca b nh. Vng a ch ch ny c m ho bng 10 bit a ch c s dng xem cng no c kch hot v ngi ta quy nh c th tng vng nh ca b nh cho cc vi mch, cho cc thit b b c th c trang b trn my tnh. Bng di y s ch ra s sp xp ca vng a ch vo ra ca my tnh PC. Tuy nhin, cn phi ch l trong cc ti liu khc nhau, ni dung ca bng ny cng khng ging nhau; c th l trong qu trnh pht trin ca k thut my tnh nhiu im quy nh c c th ho.
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Nhn xt: Vng a ch ch vo ra c th chia thnh 2 vng: Vng th nht 000-1FF Gn cho cc b phn ca bn mch h thng phc v cho cc chc nng nh l ngt, truy nhp trc tip b nh v cc mch ghp ni ni ngoi vi. Vng th hai c khong 512 a ch t 200h dn 3FFh c gn cho cc cng v cc card m rng l: card iu khin a mm, a cng, card mn hnh, card my in. Trong vng ny c cha t nht 32 a ch cng cha c dng cho mt ng dng no bao gm t 300h n 31Fh dnh ring cho cc card do ngi dng to ra v cm vo. y chnh l vng m k thut ghp ni my tnh quan tm n. Bng a ch vo ra di y c th khc nhau trn cc ti liu khc nhau nhng v thc cht khng th c s mu thun, bi v s mu thun s dn n s xung khc a ch v my tnh khng th hot ng ni. Bng 2.4. Vng a ch vo ra ca my tnh PC a ch vo/ra (Hex) 000 - 00F 020 - 021 040 - 043 060 - 063 070 - 07F 080 - 09F 0A0 - 0BF 0C0 - 0FF 0E0 - 0EF 0F8-0FF 1F0-1F8 200-20F 278-27F 2B0-2DF 2E8-2EF 2F8-2FF 300-31F 320-32F 360-36F 378-37F 380-38F 3A0-3AF 3B0-3BF 3C0-3CF 3D0-3DF 3E8-3EF 3F0-3F7 3F8-3FF Chc nng B iu khin DMA 1 (8232) B iu khin ngt (8259) B pht thi gian (8254) B kim tra bn phm (824254) ng h thi gian thc (MC 146818) Thanh ghi trang DMA (LS 670) B iu khin ngt 2 (8259) B iu khin DMA 2(8232) D tr cho bn mch chnh B nh ng x l 80x87 B iu khin a cng Cng dng cho tr chi (Game) Cng song song 2(LPT2) Card EGA 2 Cng ni tip 4 (COM 4) Cng ni tip 2 (COM 2)
Gn cho cc b phn ca bn mch h thng
Card m rng ca ngi dng

B nh iu khin a cng Cng ni mng (LAN) Cng song song 1(LPT1) Cng ni tip ng b 2 Cng ni tip ng b 1 Mn hnh n sc Card EGA Card CGA Cng ni tip 3 (COM 3) B iu khin a mm Cng ni tip 1 (COM 1)
Gn cho cc cng v card m rng
Vng a ch t 300h n 31Fh c dng cho cc card ca ngi dng. V nguyn tc ta cng c th khng s dng vng ny m s dng vng a ch khc v c trng hp s dng vng a ch khc m vn hot ng c. Nhng v nguyn tc th khng nn dng v rt c th sy ra hin tng tranh chp a ch m hu qu l my b treo, c trng hp dn ti hu qu nghim trng. Trong vng t 300h n 31Fh c 32 a ch v mi card ch cn mt a ch, cho nn dng a ch no trong s a ch l tu thuc vo ngi dng nhng kinh nghim cho thy ch nn chn mt a ch trnh s nhm ln.
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Bng a ch vo ra trc y ngi dng u phi t nh. Ngy nay, cc chng trnh Window95/98 c mt chc nng cho php kim tra tnh trng s dng a ch vo ra ca my tnh m ta ang lm vic. Cch tin hnh l m Mycomputer ->Properties -> Device Manager -> Properties -> Input/Output ta s nhn c bng a . V vy trc khi dt a ch cho card m rng hoc trc khi cho chy phn mm ghp ni ln u tin ta nn kim tra li a ch ny.
2.9.2.2. Gii m a ch Vic tm a ch ch ca mt card c gii quyt nh sau: Trn card s c mt khi nh a ch bng phn cng m thng thng n ri vo vng t 300h n 31Fh. a ch ny quy nh trng thi ca mt s chn vi mch (Thng l 8 chn) s c 8 chn khc c ni vi bus a ch. Vi mch ny gi l vi mch gii m a ch (Chn ni vi bus a ch dc quy nh trng thi logic bng phn mm). Nhim v ca vi mch ny l so snh trng thi logic ca cc chn ni vi bus a ch. Nu cc a ch ging ht nhau theo tng cp th vi mch s pht ra mt tn hiu hiu thng bo kt qu gii m iu khin mt khi logic cho php trao i d liu . Thng thng ngi ta s dng vi mch c tn l: 74HC688.
Hnh 2.8. Mt mch gii m a ch trn card m rng Chn A22 n A29 l cc bus a ch, cc ng ny s c phn mm quy nh trng thi logic ca cc chn 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 5, 17. Cc chn 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18 c ni qua 8 in tr 10K ti ngun 5V. V vy, bnh thng in p cc chn ny c gi tr 5V (C mc logic HIGH), ngoi ra cc chn ny c ni qua 8 chuyn mch xung t. V vy nu cc chuyn mch ny l ng th cc chn s b ni tt xung t hay l c trng thi logic LOW. Nu cc chuyn mch ny l h th cc chn vn gi nguyn mc logic HIGH do c ni vi ngun 5V. V vy bng cch thay i v tr ca cc chuyn mch ta c th thay i c trng thi logic cu cc chn hay ni cch khc cc chn ny c trng thi 0110 khc nhau v y chnh l s quy nh a ch ch bng phn cng.
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Khi cc chn i din nhau c mc logic ging ht nhau cng c ngha l a ch c quy nh bng phn mm ging ht a ch quy nh bng phn cng th chn 19 c mc logic LOW v lm cho khi iu khin logic thot khi trng thi cm v d liu c php trao i gia bus v card m rng . Cc card m rng khc s khng tho mn iu kin bi v a ch c quy nh bng phn cng c gi tr khc cho nn lm ng trc cc d liu trn bus.
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CHNG III - GHP NI QUA CNG NI TIP

3.1. T VN Ghp ni qua cng ni tip l mt k thut c s dng rng ri nht bi s lng v chng loi cc thit b ngoi vi ghp ni qua cng ny ng hng u trong cc kh nng ghp ni vi my tnh. Qua cng ny ta c th ghp ni modem, chut, b bin i A/D, D/A, cc thit b b o lng thm ch c my in. Ghp ni qua cng ni tip l d liu c truyn qua cng kiu ni tip ngha l ti mt thi im ch c mt bit c truyn dc theo mt ng dn. c im ny cho php to ra s khc bit so vi cc cch ghp ni ni khc chng hn cch truyn thng theo kiu song song trong nhiu bit c gi ng thi. u im chnh ca k thut ny l s dng mt ng truyn v mt ng nhn cho nn vic iu khin tr nn n gin. Cng ny c tn l RS232 hoc V.24. RS232 l tn mt tiu chun quy nh cc c tnh cho cng ni tip, cn V.24 l tn ca cng ny c p dng cc nc Ty u. RS232 khi cha tr thnh mt chun chnh thc c rt nhiu cng ty my tnh v cng ty sn xut thit b o lng p dng. iu cho thy tnh cn thit v tin li ca n, v qua nhiu thit b ngoi vi ca nhiu nc khc nhau c th cng ni vi my tnh hoc l cng ni vi nhau m khng cn phi c s thay i g v phn cng. So vi cc kh nng ghp ni khc tc truyn qua cng ni tip chm, tc thng s dng l 19600 bit/s/20m. Tc truyn cc modem i mi nht cng ch t 56,6Kbit/s. V sau c mt s tiu chun ni tip khc ra i nh RS422, RS485 cho php truyn vi tc cao hn v khong cch di hn: v d RS422 10Mbit/s/hng ngn km. Mt s chun khc cn cho php s dng trn mng my tnh. 3.2. NGUN GC RS232 c mt thi gian di tn ti di dng khng chnh thc, cho n nm 1962 hip hi cc nh cng nghip in t (EIA-The Electronics Industries Association) ban hnh mt tiu chun chnh thc c tn l RS232 p dng cho cng ni tip ca my tnh. Ngay sau khi RS232 ra i xut hin nhu cu ci tin. Phin bn u tin l RS232B, tip theo l RS232C. Phin bn RS232B tr ln li thi, RS232C n nay vn cn s dng. V vy, tiu chun hin nay ang c s dng cho cc my tnh PC l RS232C i khi ngi ta gi ngn gn l RS232 nhng y khng phi l tiu chun lc ban ban hnh nm 1962. Vic thit b k ra cng RS232 tng i d dng, c bit l khi truyn d liu vi tc thp nh l tc 110,1200 bit/s. Khi cc linh kin phn cng ht sc n gin v r tin. V mt cu to th c b nhn v b m cng nh b pht v b m u c tch hp chung trn vi mch chuyn dng. C th chip b pht/b m tip nhn mc in p TTL li vo v bin i chng sang mc ph hp vi chun RS232 sau truyn i. V pha b nhn cch lm vic din ra ngc li, mc in p theo RS232 c tip nhn ri chuyn sang mc in p TTL c th a vo my tnh. Cc b phn ny u nm trn card vo ra hoc trn maiboard ngha l nm pha sau cng ni tip. 3.3. MC IN P TRN NG TRUYN Mt trong nhng thng s quan trng nht ca RS232 l mc in p trn ng truyn. RS232 u tin s dng mc n p TTL ging nh cng song song. Chnh v th ngay sau khi ra i RS232 xut hin nhu cu phi ci tin. Ngoi mc in p th tiu chun cng quy nh r gi tr ca tr khng ti u vo bus v tr khng ra ca b pht v b m. Hng ci tin ca mc in p l tng gi tr ca in p truyn tng kh nng chng nhiu do vy truyn c xa hn.
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+25 RS-232B +12
Logic 0
+5
( RS 232C )
Khng xc nh
+3 in p (V) 0 -3 Khng xc nh -5 RS-232B -12
( RS 232C ) Logic 1
-25
Hnh 3.1. Cc mc in p ca chun RS232 T s trn ta thy ci tin ca RS232B l lm tng mc in p t 5V n 25V Trong : Mc logic 1 tnh t -5V n -25V. Mc logic 0 tnh t +5V n +25V. Cc mc t -3V n +3V gi l trng thi chuyn tip. Cc mc in p t 3V n 5V gi l khng xc nh. D liu c mc in p ri vo khong ny s dn n kt qu khng d tnh c v y cng l tnh trng hot ng ca nhng h thng c thit b k s si. iu ng ch y l: Mc 1 ~ LOW, mc 0 ~ HIGH v trc khi a vo x l cn c b nh o cn gi l b nh chun dng tn hiu. Vic nng mc in p ca chun RS232B dn n s hn ch v tc truyn, v vy ngi ta thy gia tc truyn v khong cch truyn phi c s dung ho. RS232C l chun hin nay ang c p dng. in p s dng l 12V. Trong : -12V l mc logic 1 (HIGH) +12V l mc logic 0 (LOW) C th: +3V -> +12V l mc 0 +5V -> +12V l mc tin cy (ca mc 0) -3V -> -12V l mc 0 -5V -> -12V l mc tin cy (ca mc 1) Bng vic thu hp gii hn in p ng truyn, tc truuyn d liu c tng ln ng k. Ngoi ra chun RS232C cng quy nh tr khng ti, gi tr ny thuc phm vi 3000 n 7000 ; ng thi b m phi duy tr tng in p tng i ln khong 30V/s. Cc vi mch Motorola loi MC1488 v MC1489 hon ton tho mn cc thng s k thut ny. Cc yu cu v mt in c quy nh trong chun RS232C nh sau: 1. Mc logic 1(mc du) nm trong khong -3V -> -12V; Mc logic 0 (Mc trng) nm trong khong +3V -> +12V. 2.Tr khng ti v pha b nhn ca mch phi nm trong khong 3000 -7000.
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3. Tc truyn nhn cc i 100 Kbit/s. 4. Cc li vo ca b nhn phi c in dung <2500pF. 5. di ca cp ni gia my tnh v thit b ghp ni qua cng ni tip khng th vt qu 15 my nu khng s dng modem. 6. Cc gi tr tc truyn d liu chun l 50, 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 28800, ..., 56600 baud (bit/s). 3.4. U NI TRN MY TNH PC Cng RS232 th hin trn my tnh PC qua mt u ni c 9 hoc 25 chn. Khc vi u ni ca cng song song, u ni ca cng ni tip l nhng phch cm trong khi cng song song l cm. Hu ht cc loi my tnh c nhn c ch to gn y u c hai cng ni tip, hn hu mi c trng hp ch c mt cng. Cng u tin t tn l COM1 thng dng cho chut, cng th hai gi l cng COM2 thng dng cho cc mc ch ghp ni khc. Trong trng hp c nhiu cng th c nh du tip l COM3 v COM4. a s my tnh s dng u ni 9 chn cho COM1 v u ni 25 chn cho cng COM2, s cc trng hp s dng hai u ni Hnh 3.2. Sp xp chn cng ni tip RS - 232 9 chn cho cc cng ni tip thng khng nhiu. Tiu chun u tin p dng cho cng ni tip quy nh s dng u ni 25 chn, cng vi cc tn gi v chc nng rt c th cho tng chn. Cho n nay quy nh ny mang tnh lch s, bi v trn thc t ch c 9 ng dn c s dng. u ni theo tiu chun 25 chn do c kch thc ln cho nn chim ch nhiu trong khi li c rt nhiu chn khng dng n, cho nn xu hng s dng u ni 9 chn ngy cng ph bin. Cc chn v chc nng trn u ni 25 chn v 9 chn c m t nh bng sau: Bng 3.1. Cc chn v chc nng trn u ni 25 chn v 9 chn Chn (25 chn) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chn (9 chn) 3 2 7 8 6 Tn Frame Ground t v my Transmit Data Truyn d liu Receiver Data Nhn d liu Request To Send Yu cu gi Clear To Send Xo gi Data Set Ready Vit tt FG TxD <= RxD => RTS <= CTS => DSR Chc nng Chn ny thng c ni vi v bc kim ca my tnh, vi v my,hoc t thc s. D liu c gi t DTE ti DCE qua ng dn TD D liu c gi t DCE ti DTE qua ng dn RD DTE t ng ny ln mc hot ng khi sn sng truyn d liu DCE t ng ny ln mc hot ng thng bo cho DTE l n phi sn sng nhn d liu Tnh hot ng ging CTS nhng
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D liu sn sng 7 8 20 22 5 1 4 9 Signal Ground t ca tn hiu Data Carier Detect Data Terminal Ready (u cui d liu sn sng) Ring Indicate Bo chung => SG DCD => DTR <= RI => c kch hot bi DTE khi n sn sng nhn d liu. Tt c cc tn hiu c so snh vi t tn hiu Pht hin tn hiu mang d liu Tnh hot ng ging vi RTS nhng c kch hot bi DCE khi mun truyn d liu Ch bo l DCE ang nhn tn hiu rung chung
c im ca ng truyn d liu qua cng ni tip l tin hnh truyn v nhn trn cc ng dn n l, cho nn khi thit b truyn v thit b nhn c ghp ni vi nhau th ng truyn bn ny s c ni vi ng nhn bn kia v ngc li. C nh vy mi hnh thnh c vng kn ca qu trnh truyn d liu. lu mi quan h bt cho tay nh vy ngi ta a vo du x gia TD (TxD) v RD (RxD). Vic truyn d liu qua cng ni tip RS232 c tin hnh theo kiu khng ng b, trong khun mu d liu c bit bt u, bit dng c ch ra nh hnh v sau: Bit Start K t Bit Start Bit Stop K t K t
Hnh 3.3. Truyn thng theo kiu khng ng b R rng theo cch truyn ny ch c mt k t c truyn ti mt thi im. Gia cc k t c mt khong phn cch gia chng trong c cha bit dng, bit bt u. u tin b truyn s gi mt bit bt u (bit Start) thng bo cho b nhn bit l sau bit ny s l cc bit d liu c th l 5,6 hoc 7 bit. Tip theo l mt bit chn l v sau cng l 1 hoc 2 bit dng. im ng ch l bao gi bit bt u cng mc LOW. Khong thi gian phn cch ca mt bit n s quyt nh tc truyn. Khong phn cch cng nh th tc truyn cng ln Bit start Bit chn l 2 bit dng -12v 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 +12v
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
S0
S1
K t ASCII Hnh 3.4. Mc lgic v khun mu khung truyn RS232 Bit bt u ~ mc 0, tip theo l 7 bit d liu 1000001,1 bit chn l 1, cui cng l 2 bit dng 11. Nh vy, ton b khung truyn c pht ra l 01000001111. Bit chn l dng kim tra pht hin li v sa li. Thc cht ca qu trnh ny nh sau: Khi k t c truyn th my tnh
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s m s k t 1 trong k t c truyn. Nu s l chn => bit chn l =1; Nu s l l => bit chn l =0. ni nhn s kim tra k t nhn c v m s 1, sau s so snh vi bit chn l. Nu kt qu trng khp th khung truyn coi nh khng mc li, ngc li n s pht lnh yu cu truyn li khung truyn. Nu t l mc li cng nhiu th tc truyn cng gim. K thut m li chn l theo kiu ny c mt c im rt n gin, nhng trong trng hp b mc li 2 ln lin hoc 4 li lin th lai khng pht hin ra. Nhng trn thc t vi 7 bit c truyn th kh nng b mc 2 hoc 4 li l rt nh c th xem nh khng bao gi xy ra. Chnh v vy, cch m li theo kiu ny vn c dng ph bin trong k thut truyn d liu qua cng ni tip. Tc truyn: nh gi cht lng ca cuc truyn d liu qua cng ni tip th mt trong nhng thng s c trng quan trng l tc truyn/nhn d liu. Trong k thut truyn d liu qua cng ni tip ta thy c bit bt u, bit dng. Trong mt s trng hp c bit chn l c b xung vo, nh vy c ti 10 bit c truyn trong khi ch c 7 bit d liu, cn trong trng hp s dng 2 bit dng th c ti 11 bit truyn trong khi ch c 7 bit d liu. Nh vy nu c 10 k t c gi trong 1 giy v nu nh c 11 bit c s dng cho 1 k t th tc truyn thng s l 110 bit/s. Nh vy gia tc truyn bit v tc truyn k t l khc nhau. Ngoi tc truyn bit ngi ta cn s dng tc baud. y l tn ca mt nh k thut ngi Php ginh nhiu cng sc nghin cu v truyn thng v ngi ta ly tn ng lm n v truyn d liu. Thng thng tc bit v tc baud l ng nht, ch trong trng hp c mdem do c thm qu trnh bin i tn hiu nn 2 tc ny n khc nhau. Bng 3.2. Tc bps lin quan vi s cc k t c truyn Tc bps 110 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 19200 56600 3.5. MT S CHUN GHP NI RS232 sau nhiu ln ci tin vn cn mt s nhc im: Khong cch truyn cn hn ch (15 m), Tc truyn cha cao (100 Kbps). V vy c mt s tiu chun c ra i nhm khc phc nhng nhc im do chun RS232 li. Cc tiu chun l RS422, RS423A, RS485, tt c cc chun ny u bt u bng RS. 3.5.1. RS422 L tiu chun u tin c ci tin t tiu chun RS232C trong c 2 c im khong cch v tc truyn u c ci tin c th: RS422 cho php tng tc c vi Mbit/s. Cc vi mch thng thng c s dng cho chun RS232C nh: MAX232(Maxim), LT232(Linear Technology) u khng th s dng cho chun ny. Ngoi ra khong cch truyn cng c ci thin t 15m -> 1200m, tt nhin khi phi chp nhn mt tc truyn va phi c nh 90 Kbps. Ci tin: V mt bn cht vn truyn d liu theo kiu ni tip nhng cch truyn thay i. C th l mc logic ca tn hiu khng c tnh theo ng Mas (0v) m c tnh theo in p vi sai(chnh lch in p gia 2 ng dn) khi b m ng dn ca RS422 to ra mt in K t /s 11 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5660
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p vi sai ~ 5v v truyn trn 2 si dy son, sau bn nhn s c mt b phi hp mc o vi sai in p phn bit gia mc HIGH v mc LOW. RS422 quy nh mt cp tn hiu c s dng truyn ch khng phi mt tn hiu nh trong RS232, cp ny bao gm: Tn hiu khng o k hiu (A) v tn hiu o (B). Chnh lch in p gia tn hiu A v B khong 2->6V v s xy ra 2 trng hp: UA m so vi UB -> A c mc logic 1(mc du) UA dng so vi UB -> A c mc logic 0(mctrng) Cc gi tr in p ny kt hp vi cc thng s c quy nh tr khng ng cp s t ra mt gii hn thc t cho di ca ng truyn cc i. Tnh ton cho thy khong cch c th t n 1200m v y l khong cch l tng i vi rt nhiu ng dng. Trong trng hp s dng ng truyn ngn c th nng tc truyn ln 10 Mbps. Nguyn nhn xu xa ca vic ci thin c khong cch truyn l tn hiu nhiu khi nh hng n mt ng tn hiu cng ng thi gy nh hng n ng tn hiu kia v nh vy khi so snh vi nhau s b b tr. V vy tho mn c iu kin ny th hai ng tn hiu phi nm rt st nhau. Trn thc t ngi ta gii quyt bng cch son hai si dy li vi nhau. Khi khng ch bn c hc ca cp c tng ln m nh hng ca nhiu cng c b tr tha ng. 3.5.2. CHUN RS423A c im ca chun ny l ngi ta s dng in p khng cn bng(khng i xng). N ch s dng mt ng dn truyn ging nh RS232 nhng thng s in c ci tin c tc cao hn v ng truyn di hn, c th l gim in p xung ch cn 0->6v trong 0v~HIGH(1) 6v~LOW(0). Cc tn hiu ca chun RS232C thng c s dng to ra tn hiu iu khin trn cng mt cp truyn trong khi cc tn hiu ca RS423A c s dng cho c d liu v cho c vic phn chia khong thi gian. 3.5.3. CHUN RS485 y l kt qu trc tip ca vic ci tin RS422 theo hng cho nhiu thnh vin c th tham gia vo cuc truyn. Ta bit cc chun va trnh by trn ch cho php hai thnh vin tham gia truyn d liu vi nhau, trong trng hp mun a thm thnh vin th ba vo th gii php v phn cng rt phc tp trong khi nhiu ng dng thc t cn c kh nng truyn d liu gia mt s thnh vin vi nhau. C th ni vic a ra chun ny thc cht l cho php hnh thnh mt bus d liu trn c nhiu hn hai thnh vin tham gia, cho n nay con s c th t n 32. V mt gii php k thut th vic a chun ni tip tr thnh mt bus i hi phi c s h tr ca cc vi mch 3 trng thi(HIGH,LOW,in tr cao). Mc logic 1 c n nh tng t RS422 c th t -1,5->-6V, mc logic 0 nm trong khong 1,5->6V. B m ng dn ca chun ny cng to ra mt in p vi sai 5V trn hai ng dn /truyn d liu v mc in p cng c tnh theo phng php vi sai. Chnh nh ci tin ny m vic ghp ni nhiu thit b o lng (my tnh) vi nhau tr nn ht sc n gin. ng dng ca RS485 Mt th d s dng RS485 l theo di lng hng xut nhp cc kho xng du. Cc b c th cha nhiu loi xng khc nhau, tng cng c th n 32 b cha c qun l ng thi. Ngi ta qun l bng cch mi b a vo mt u o v gn cho u o mt a ch m thc cht l mt m s. Cc thng tin v u o s c chuyn qua RS485 vo my tnh. Ti b x l my tnh s c cc s liu cng vi cc m s km theo. Trn c s s bit ngay l s lng o lng c gi t b no v, cc s liu ny c em kt hp vi kch thc hnh hc, nhit b, nhit mi trng t hnh thnh mt c s d liu cho php qun l lng xng du ang c bo qun trong kho, lng xut nhp trong ngy, tun, thng. 3.5.4. SO SNH CC CHUN GHP NI Giao din ni tip RS232C(V.24) l mt giao din in p thun tu trong cc mc logic HIGH hoc LOW u l cc mc in p nm trong khong 3->12V hoc -3->-12V l cc mc logic c c v c tnh so vi mt ng mas chung. u im c bit ca n l vic x l
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ht sc n gin theo ngha tm li rt nhanh hoc vit phn mm iu khin ht sc n gin. Chnh v vy vic ghp ni qua cng ny c p dng rt ph bin v kh nng giao tip cng rt ln theo ngha l rt nhiu loi thit b ngoi vi ca nhiu hng khc nhau vi nhiu mu m khc nhau u c th ghp ni c vi cng ny. Nhc im ca giao din ny trc ht l khong cch truyn cn hn ch v tc truyn d liu cha cao. Cc giao din RS422 v RS485 u l cc giao din vi sai in p i xng. Trong trng hp ny vic truyn d liu c tin hnh trn ng dn vi sai in p v do vy hai ng dn c xon vi nhau thnh cp khc hn vi trng hp ca RS232 trong mc in p trn ng truyn v ng nhn c tnh so vi ng mas chung. V vy, thng tin nhn c l t in p vi sai gia hai ng truyn v trn hai dy dn ch khng pha l t gi tr in p tuyt i tnh so vi in th ca ng mas chung. Do cch truyn ny m nhiu in t ni chung khng nh hng n qu trnh truyn d liu. Kt qu l c th tng tc truyn ln ti 10 Mbps. Bng 3.3. So snh gia cc loi giao din RS232C, RS422, RS485 Chc nng Loi giao din Kh nng chng nhiu S b m cc i S b nhn cc i di ng truyn cc i Tc truyn cc i in p li ra ca b m: - Khng ti - C ti in tr li ra ca b m in tr li vo ca b nhn D nhy ca b nhn V.24/RS232C Lin kt im -im Giao din in p khng i xng Thp 1 1 15m 20(100)Kbaud RS422 Lin kt im -im Giao din in p i xng Cao 1 1 1200m 10Mbaud RS485 Lin kt bus Giao din in p i xng vi kh nng ba trng thi Cao 32 32 1200m 10Mbaud
15V 5V 3-7 K 3-7K 3V
5V 2V 100 K > 4 K 200 mV
5V 1,5V 54-60 K >12K 200 mV
Nhn xt: Gia RS422 v RS 485 c mt s khc nhau v c bn l: Chun RS422 thc hin chc nng lin kt im-im, trong khi b m ca giao din RS485 c th c chuyn mch trong trng thi in tr cao, v vy cho php hnh thnh lin kt bus. Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta phi hn ch nh hng gia cc thnh vin ca khi ghp ni c bit l trong trng hp ng truyn di, khi ngi ta phi thc hin cch li v in gia hai thnh vin bng cch a vo b ghp ni quang. Trong b ghp ni quang bao gm hai linh kin: Diot pht quang LED (Light Emitting Diode) v Transtor quang. Khi c dng in chy qua theo hng thun th diot s pht ra nh sng v di vo cc gc ca transtor quang lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi dn(c dng in chy qua). Nh vy, vic c dng in chy qua diot bao gi cng ko theo dng in i qua transtor, nh vy m ngi ta c th dng b ghp ni quang vo mc ch truyn d liu. u im ca n l gia bn truyn v bn nhn c cch li v in, v vy nu c s c sy ra mt bn th s khng ko theo s c bn kia.
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3.6. LP TRNH CHO CNG RS232 Vic truyn d liu qua cng ni tip c tin hnh qua RS232 hay c th hn l RS232C. Trong chun ny s cc ng dn c quy nh truyn l 9. D liu c gi theo ng TXD v nhn theo ng RXD cng vi mt ng tr v t chung. Su ng cn li c s dng vo mc ch bt tay v c th c chia ra lm hai loi li vo v li ra nh sau: Cc ng dn bt tay li vo: RI, DSR, CTS. Cc ng dn bt tay li ra: RTS, DTR. ng vai tr iu khin qu trnh truyn thng ni tip l vi mch 8250. Vi mch ny c th lp trn v mch chnh ca my tnh PC cng c th c lp rp trn mt card vo ra. V vy, mun lp trnh iu khin qu trnh truyn thng th ta phi tm cch lm ch v truy cp ln cc thanh ghi ca vi mch ny. 3.6.1. B TRUYN NHN KHNG NG B VN NNG 8250 Chc nng: Truyn v nhn d liu ni tip v d b. Tn gi: UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) Cc chc nng chnh ca vi mch Chuyn i tn hiu song song i t b x l ca my tnh thnh tn hiu ni tip truyn ra khi my tnh v ngc li. B xung cc bit: bt u, chn l, dng, vo mi k t hnh thnh khung truyn v ly ra nhng bit t cc k t nhn c. Duy tr tnh trng cc bit ring bit c pht ra vi tc truyn d liu thch hp, tnh ton cc bit chn l trn cc k t nhn v truyn, ng thi thng bo cho h thng bit bt k mt sai st no c pht hin. Thit lp cc tn hiu bt tay phn cng thch hp v thng bo trng thi ca cc mch . thc hin cc chc nng k trn, UART c cc giao tip chnh sau: Giao tip vi h thng bus vo/ra ca CPU Giao tip vi tn hiu ng h h thng Giao tip vi cng ni tip theo chun RS232C Vi mach 8250 c 40 chn v c sp xp theo s sau:
Hnh 3.5. Sp xp cc chn vi mch 8250. Trong s ny, ngi ta quan nim vi mch ging nh hp en. Da vo kh nng giao tip vi bn ngoi ta c th suy on ra chc nng ca cc khi bn trong. C 8 ng dn d liu c a trc tip n vi mch. Trong khi c 11 ng dn a ch th ch c 3 ng c a n vi mch l t A0 -> A2 . 8 ng dn cn li a vo b gii m a ch(nguyn tc hot ng ca b gii m a ch c gii thiu phn bus m rng). Phn pha di khi gii m a ch l phn quy nh a ch bng phn cng, 8 ng dn a ch a n b gii m c so snh vi cc a ch c quy nh bng phn cng v lm thay i mc logic ca chn CS. B giao ng thch anh ca vi mch lm vic vi tn s giao ng 1,8432MHz c u vo 2 chn XTAL1 v XTAL2, 8 ng dn ni tip u i qua b o. B o ny nhm ly mc logic ngc
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v chuyn li dng tn hiu. Chnh v vy trong chun RS232 quy nh mc logic ngi ta chn ngc so vi trng hp thng thng trong cc mc HIGH li c in p thp v mc LOW li c in p cao. Hai ng dn yu cu ngt l IRQ3 v IRQ4. Cc cng ni tip t 1 -> 4 c phn bit qua cc v tr a ch trong vng vo ra ca my tnh v cc s hiu ngt IRQ tng ng. Trong a ch u tin ca UART c th l a ch ca thanh ghi m truyn nhn c tnh l a ch c s. Thng thng, a ch c s v IRQ c quy nh bi cc cu ni trn card vo ra. Quan h gia a ch c s v yu cu ngt IRQ c m t nh sau: Bng 3.4. a ch v ngt ca cc cng ni tip Cng COM1 COM2 COM3 COM4 a ch c s 3F8 2F8 3E8 2E8 IRQ IRQ4 IRQ3 (IRQ4) (IRQ3)
COM1 v COM3 cng nh COM3 v COM4 u dng chung mt ngt. iu c ngha ti mt thi im ch c th s dng mt phn mm cho cc ngt ca 1 trong 2 cng. Khi ta s dng nhiu hn 2 cng ni tip th trong chng trnh khng nn s dng ngt bi v rt d sy ra tnh trng tranh chp. V vy khi my tnh c trang b cng COM3 v COM4 th vn s dng ngt cho cng ni tip cn phi c tm hiu v cn nhc ht sc k lng.
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3.6.2. CC THANH GHI TRN UART 8250 Trn vi mch ny c nhiu thanh ghi v c chia lm 3 loi Thanh ghi iu khin (Control Register) : dng nhn v thc hin cc lnh t CPU. Thanh ghi trng thi (Status Register) : dng thng bo cho CPU bit UART ang lm g . Thanh ghi m (buffer Register) : dng d k t trong lc truyn hoc x l. Cc thanh ghi ny cng gi cc k t nh phn c truyn v nhn. Vic la chn cc thanh ghi c thc hin qua a ch v khi iu khin. Mi thanh ghi c gn mt a ch so snh tng i (offset) vi a ch c s ca cng ni tip u tin trong hu ht cc my tnh c tiu chun ho . C th ni ton b hot ng ca giao din ni tip c iu khin qua cc thanh ghi ca UART , trong thanh ghi m truyn / nhn d liu thng c tnh l hai thanh ghi. Do ch c 8 a ch nn cn n s chuyn mch bn trong qua bit DLAB (bit 7 ca thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn ). Cc a ch ca tng thanh ghi u c tnh theo khong cch n a ch c s, khong cch ny thng c gi l offse. Tu theo thanh ghi, offset nhn gi tr c th trong khong t 0-7. Bng 3-5 gii thiu mt danh sch cc thanh ghi ca vi mch 8250 v cc a ch ca chng. Ni dung ca bng rt quan trng, c bit khi ta mun trao i vi cc thanh ghi tin hnh cc ng dng ghp ni my tnh. Bng 3-5: Cc thannh ghi trn vi mch 8250 DLAB 0 0 x x x x x x 1 1 A2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 A1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 A0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Thanh ghi B m nhn (c)-B m Truyn (ghi) Cho php ngt Nhn dng ngt (ch c) iu khin ng truyn iu khin mem Trng thi ng truyn Trng thi mem Khng dng *) Cht b chia (LSB) Cht b chia (LSB) a ch 3F8(2F8) 3F9 (2F9) 3FA (2FA) 3FB (2FB) 3FC (2FC) 3FD (2FD) 3FE (2FE) 3F8 (2F8) 3F9 (2F9) Gii thch a ch c s CCS+1 CCS+2 CCS+3 CCS+4 CCS+5 CCS+6 C c s CCS+1
*) Ch l : vi mch 8250 a ch ny khng c s dng , nhng t phin bn 16450 thanh ghi ng vi a ch ny c gi l thanh ghi lu tr c / vit tm thi , hoc thanh ghi nhp (scratch pad) vi a ch c th l 3FF (hoc 2FF) hay a ch c s. Vi mch UART 8250 c tt c 10 thanh ghi, sau y ta s ln lt tm hiu cc thanh ghi ny:
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3.6.2.1. Cc thanh ghi gi
Nh thy r t tn gi, cc thanh ghi ny thc cht l cc b m c chuyn dng gi mt k t, k t ny c nhn nhng cha c c, hoc mt k t c gi ti cng ni tip cc thanh ghi gi (holding register) thng uc gi l cc b m nhn hoc b m truyn . Vic s dng cc b m nhn v truyn cng l mt c im ca vi mch 8250. c im ny cho php mt k t th hai c gi ti cng ni tip trc khi k t th nht c truyn hoc c xong xui bi b x l. Trong thi gian ch k t th nht c truyn hoc c, k t th hai nm trong b m . Vit ton b m TX/ RX B m TX
3F8h
TD
c t b m TX/ RX
B m RX
3F8h
RD
Hnh 3.6. c ra v ghi vo t b m TX/RX Sau y ta s thy r hn l : trng thi ca b m truyn v b m nhn c quy nh bi thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn, c th hn l bit 7 ca thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn LCR (Line Control Register). Khi bit ny c t bng 0 th thao tc c t a ch c s s c t b m RX v thao tc vit s vit vo b m TX. Mt th d v qu trnh ny c minh ho trn hnh 3-6.
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3.6.2.2. Thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn
Mt thanh ghi khc trong vi mch 8250 c gi l thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn LCR (Line Control Register). Thanh ghi ny gi cc tham s c ngi lp trnh thit lp v xc nh khun mu ca cuc trao i thng tin. Cc thng tin v: cc bt d liu, s lng bit dng v kiu chn l c s dng u c ct gi trong thanh ghi ny. D liu c th c vit vo thanh ghi ny v c c ra sau y. Hnh v sau minh ho chc nng cc thanh ghi LCR. t break 0 - Normal output 1 - Gi mt break Stick bit 0 Khng c bit stick 1 C bit stick S cc bit dng 0 1 bit dng 1 1,5 bit dng t s bit trn mi t 00 - 5 bit, 01 - 6 bit 10 - 7 bit, 11 - 8 bit Bit parity 0 - Khng bit parity 1 - Parity Loi parity 1- Parity chn 0 - Parity l Hnh 3.7. Thanh ghi iu khin ng truyn Cc bt 0 v 1. Gi tr c ct gi trong cc bt nh phn ny ch r cc bt d liu trong tng k t c truyn. S cc bit trn mt k t c th nm trong khong t nm n tm bt, cho php xc nh di ca t (word). Li gii thch cho bit 0 v 1 trn hnh 3 7 lm sng t thm vai tr ca cc bt ny. Bit 2 ch r s cc bt dng trong mi su k t . Nu nh bt 2 l mt gi tr logic 0 th mt bit dng s c vi mch 8250 to ra. Nu k t c truyn c su, by hoc tm bit d liu v bit 2 c t vo mt logic 1 th hai bit dng s c to ra v nh km vo tng t c truyn. Nu nh nm bit d liu c chn nh h thng m dng cho mt k t th cn n 1,5 bit dng chn vo trong t d liu. Yu cu ny l cn thit thch ng vi cc thit b c trn do s dng nm bit d liu . Bit 3 c quy nh l bit cho php chn l. Nu bit ny c gi tr lgic 1 th mt bit chn l s c to ra v chn vo tng xu k t. Do tnh chn l c cho php ln bt k k t no nhn c cng u c kim tra v bit chn l . Bit 4 Kiu chn l c chn, l hoc chn,c xc nh bng cch t bit 4. Khi ct gi mt trng thi logic 0 v tr ny c ngha l t tnh chn l l l v ngc li, ct gi mt trng thi logic 1 bit 4 c ngha l t tnh chn l l chn. Nu nh bit 3, cho php chn l, b cm bng cch t mt gi tr logic 0 vo v tr ny th bt k l gi tr bit nh th no t v tr bit 4 cng khng c tc dng. Bit 5 (bit strick parity).Nu nh bit 3 v bit 5 c t gi tr logic 1 th khi b truyn xut ra mt k t, b nhn ti ch (local) s pht hin nh mt gi tr lgic 1.
D7 D6 D5
D4 D3 D2 D1
D0
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Bit 6 c quy nh l bit BREAK (dng). Khi c t mt gi tr lgic 1 th n bt buc SOUT (serial out hay TxD) chuyn sang mc lgic trng cho n khi mt gi tr 0 c ct gi bit 6. Cch hot ng ny cho php my tnh bo hiu cho thit b u cui l c ni nh mt phn cu h thng truyn thng. Bit 7 phi c dt mt gi tr lgic 1 truy nhp cc cht s chia (Divisor Latches). Cc cht ny l nhng thanh ct gi s chia tn hiu gi nhp (ng h), s ny quy nh tc baud ca h thng truyn thng ni tip. Mi ln tc baud c t li th bit ny (bit 7) li c t v gi tr lgic 0.
3.6.2.3. Thanh ghi tc baud

C mt im trc ht cn lu : Tuy gi l thanh ghi tc baud nhng trn thc t trn thanh ghi khng lu tr gi tr ca tc baud m d liu c truyn ; trn hai thanh ghi 8 bit ch cha s chia 16 bit c dng suy ra tc baud. Tc baud c t bng cch np mt s chia chim 16 bit, bng 8 bit thp hn ca s chia t trn a ch b m TX/RX v 8 bit pha trn t trn a ch k tip sau b m TX/RX. S tng gp i s cc thanh ghi l cn thit v khi bit 7 hoc thanh ghi LCR (thng vit tt l DLAB) c t li v gi tr lgic 0 hai a ch ny gn lin vi b m nhn v b m truyn. Khi bit DLAB c t vo mt gi tr lgic 1 th hai a ch ny gn lin vi hai cht s chia. Cc cht chia bao gm 16 bit hay 2 byte, c xp xp thnh cc bt c gi tr thp LSB (Least Significant Bit ) v bit c gi tr cao hn MSB (Most Significant Bit) c s dng trong vic t tc baud ca h thng truyn thng. Gi tr ct gi trn hai thanh ghi ny ph thuc vo tn s ca b cng hng thch anh c ni vi chn XTAL 1 v XTAL 2 (chn 16 v chn 17) ca vi mch 8250, c th l gi tr ny c nhn vi 16 ri c s dng chia tn s ca tn hiu ng h ca cng ni tip. ng h ca cng ni tip c tiu chun ho trong cc my tnh c nhn i u tn s 1.8432 MHz. Nu cn c tc baud bng 1200 baud th theo cch tnh sau y s c c gi tr s chia tng ng . 1.200 =
1843200 1843200 => sochia = = 96 = 060 (Hex) 16 * sochia 16 * 1200
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Bi v cc cht s chia c rng l hai byte, gi tr 060 Hex cn c chia ra ct gi trn hai thanh ghi LSB v MSB. Vi gi tr tc baud bng 1200 trong v d ny, 60 Hex c ct gi trong LSB (bit c gi tr nh ) v gi tr 0 c ct gi trong MSB (bit c gi tr ln hn ). Bng 3-6 minh ho mt s tc baud v cc gi tr s chia tng ng di c 2 dng thp phn v thp lc phn (Hex). Gi tr ny ca s chia c np vo b m TX/RX khi bit DLAB c mt gi tr lgic 1 t vo. Bng 3-6 Bng tc baud ng vi xung nhp 1,8432 MHz Tc baud Mun c 50 75 110 134,5 150 300 600 1200 1800 2000 2400 3600 4800 7200 9600 S chia c dng to ra:16xng h (Thp phn) (Hex) 2304 900 1536 600 1047 417 857 359 768 300 384 180 192 0C0 96 060 64 040 58 03A 48 030 32 020 24 018 16 010 12 00C Sai s theo phn trm (sai khc gia mong mun v thc t ) 0,026 0,058 0,69 -
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3.6.2.4. Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn
Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn(LSR: line status register)c minh ho trn hnh 3-8 l mt thanh ghi 8 bit cha thng tin v qu trnh truyn d liu qua cng ni tip cn cung cp cho b vi x l . Bit 0 .Bit thng bo cho bit s liu nhn c (DR: Data Received). Bit 0 c t vo mt gi tr lgic 1 khi d liu c nhn v sn sng b x l c Bit 1 . Mt gi tr lgic 1 bit ny c ngha l k t nhn trc b mt v n khng c c trc khi mt k t mi c nhn. K t mi ghi ln k t trc. Bit 2 . Mt gi tr lgic 1 bit li chn l c ngha l k t c nhn c tnh chn l sai. Khi thanh ghi trng thi ng dn(LSR) c c, bit ny c t v gi tr lgic 0. Bit 3 . Nu k t nhn khng c mt bit dng hp l th bit 3 trong thanh ghi LSR c t vo mt gi tr lgic 1. Bit 4 : c quy nh l bit gin on ngt (Break Interrupt Bit). Bit ny c t ng t vo mt gi tr lgic 1 khi d liu nhn c c gi mt mc trng trn chiu di ca mt t d liu. Bit 5 : c quy nh l bit bo hiu trng thi rng ca mt b m truyn (THRE : Transmit Holding Register Empty) Bt ny bo hiu l cng ni tip sn sng tio nhn k t khc c chuyn. Bit 6 : V tr bit ny l mt bit ch c. Khi bit ny c gi tr lgic 1 th b truyn ang cn trng. t thnh 1 khi b m truyn trng rng t thnh 1 khi k t c np vo b m truyn Li khung truyn Li chn l Tn hiu lm dng c pht hin
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
t thnh 1 khi d liu nhn c Hnh 3.8. Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn Li trn Bit 7 : Khng c s dng v lun c t gi tr lgic 0 . truy nhp ln thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn ta lu ti mt s chc nng ca thanh ghi ny. Thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn (LSR: Line Status Register) xc nh trng thi ca b m truyn v b m nhn. Thanh ghi ny ch dng c ra, tt c cc bit c t ng dt bng phn cng. Vai tr cc bt c minh ho trn hnh 3-8. Khi xut hin li trong qu trnh truyn 1 k t th mt (hoc mt vi) bit li c t bng1. Mt iu ri ro c th xy ra khi truyn d liu l mt k t mi c th vit vo b m truyn trc khi k t trc y c gi. K t mi ny s vit ln ni dung ca k t ang c truyn. trnh tnh trng ny bit S5 c kim tra xc nh xem liu vn cn mt k t trong b nh. Nu c th n c t thnh 1.bng khng th b m truyn l trng rng. truyn mt k t : Kim tra bit 6 cho n khi c t ;(Test bit 6 until set:) Truyn k t ;(send character:) Mt on chng trnh (routine) in hnh c vit bng Pascal nh sau : repeat status := port(LSR) and $40 until (status:=$40);
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Khi nhn d liu ,bit S0 c kim tra xc nh xem liu c bit trong b m nhn. nhn k t: Kim tra bit 0 cho n ki c t ; (test bit 0 until set;) c k t ; (read character ;) Mt on chng trnh in hnh c vit bng Pascal nh sau : Repeat Status :=port[LSR] and $01; Until (staus=$01);
3.6.2.5. Thanh ghi cho php ngt

Hai thanh ghi c s dng iu khin v xc nh cc ngun ngt. Thanh ghi u tin trong hai thanh ghi l thanh ghi cho php ngt IER (Interrupt Enable Register) cn thanh ghi th hai l thanh ghi nhn dng ngt IIR (Interrupt Identification Register). Nu nh kh nng ngt ca vi mch cho php v mt ngt xut hin th bt xut ra ngt t 8250 chim ly mc logic 1. Tn hiu ny c ni vi bus ngt cng ca my tnh. Lgc 1 trn bus ny bo hiu cho b s l bit v cn phi ch ti cng ni tip. Hnh 3 9 minh ho s phn b ca cc bt trn thanh ghi IER . Bit 0 . Mi ln nhn mt k t th mt ngt li c to ra . Bt ny c t li (reset) sau khi k t c b s l c . Bit 1 . Nu bit ny c t mt gi tr lgic 1 th b m truyn (thanh ghi gi truyn ) trng v mt ngt xut hin . Bit 2: cho php c s thay i trong trng thi ng truyn b nhn theo cch gy ra mt ngt . Bt 3 : cho php c s thay i trong trng thi mdem ngt b s l . Cc bt 4 7 . Cc bt ny lun c t gi tr lgic 0 .
D7 D6 D5
D4 D3 D2
D1 D0
=1 Enable Data Available Interrupt =1 Enable TxD Holding Register Empty Interrupt =1 Enable Receiver Line Status Interupt =1 Enable Modem Status Interupt =0 =0 =0 =0 Hnh 3.9. Thanh ghi cho php ngt
3.6.2.6. Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
= 0 if Interrupt Pending = Interrupt ID Bit 0 = Interupt ID Bit 1 =0 =0 =0 =0 =0 Hnh 3.10. Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt
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Nu nh mt ngt xut hin th phn mm chng trnh phi kim tra thanh ghi xc nh xem s kin no ang gy ra ngt. Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt IIR (Interrupt Identification Register) cha ng m , nhn dng iu kin (ngt) no ang yu cu ch . Bng 3.7. Cc mc u tin ca tng ngt Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt Cc ngt v t li chc nng Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Mc u Kiu ngt Ngun ngt tin 0 0 1 Khng dng Khng dng 1 1 0 Cao nht Trng thi Li trn hoc ng nhn li chn l hoc li khung truyn hoc break interrupt 1 0 0 Th hai C d liu C d liu nhn nhn 0 1 0 Th ba B m B m truyn trng truyn trng iu khin t li ngt c thanh ghi trng thi ng truyn
Th t
Trng thi Mem
Xo gi Hoc d liu Sn sng hoc Bo chung Hoc pht tn hiu ng nhn
c th_ghi m b nhn c th_ghi IR (nu l ngun ngt) hoc ghi vo b m truyn c thanh ghi trng thi mem
Bng trn y lit k cc mc u tin ca tng ngt. Ct t li ngt lit k tc ng no l cn n t li ngt c cht .
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3.6.2.7. Cc thanh ghi mem
Hai thanh ghi cui cng trong 8250 c s dng kim sot cng nh iu khin cc tn hiu bt tay. C th hai thanh ghi l : Thanh ghi iu khin mem Thanh ghi trng thi mem Thanh ghi iu khin mem l mt thanh ghi 8 bit , iu khin vic xut ra tn hiu bt tay. S sp sp cc bit v ngha ca vic xut ra cc tn hiu bt tay c quy nh trn hnh 3 11. Ngoi tn hiu DTR v RTS c m t trc y, c ba tn hiu b sung c th c s dng. Hai trong s l cc tn hiu out (ra ngoi). Trong mt s ng dng, c hai li ra out c th c s dng iu khin cc chc nng bn ngoi nh : cc r le b truyn khng dy (radi) hoc mem, cc b chuyn knh hoc cc thit b tng t. Li ra th ba t thanh ghi c gi l vng. Mt mc logic 1 vit vo v tr bit ny s t 8250 vo ch vng lp ngc. Khi hot ng ch ny ng dn TxD c ni vi ng dn RxD. ng thi ng dn RTS c ni vi ng dn CTS, DTR c ni vi DSR, cn out1 v out2 c ni vi cc ni vo RLSD v RI.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
=Data Terminal Ready (DTR) = Request To Send (RTS) =Out1 =Out 2 =Loop =0 =0 =0 Hnh 3.11. Thanh ghi iu khin modem Ch vng lp ngc cho php kim tra phn cng ca h thng. Nu nh thanh ghi iu khin mem cho php ngi lp trnh t cc ng dn bt tay ni ra th thanh ghi trng thi mem (MSR : Modem Status Register) h tr ngi lp trnh kh nng kim tra cc ng dn bt tay ni vo. Hnh 3 12 ch ra s sp xp cc bit trn thanh ghi MSR .
D7 D6 D5
D4
D3 D2 D1
D0
Delta Clear To Send (DCTS) Delta Data Set Ready (DDSR) Trailing Edge Ring Indicator (TER) Delta Rx Line Signal Detect (DRLSD) Clear To Send (CTS) Data Set Ready (DSR) Ring Indicator (RI) Receiver Line Signal Detect (RLSD) Hnh 3.12. Thanh ghi trng thi modem Bit 0. Mt gi tr lgic 1 bt ny c ngha l c s thay i theo cch xo li vo gi bi v bit ny va c c. Bit 1. Tng t nh bit 0, mt gi tr logic 1 v tr ny c ngha l c s thay i tn hiu li vo theo cch sn sng gi d liu. Bit 2. Cho php b x l bit l ng dn bo chung (Ring Indicator) thay i t gi tr logic 1->0.
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Bit 3. Mt gi tr lgic 1 bt ny c ngha l c s thay i trn ng dn pht hin c tn hiu nhn, bi v thanh ghi MSR va c c. Bit4. L phn b (Complement) ca tn hiu li vo CTS, bt ngun t thit b nhn bn ngoi. Bit 5. L phn b ca li vo RTS. Bit 6. L phn b ca li vo bo hiu chung. Bit 7. L phn b ca li vo pht hin tn hiu trn ng nhn ca vi mch 8250.
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CHNG IV - CNG USB

4.1. NHNG NT CHUNG
C th ni MTPC t khi ra i khng ngng pht trin. Hin nay my tnh PC vn ang c ci tin nhm nng cao nhng tnh nng ca h thng. Nhng hng chnh l: + Tip tc ci tin b vi x l cng nh a ra nhng b x l mi. + Ci tin cc h thng ha, v d: card AGP + Nng cao tc ca ng h h thng v ca chnh b x l. + Ci tin cc kin trc bus c bit cc cu PCI. + Hon thin cng ngh cm v chy (plug and play) v qu trnh t ng ci t. c bit hon thin cng USB tr gip cho vic d dng ghp ni. Nu nh my tnh dng ngun AT c hai cng RS 232 th pha sau cc my tnh i mi thng dng ngun ATX u c 2 cm USB. Cng USB thc cht l BUS ,bi v qua c th u ni ng thi rt nhiu thit b ngoi vi vi nhng chng loi khc nhau. V vy, c th gi bus USB l bus ni tip a nng theo ng ngha ca n. Bus USB nhm thng nht cc kiu ghp ni my tnh khc nhau v mt dng u ni v v vy kh nng ghp ni my tnh qua USB tr nn ht sc hp dn . Cc giao din song song ni tip, cc my ghp hnh nh s... u c th u ni vo bus USB.V vy trong tng lai bus USB s thc s tr thnh bus a nng. V ngun gc USB c a ra s dng u tin vo nm 1996, phi n gia nm 1998 mi thc s c h tr y v th hin vai tr ca n. Cc thng k k thut ca USB c cc cng ty ln cng tham gia xy dng.Trong phi k n Compaq, Digital Equipment, Nothern, Telecom, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC. C th ni bus USB nhanh chng tr thnh mt chun khng chnh thc. Ngi ta cng sn xut ra mt card m rng cho php cm vo cc my tnh i c to ra 2 cng USB . Sau khi USB c gii thiu c nhiu thit b s dng trong lnh vc in t dn dng, truyn thng c thit k ni vo vi bus ny v Microsoft vit phn mm h tr cho USB t nm 1998. Trong win 95 th USB c h tr rt y . USB l mt bus ni tip v d liu truyn trn bus tng t nh trong cng ni tip. C th l theo tng bit mt ni tip nhau. Nhng c mt im ng lu l d liu c truyn trn cng cc ng dn theo 2 hng trong khi theo tiu chun RS232 th d liu c truyn trn cc ng dn khc nhau nhng trn mi ng ch theo mt hng. S khc nhau c bn th hin ch cc giao din ni tip t trc n nay ch c th s dng cho mt thit b nhng bus USB li cho php u ni n 127 thit b.V vy c gi l mt bus. Mi thit b u vo u nhn mt a ch v thg qua a ch ny thit b c th trao i d liu vi my tnh cng nh cc thit b khc v a ch ny c m t bng 7 bit. V mt tc , vic trao i d liu qua bus USB nhanh hn so vi qua cng RS 232.Trn thc t vn tc truyn c th t c 12Mbps trn cc ng dn d liu. Di thng s c phn chia cho tt c cc thit b c u ni trn bus .Vi bus USB loi 1.0 tc truyn d liu ln ti 12 Mbps, nhng version 2.0 vn tc t ti 480Mbps vn gi c tnh tng thch phin bn 1.0. Bus USB c mi lin quan cht ch vi c tnh cm chy cc my tnh PC i mi trong khi my tnh ang hot ng, thit b c th c u vo hoc tho ra m khng cn tt in ngun nui trong my tnh. c tnh c gi l u ngt nng. H thng t nhn bit mt thit b mi c u vo thit b USB v lp tc np phn mm iu khin hay tp m thch hp. Nhng c tnh c bn ca bus USB c th k ra l: + Cc b truyn m thi c th hiu l truyn lin tc h tr cc tn hiu video v m thanh vi cc ng truyn ng thi th cc thit b truyn d liu theo kiu m thi v theo kiu on trc . +Bus USB h tr cc thit b khng ng thi, cc thit b c quyn u tin cao nht (cc thit b m thi cng nh ng thi c th tn ti cng mt thi im). +Cc thng s k thut cm chy cc cp v cch kt ni u c tiu chun ho rng ri trong cng nghip. +Cc Hub c sn xut thnh nhiu tng vi kh nng m rng cc mc gn nh v tn v cc thao tc xy ra ng thi.
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+Tc truyn l 12Mbps vi cc kch thc gi d liu khc nhau. +H tr nhiu yu cu v gii thng t mt vi Mbps n 19 Mbps. +H tr tc truyn d liu trn mt phm vi rng cc gi tr thng qua vic u tit kch thc b m gi d liu v c ch tim n(latency), c kh nng cm nng (hot plug). Ngha l cho php thit b ngoi vi c th c ni m khng cn phi tt ngun nui cung cp in cho my tnh. C th u, ngt v thay i cu hnh ca thit b ngoi vi mt cch linh hot . +Kh nng qun l nng lng c tng cng vi cc ch ngh trn phm vi h thng. +T nhn dng thit b ngoi vi kiu mi, t ng v bn chc nng i vi phn mm iu khin v cu hnh. +H tr cho cc thit b loi khc nhau vi nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. +iu khin lung d liu thng qua b m bng vic qun l giao thc t sn bn trong. +C th x l li v hon tr li. +H tr kh nng nhn dng cc thit b mc li. +Giao thc n gin trong vic thc hin v tch hp. USB l mt kin trc bus cn bng trong qu trnh hot ng my ch USB ng vai tr iu khin di thng ca h thng. Mi thit b c gn mt a ch mc nh khi thit b USB c cp in ln u hoc c t li. Mt c im c bn khc na ca USB in p ngun nui (+5v) c th nhn c t bus. Cc thit b c cng sut tiu th nh c th s dng trc tip in p trn bus m khng cn c ngun nui ring.
4.2. U NI V CP NI
USB c hai kiu u ni khc nhau c gi l A,B. H thng y c thit k sao cho khng xy ra hin tng u ni nhm. Bus USB s dng cp ni 4 si dy ni vi cc thit b ghp ni. Trong c mt cp ng truyn 2 si xon c dng lm ng dn d liu vi phn, k hiu l D+ v D-. Cn mt cp kia dng lm ng 5V v ng ni t chung. Cp ni lun c thc hin lin kt 1:1. S sp xp cc chn u ni cp tun theo nhng quy nh sau: Bng 4.1. Sp xp chn cng USB Chn 1 2 3 4 Tn gi vcc DD+ CND Mu dy Trng Xanh lc en M t + 5v DC DL DL+ Ni t
Hai cm USB pha sau my tnh i mi nht u l kiu A, qua c th u trc tip thit b USB vo my tnh. Cc thit b c tc thp nh chut c th u thng vo cm ny bng mt phch cm cng kiu A.
2 1 2 3 4 3 1 4
Kiu A Hnh 4.1. Cu trc cng USB
Kiu B
Trong cc trng hp khc thit b thng c mt cm kiu B, mun ni vi my tnh phi s dng mt cp kiu A,B. Trong trng hp cn ni di cp, tc l tng khong cch gia my tnh PC ti thit b ghp ni, ngi ta s dng cp A,A. Cho n nay cc cp USB u c cc nh sn xut cung cp di dng hon chnh trn u cm, di, cht lng bc kim chng nhiu u khng th thay i c.V vy, tu theo mc ch s dng ta phi la chn thng s cp cho chnh xc t chiu di cho n u ni. Mt iu ng lu l cho n nay mt
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s linh kin lin quan n USB cn tng i t v d: 1 vi iu khin ni vi USB gi 29 USD, 1 b bin i AD 12 bit gi 300 USD. Qua cm USB sau my tnh c th ly ra in p + 5v vi dng in tiu th 100 mA.Trong mt s trng hp c th ly ti 500 mA. Hai ng n d liu D +, D - cho php u ni vi cc linh kin USB c bit chng hn nh l mt s vi iu khin tn hiu chn D +,D l cc tn hiu vi phn vi mc in p = 0/ 3,3 v. in p ngun nui cho bus c th tng n 5,25 v v khi chu dng ti ln c th gim xung 4,2 v. Mt vi mch n p trong trng hp ny c th to ra mt in p n nh +3,3 v. Ton b h thng c th thit k sao cho khi chu dng ti ln in p ngun cng khng vt qu + 4,2v. Khi thit b ghp ni cn dng tiu th >100mA cn xem xt k kh nng cung cp v chu ti ca cc linh kin pha trong MT trnh nhng hu qu ng tic c th xy ra. Khi ghp ni mt thit b vi bus USB ta thng phi phn bit r cc thit b s dng ngun nui ring chng hn nh my in vi cc thit b nhn in p ngun nui qua bus.Trong mt s trng hp c hai ch ngun nui c th cng tn ti la ch theo cch thit k ca bus. Dng tiu th ly t bus c t ng hn ch. Khi dng tiu th vt qu gii hn cho php th in p cung cp cng t ng ngt.
4.3. TRUYN D LIU NI TIP QUA CNG USB

Mt c im khc na ca bus USB l ch c mt my ch ngha l mi hot ng trn bus u xut pht t my tnh PC qun l. D liu c gi ln cng nh nhn t bus theo nhng gi nh cha 8 -> 256 byte. My tnh PC c th yu cu d liu gi n t mt thit b nhng ngc li khng mt thit b no c th t gi d liu i. Ton b lng d liu u c mt khung ng bng 1ms.Trong phm vi mt khung nhiu gi d liu k tip dnh cho cc thit b khc nhau c th c x l, trong c nhng gi d liu cn gi vi tc thp, c nhng gi d liu cn gi vi tc cao cng tn ti trong mt khung. Khi cn ghp ni nhiu thit b USB vi my tnh, ta cn c mt hp phn phi hay cn gi l Hub cho php trnh xy ra tnh trng tc tn hiu cao c chuyn giao ti thit b c tc thp.
4.4. HUB USB

Bus USB l bus c dng hnh sao vi mt my ch trong s dng Hub u ni mt s thit b vo bus. C th ni Hub l mt hp phn phi c nhiu cng m thng thng l 4 cng. Thut ng Hub c ngun gc ting anh l May. Lin kt vi Hub gn ging nh mi quan h gia may v cc lan hoa trn bnh xe. Mt Hub bn ngoi c mt cng hng v my ch gi l Upstream v 4 cng hng ra thit b ghp ni gi l Downtream. ng ch l ngay trong my tnh c mt Hub gi l Hub trong to ra 2 cng USB kiu A sau my tnh. Hub ny c gi l Hub gc v thng c t ngay trn mainboard. Cng ra thit b ghp ni ca mt Hub li c th u thm mt Hub khc, v c nh vy hnh thnh mt cu trc phn tng. Moi Hub v mi dy cp u gy ra s gin tr d liu nhng thi gian tr khng vt qu gii hn Max c quy nh. Hub USB cho php 7 Hub ni vi nhau v nh vy c n 127 thit b c th c u vo mt Bus USB. Trn thc t, con s ny mang tnh l thuyt v tuy c th u vo 127 thit b nhng cng nhiu thit b ni vo th tc truyn cng chm do gii thng ca ton b bus b phn chia cho tng thit b u ni vo. Nhim v ca Hub l nhn bit cc thit b mi c u ni vo v tip theo cn phi nhn bit l thit b c tc cao hay thit b c tc thp. Ngoi ra Hub c th xo i mt thit b u vo bus nhng li c tho ra khi h thng. thc hin cc nhim v ny c nhng trng thi bus c to ra theo nhng cch c bit. Hub cng cung cp in p ngun nui cho thit b khi khi ng, mi thit b USB u tiu th dng in 100mA. Nu cn c mt dng in ln hn yu cu ny ht nhng yu cu ny cn phi c khai bo, sau Hub s cho pho php cp mt dng in ln hn. Vic hn ch dng in khng cho php vt qu mt gi tr n nh trc chng hn bng mt cu ch nhiu nc cn phi t ra i vi dng in tiu th. Trong Hub c cha mt b chuyn mch cng sut thch hp, chng hn di dng Transzitor MOS-FET cng sut. MOS Metal Oxyde Semiconductor FET Field Effect Tranitor.
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Cng tc ny chuyn mch song song nhiu cu ch theo cc bc=100mA. Dng in tiu th tng cng c th t ti 500mA. Mt Hub ngoi c th cung cp 100mA cho mi cng ra thit b ghp ni bi v n c php tip nhn tng cng khng qu 500mA v cn yu cu ring do chnh bn thn bus.
4.5. PHN CNG V PHN MM CA MY CH

Khi ni mt thit b vo bus th my ch USB s tng tc vi thit b USB thng qua b iu khin ca my ch. Khi my ch chu trch nhim v nhng cng vic sau: Pht hin vic kt ni hoc hu b ca cc thit b USB Qun l vic iu khin dng d liu gia my ch v cc thit b USB Thng k trng thi v tnh hot ng ca h thng. Cung cp dng in c np hn ch cng sut cho cc thit b USB c kt ni. Trn my ch c phn mm qun l h thng USB, c th qun l s tng tc gia cc thit b USB v phn mm thit b da trn my ch. C nm vng tng tc ga phn mm h thng USB v phn mm thit b c th l: im danh v nh cu hnh thit b. Truyn d liu trong ch ng thi. Truyn d liu trong ch khng ng b. Qun l nng lngQun l thng tin v thit b v v bus.
4.6. PHIN BN USB 2.0

Phin bn USB 1.0 ra i vo nm 1996 l mt thnh cng rt ln v by gi ang l cng tiu chun trn a s cc my tnh PC i mi. Hn ch chnh ca phin bn ny l tc truyn vn cn tng i chm. c bit khi tch hp nhiu thit b ngoi vi thnh mt h thng kt ni ring r. V vy, phin bn 2.0 c ra i cho php t ti tc truyn d liu trn 480Mbps trong khi vn gi tnh tng thch vi phin bn 1.0. Cc c tnh chnh ca phin bn 2.0 l: Tc thp(1,5Mbps) dng cho cc thit b tng tc. thng thng 10->100Kbps. Tc cao(12Mbps) dng cho cc ng dng c cc tn hiu din tho v m thanh. Thng thng 500Kbps->10Mbps. Tc rt cao(470Mbps) dng cho cc ng dng video v b nh. Thng thng 250>400Mbps. R rng l phin bn USB 2.0 s y nhanh qu trnh hng ti mt my tnh PC s dng trong tng lai tc l ch cn dng mt loi cng USB cho tt c cc thit b ghp ni.
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CHNG V - MEM
5.1. M U
ni my tnh vi ng truyn in thoi, thng qua trao i th in t, truy cp mng hoc thc hin cc bi ton o lng v iu khin ti mt v tr xa.... ta cn n mt thit b ph tr c tn l Modem. Nhng nm gn y, Modem tr thnh mt thit b ghp ni quen thuc vi nhiu ngi s dng my tnh PC. Vic ghp ni hay ci t phn mm cho Modem khng phi l mt cng vic phc tp, nhng c th khc phc c cc s c c th xy ra cng nh tn dng c cc tnh nng ca Modem cho cng vic ta cn c nhng hiu bit v cu to v hot ng ca Modem. Thut ng Modem c gc t cc ch ting anh MOdulator/ DEModulator, ch cc b iu bin gii iu bin. Cc Modem c dng ni thit b s vi ng truyn in thoi, hay ni c th hn l ni thit b s vi mt knh truyn thng thoi, c rng gii thng hn ch. Hnh 5.1 m t vai tr ca Modem v cc dng tn hiu trn ng truyn. S d phi cn n Modem v d liu c lu tr hoc trao i trong my tnh u tn ti di dng s (digital), ngha l c th m t di dng cc ch s 0 v 1; trong khi cc ng dy in thoi li truyn d liu di dng tn hiu tng t (analog), ngha l tn hiu thay i mt cch lin tc. truyn c tn hiu t my tnh ti mt my tnh xa - mt hnh thc ghp ni my tnh - ta phi bin i tn hiu t dng s sang dng tng t t ln ng truyn in thoi. D liu analog c truyn Xung s Xung s
Cc dao ng in iu bin Gii iu bin
Hnh 5-1: Cc tn hiu trn ng truyn in thoi Qu trnh bin i tn hiu t dng s sang dng tng t nh th ny c gi l qu trnh iu bin (modulation) v c thc hin mem gn ch ta lm vic (local). pha bn kia, tn hiu li c bin i ngc li thnh dng s chuyn vo my tnh. y l qu trnh gii iu bin (demodulation) v c thc hin trn mem xa. Khi my tnh ti ch nhn tn hiu th qu trnh bin i tn hiu xy ra ngc li, ngha l mem xa thc hin qu trnh iu bin cn mem ti ch thc hin qu trnh gii i bin. Nh vy, mi mem u c hai chc nng: iu bin v gii iu bin. Tn hiu tng t, mang thng tin t thit b ti ch ti thit b xa hoc ngc li, c gi l tn hiu mang hay sng mang (carrier). Thng thng, cc mem c s dng trn cc ng truyn in thoi c di thng gia 400 Hz v 3,4 kHz. Nu khng s dng mem th cc xung s c t trc tip ln cc ng truyn, khi khng ch c cng sut ca xung tn hiu b suy hao m dng xung cng b mo m hay ni khc i l ng truyn s lm nh hng n ni dung ca d liu. Tc truyn ca mem c gi tr trong khong t 300 bps n 56 kbps, trong cc gi tr: 300 bps, 1200 bps, 2400 bps v 9600 bps c xem l chm, thm ch l lc hu v t gp; cc mem vi tc 14,4 kbps v 28,8 kbps ngng khng sn xut, cc gi tr tc thng gp hin nay l: 33,6 kbps v 56,6 kbps. Thng thng mt mem truyn khong 10 bit cho mi k t (mi k t c 8 bit). Nh vy tc truyn k t cc i i vi mt mem tc cao l 2.880 k
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t mi giy. Chng ny c 25.257 k t v nh vy truyn chng vn bn ny ta cn khong 12,6 giy. Cc vn bn c truyn tng i nhanh, trong khi d liu di dng ho d c nn vn chim mt khong thi gian tng i di. Mt nh nn c 20 kbyte (tng ng vi 6000 k t) s chim knh khong 6 giy khi s dng mem nhanh nht. Tp vn bn cha ni dung chng ny, khng k v hnh, di dng cha nn c dung lng khong 360 kbyte. Nh vy ti ti liu ny qua mt mem c tc nhanh nht cng mt n: Thi gian =
Kichthuoctep 360000 s= s = 125 giy Kittutrong1giay 2800
Cng vi vn bn ny, mem c tc truyn 14,4 kbps chim knh khong 250 giy. Thng thng t c quan hoc gia nh ta ni vi mng Internet qua mt mem (mc d mng ISDN c xu hng s dng ngy cng nhiu), th d trn cho thy cn phi nn cc tp tin trc khi cho chuyn qua mt mem. Trn mng Internet, cc ti liu v cc tp tin ln u c nn di dng tp *.ZIP cn cc tp nh th c nn trong khun mu GIF hoc JPG. cui chng s trnh by mt s hiu bit xung quanh vn nn d liu khi truyn bng mem. a s cc mem c th thc hin c cc thao tc sau y: - T ng quay s gi (Auto-dial) mt mem khc bng cch s dng cch quay s trong ch xung hoc a tn (tone). - T ng tr li (Auto-answer) cuc gi v th hin kt ni vi mem khc. - Lm ngt qu trnh kt ni vi cc ng in thoi khi cuc truyn d liu hon thnh hoc khi xut hin li. - Thch ng tc t ng gia hai mem. - Chuyn i cc bit sang dng tn hiu thch hp vi ng truyn (b iu bin). - Chuyn i cc tn hiu nhn c tr li cc bit (b gii iu bin). - Truyn d liu mt cch tin cy theo ng kiu kt ni. Bng s khi, hnh 5-2 cho thy hai my tnh c ni vi nhau nh th no khi s dng b chuyn i mc in p RS-232 v cc mem. Thng thng b chuyn i RS-232 l mt b phn gn lin vi my tnh, trong khi mem c th t hoc bn ngoi hoc bn trong my tnh v cng v vy mem c chia thnh hai loi: mem trong v mem ngoi. Mem trong c ch to di dng mt card m rng cm vo mt rnh m rng c sn trn bn mch chnh, thng l rnh cm ISA. V vy khng cn dng ngun nui ph; cc cm u dy cp ni vi ng truyn v my in thoi u quay sang pha sau my tnh. Nu s dng mem ngoi th ta cn n mt dy cp ni vi mt cm loi DB-25 vi 25 chn hoc DB-9 vi 9 chn ni vi mt phch cm 25 hoc 9 chn (thng l COM 2).
My vi tnh
RS 232
Mem
My vi tnh
RS 232
Mem
Hnh 5.2. Truyn d liu bng cch s dng mem Cc mem hot ng theo kiu ng b hoc khng ng b (cn gi l d b). Mem ng b khi phc li tn hiu ng h b nhn. Vi mt mem ng b, khng cn thit phi
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c cc bit bt u v dng, ng thi c dng rt ph bin. V mt tc , cho n nay cc mem ng b c tc in hnh l 56 kbps trong khi cc mem d b thng s ny ch c 33 kbps. Thc o tc ca mem l tc baud hoc bps (bit trong mi giy).
C hai kiu kt ni c th s dng c vi mng in thoi cng cng: quay s trc tip v kt ni c nh. Kiu quay s trc tip nhm thc hin kt ni theo cch ging nh khi quay s gi in thoi thng thng. Khi , c th s dng cch quay s theo kiu nhn phm (a tn) hoc xung. Vi cch kt ni c nh bng ng dy ring, hai u thu bao c th thc hin kt ni truyn thng thng xuyn, y l trng hp t lp t hoc thu ring mt ng truyn. 5.2. TRUYN THNG QUA CNG NI TIP
Truyn thng gia mem v my tnh c tin hnh qua cng ni tip hay cn gi l cng RS-232 s dng cch truyn thng tin d b, c khun mu d liu vi bit bt u v bit dng. Mi k t c truyn ng thi vi mt khong thi gian tr (delay) gia cc k t. Khong thi gian tr ny thc cht l thi gian khng tham gia vo hot ng truyn v ng truyn c t mc lgic cao (mc 1), nh ch ra trn hnh 6-3. B truyn gi mt bit bt u (khi ng) bo cho b thu bit l mt k t c gi n trong ln truyn bit tip sau. Bit khi ng ny lun lun ng vi mc lgic 0. Tip theo l 5; 6 hoc 7 bit d liu c gi di dng mt k t m ASCII 7 bit, tip theo l mt bit chn l v cui cng l 1; 1,5 hoc 2 bit dng. Cn ch l: khi ta c hoc vit u tin hnh t tri qua phi, nhng my truyn d liu qua cng ni tip li tin hnh t bit D0 n bit D7, ngha l t bit bn phi qua bit bn tri. Tc truyn c t bi b pht khong thi gian (timing) dnh cho mt bit n. C b truyn ln b nhn u phi c t vi cng khong thi gian bit. Tn hiu ng h bn trong trn c hai pha ng vai tr t khong thi gian ny. Chng ch cn c ng b mt cch gn ng cng tc , bi v d liu c truyn theo cc tn hiu xung, xut hin trong thi gian tng i ngn.
5.3. CC TIU CHUN DNG CHO MEM

C quan CCRIT (by gi c thay th vai tr bng ITU) nh ngha cc tiu chun lin quan n truyn thng qua cng ni tip RS-232 v mem. Mi tiu chun u s dng k hiu V km theo mt con s nh ngha kiu ca mem. Cc nh sn xut mem c xu hng lm cho cc mem c kh nng p ng tt c cc tiu chun c a ra. Th d mt b Fax/ mem c th tng thch vi cc chun .
V.32bis (14,4 kbps) V.22bis (2,4 kbps) Bell 212 (1,2 kbps) V.17 (14,4 bps, Fax) V.27ter (4,8 kbps, Fax) V42 bit( (c nn d liu) MNP5 (c nn d liu) 5.4. CC LNH MEM
V.32 (9,6 kbps) V.22 (1,2 kbps) Bell 103 (300 bps) V.29 (9,6 kbps, Fax) V.21 (300 bps, Fax) V.42 (Hiu chnh li) MNP2-4 (Hiu chnh li)
Cng ty Hayes Microcomputer Products, thng gi tt l Hayes, i tin phong trong lnh vc sn xut mem v xc nh phng php lp chng trnh chun cho cc mem, l ngn ng lnh AT. Ngy nay, a s cc mem do nhiu hng khc nhau sn xut u c tnh tng thch Hayes. Tp lnh c bn, u tin dng cho mem c cng ty Hayes cng b vo nm 1981 v c p dng cho cc mem dng cho my tnh. Trong ngn ng lnh AT, khi my tnh gi mt lnh ti mem, u bt u bng hai ch AT, vit tt t ATtention v thng
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c l y-ty. Chng hn, ATDT l lnh nhn phm quay s gi. Thot u, mt mem trong ch lnh v tip nhn cc lnh t my tnh. Cc lnh ny c gi hoc tc 300 bps hoc 1.200 bps (mem s t ng pht hin xem tc no ang c s dng). Bng 5-1. Th d v cc lnh mem AT Lnh ATDT54321 M t tc dng T ng gi cho s 54321 khi s dng cch quay s theo kiu nhn phm (a tn). Bn trong nh ngha s, du phy (,) th hin mt ln dng, k t W ch ting gi th hai v k t @ ch i mt khong ngh 5 giy. T ng gi cho s 12345 bng cch s dng cch gi theo kiu dy xung. T ng tr li mt cuc gi. Thanh ghi S0 cha s cc ting chung m mem s dng trc khi n tr li cuc gi. Trong trng hp ny S0=2, c ngha l s c hai ting chung trc khi n c tr li. Nu S0 bng 0 th mem s khng tr li cuc gi. Chm dt (hang up) vic kt ni ng truyn in thoi. Ngt ng dy v tr li vi kiu lnh trc tuyn. Tr li cuc gi bng tay. Cc lnh khng c hi m (ATE1 to ra cc lnh c hi m). Xem bng 6-2. m lng loa nh (AT L1 cho m lng trung bnh v AT L2 cho m lng ln). Ngt loa trong (ATM1 bt loa trong cho n khi no tn hiu mang c pht hin, ATM2 lun lun bt loa, ATM3 bt loa trong cho n khi no tn hiu mang c pht hin v trong khi gi). Mem gi tn hiu p ng (AT Q1 khng gi tn hiu p li). Xem bng 6-2. Mem gi tn hiu p li di dng s (AT V1 gi tn hiu p li di dng t). Xem bng 6-2.
ATPT 12345 AT S0 = 2
ATH +++ ATA ATE0 AT L0 ATM0 AT Q0 AT V0
Sau hai t bt u (tin t) l AT, mi lnh c kt thc bi mt k t tr v u dng (k t m ASCII l 13 trong h thp phn); mt lnh khng c mt k t tr v u dng s b b qua, tt nhin l phi sau mt thi gian tr nh trc. Nhiu lnh c th c t trn mt dng v nu nh cn thit, c th a vo cc du trng cho d c. Cc lnh c th c gi n bng ch hoa hoc ch thng. Bng 6-1 lit k mt vi lnh AT. Mt tp hp y cc lnh c th tm thy trong cc ti liu chuyn su v mem. Chng hn, nu mun gi mt lnh gi mem khc, ang trng thi nhn, th m gi tr li l 7. Mt mem gi mem khc tr li cho cc m l: OK (khi lnh ATDT c nhn), CONNECT (khi n ni vi mem xa) hoc CONNECT 1200 (khi n tm ra tc ca mem xa). Ch l khng phi nhn m tr li t mem ta c th gi lnh AT: ATQ1. Lnh AT mem pha bn kia tr li m l ATQ0; bnh thng th y l iu kin mc nh. Mem c th chp nhn mt trong hai trng thi: trng thi bnh thng v trng thi lnh. Trong trng thi bnh thng mem truyn v/ hoc nhn cc k t t my tnh. Trong trng thi lnh, cc k t gi ti mem c dch nh cc lnh. Mi ln dch xong mt lnh, mem li chuyn sang ch bnh thng. Khi , bt k k t no gi cho mem u c gi dc theo ng truyn. ngt mem v a n tr v vi ch lnh, ba k t + c gi lin tip, ngha l +++. Sau khi mem nhn c lnh AT n p ng bng mt m gi tr li. Mt vi m gi tr li c gii thiu trong bng 6-2. Hnh 6-4 ch ra mt tnh hung dng lm th d khi c s kt ni mt mem vi mt mm khc. Thot tin mem thit lp trng thi nhn cc lnh t my tnh. Khi my tnh sn sng thc hin cuc kt ni n gi lnh ATDT 854321 kt ni vi my in thoi c s 854321
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bng cch s dng kiu quay s a tn. Khi mem s tr li bng mt tn hiu OK (mt gi tr 0) v mem s th thc hin kt ni vi mem xa. Nu khng kt ni c vi mem pha bn kia th s gi tr li p ng di mt trong s bn tnh hung: NO CARRIER - khng c tn hiu mang (3), BUSY - bn (7), NO DIALTONE (6) hoc NO ANSWER - khng c tr li (8).
Bng 5.2. Th d v cc m tr li. Thng bo OK CONNECT RING (Ting chung) NO CARRIER ERROR CONNECT 1200 NO DIALTONE BUSY NO ANSWER CONNECT 600 CONNECT 2400 CONNECT 4800 CONNECT 9600 CONNECT 14400 CONNECT 19200 CONNECT 28800 CONNECT 1200/ 75 Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 61 65 48 M t Lnh thc hin khng c li kt ni c Mt cuc gi ti c pht hin Khng tm ra tn hiu mang Lnh khng hp l c ni vi mt mem 1200 bps Khng tm thy ch a tn ng dy ang bn Khng c tr li t u bn kia c ni vi mt mem 600 bps c ni vi mt mem 2400 bps c ni vi mt mem 4800 bps c ni vi mt mem 9.600 bps c ni vi mt mem 14.400 bps c ni vi mt mem 19.200 bps c ni vi mt mem 28.800 bps c ni vi mt mem 1200/ 75 bps
Nu kt ni c vi mem xa th n tr li mt p ng bo hiu s kt ni, chng hn CONNECT 9600 (13). Khi , d liu c th c truyn gia cc mem tc c ch nh (trong trng hp ny l 9600 bps). Khi my tnh mun chm dt cuc kt ni n s gi ti mem ba k t +, ngha l +++. Khi , mem s ch mt lnh t my tnh ch. Trong trng hp ny lnh l chm dt (hang-up) cuc kt ni (ATH). Khi , mem s tr li mt p ng l OK vo thi im m cuc kt ni c loi b.
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5.5. CC THANH GHI TRN MEM
Mem c cha cc thanh ghi trng thi khc nhau, c gi l cc thanh ghi S, dng ct gi cc tham s khi ta tin hnh ci t mem. Bng 6-3 lit k mt vi thanh ghi trong s ny (trong phn ph lc ca sch trnh by v mem thng gii thiu mt danh sch y cc tham s). Thanh ghi S0 t s ln rung chung cn c trc khi mem tr li mt cuc gi ti. Nu nh thanh ghi ny c t bng 0 th mem s khng tr li cuc gi ti. Thanh ghi S1 ct gi s ln rung chung khi mem c gi. Thanh ghi S2 ct gi k t thot, bnh thng th thanh ghi ny c t bng k t + cn thanh ghi S3 ct gi k t quy nh s kt thc mt lnh, bnh thng l k t tr v u dng CR k t (13 thp phn). Bng 5.3. Cc thanh ghi mem. Thanh ghi S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 Chc nng S ting chung bt u tr li t ng m s ting chung gi n K t thot ra (escape) K t quay li u dng K t thot ra (escape) K t thot ra (escape) K t quay li u dng Thi gian ch i gi kiu a tn Thi gian ch i tn hiu mang Thi gian ch t ng quay s gi Thi gian dng ngn ng vi du phy khi quay s . Thi gian i kt ni sau khi tn hiu mang c pht hin Thi gian i kt ni sau khi tn hiu mang c pht hin Thi gian i kt ni sau khi tn hiu mang c pht hin Phm vi (gi tr mc nh) 0 255 ting chung (0) 0 255 ting chung (0) (43) (13) (43) (43) (13) 2 255 ting chung (2 giy) 1 255 ting chung (50 giy) (2) (6) (14) (95) (50)
C th gii thch chi tit chc nng ca cc thanh ghi nh sau: + S0: Thanh ghi 0 kim sot vic mem c tr li in thoi mt cch t ng hay khng. Tnh nng tin li ny c gi l auto-answer (t ng tr li). Vi S0=0, tnh nng autoanswer c v hiu ho: mem s khng tr li in thoi tr khi ta nhp vo mt lnh A. cho php auto-answer, ta hy n nh cho S0 mt con s no y ln hn 0. Khi mem s t ng tr li in thoi sau chng y hi chung. V d, lnh n nh auto-answer thng dng l S0 = 1, c ngha l mem s tr li in thoi sau mt hi chung. + S1: Thanh ghi 1 l mt thanh ghi ch c, c chng trnh truyn thng s dng. Khi in thoi rung chung, S1 s c dng cha tm s ln rung chung reo. Vo nhng lc khc, S1 c nh l zero. + S2: Thanh ghi 2 cha con s m ASCII (theo h thp phn) ca k t thot. y l k t m phi c g 3 ln bo cho mem chuyn t ch d liu (data) sang ch lnh (command). Mc nh l k t tng ng vi s 43, tc du cng. Bnh thng ta khng cn thay i gi tr ny. + S3, S4, S5: Nhng thanh ghi ny cho php ta thay i mt vi k t mc nh, c dng trong ch lnh. Cc thanh ghi ny cha cc con s m ASCII (theo h thp phn) ca k t Carriage Return (i vi S3), k t Line Feed (i vi S4), v k t Backspace (i vi S5). Cc gi tr mc nh l S3=13, S4=10, S5=8. Bnh thng ta khng cn thay i cc gi tr ny. + S6: Thanh ghi 6 cha chiu di khong thi gian, tnh bng giy m mem s i sau khi nhc my (off-hook) trc khi bt u quay s. S tr hon ny l cho h thng in thoi
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c thi gian pht hin tnh trng off-hook v p t mt tn hiu quay s (dial tone). Gi tr mc nh thng l 2 giy. Bnh thng ta khng cn thay i gi tr ny. + S7: Thanh ghi 7 cha chiu di khong thi gian, tnh bng giy, m mem s ch cho n khi c mt tn hiu mang hp l c gi t mem xa ti. Nu sau khi quay s xa ri, mem ca ta li khng thi gian ch i m b nh kt ni lin lc vi s trc khi ma xa thi gian tr li, th ta nn tng gi tr ca S7 ln, cng c ngha l buc chng trnh truyn thng dnh nhiu thi gian ch i hn, trc khi b i nh lin lc. Gi tr mc nh thng l 30 giy. + S8: Thanh ghi 8 cha chiu di khong thi gian, tnh bng giy, m mem s tm dng mi ln n gp phi mt du phy trong chui k t quay s. Gi tr mc nh l 2 giy. Bnh thng th ta khng cn phi thay i gi tr mc nh ny. + S9: Thanh ghi 9 cha chiu di khong thi gian, tnh bng phn mi giy, m mem s i, sau khi c mt tn hiu mang c pht hin, trc khi ni lin lc vi ng in thoi. Gi tr mc nh l 6 (tc 0,6 giy). Bnh thng ta khng cn phi thy i gi tr mc nh ny. + S10: Thanh ghi 10 cha chiu di khong thi gian, tnh bng phn mi giy, mem s i, sau khi mt tn hiu mang mt, trc khi ngt lin lc vi ng in thoi. G tr mc nh l 14 (tc 1,4 giy). Bnh thng ta khng cn phi thay i gi tr mc nh ny. + S11: Thanh ghi 11 cha chiu di khong thi gian, tnh bng miligiy (phn nghn ca giy), m mem s tm dng gia nhng ln nhn phm k tip nhau khi quay s. Gi tr mc nh thng l 95. Nu ta mun tng tc vic quay s ca mem, hy t S11 mt con s nh hn. Gi tr cho php ti thiu thng l 50. Ta th t S11 = 50 xem sao. Nu n hot ng c, mem s quay s rt nhanh. Nu n khng lm vic c, ta th dng mt s ln hn. + S12: Thanh ghi 12 cha mt chiu di thi gian, tnh bng 1/50 ca mt giy (tc 20 miligiy), coi nh thi gian chn (guard time) ca chui thot. Cn nhc li l: tn hiu ngt cha ba k t thot lm thnh mt chui. Tn hiu ny lm cho mem chuyn t ch d liu sang ch lnh. K t thot mc nh l du cng (+). C th c trc trc xy ra nu dng d liu tnh c li c cha chui k t +++. trnh nh hng ca nhng tn hiu ngt khng mong mun, mem s khng chu chp nhn mt chui ba k t thot l mt tn hiu ngt tr phi chng c i trc v i sau bi mt khong thi gian tr hon. Thi gian tr hon c gi l thi gian chn (guard time). Gi tr mc nh l S12 =50, tc l 1 giy. Khi , chui k t +++ (hay ba k t thot no m ta qui nh) s khng c tc dng nh mt tn hiu ngt tr khi chng c t trc v t sau mt khong thi gian tr hon l 1 giy hoc mt khong thi gian no n nh trong thanh ghi S12. Bnh thng th ta khng cn phi thay i thng s mc nh ny.
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5.6. CP NI MEM
Cp ni mem thng c nh sn xut cung cp km theo mem. Trong mt vi trng hp ta phi tin hnh kim tra cp hoc t hn mt dy cp mi. Cp ni mem gm by si, vi nhng mu khc nhau v ni nhng chn c cng tn, nh trn hnh 6-5. Khong cch gia cc mem v my tnh thng ngn nn khng i hi phi bc kim chng nhiu cho cp ni. 9 chn TD RD RTS CTS DTR DSR GND DTE 3 2 7 8 4 6 5 3 2 7 8 4 6 5 9 chn TD RD RTS CTS DTR DSR GND DCE 9 chn TD RD RTS CTS DTR DSR GND DTE 3 2 7 8 4 6 5 2 3 4 5 20 6 7 25 chn TD RD RTS CTS DTR DSR GND DCE
Hnh 5.3. Cp ni gia my tnh v modem Cc u ni cp thng gp hin nay l: hai u 9 chn hoc mt u 9 mt u 25 chn. Hng hc thng gp i vi cp ni l chp hoc t cc dy dn. Hu qu ca vic t hoc tip xc ti mt dy dn i khi th hin rt kh hiu. Cch pht hin tt nht l kim tra bng ng h o hoc th thay bng mt cp ang dng tt.
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5.7. CI T MEM
Khi lp t mem ln u ta phi thc hin mt s thao tc ghp ni phn cng u ni mem v my tnh v m bo cho mem hot ng, sau cho chy phn mm c cung cp km theo mem chnh thc kt ni mem vi h thng my tnh. Cc thao tc ghp ni mem khng phc tp v u tp trung vo phn pha sau ca mem, hnh 5.4 m t mt sau ca mt mem.
Hnh 5.4. Mt sau ca mt mem T tri sang phi l: - Phch cm ni vi ng dy thu bao in thoi. - Phch cm ni vi my in thoi. - Phch cm (25 chn hoc 9 chn) ni vi cng ni tip (thng l COM 2) ca my tnh. - cm dy ni ngun. Cc mem khng c nui trc tip bng ngun 220V xoay chiu m bng in p thp: 9V hoc 12V. Thng thng in p cm l xoay chiu, phn chnh lu v n p nm ngay trong mem. Gii php ny c la chn hn ch nhiu nh hng ti ngun mt chiu dng nui ccc mch in trong mem. - Nt t li ch hot ng khi xut xng. Trong qu trnh hot ng ta c th thay i cc ch hot ng ca mem thng qua phn mm, khi mun t tr li ch lc ban u ta ch cn lm mt ng tc n gin l nhn vo nt ny, khi vic t li c th thc hin bng phn mm. - Cng tc ngun: Khi mem hot ng mi bt cng tc ngun nui, cn khi my tnh thc hin cc cng vic khc khng lin quan n mem th cng tc ny trng thi h tit kim in v an ton cho mem c c hiu qu lm vic ti u.
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Sau khi thc hin y cc thao tc cm phch ni th phn cng ca mem coi nh sn sng hot ng: tip theo ta c th cho chy phn mm ci t mem. Tuy vy trong qu trnh hot ng, i khi ta vn phi thay i cc thng s t ch hot ng cho mem.
5.8. CC N BO TRN MEM

Hnh 5.5 l hnh dng ca mt loi mem nhn t pha trc v pha sau. a s cc mem ngoi u c cc n ch th thng bo cho ngi dng bit tnh trng ca qu trnh kt ni hin ti. Chc nng ca cc b phn mt sau mem c m t phn trnh by v ci t mem. Cc n bo c b tr c mt trc, nh vy khi lm vic ta c th d dng quan st c trng thi hot ng hin ti ca mem. Cc n bo ny thng l cc it pht quang (LED), c sp xp thnh mt hng, nh m t trn hnh 6-10. Ni dung thng bo khi n sng c gii thch nh sau: +MR - ch ra rng mem ang c cp in. +AA - bt sng khi mem sn sng nhn cc cuc gi t ng. N lo sng khi c mt cuc gi ti u vo. Nu n ny tt (OFF) th n s khng nhn cc cuc gi ti. Ch l nu nh thanh ghi S0 c np bng mt gi tr bt k khc 0 th mem s chuyn sang ch tr li t ng. Gi tr c ct gi trong thanh ghi S0 xc nh s ting chung trc khi mem tr li. +CD - bt sng khi mem tm ra tn hiu mang ca mem xa, nu khng n s tt. +OH - bt sng khi mem ch chm dt cuc gi (on-hook), nu khng n s tt. +RD - nhp nhy khi mem nhn d liu hoc ang c mt lnh n t my tnh. +SD - nhp nhy khi mem ang gi d liu i. +TR - ch ra rng ng dn DTR ang c kch hot (hot ng), th d my tnh sn sng truyn hoc nhn d liu.
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Hnh 6-10: Mt trc v sau ca mt loi mem Vic quan st cc n bo, c bit l s n sng v trng thi sng, c th thit thc gip cho vic tit kim thi gian chim knh trn ng truyn, v vy ta cn nm vng chc nng ca cc n ch th. im cui cng nn lu l: nhiu mem ch c mt s trong nhng n bo trnh by trn.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] William Buchanan: Lp trnh C trong k thut in t, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H ni 1999. Henning Mittelbach: Lp trnh TURBO Pascal, Version 7.0, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H ni 1996. Ng Din Tp: o lng v iu khin bng my tnh, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H ni 1999. Ng Din Tp: K thut ghp ni my tnh, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H ni 2000. Ng Din Tp: Lp trnh ghp ni my tnh trn Window, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H ni 2001.
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K Thut

K thut ghp ni my tnh

CHNG II - RNH CM M RNG.................................................10

CHNG III - GHP NI QUA CNG NI TIP ....................24

K thut ghp ni my tnh

CHNG IV - CNG USB ...........................................................................43

CHNG V - MEM .....................................................................................47

TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................58

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

CHNG I - CNG SONG SONG

K thut ghp ni my tnh

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Acknowledge Busy (Bo bn)

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

THANH GHI D LIU

A CH ( 278H, 378H, 2BCH, 3BC H)

A CH ( 279H, 379H, 2BDH, 3BD H)

A CH ( 27AH, 37AH, 2BEH, 3BE H)

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

CHNG II - RNH CM M RNG

K thut ghp ni my tnh

ALE IOR IOW SMEMR SMEMR

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

SD8-15 MEMR MEMW MEMCS16

IO CS16 DRQ0, DRQ5-7

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Vcc 2.4. BUS MCA

K thut ghp ni my tnh

Hnh 2.5. Card m rng VESA Local

Bus VESA Local (33MHz/32 bit)

Hnh 2.6. Cu trc ca bus VESA Local.

K thut ghp ni my tnh

Bus PCI 33MHz/64 Card ho B iu khin Cu ISA Thit b khc

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

Gn cho cc b phn ca bn mch h thng

Card m rng ca ngi dng

Gn cho cc cng v card m rng

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K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

CHNG III - GHP NI QUA CNG NI TIP

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+25 RS-232B +12

+3 in p (V) 0 -3 Khng xc nh -5 RS-232B -12

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K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

15V 5V 3-7 K 3-7K 3V

5V 2V 100 K > 4 K 200 mV

5V 1,5V 54-60 K >12K 200 mV

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh

K thut ghp ni my tnh