V C Cu 1: Khng nhiu bn lm c phn tinh th c l kin thc v s co lantanoid chc l mi l vi nhiu bn y.

. Ch yu ch c cc bn HN, Nng hay HCM mi bit c n kin thc ny. Thnh ra hu ht cc bn u b la vo ci by tm l ca ngi ra . Cn vi cu hi phng x th kh n gin, tuy nhin c vi bn vn sai st trong vic tnh ton cng nh i n v. Cc vng thi sau c khi gim kho khng quan trng lm kt qu tnh ra, nhng khi thi quc gia th li khng hn nh th, cng thc cc bn ng nhng kt qu sai cng khng th c trn vn im. Cu 2: Cu ny thc s rt d ly im, nhng cu Phc rt nhiu bn nhm ln vi l thuyt VB nn thay v yu cu v tch trng cc bn li v s lai ha. Mt khc vn cn mt s bn cha v c trng t din v vung phng, hn cc bn cha h c hng dn v hai trng , m ch yu l trng bt din thng gp. Vi cu m s nguyn t iu kin cho rt r rng, nhng vn c mt s bn hiu sai iu kin dn n vic m nhm s cc nguyn t c th c Cc bn cn lu thm cch trnh by, t s dng li l di dng, s dng cu ngn gn nhng khoa hc mi c th t im ti a Cu 3: 1. Cu th nht tng i d nn nhiu bn lm ng. lm c cu ny bn cn phi hiu v cc i lng bin thin nng lng t do Gibbs (G), bin thin nng lng t do Gibbs tiu chun (Go) v mi quan h gia chng cng vi s t din bin ca mt qu trnh. Cc bn cng cn bit mi quan h ca cc i lng ny vi hng s cn bng v thng s nng ca phn ng. c n y c bn s ngh rng qu n gin, G = RTlnK v G < 0 th phn ng t din bin theo chiu thun. Nhng cn thn, hy c k, iu khng ng u. Cc bn c th nhn ra qua mt s li hay gp trong bi lm: Cho rng G = -RTlnK. Thc ra Go mi bng RTlnK, trong Go l bin thin nng lng t do Gibbs tiu chun hay bin thin nng lng Gibbs 298K. Bn bit Go = -RTlnK, nhng li cho rng G = -RTlnQ, trong Q l thng s nng (biu thc tng t hng s cn bng nhng cc gi tr nng ly ti thi im ang xt ch khng phi thi im cn bng, ch ). iu ny l khng ng. Mi quan h chnh xc gia G, Go, K v Q phi l G = Go + RTlnQ = -RTlnK + RTlnQ.

Nh vy, do hiu nhm nhiu bn tnh ra Go 298K ri thy gi tr ny m m khng nh phn ng t din bin. Kt lun khng sai nhng iu chng t bn khng hiu vn nn khng c im. C 2 bn tip cn vn bng cch so snh thng s nng v hng s cn bng. Cch lm ny hon ton chnh xc v c im. Tuy nhin, c th cc bn cha hiu r v cc i lng mnh trnh by trn. Vy nu cha, cc bn nn c thm sch Ha l hiu r hn. Mt vn tuy nh m ln, l li tnh ton. C bn vit biu thc ng nhng bm my tnh sai (thiu 1 s 0). Mt bn khc vit hn biu thc thiu mt s 0 so vi bi vo bi lm. Mt bn khc vit biu thc ng nhng kt qu cng khng ng. Cc bn cn phi cn thn hn. 2. Mt s li cc bn thng gp cu ny: Khng vit phng trnh phn ng (-0,25) Khng khng nh dung dch sau in phn l dung dch bo ha (-0,25) Khng nh mui tch ra l Ca(NO3)2 thay v Ca(NO3)2.4H2O dn n sai ton b. Nhm ln khi tnh ton lng nc cn li trong dung dch. C bn qun khng tr i lng nc b in phn. C bn li khng tr i lng nc nm trong mui tch ra. C bn khc li khng tr i lng nc nm trong Ca(NO3)2.4H2O m bn gi nh nm trong dung dch. Hu nh cc li ny khin cc bn sai hon ton phn cui v mt 1 im. 3. Cu ny p n kh ngn gn mc d cng chim 2 im, v vy rt nhiu bn mt im cu ny. Vn tht s khng kh nh cc bn ngh, tht ng tic l nhiu bn b hon ton khng lm. chng t bn hiu vn , bn cn phi a ra c nhng lun im sau: S sinh v t t l tuyn tnh vi dn s th gii: S sinh = ksN v s t = ktN vi ks, kt l hng s. Cng thc Malthus c vit li l dN/dt = ksN ktN = kN vi k = ks kt. Cng thc ny tng t vi cng thc ng hc dng vi phn ca phn ng ng hc bc nht. C 2 bn trnh by c 2 trn, nhng bc cui cng l a ra phng trnh ng hc dng tch phn, cc bn li a nguyn phng trnh ng hc ca phn ng vo. Ch rng nng ca cc cht phn ng gim trong khi dn s th gii li tng, dn n trong biu thc ca phn ng gi tr ca ta l e-kt trong khi bi ny gi tr ny phi l ekt. Cc bn nn b tc v tch phn cng nh xem mt cht v phng trnh vi phn hiu r vn ny hn.

Hu nh cc bn hiu vn v lm ng cu a l lm c cu b. Kt lun ca cc bn c th hi khc vi p n, nhng vn chnh xc nn vn c im.

Cu 4: Hu ht cc bn u lm tt cu 4.1, nhng c mt s bn cho rng pH = 0, Mg2+ = 0,02M th th chun l -2,43V. iu hon ton sai, do th chun l gi tr o c pH = 0 v C = 1M, khng phi 0,02M. T cc bn sai lun cu 4.1c mt cch ng tic. Vi cu 4.1 d rt nhiu bn ngh rng s to thnh Mg(OH)2 s lm Mg b n mn, nhng khng my ai lin h iu cng tng t nh trng hp ca Al nguyn cht c. Trng hp ny cng vy, chnh lp hydroxit Mg(OH)2 ngn cn s n mn tip Mg. Hoc c th lp lun n gin hn, do E = 0 nn G = 0, lc ny d nhin s n mn khng th xy ra. Ch c duy nht mt bn lp lun theo kiu ny, l kiu lp lun n gin nht, v p nht. Ring vi cu 4.2 th vi mt khi nim kh l l in cc thy tinh th hu ht lm cc bn b qua cu ny. C l cc bn vn cha quen vi vic proton dn in nh. Tuy nhin bi ny c hai bn lm ng, mt bn lm chnh xc kt qu, cn mt bn lm lch trong khong sai s cho php (do ly gn ng trong khong rng). Vi bi ny ch lu vi cc bn hai iu, chnh l biu thc tnh E trong in cc thy tinh, s chnh lch th v iu quan trng nht l khng c ly mt bn no vit phn ng chun ( y chm chc cho hai bn lm ng, do c vit c cn bng phn ly). Nhng khi tnh ton mt bi tp v c phi lu , nu c phn ng phi ghi r, khng c php b qua Cu 5: Hu ht cc bn u c nh hng ng trong bi lm, nhng vn c mt s bn thiu lp lun. Mt khc li sai thng gp ca cc bn trong bi lm chnh l phn ng t chy PH3, rt nhiu bn cho rng sn phm l H3PO4 trong khi thc s sn phm chy l sn phm rn P4O10. Ch c mt na s bi tham gia c cch trnh by khoa hc Cc bn nn s dng gi tr bng khi lng nguyn t pht sn hn s dng nhng con s trn chn cc bn bit lu nay

HU C Thng thng cu trc ca mt hu c bao gm (theo th t) cc cu hi v lp th, i cng v hu c nh hiu ng in t, c ch phn ng, cc cu hi lin quan n tng hp hu c, v cc vn v hp cht t nhin nh ng, aminoacid, terpenoid etc. vi mc cng tng dn t d n kh. Tht ra ch ca ngi ra l cho im free cu 1.1, cc bn ch cn xc nh ng cu trc lp th, t v c cng thc phi cnh ca hp cht cho. Tuy nhin, a s cc bn khng vng v hai khi nim cu hnh v cu dng, nn v sai cng thc phi cnh: t cu a cc bn khng nh 2 vng phi dng cis n cu b cc bn li v n dng trans, vi li gii thch rng cu dng bn hn, m qun rng cu dng v cu hnh l hai khi nim khc nhau. Cu 1.3 cng l mt cu tng i khng qu kh. Nhiu bn cho rng xy ra phn ng [2+2] trn thc t i hi iu kin phn ng khc nghit hn (chiu x hoc un nng). Mt s bn cho rng sn phm ph l sn phm Diels-Alder ln th hai gia cyclohexene vi butadiene; tuy nhin, bi ni rt r l cyclohexene c to ra vi hiu sut rt thp, vy ly u ra m phn ng tip vi butadiene cho ra sn phm c hm lng cao? Mt khc, ai hc phn ng Diels-Alder ri cng bit dienophile tt phi l ni i c gn vi nhm rt in t, trong khi nu so snh ra th cyclohexene cn km hot tnh hn c ethylene. iu ny chng t c mt s bn lm bi mt cch my mc, c on i sn phm cho xong m khng suy ngh chn chn nhng g mnh vit ra. Cu 1.2 hon ton thuc v thc nghim, do nu bn no on ra mt sn phm khc m hp l th mnh vn cho im. V d nh c bn cho rng s c s chuyn v ni i vo trong vng mnh vn cho im. a s cc bn cn li lm cho c l: cu hi nu rt r hydrogen ha Pulegone to thnh sn phm chnh l hn hp menthol v isomenthol, vy m c bn vn cho rng l hai sn phm ph. C bn cho rng neomenthone l sn phm ph; tht ra m ni, neomenthone thc t khng tn ti, v n qu km bn. Cu 2.1 tng i kh, tuy nhin n nhn mnh cho cc bn bit rng phn ng c th l ni phn t, cng c th l nh phn t. Hu nh khng c ai lm c hon chnh cu ny. Khi a cu ny ra, mnh d on l s t c ai lm c, tuy nhin mnh khng phi mun nh mi ngi, m l mun gii thiu cho cc bn mt quy tc mi: quy tc Baldwin. Cc bn nn tm c cn thc c v c ch th no l hp l. Cu 2.2 th theo p n, ch cn v 3 bc l c trn im, tuy nhin bn no ch gii thch bng ch khng thi th mnh vn cho im. Nhng nhng bn khng bao gi c c trn 3 im ca ring cu , v theo nh c ch cc bn gii thch sung th c s xut hin ca electron, m cc bn khng h gii thch s xut hin ca electron nh th no.

Cu 3 tng i d v quen thuc nn rt nhiu bn lm tt, tuy nhin khng c bn no c th nu c mt ng phn khc ca V. Cu 4.1 Rt nhiu bn lm sai cht B trong cu ny ( ch c 0.5 im ), y cc bn ch c gi I2 ng vai tr nh mt acid Lewis m du v cht nn ca chng ta hong ton c kh nng to thnh mt h thng lin hp ( C=C-C=O ) t suy ra sn phm ng Cu 4.2 cu ny nhiu bn lm ng hn, nhng vn c bn i qua nhng con ng rt long ngong, dng nhng pu khng chc n v nht l tnh trng git g m dng dao m tru, nh rng c sch v tm hiu cc kin thc hin i, cp nht l iu khng th thiu nhng khi vit vo mt bi thi m nh ci tc nhn y vo google n cn chu cht th . V d nh ch oxi ha alcol thnh ketone ti sao khng phi l CuO c trnh by trong SKG hay l PCC? Mnh ngh y l tng hp giy thi nn u tin dng th g n gin ph bin hn l xi nhng tc nhn l lm nh th Tip n na l nu cht nn ca cc bn qu cng knh th khi cho tc dng H+ rt nhiu kh nng n s tan nt ( pu phn mng ). Mnh ngh c 2 cu trn u khng qu kh nhng cc bn li phc tp ha vn , to ra cc sp phc tp ( nhng sai ) hoc i ng vng vo trong tng hp. Thit ngh cc bn nn ch li cc kin thc c bn trc khi ngh n nhng pu phc tp, xa xi. Hu nh tt c mi ngi u xc nh sai cng thc cu to ca disaccharide cu 5, tuy nhin a s cc bn u c th gii thch c hiu sut ca qu trnh to thnh sn phm trung gian. C mt s bn xc nh n 2 cng thc cu to ca chui peptide, cc bn nn suy ngh tht k hn na c th ra c kt qu chnh xc.