You are on page 1of 7

H thng php lut Common Law v Civil Law

1. H thng php lut lc a (Continetal Law), h thng Lut dn s (Civil Law), hay gi n gin hn l h thng php lut Php - c: y l h thng php lut c nn tng bt ngun t h thng php lut ca Php v php lut ca mt s nc lc a Chu u. Trong php lut ca Php l quan trng nht v c nh hng ln ti php lut ca cc nc khc trong h thng php lut ny. H thng php lut ca cc nc ny nhn chung u chu nh hng ca Lut La M. Ngy nay, phm vi nh hng ca h thng Civil Law tng i rng bao gm cc nc Chu u lc a (Php, c, Italia), Quebec (Canada), Louisiana (M), Nht Bn v mt s nc Chu M Latinh (Brazin, Vndula). V mt lch s hnh thnh, Khi nhng b tc c (Germanic) xm lng cc quc Ty u, mt s qui nh ca lut La M c thay th bng lut b tc c. Tuy nhin, v tinh thn ca lut c l cn c vo yu t c nhn, khng cn c vo yu t lnh th, nn dn chng ca quc La M c cng con chu h vn c php s dng lut La M. Gio hi Cng gio La M cng gp phn quan trng trong vic duy tr lut php La M c v gio lut, tc l lut dng trong cc To n ca gio hi, c xy dng theo lut La M. Vo th k th 11 v 12, khi tm c nguyn vn B Dn lut Corpus Juris Civilis, cc hc gi bt u nghin cu v gii thch, hin i ha nhng ni dung lut c cho ph hp vi tnh hnh x hi thi . H m trng lut Paris, Oxford, Prague, Heidelburg, Copenhague; h lm lut s cho gio hi, cho cc vua cha, v cho cc vng lnh th khp Chu u. Nh cng c o to chung theo mt ni dung , lut gia ca cc nc Chu u to nn nhng B Dn Lut ca nc h xy dng trn nn tng chung l lut La M. Ngy nay, cc hc gi lut so snh cho rng h thng Civil law phi c chia nh thnh 3 nhm khc nhau: + Civil Law ca Php: Php, Ty Ban Nha, v nhng nc thuc a c ca Php; + Civil Law ca c: c, A, Thy S, Hy Lp, Nht Bn, Hn Quc v Cng ha Trung Hoa (Lu : Lut Trung Hoa v Lut Vit Nam hin nay theo truyn thng hc thut, th c xp vo h thng php lut x hi ch ngha, nhng trn thc t nhiu qui nh v dn s, v t tng, v h thng To n li mang nhiu c im ca Civil Law); + Civil Law ca nhng nc Scandinavian: an Mch, Thy in, Phn Lan, Na Uy v Ailen.

Lut ca B o Nha v Italia cng chu nh hng ca Php, c, nhng nhng b lut dn s th k 19 th gn hn vi B lut Napoleon v nhng b lut dn s th k 20 th li ging vi lut dn s ca c. V o to lut, th nhng nc ny li ging vi h thng php lut ca c hn. Lut nhng nc ny thng c gi l h thng lut c tnh cht pha tp (hybrid nature). Lut H Lan hay dn lut H Lan th rt kh xp vo mt nhm no, nhng cng phi tha nhn rng Lut dn s ca H Lan c nh hng khng nh n lut t hin i ca nhiu quc gia. in hnh l php lut dn s ca Nga hin hnh chu nh hng trc tip t lut ca H Lan. 2. H thng php lut ngl - xcxng, h thng Thng lut (Common Law), hay gi n gin hn l h thng php lut Anh - M: Php lut Anh - M l php lut ra i Anh, sau ny pht trin M v nhng nc l thuc a ca Anh, M trc y. y l h thng php lut pht trin t nhng tp qun (custom), hay cn c gi l h thng php lut tp qun, hay h thng php lut coi trng tin l (precedents/ judge made law). Common Law hin nay cn phi c hiu theo 3 ngha khc nhau:

- Th nht, l mt h thng php lut ln trn th gii da trn truyn thng h thng php lut ca Anh; - Th hai, trn phng din ngun lut, n l (Case law) ca Common Law c to ra bi ta n, phn bit vi o lut ca Ngh vin; - Th ba, trn phng din h thng Ta n, Ta n v cc n l ca Common Law cng khc bit vi Ta n v cc n l ca Equity Law.

V lch s hnh thnh, ngun gc ca h thng lut ny bt u t nm 1066 khi ngi Normans xm chim Anh quc v Hong William bt u tp trung quyn lc vo tay triu nh mi. Thut ng lut chung ( Common Law ) xut pht t quan im cho rng cc ta n do nh vua lp ra, p dng cc tp qun chung ( Common Custom) ca vng quc, tri ngc vi nhng tp tc lut php a phng p dng cc min hay cc ta n ca in trang, thi p phong kin. Cc nguyn tc bn vng ca lut chung c to ra bi ba ta n c vua Henry II (1133 - 1189) thnh lp l Ta n Ti chnh (Court of Exchequer) xt x cc tranh chp v thu; Ta n thnh cu Ph thng ( Court of Common Pleas) i vi nhng vn khng lin quan trc tip n quyn li ca nh vua; v Ta n Hong ( Court of the Kings Bench) gii quyt nhng v vic lin quan trc tip n quyn li ca Hong gia. Thc cht, trc di thi ca Hong William, nhng tp qun ca Anh t nhiu chu nh hng ca vn ha c Chu u lc a. Ta n lc l nhng ngi dn c triu tp cng gii quyt tranh chp v nu khng x c ngi ta dng phng php th ti (ordeal) bng vic bt b co cm vo mt ming st nung , hoc cm mt vin c ngm trong nc si, hoc hnh thc th c. Nu vt thng lnh sau mt thi gian xc nh, anh ta s b tuyn l v ti v ngc li. Nm 1154, Vua Henry II to ra mt h thng lut chung v sng to ra mt h thng ta n thng nht y quyn nng, ng a cc thm phn t ta n Hong gia i khp ni trong nc v su tm, chn lc cch thc gii quyt cc tranh chp. Sau nhng thm phn ny s tr v thnh Lun n v tho lun v nhng v tranh chp vi cc thm phn khc. Nhng phn quyt ny s c ghi li v dn tr thnh n l (precedent), hay theo Ting Latin l stare decisis. Theo , khi xt x thm phn s chu s rng buc bi nhng phn quyt c t trc . Thut ng Common Law bt u xut hin t thi im . Nh vy trc khi Ngh vin ra i trong lch s php lut ca Anh, Common Law c p dng trn ton b vng quc trong vi th k. n th k th 15, khi xut hin mt thc tin php l l khi lut Common Law khng sc gii quyt mt v vic, v ngi i kin cho rng cch gii quyt ca Common Law l cha tha ng. Th d, trong mt v kin v t ai, ngi i kin cho rng khon tin bi thng m theo cch gii quyt ca Common law l khng bi thng cho hnh vi m ngi xm phm cp khng ca h, h yu cu rng ngi vi phm ny cn phi b ui v phi tr li phn t ln chim . Chnh iu ny l c s xut hin h thng mi l h thng php lut cng bnh (system of equity), ng thi xut hin thit ch Ta cng bnh, do vin Tng chng l (Lord Chancellor) ng u. V bn cht th lut cng bnh vn chim u th hn so vi lut Common Law trong trng hp c s xung t. iu ny c nu trong o lut h thng t php (Judicature Acts) nm 1873 v 1875. Ngy nay bn cnh n l vi t cch l mt loi ngun php lut c th ca h thng Common Law, lut thnh vn v cc loi qui tc khc cng c coi l mt b phn cu thnh ca h thng php lut ny. Khi xt x nhng nc theo h thng php lut Common Law thng cn c vo hai cu hi ln, l cu hi s tht khch quan (question of fact) v cu hi v lut - theo ngha rng(question of law). Trong bt c v vic no, ngy nay khi xt x cc thm phn ca Common Law vn da c vo n l, lut vit v nhng cn c thc t xt x. 3. Nhng khc bit: Nhng c im khc nhau c bn ca hai h thng ny c th hin r nt nht 4 tiu ch: ngun gc ca lut (origin of law); tnh cht php in ha (codification); th tc t tng (Procedure); Vai tr ca thm phn v lut s (Role of the Jurists) 3.1. V ngun gc ca lut:

Trong php lut lc a, cc quan h ti sn gn lin vi nhng nguyn tc ca Lut dn s La M - Tp hp nhng qui nh php lut lm nn tng cho Lut dn s La M ca Hong Justinian (Justinians Corpus Juris Civilis). Ni n s nh hng ca Lut La M, Mc tng nhn xt rng php lut cc nc Chu u khng th em li nhng hon thin ng k cho Lut La M c i m ch sao n li mt cch c bn. Php lut Anh - M khng nh hng su sc v gn b mt thit vi nhng nguyn tc ca lut dn s La M nh php lut lc a. Tuy nhin c hai h thng php lut ny u t nhiu u tha hng s giu c v tnh chun mc ca thut ng php l La M. V d : stare decisis (Phn quyt ca Ta n trc phi c cng nhn nh tin l); pacta sunt servandas (Hp ng phi c tn trng). S nh hng ca cc hc thuyt php l, vi t cch l mt ngun lut th Common Law c xu hng p dng nhiu hn so vi cc nc theo truyn thng Civil law. 3.2.V tnh cht php in ha Quan nim tip cn php lut ca hai h thng php lut ny l khc nhau. H thng Civil law quan nim lut php l phi t cc ch nh c th (All law resides in institutions), cn h thng Common law li quan nim lut php c hnh thnh t tp qun (All law is custom). u im r nt ca cc B lut trong Civil Law l tnh khi qut ha, tnh n nh cao (certainty of law). Php lut Common Law da ch yu trn ngun lut l tin l php (Stare decisis. Thm phn va l ngi xt x va l ngi sng to ra php lut mt cch gin tip. u im r nt nht ca cc tp qun l tnh c th, linh hot v ph hp vi s pht trin ca cc quan h x hi. Php lut lc a chia thnh cng php (public law) v t php (private law), cn php lut Anh - M kh phn chia. Cng php bao gm cc ngnh lut, cc ch nh php lut iu chnh cc quan h v t chc v hot ng ca c quan nh nc, nhng quan h m mt bn tham gia l cc c quan nh nc. Cn t php bao gm cc ngnh lut, cc ch nh php lut iu chnh cc quan h lin quan n cc c nhn, t chc khc. 3.3. V th tc t tng: H thng php lut lc a pht trin hnh thc t tng thm vn, t tng vit (inquisitorial system/ written argument), cn H thng php lut Anh M pht trin hnh thc t tng tranh tng (Case system/ oral argument). Tuy nhin cng khng hon ton ng nu khng nh rng h thng Civil Law khng h p dng vic suy on v ti (presumption of innocence). Khi xt x, cc nc theo h thng Common Law rt coi trng nguyn tc Due process. y l nguyn tc c nhc n trong tu chnh n th 5 v 14 ca Hoa K. Ni dung chnh ca nguyn tc ny ni n ba yu cu chnh: yu cu bnh ng ca cc ng s trong vic a ra chng c trc To (equal footing); yu cu qui trnh xt x phi c tin hnh bi mt Thm phn c lp c chuyn mn, cng mt bi thm on v t, khch quan (fair trial and impartial jury); yu cu lut php phi c qui nh sao cho mt ngi dn bnh thng c th hiu c hnh vi phm ti (Laws must be written so that a reasonable person can understand what is criminal behavior). H thng Civil Law da trn qui trnh t tng thm vn (inquisitorial system) nn trong cc v n hnh s, thm phn cn c ch yu vo Lut thnh vn, kt qu ca c quan iu tra, v qu trnh xt x ti To ra phn quyt. To n cc nc theo truyn thng Common Law c coi l c quan lm lut ln th hai, hay c quan sng to ra n l (The second Legislation). Ngc li cc nc theo truyn thng Civil Law, ch c Ngh vin mi c quyn lm lut, cn To n ch l c quan p dng php lut. cc nc theo truyn thng Common Law a phn cc hip nh quc t khng phi l mt phn ca lut quc ni/ lut quc gia (domestic law). Chng ch c th c to n p dng khi cc hip nh quc t c ni lut ho bi c quan lp php. Cc nc theo truyn thng Civil Law th khc, v d nh Thy S, cc iu c quc t

c p dng trc tip nh l mt phn ca lut quc ni, v vy cc To n c th trc tip p dng cc iu c quc t khi xt x. 3.4. V vai tr ca lut s v thm phn, chng c: Php lut Anh - M do n l l ngun c bn, c bit vi truyn thng coi trng chng c nn lut s, thm phn rt c coi trng. Php lut lc a do vn bn qui phm php lut l ngun ch yu, ng thi do thng l "n ti h s" - qu trnh iu tra ph thuc phn ln vo kt qu ca c quan iu tra do vy lut s ban u t c coi trng nh cc nc theo h thng php lut Anh - M. Thm phn cc nc Civil Law ch tin hnh hot ng xt x m khng c tham gia hot ng lp php, h khng c to ra cc ch nh, cc qui phm php lut. Thm phn ca Civil law c o to theo mt qui trnh ring, h thng trc khng phi l cc lut s. Nhng Common Law th khc, thm phn hu ht u c la chn t nhng lut s rt danh ting; Nguyn nhn dn n s khc nhau ca hai h thng php lut ny c rt nhiu, c c nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan, nhng c bn vn l do tin trnh pht trin ca cch mng t sn khc nhau quyt nh. Cch mng t sn cc nc din ra vi tnh cht, mc trit l khc nhau, c nc cch mng chng phong kin din ra trit , c nc khng trit . Ni n h thng php lut t sn th hai h thng php lut trn l hai h thng php lut ln, tuy nhin bn cnh hai h thng php lut ny cn c s tn ti ca h thng php lut cc nc Hi gio, h thng php lut Bc u T cui th k th 20, cc nc theo h thng Civil Law c nhiu thay i. V d khng cn ch da n thun vo B Dn lut , m cc nc ny, cc n l, cc vn bn di lut, cc nghin cu hc l t php cng c xem l nhng ngun lut quan trng. Cc b dn lut cng c b sung, sa i, nht l c (cn gi tt l BGB). 3.5 ngun lut - im khc bit u tin v cng l c bn gia cu trc ngun lut ca hai dng h l: Civil Law coi lut thnh vn l ngun lut chnh trong khi Common Law li tha nhn n l l ngun lut chnh thc. - Php lut thnh vn: h thng cc quy phm php lut c tp hp ha v php in ha do nh nc ban hnh. - n l: l bn n tuyn hoc s gii thch, p dng php lut c coi nh tin l lm c s cc thm phn sau c th p dng trong cc trng hp tng t. S khc bit ny xut pht t s khc nhau trong t duy php l trong qu trnh pht trin ca hai dng h ny. Lut thnh vn c coi l ngun chnh ca Civil law trong quan trng nht l cc qui phm php lut. Vi t duy php l l ch ngha duy l (rationalism) hay t duy theo li din dch, i t ci ph qut n trng hp c bit. Phng php t duy ny bt ngun t vic coi trng php in ha, khi qut cc trng hp ca cuc sng. Lut thnh vn xut hin do s kin din ra vo nm 528, Hong Justinian I ra lnh tp hp, h thng ho v cng c in ch ho Lut La M v Tp hp cc ch nh lut dn s - Corpus Juris Civilis ra i, t vin gch u tin cho lut thnh vn. S pht trin ca lut thnh vn gn lin vi s pht trin ca hot ng nghin cu lut La M ca trng phi php im ha - trng phi cc nh php in hin i (Usus Modernus Pandectarium hay Pandectists) xut hin c th k 16. Trng phi ny khng pht trin l lun v php lut, cng khng tm hiu ni dung mang tnh lch s ca Corpus Juris m quan tm n vic lm th no p dng cc quy phm php lut trong thc tin, lm cho n khng mu thun vi tp qun php c. S tha nhn lut thnh vn vi t cch mt ngun lut chnh trong dng h Civil Law xut pht t cui th k XIX, vi vic phc hi php in ho. Vic php in ho Php tr thnh mu mc cho h thng php lut chu u lc a (Tiu biu l B lut Napoleon 1804). Php in ho l k thut trnh by mt cch c phng php mt php lut ph hp vi x hi hin i, mt php lut c to n p dng.

Php in ho cng bc l nhng hu qu tiu cc, lm xut hin trng phi lut hc thc chng. Ch ngha lut hc thc chng ph nhn vai tr ca lut t nhin v nh gi qu cao vai tr ca php in ho, cho rng trong h thng php lut ch c cc vn bn php lut mi c th c coi l ngun lut. Vi Common Law theo ch ngha kinh nghim (empiricism) hay li suy lun qui np i t trng hp c bit n ci tng qut, nguyn tc, n l la chn l ngun chnh. iu ny mang ti mt h thng Common law m, gn gi vi i sng thc t, to nn tnh ch ng sng to, mm do v linh hot trong t duy php lut. n l xut hin Anh, nm 1154, Vua Henry II to ra mt h thng lut chung v sng to ra mt h thng ta n thng nht y quyn nng, ng a cc thm phn t ta n Hong gia i khp ni trong nc v su tm, chn lc cch thc gii quyt cc tranh chp. Sau nhng thm phn ny s tr v thnh Lun n v tho lun v nhng v tranh chp vi cc thm phn khc. Nhng phn quyt ny s c ghi li v dn tr thnh n l (precedent), hay theo Ting Latin l stare decisis. Theo , khi xt x thm phn s chu s rng buc bi nhng phn quyt c t trc . Thut ng Common Law bt u xut hin t thi im . Nh vy trc khi Ngh vin ra i trong lch s php lut ca Anh, Common Law c p dng trn ton b vng quc trong vi th k. - Mt s khc bit tuy khng r nt nhng cng gip ta nhn nhn su hn trong mi tng quan so snh chnh l s tip nhn t duy php l ca lut L M trong vic xy dng cu trc ngun lut ca hai dng h ny. Tuy c hai h thng php lut ny u t nhiu u tha hng s giu c v tnh chun mc ca thut ng php l La M. V d : stare decisis (Phn quyt ca Ta n trc phi c cng nhn nh tin l); pacta sunt servandas (Hp ng phi c tn trng), nhng s nh hng ca Lut La M ti cu trc ngun lut ca Civil Law chnh l s hnh thnh v coi trong lut thnh vn th s nh hng ca cc hc thuyt php l, vi t cch l mt ngun lut th Common Law c xu hng p dng nhiu hn so vi cc nc thuc h thng php lut Civil law. S d c im khc bit ny v Lut La M c s nh hng mang tnh quyt nh v xuyn sut qu trnh pht trin ca dng h Civil Law cn vi Common Law lut La M ch l mt s b tr v c nh hng khng nhiu nh vi Civil Law.

3.6 o to Vic o to trong ngnh lut khc nhau ty tng nc, nhng phai ni rng vic o to lut M mi l v c bit trn nhiu bnh din. V d nh, phng php nghin cu n l (case method) hoc phng php i p (Socratic method). C l n y bn cng t thy rng, phng php nghin cu n l khng th p dng c mt nc c h thng lut thnh vn. cc nc (v c Anh quc), lut c dy cp i hc, do vy, ton b thi gian hc lut thng di hn M (o to lut cp sau i hc). Phng php ging dy theo li quyn uy: ging vin gii thiu lut cho sinh vin, sinh vin lng nghe v ghi chp ch khng tham gia g khc trn lp. 4.ging nhau im tng ng d nhn thy nht gia hai dng Civil Law v Common Law chnh l s tha nhn c bn thnh t : lut thnh vn, n l (tin l php), tp qun php, l phi t nhin, cc hc thuyt trong qu trnh ngin cu php lut. iu ny c th thy rt r khi nhn vo cu trc ngun lut ca c hai dng h: Civil Law - Lut thnh vn- n l (tin l php)- Tp qun php- Cc nguyn tc chung ca php lut- Cc hc thuyt php lut- L phi t nhin. Common Law - n l (tin l php)- Lut cng bnh ( Anh) - Lut thnh vn.- Tp qun php- Cc tc phm nghin cu php lut.- L phi t nhin

S tng ng ny xut pht t qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin php lut ca hai dng h u da trn c s l lun php lut, php lut c xy dng cng qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin cc hc thuyt nghin cu php lut ( vi dng h Civil Law), hay qua thc tin xt x vi cc v vic c th ( Common Law). Vi c hai dng h php lut ra i do s nhu cu thc tin. C hai dng h u chu s nh hng t Lut La M, nn c hai u hnh thnh t duy php l t rt sm, iu gii thch ti sao li c n l, lut hnh vn v cc hc thuyt php l trong cu trc ngun lut ca hai dng h ny. Lut tc hay cn gi l tp qun php v l phi t nhin l thnh t m hu ht dng h php lut no cng tha nhn, v vy nguyn nhn chnh xut hin s tng ng ny vn l c hai dng h Civil Law v Common Law u xy dng php lut theo t duy php lut, php lut thc s l cng c, ch ca nh nc ch khng phi thn thnh hay thng ging cc dng Lut Hi gio hoc cc dng h lut tc khc. Ngoi im tng ng ni bt k trn, cn c mt s tng ng khc trong cu trc ngun lut ca c hai dng h ny, chnh l s nh hng ca Lut La m ti cu trc ngun lut tuy nhin vi mc khc nhau. iu kin p dng n l 1. Khi nim v cc nguyn tc v tin l php Theo Blacks Law Dictionary th khi nim tin l php (precedent) c ghi nhn nh sau: 1) Tin l php l vic lm lut ca ta n trong vic cng nhn v p dng cc nguyn tc mi trong qu trnh xt x; 2) V vic c gii quyt lm c s ra phn quyt cho nhng trng hp c tnh tit hoc vn tng t sau ny 114. Cng tng t nh vy, php lut nc Anh cng cho rng tin l php ch xut pht t phn quyt ca thm phn ta n cp trn. Khi a ra quyt nh cho mt v vic, thm phn phi tun theo cc quyt nh c a ra bi ta n cp trn cho v vic tng t115. Tuy nhin, a ra phn quyt cho mt v n, thm phn phi thc hin hai nhim v c bn l xem xt tnh tit c th ang xy ra v lut s p dng nh th no i vi cc tnh tit . Theo nguyn l tin l phi c tun th (stare decisis),vic p dng php lut s cn c vo nhng tnh tit tng t ca v vic trc y a ra mt phn quyt ng nht v thm phn phi tun theo cc quyt nh trc y ca ta n cp trn. V d trong v n Elizabeth Manley116. Elizabeth Manley trnh bo vi cnh st rng c mt ngi n ng nh c v ly ton b tin bc. Tuy nhin khi cnh st tin hnh iu tra pht hin v vic trn l khng c tht. Ta n kt ti Elizabeth Manley vi ti danh lm nh hng n trt t cng cng. Ti danh ny khng c quy nh trong lut. Do , ta a ra hai l do v sau hnh thnh nn tin l. Th nht, t ngi v ti trc nguy c b bt gi; th hai, l tn thi gian v cng sc ca cnh st cho qu trnh iu tra mt v vic khng c tht. Nguyn tc tin l cng rng buc vi chnh ta cp trn, c ngha l ta n cp trn cng phi tun th tin l do chnh mnh to ra. C th hn, cc nc theo h thng thng lut a ra mt s nguyn tc trong vic xy dng n l gm nhng quy nh sau: 118 - Mi ta n b buc phi tun th theo cc quyt nh ca ta n cp cao hn trong cng h thng hoc ca chnh ta n ra tin l; - Nhng quyt nh ca ta n thuc h thng khc ch c gi tr tham kho; - Ch c nhng phn quyt nh da trn chng c php l (ratio decidendi) ca v n th mi c gi tr bt buc ra quyt nh cho v n sau ny; - Nhng nhn nh hoc quyt nh ca ta n trc i vi mt v n khng da trn c s php l m ch da trn c s bnh lun ca thm phn (obiter dictum) s khng c gi tr bt buc ta n cp di phi tun th; - Yu t thi gian khng lm mt i tnh hiu lc ca tin l. Nh vy, khng phi tt c nhng phn nu ra trong mt bn n u bt buc tr thnh tin l php. S c nhng phn bt buc v nhng phn khng bt buc (tuy rng phn khng bt buc ny vn thuyt phc cc bn tham gia

v n tun th). Theo s gii thch v tin l php trong lut so snh119, ranh gii c bn khi gii thch tin l php theo lut Anh l gia c s php l(ratio decidendi)v s gii thch thm - phn bnh lun ca thm phn(obiter dictum). C s php l l nguyn tc php l ta quyt nh v vic v n mang tnh cht bt buc. Cn phn bnh lun ch l vic nu ra nhng l l, gii thch thm ca thm phn v v vic qua v do n khng mang tnh bt buc cho nhng trng hp sau ny. Nhng l do m cc thm phn a ra gii thch thm nm ngoi phm vi ca c s php l v h cng khng cn kim tra cng nh xem xt n hu qu ca n. Mc ch ca vic a ra lun c ny ch mang tnh cht l gii thch hay minh ha phn bit gia v vic ny vi v vic khc m thi. Theo cc nh lm lut Anh th tin l php c rt nhiu u im120. Th nht,cc i tng lin quan trong v n c th bit trc cc hu qu php l ca v vic v h bit cc quyt nh ny khng phi l cc quyt nh ty tin ca cc thm phn m cc thm phn da vo cc quyt nh ca cc v vic trc . Th hai,tin l c a ra t thc tin, trong khi cc o lut li t nhiu cn c vo l thuyt v suy lun mang tnh l gch; tin l hnh thnh t cc hon cnh khc nhau trong i sng do n iu chnh c hu ht cc quan h x hi pht sinh. Th ba,tin l to iu kin cho thm phn a ra nhiu t tng mi trong lnh vc p dng php lut ty theo iu kin, hon cnh x hi pht sinh ra cc quan h php lut. Th t, l tnh linh hot ca tin l php, thuc tnh ny ph hp vi s thay i nhanh chng ca x hi. Trong khi s thay i cc vn bn quy phm php lut cn phi mt thi gian nht nh th tin l php li p ng ngay nhng i hi ca thc tin. Tuy nhin, vic p dng hnh thc tin l php gp phi nhng bt cp nht nh. Th nht,do cc quyt nh v bn n qu nhiu v lin tc tng theo thi gian nn gy rt nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh vn dng. Th hai,bn cnh tnh linh hot th n cng cha ng s cng nhc v thm phn buc phi tun th theo nhng tin l m h cho rng khng y hoc khng mang gi tr php l cao. Th ba,thm phn s kh khn khi nhn nh trong nhng iu kin hon cnh nh nhau nhng tnh tit v vic li hon ton khc nhau; trong trng hp ny, thm phn phi so snh v hnh thnh nn mt tin l mi, v nh vy s lm phc tp thm khi p dng lut. Th t,n khng mang tnh h thng v tnh khi qut v n l c hnh thnh theo nhng tnh tit ca mi v vic. Nu khc phc hoc hn ch c cc nhc im trn, tin l php s tr nn rt c dng v p ng c nhng i hi ca mt x hi lun thay i v pht trin. 2,hnh thnh n l Ni cch khc, tin l php ch c th c hnh thnh t c quan t php ch khng t c quan lp php hay hnh php. Tc gi nhn thc iu ny v hai l do. Th nht,v xut pht im ca tin l php - hnh thnh t con ng thng qua qu trnh xt x; iu ny ph hp vi chc nng ca c quan t php. Th hai,nu nh cc c quan hnh chnh cng ban hnh tin l th khng ph hp vi thm quyn v chc nng l c quan qun l - khng phi l c quan xt x - v n s to nn mt s chng cho trong vic hnh thnh v p dng tin l gia hai c quan hnh php v t php. Nhn chung, vi tnh cht c th ca hnh thc php lut ny, trong qu trnh nghin cu p dng Vit Nam, chng ta c gng khc phc nhng hn ch ca n tin l php s gp mt phn khng nh vo vic hon thin v a dng ha cc hnh thc php lut Vit Nam.

You might also like