Tim Hieu Cong Nghe Cam Ung Dien Tu 9012

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp
CHNG 1 TM HIU CNG NGH L CM NG IN T
1.1. t vn Trong cc th k trc cc ngnh cng nghip cha c cha c pht trin c bit cc ngnh cng nghip nh l ngnh cng nghip luyn kim ,ngnh ch to my , vn cht lng thp v thp hp kim cha oc quang tm ng mc n th k 20 , nht l sau Chin tranh th gii ln th nht, nn cng nghip ngy cng pht trin mnh. Trn th gii lc by gi cc ngnh cng nghip , nht l ngnh luyn thp v hp kim , ngnh c chi tit , ngnh ch to my , ngnh in lc , ngnh in t ang pht trin v sn lng v cht lng sn phm . Do yu cu v iu kin k thut mi , st thp thng thng nh trc khng tha mn vi cc dng c, my mc thit b ti tn , v y i hi chng phi lm vic trong iu kin nhit v p sut cao , chng c n mn ha hc v in ha , chng bo mn c hc, chng nng, chng r. do phi sn xut ra cc loi thp v hp kim c tnh nng c bit nh bn c hc cao , bn chng n mn ca mi trng axt , nc sng , nc bin, chng mi mn do va p c bit cn phi sn xut ra cc loi thp c tnh n hi cao , c tnh nhim t tt , c tnh chng nhim t cao . Do cc tnh cht c bit trn nn thp c sn xut ra t l thi khng kh khng th p ng c na , m phi nu luyn trong cc loi in. Vy phng php luyn thp trong l in l mt cng ngh mi hin i. luyn thp v hp kim trong l in ngi ta tn dng in nng bin thnh nhit nng di dng h quang , cm ng in t , in tr v dng plasma. Thng s dng l in h quang xoay chiu hoc l in h quang mt chiu sn xut thp ccbon cht lng , thp hp kim thp , trung bnh v cao vi sn lng ln. luyn mt s thp hp kim chuyn dng , hoc cc thp hp kim cao t ccbon ngi ta s dng cc loi l in cm ng cao tn , trung tn v tn s cng nghip. nu loi thp v hp kim , tinh luyn kim loi v thp t cht lng cao hn na ngi ta s dng l in x, l in cm ng chn khng , l h quang chn khng , l in t chn khng su , l plasma nung nguyn liu
cc loi vt liu , cc dng c , chi tit my ngi ta s dng l in tr nung trc tip hoc gin tip. 1.2. Lch s pht trin ca phng php l in cm ng khng li st. u th k 20 c nhng ngh u tin v hp kim v luyn kim trong l cm ng khng li st bng dng in tn s cao. Nh pht minh n in A.N L--gin trong thi gian 1905 1907 ngh nhiu kt cu dy nung cm ng v nm 1908 ng trong tp ch in bi bo co v nguyn tc lm vic v cu to l cm ng khng li st. ng thi trong thi k ny cc nc c nhng bng chng v pht minh l in tn s cao (Bng chng nhn ca cng ty Php Snoi e- Cre. Bng chng nhn ca Thy in sanera, bng chng nhn ca Anh Hc en v nhiu nc khc.) Song l khng c li st trong thi k vn cha c ngha thc t v hi cha c dng in tn s cao. Nhng th nghim u tin v nu luyn bng dng in tn s cao c thc hin nm 1912 -1923 cng ty c phn Loren ngun cp in cho l khng c li st l my pht h quang to ra dng in tn s cao m bn thn vng dao ng l h thng cun cm ng . Vic nu luyn trong ni l t bn trong cun cm ng nm trong vng dao ng . Km c cht trong ni luyn ch trong khong 20 gam v m luyn ko di 2 pht. Bt u chin tranh th gii ln th nht nm 1914 cng vic th nghim trn b nh ch v ch sau 2 nm ngha l nm 1916, ngi M Noc- p ngh mt s mi , theo s ny nhn c dng in cao tn ngi ta phng tia la in . Trong thi k chin tranh ln th nht , nung cm ng thc t c dng trong cng nghip in chn khng nung cc chi tit n rai trong thi gian thot kh. Sau khi kt thc chin tranh th gii ln th nht l khng li st bt u c dng rng ri hn trong cng nghip. M vic sn xut cc l theo s Noc- trp bt u chim vai tr ch yu trong cng ty Ajax Electrothemic corporation nm 1920. Chu u c lp vi Noc-trp nm 1920 bt u cc th nghim v vic to ra l tn s cao c thit b phng tia la in t quay Ri-b. S pht trin ca k thut raio sinh ra my pht dng in tn s cao khc nhau , my pht h quang , my pht tia la in , my pht c cc n in t .
Do n u nhng nm 30 , th k 20 gi thnh nng lng cc dng cao tn gim ch cn bng 2 4 ln gi thnh nng lng dng in cng nghip. l mt trong nhng s tt s dng rng ri trong cng nghip l tn s cao v tn s cao hn. Nm 1937 cng sut ca thit b l tn s cao trn ton th gii tng n 100.000 kW v dung tch ca cc l ny ln u tin l vi Kg nay ln n 12 tn ( Cc nh my luyn thp Bofooc Thy in nm 1951). Ngun c bn cho tn s cao cung cp cho thit b in nhit hin nay i vi tn s 10000 Hz my pht cm ng v i vi tn s ln hn l my pht bng n. Cng lao c bit trong cc cng trnh xy dng cc my cm ng nc Nga l gio s V.P vlgin tron thi gian t nm 1910-1935 ng to ra nhiu my cng sut t 0,5 600 KW v tn s t 1000 n 60000 Hz , gip s V.P vlgin v cc th nghim ca ng m u cho lnh vc nghin cu to ra cc l cm ng hin i Nga . Nm 1930 V.P vlgin cng vi nhng ngi cng tc ca mnh bt u nghin cu l luyn cm ng khng li st , nm 1932 xy dng cc l luyn 10 v 200 Kg thp , cng trong nm , cng nghip Nga bt u sn xut c ton b l cng vi cc trang b in ca chng nh my pht mt, cc t in gio s V.P vlgin pht minh ra l in cm ng u tin khng c li st nc Nga vi my pht bng n nm 1939. Sau chin tranh th gii ln th hai l in c xy dng v pht trin rng khp th gii . Nh c ng dng l in h quang 10 60 tn/ m sn xut thp cng c v thp hp kim , Tip Khc s dng l in h quang 20 30 tn/ m nu tt c cc loi thp ccbon v hp kim thp . Ngy nay ngi ta s dng ph bin cc loi l in h quang vi dung lng 100 400 tn/ m dung lng bin p 35000 165000 kVA. c bit M ngi ta chy thng xuyn loi l 360 tn /m vi ch siu cng sut 160000 kW sn xut thp cacbon cht lng , m bo nng sut 100 120 tn thp/ gi. T nm 1990 n nay thit k xy dng cc loi l in h quang hin i nh loi h quang mt chiu siu cng sut ( 150tn/ m ) l h quang thn ct c dung lng l 100 300 tn/m.
Sn lng l in h quang chim 80 90% tng lng thp l in . S lng thp cn li c sn xut ra t l cm ng cao tn , trung tn v tn s cng nghip. L cm ng cao tn c dung lng 50 100 kg/m vi tn s lm vic f = 35000 55000 Hz c s dng sn xut loi thp hp kim chuyn dng. Hin nay loi l ny t c s dng nu thp m ch yu ti b mt chi tit my . L cm ng trung tn c dung lng 100, 200, 500, 900, v 1000 kg/m vi tn s lm vic t 1000 n 3000 Hz c s dng nu thp hp kim cao c hm lng cacbon thp ( C 0,10% ) . Loi l c ng dng ph bin khp ni nh xng c , xng c kh , xng luyn thp , luyn gang Ngy nay nn cng nghip in t ang pht trin th l in cm ng trung tn c trang b thit b ti tn vn hnh l thun li nhanh chng v chnh xc. 1.3. c im ch yu ca phng php l in - nu luyn thp v hp kim trong l in ngi ta s dng nng lng in bin thnh nhit nng , do tp trung c nng lng nhit ln nung chy kim loi nhanh c bit cc kim loi kh chy nh colfram, molipden - l in c nhit cao 1700 0 nn to iu kin ha tan cc nguyn t hp kim nhiu trong thp , tha mn y cho cc phn ng luyn kim to iu kin tng tc phn ng ha hc, thc y qu trnh phn ng oxi ha v hon nguyn kim loi xy ra nhanh chng v trit . - Trong qu trnh nu luyn thp l in , d dng nng nhit cho b kim loi v ng thi tin hnh iu chnh chnh xc thnh phn ha hc ca thp lng v x. - Nu luyn c tt c cc loi thp ccbon cao ,thp c cht lng tt, luyn c tt c cc loi thp hp kim cao hoc c bit m m bo chy hao cc nguyn t hp kim rt thp . c bit luyn c cc mc thp c hm lng phospho v lu hunh rt thp. - Gi thnh cc loi thp l in cao cn v tiu tn in nng v in cc ln (in cc grafit phi nhp t nc ngoi v nc ta cha sn xut c). - V vy cn phi p dng cc bin php ci tin thit b v cng ha qu trnh luyn thp trong l in nng cao cht lng v h gi thnh sn phm.
- Chn v tnh ton hp l m bo t phospho v lu hunh kch thc nguyn liu phi ph hp vi dung lng l v phng php cht liu vo l m bo vn hnh l tt . - S dng v khng ch ch in mt cch ti u trong qu trnh nu luyn thp , m bo thi gian nu mt m thp thp nht nng sut l cao nht. - p dng cc bin php cng ha trong giai on nu chy oxi ha v hon nguyn . - p dng cc cng ngh mi nh to x n , to x bt , thi oxi nguyn cht , thi cc cht kh v kh tr vo l m bo tc phn ng luyn kim xy ra nhanh do kh b c cc tp cht v cc kh c hi trong thp mt cch trit . 1.4. C s l thuyt v l cm ng khng li st ( l tn s ) l da vo hin tng cm ng in t . Khi t mt khi kim loi vo trong mt t trng bin thin th trong khi kim loi s xut hin( cm ng ) cc dng in xoy ( dng Foucault ) . Nhit nng ca dng in xoy s t nng khi kim loi. L cm ng c cu to da trn nguyn l ca mt my bin p khng kh cun cm ng c ch to bng ng theo dng xon c bc xung quang tng l. Cun cm ng c coi nh l cun s cp , cun kim loi cha ng trong l c coi nh l cun th cp my bin p . Khi ta cho dng in xoay chiu i qua cun cm ng th s sinh ra t thng bin thin . T thng i qua kim loi sn sinh ra mt sc in ng cm ng l E2. Kim loi y coi nh l mt dy dn, khp kn v thng gc vi t thng bin thin . Xut hin trong kim loi mt dng in cm ng v nng lng ca dng in cm ng sinh ra mt lng nhit ln nung chy kim loi. Nh vy khi l lm vic th xut hin hai sc in ng cm ng trong cun cm ng E1 v trong kim loi E2. Gi tr E1 v E2 c tnh theo cng thc: E1 = 4,44. .f.n1.10 8 V E2 = 4,44. .f.n2.10 8 V. Trong :
- t thng bin thin , Wb
f - tn s lm vic, Hz n1 s vng ca cun cm ng (s cp); n2 - s vng cm ng ca cun th cp ( kim loi coi l mt khi thng nht nn c n2 = 1 );
Do gia cun cm ng v kim loi cha trong l b ngn cch bi dy ca ni l ( bng vt liu chu la ) v cc vng ca cun cm ng c nhng khong cch nht nh nn t thng bin thin b mt mt ln ( t thng tn ra ngoi khng kh ) do vy sc in ng cm ng E1 > E2 . V vy cn phi cp vo cun cm ng mt nng lng in ln to ra E1 cao ph hp vi dung lng l v ng thi to ra E2 ln lm nng chy kim loi trong l . Khi kim loi b cm ng th trong kim loi s lp tc sinh ra t thng chng li t thng do cun cm ng sinh ra, do chiu dng in I1 ngc chiu vi chiu dng in Foucault (I2). Ta c :
E1 n1 I 1 = = v do I2 = I1.n1; E 2 n2 I 2
Nh vy dng in I2 ph thuc vo ngun cung cp v ph thuc vo s vng ca cun cm ng. Khi mt dng in xoay chiu vo cun cm ng th lp tc trong kim loi sinh ra mt dng in I2 (Phuc) . Dng in I2 ln gp n1 so vi I1 ngha l khi c I1 = const v tng s vng cun cm ng th dng I2 tng cao. V nh c dng in Phuc ( I2 ) to ra mt lng nhit ln nu chy kim loi. Nng lng in nu chy kim loi c tnh theo cng thc : W = I 2 .2 2 .d.h. .. f .10 9 2 ; (W); ; (W);
W = (I1.n1).2 2 .d.h. .. f .10 9
Trong : I1.n1 gi l ampe vng ,( A.mm); d - ng knh ni cha kim loi, ( mm ) h chiu cao ni l, ( mm).
- in tr sut kim loi, ( mm 2 /m ).
f tn s lm vic , (Hz).
Qua cng thc trn ta thy nhit cung cp cho l nu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trong t l vi bnh phng ampe vng . Lng nhit ny cn ph thuc vo s vng ca cun s cp ( n1 ) v cng dng in cm ng (I1) . Mi mt loi l cm ng u c mch in ring m bo cung cp dng in I1 v tn s lm vic mc ti thiu. fmin 2,5 . 10 9 .
d2
Trong : - in tr sut ca nguyn liu , mm 2 /m; d - ng knh l cha nguyn liu , mm . Nhn xt : ng knh ni l t l nghch vi ng knh lm vic . Khi tng tn s lm vic th phi gim ng knh ni l . Vy tn s lm vic quyt nh dung lng nh mc ca l ( tn/m ). 1.5. c im nguyn l cm ng in trong l cm ng khng li st 1.5.1. Mc cm ng Mc cm ng ca khi kim loi cha trong l khc nhau , ph thuc vo tng vng, tnh cht ca nguyn liu v tn s lm vic. Mt dng in cm ng phn b trong l khng u . Kim loi s tng l, gn cun cm ng th c mt in ln nht v gim dn theo hng vo tm l, tc l nguyn liu chy nhanh nht st tng l , cn gia l l chy chm. xc nh i lng mt dng kim loi ti mt im bt k trong ni l ta co cng thc sau:
w. 2. f . kl .10 9
z = 0 .e
Trong :
= 0 .e
2 z
z , 0 : tng ng mt dng ti honh z v 0

: t thm tuyt i , ( H )
= 0. kl 0 : t thm trong mi trng chn khng; kl : t thm ca kim loi trong l;
: in tr xut ca kim loi trong l; ( .mm 2 / m )
f tn s lm vic , ( Hz )
PP z 0
Hnh 1.1. Phn b tng i ca mt dng in ( z / 0 ) v cng sut(P z /P0 )
Trong qu trnh nu luyn thp khi tng nhit th su thm t tng ( di im Quyri ( t < 710 0 C ). Trn thc t sn xut thng cho l t nhit cao ri mi cht liu cc to vo l , c bit nn cht nguyn liu kim loi st thnh l ht sc kht cht , cn gia l va m bo nguyn liu c nung v nu chy u nhanh . Sau mi m nu thp cn li t thp lng trong l kch thch t ( cho php ). Khi kim loi cn trng thi rn th cng sut nhit ta ra trong nguyn liu ph thuc vo kch thc cc liu ban u. Theo G. T . Badata th gi tr cng ta nhit ra trong nguyn liu t c cc i khi kch thc nguyn liu l: d1 = 3,5.b; ( mm ) Trong : d1 : ng knh cc nguyn liu, ( mm ). b : su thm t , mm.
1 .1012 b= ; ( mm ). . 2. f . kl
Ta c bng nu ch tiu sn xut thp l cm ng khng li st.

Bng1.1.
Ch tiu kch thc nguyn liu c s dng trong cc loi l.
Tn s lm vic, Hz
ng knh liu, (mm)
Loi l cm ng
50 1000 2000 3000 10.000 500.000
100 150 35 40 25 30 20 25 10 12 1,0 1,5`
L tn s cng nghip L trung tn L trung tn L trung tn L cao tn L cao tn c bit
1.5.2. Cng sut in Phi tn dng cng sut in c li cho qu trnh nu, do cn phi ni vo ti h thng t in b cos . Do cu to l v cun cm ng ni l c dy bng vt liu chu la ngn cch l vi cun cm ng , cn cun cm ng c nhiu vng , vng n cch vng kia 2 3 mm nn to ra nhiu khe h , dn n t thng bin thin b r ra ngoi khng kh , mt bt nng lng in cm ng trong l do h s tn dng cng sut in rt thp - Tn s 50 Hz th cos = 0,1 0,12. - Tn s 500 3000 Hz th cos = 0,2 0,22. - Tn s 4000 10.000 Hz th cos = 0,25 0,28. 1.5.3. H thng t in b Vi i lng cos thp nh vy khng th nng lng nhit cung cp cho vic nu chy kim loi v vy ngi ta mc h thng t in b hoc ni tip hoc song song hoc tng hp vi cun cm ng l
a) Mc ni tip vi cun cm ng l th cho ta ch cng hng in p nh hnh v.
1 C U1 = U2 X= C I1
r U1 UL Uc U2
I1
Uc UL = Uc
Hnh 1.2. S kiu ni t ni tip vi cun cun cm ng l
Khi cng hng Im = Il = IC= I v in p ca my pht khi cng hng nh hn in p ca my khi cha cng hng ( Um > U ' m ). Nu cng hng hon ton th c in p cun cm ng bng in p t in b ( UL = UC ). Khi Um > U ' m th gc lch pha gia UL v UC gim xung bng khng. Nu in p my pht n nh theo mc b dn ti IL tng lm tng gi tr st p trn cun cm v t in b. in p trn cun cm ng l UL = U1.X = U1. .L; in p trn t in b Uc = I1 .
1 v trn in tr thun c in p .C
Ur = I1.r dn n lm tng in p trn l ( I ), i khi cao qud lm thng lp cch in gia cc vng cm ng dn n s c. Do cn khng ch dng in khi c ch cng hng in p. Thc t ngi ta t dng cch ghp ni t in ni tip , m ph bin l dng phng php ghp ni t b song song vi cun cm ng l . Vi cch ni ny cho ta ch cng hng dng in v hon ton trnh c s c do qu dng in do cng hng. b) S ghp ni t song song vi cun cm ng l c gii thiu hinh v :
10
I2 r U1 = U2 1 C I2
Hnh 1.3. S ni t song song vi cun cm ng.
I2 In= IL In X= C Ic Ic = IL Ic Uc
Ta c Um = Ul = UC= UL , ngha l in p my pht n nh trong qu trnh chy l , cn dng in khi cng hng vt tri dng in my pht:
I lo = I C + I m
Nu cha c cos th ta c I lo = I m Nu cng hng hon ton khi r = 0 th ta c cng hng ta c
.L =
I lo = I C . Khi l lm vic theo ch
1 ( in tr trong ca cun cm ng bng in tr .C
trong t in b ). Do ta xc nh c in dung ca t in b: C= L=
1 1 = 2 .L (2 . f ) 2 .L
U 1 Q = 2 = 2 2 . f .I U . f .2 U . f .2
Trong :
- tn s gc , ( rad/s);
f tn s dng in , Hz; L - i lng t cm , Hz ; C - in dung t in , F; Q cng sut phn khng, kVAr ; Qua cng thc trn ta thy l cm ng c tn s lm vic cng cao th in dung b cng nh ( gi thnh h , tn hao in nng thp ).
11
c) Cng hng hn hp l va c cng hng in p , va c cng hng dng trong qu trnh chy l. thc hin cng hng hn hp ngi ta va ni ghp t b ni tip , va ni song song vi cun cm ng l . y l mch ni phc tp cng knh nn t dng trong sn xut.
1 C U1 = U2 1 C I2 IC In
X= C
Hnh 1.4. S ni t va ni tip va song song vi cun cm ng l
1.5.4. nh hng ca t thng tn x v t thng trong khi kim loi Lm xut hin lc nng lm cho phn kim loi lng gia l c tng cao vi cao h2
h2 =
6,41.10 3.( I 1 .n0 ) 2 1.P
.h2 .d 2 . f . 2
( cm ).
Trong : I1 : Cng dng in vo cun cm ng trong l (A); n0: S vng cm ng trn mt n v di ( vg/cm );
: T khi ca kim loi lng ( g/cm 3 ); 2 : in tr sut ca kim loi ( m );
f : Tn s lm vic ( Hz ); h2,,d2 : Tng ng vi chiu cao ca b kim loi. Cng mt cng sut truyn cho kim loi nu tn s cng nh th h cng cao . Do lc nng ln ca phn kim loi lng trong l nn kim loi v x lng c xo trn mnh lit lm cho thnh phn ha hc v nhit ca thp lng ht sc ng u , sn phm luyn ra rt sch nhng li c nhc im lm cho o l b bo mn nhanh , bc trn b mt kim loi lng. Qua sn xut thc t ngi ta p dng hai bin php sau y khc phc nhc im : + Nng h cun cm n mc cho php i vi l c dung tch nh c t
12
5 10 (kg/m ) + Ngi ta lp t hi cun cm ng : Cun cm ng c tn s cao tng tc nu chy nguyn liu , cn cun cm ng th hai c tn s cng nghip khuy trn b mt kim loi lng. Hai cun cm ng ny c ghp ni thnh mt h thng chung v c qun cc vng cm ng ngc chiu nhau . Cun cm ng th nht c nhiu vng c s dng khi cn xo trn kim loi lng , mnh lit m c vng cao ca phn khi kim loi gia l. Vi thit b hin i ngi ta vn hnh l c hai cun cm ng ht sc nhanh chng chnh xc. Hin nay ngi ta p dng phng php ny ph bin nu luyn thp hp kim c cht lng cao v ng thi nng cao tui th l ( 100 150 ) m. 1.6. Phn loi 1.6.1. Theo tn s lm vic : - Thit b tn s cng nghip ly in t li hoc qua my bin p f = 50 Hz (L cm ng tn s cng nghip). Nhit cung cp cho l ph thuc vo ph thuc ch yu vo cng dng in chy qua cun cm ng v hiu in p t hai u cun cm ng. l ny lng nhit cung cp cho nguyn liu kim loi khng thy i theo tn s v f = 50 Hz . Nhng vic tng cng dng in c gii hn nht nh. Nu tng dng in qu ln th phi tng tit din dy dn , tng dn in tt v tng cng sut my bin p l V vy l cm ng tn s cng nghip vic cung cp nhit cho l l rt chm , dn n thi gian nu luyn l ko di . Do s dng l cm ng tn s cng nghip thch hp cho cc nu luyn thp ccbon cao, nu luyn kim loi mu , kim loi hoc hp kim d chy ( t < 1150 0 ) . c bit thit b l ny rt n gin , r tin , d thit k, d xy dng v khng cn thit b i tn s. Nhng tri li v tn s lm vic thp nn phi c dung lng t b cos rt ln , phi ghp song nhiu t nn gi thnh cao v tn hao in nng trong cc t l rt ln. - Thit b trung tn vi tn s lm vic 500 10 0000 Hz ( L cm ng trung tn ). y l l trung gian gia l cm ng tn s cng nghip v l cm ng cao tn . Nhit cung cp cho l nu chy kim loi vi tc nhanh , thch hp cho vic nu luyn cc loi thp cacbon hoc hoc cc loi thp hp kim trung bnh v cao. Thit b bin i tn s ca l c th s dng my pht tn s kiu quay hoc dng tiristor iu khin.
13
- Thit b cao tn vi tn s lm vic trn 10 000 Hz ( L cm ng cao tn ) thng dng n pht hoc thyristor. Nhit cung cp cho l vi tc rt nhanh, v tn s lm vic rt cao nn cm ng in t sinh ra trong cun cm ng l rt ln. Do nhit cung cp cho l nu chy kim loi l nhanh nht . Vic cp nhit nhanh nh vy ph hp vi cc cng ngh ti cc chi tit dng c my v nu luyn cc loi thp c nhit nu chy cao . Cng vic ti v nu luyn thp ph thuc hon ton vo tn s lm vic . t c tn s rt cao f = 100000 Hz th phi c thit b bin i tn s thch hp , thng ngi ta s dng cc loi bng n in t hai cc , ba cc hoc dng cac lnh kin bn dn thyristor. 1.6.2. Theo phm vi ng dng: - Thit b tn s nu chy kim loi v hp kim. L cm ng loi ny c hai loi l l c li thp ( l mng ) v l khng c li thp ( l ni ) . L mng dung lng nh v nhit thp dng nu chy kim loi mu. L ni c dung lng ni cng ln th tn s cng gim ( nung nng u ).
Vt nu
Mng
Hnh 1.5. L mng
14
Cc vng cm ng
Ni
Hnh 1.6. L ni
- Thit b nung phi cho rn , dp, cn. Phi cng ln th tn s lm vic cng nh. - Thit b ti b mt thng lm vic tn s cao. Lp ti cng mng th tn s lm vic cng cao. - Thit b nung, sy cht in mI v bn dn. 1.7. Ngun in cao tn c th c to ra bng cc cch sau: 1.7.1. Dng my pht in tn s cao c ch to di cng sut 0,5 1500 Hz di tn s 500 8000 Hz i vi vi tn s di 500 Hz , ngi ta dng my pht ng b cc li c s cp cc ln v s vng quay cao v : f=
n.p (Hz) 60
Trong : p : s cp cc. n : tc quay roto, vng /pht. ti u ha qu trnh cng ngh gia nhit, vic iu chnh dng kch t my pht l rt quan trng , nhm n nh in p my pht ra cp cho l cm ng nhm iu chnh cp in p theo tr s mong mun. Hon thin nht hin nay l dng b bin i kch t bng Thyristor , m bo chnh xc , n p 1% vi in p kch t ( 0 180 V) * u im: - n gin v cu trc,
15
- tin cy cao. - C th lm vic song song vi cc my pht , vn thp nht l khi cng sut ln. * Nhc im: - C phn t kh sa cha. - Din tch lp t ln , lm vic n - Hiu sut thp khi ti nh , bi trn lm lnh phc tp khng thay i c tn s. 1.7.2. n pht tn s: Dng trong thit b gia nhit tn s thng l n 3 cc chn khng . Tn s t vi chc n hng trm MHz. n c lm mt bng khng kh ( cng sut vi Kw ) hay bng nc ( cng sut ln hn, ti ngoi 100 kW ) . Khi lm vic , nhit Katot tng t nhit mi trng ti hn 2000 0 C v in tr ca l tng ti 10 ln do khi bt u lm vic, khng c cp ngay in p nh mc v dng Katt qu ln gy hng n m phi qua nhiu nc tng dn .Lc lm vic cng cn n nh in p si t v tng in p ln 1% cng s lm tui th n gim hn 10%. * u im: - Gn nh d sa cha. * Nhc im : - Hiu sut thp tui th , si t ca n tiu th t 8 30% cng sut n . - Phi qua nhiu khu bin i. 1.7.3. Dng thyristor: l loi ph bin nht gm hai khu c bn l chnh lu v nghch lu . Dng in tn s cng nghip c chnh lu v c bin i thnh dng cao tn nhng cn b hn ch tn s cao v gii cng sut ln. S dng tt vi cc l cng sut nh v va. 1.8 u im , nhc im ca l cm ng khng li st 1.8.1. u im: - Luyn c hp kim c sch cao do khng c cc ngun bn. S thm H2 trong kim loi nh hn 40% so vi cc l h quang v l mc tanh . Kim loi luyn trong cc l cm ng khng li st khng c li st cha tp cht phi kim loi tng i t s oxi ha ca b l nh hn trong cc l khc do nhit thp v iu kin nung hin i hn.
16
- Luyn c cc hp kim ng nht, thnh phn ha hc trong b l ng u do s so ln gy ra bi lc in ng S so trn ng thi lm d dng cho vic tin hnh phn ng gia kim loi v x. - Kim loi luyn c nhit cao v t c nhit cc i trong ton b khi kim loi khng ch trong tng ring bit nh trong l h quang. - Kim loi chy rt t do nung kim loi t trong ra ngoi. iu ny c bit quan trng khi luyn hp kim c thm cht hp kim ha him v t cng nh khi luyn kim loi mu ( S chy Nikien, Crm, Vanadi, trong cc l cm ng khng li st nh hn hai ln so vi l h quang ) - Hiu sut ca bn thn l cao. - Nng sut cao do luyn nhanh. - Din tch l chim nh do kch thc ngoi nh hn so vi kch thc l khc. - iu chnh cng sut v nhit n gin , d dng trong phm vi rng. - C kh nng luyn trong chn khng hoc trong mi trng kh c bit. - iu kin lao ng nh nhng v hp v sinh. - My pht mt lm vic yn tnh hn so vi ch lm vic khng n nh ca l h quang. - Khng tiu hao in cc. - Ch tiu kinh t k thut cao hn so vi l h quang v phng din ny vic so snh gi thp c luyn trong cc l cm ng v l h quang c tm quan trong c bit. * Ngi ta so snh ti Thy in trong mt phn xng c nng sut 20.000 tn thp trong mt nm c trang b theo hai phng n: 1/ L h quang 10 13 tn cng sut 5000kVA gi thnh trang b 1.800.000 cua-ron tin Thy in. 2/ L cm ng 3 8 tn cng sut 2700 kW, gi thnh trang b l 3.000.000 cua ron. Kt qu cho thy rng ph tn v hao mn phng n th hai cao hn phng n th nht l 230.000 Cua- ron ph tn v vn hnh phng n th hai thp hn phng th nht c th: a) in cc : 250.000 Cua-ron.
17
b) Nng lng in 32.000 Cua-ron. c) S chy ca cc nguyn t hp kim 426500 Cua-ron . Do khi luyn trong phn xng vi l cm ng 20.000 tn trong mt nm tit kim 487500 Cua-ron , cho php ha vn v phng din trang b l cm ng sau 3 nm so vi cc l cm ng c li st , l khng c li st c u im l n khng c knh , bn thn l khng c li st v cu to l ni l cha hp kim nu luyn v t vo trong cun cm, c cung cp bng dy ng in xoay chiu ni l c cu to n gin do d quan st v khng chu p sut thy tnh ca kim loi thn l. Nh vy iu kin lm vic ca ni trong l khng c li st d dng hn iu kin ca bung y vi knh trong l c li st. ng thi do cu to ni ca l khng c li st m kim loi c rt ra hon ton sau mi m luyn l gii hn ca l c li st v knh. Cc c im ny ca l cm ng khng c li st khng nhng khc phc c nhc im ca l cm ng c li st v cu to m cn cho php luyn thp v cc hp kim kh chy mt cch hp l. 1.8.2. Nhc im: - K tng i lnh, kh tin hnh phn ng gia kim loi v x do qu trnh tinh luyn kh . Nhc im ny l l c tnh chung ca l c li st cng nh khng c li st. Do x trong cc l ny khng c dng in chy qua v ch c nung bng nhit ca kim loi nu trong l. - Hiu sut ca ton b thit b thp do trong thit b cn c ngun tn s cao cng nh cn phi c cc t in . - Trang b i vi thit b ca l khng li st phc tp v t. - Yu cu nhn vin phc v c trnh cao. 1.9. ng dng ca ca l cm ng khng li st. - ng dng ch yu luyn thp cht lng cao v cc hp kim c bit khc c yu cu sch cao ng u v chnh xc v thnh phn ha hc. Cc yu cu nay khng thc hin c trong cc l c ngn la v l h quang. - Luyn cc loi thp thng thng trong cc l khng c li st s c tnh kinh t hn so vi cc l h quang , tng t luyn cc kim loi v hp kim mu trong cc l in khng c li st s km kinh t hn so vi cc l cm ng c li st nh ta bit trong nhng nm gn y cc thnh tu khoa hc mi ra i lin tip nh: my bay phn lc siu m dng nng lng nguyn t . yu cu to ta
18
hng lot nhng hp kim c bit ch to cc hp kim ny, ch yu v i khi l duy nht c th dng l cm ng khng li st .Do vy s pht trin ca l khng c li st chm hn nn ch trong nhng nm gn y mi ch s dng trong quy m rng ln. Ta th nghin cu ca cc nh my luyn kim en Anh trong thi k 1952 1954.
Bng 1.2. Trang b c bn ca nh my luyn kim en Anh.
Dng l 1952 L h quang L cm ng 134 64
S l in trong nm 1953 142 69 1954 151 73
% tng sau 2 nm 11,3 11,4
R rng rng mc s dng l in cm ng khng c li st trong cng nghip Anh cao hn mt cht so vi mc s dng l h quang. c im trn khng nhng c trng cho cng nghip Anh m cn nhiu nc khc nh Thy in . Nm 1951 Thy in sn xut 1475000 tn thoi c trong - L in h quang 34,8% - L in cm ng 5,2% V sn xut 27200 tn thp trong . - L in h quang 62% - L in cm ng 18,0% Trong cc phn xng luyn thp Thy in ngi ta t 33 l cm ng dung tch t 0,5 n 12 tn ( dung tch trung bnh 3,8 tn ) in cp t 16 my pht tng cng sut 19000 kW ( cng sut trung bnh 1185 kW ) ngoi ra cn t 39 l cm ng trong phn xng c thp dung tch t 0,5 n 8 tn ( dung tch trung bnh 3,2 tn ) cp in t 22 my pht tng cng sut 16500 kW( cng sut trung bnh 750 kW ) trong s l ln 5 l c dung tch 5 tn , 7 l 8 tn v 12 l 12 tn , nm 1951 ngi ta ch to thnh cng l c dung tch 18 tn . Ngoi luyn thp , l cm ng c s dng rng ri c gang thay cho l ng.
19
c im k thut ca cc l cm ng ln ch to Thy in nh sau:

Bng 1.3. c im k thut ca cc l cm ng ln ch to Thy in
Dung tch (tn) 5,5 8,0 12 18
Cng sut (kW) 1250/1700 2700 3400 4400
in p (V) 1800 1800 2000 2000
Tn s (Hz) 743/600 600 600 600
Cng sut mt (kW) 6000 6000 6000 6000
Svng quay trong 1pht 1000 1000 1000 1000
20
CHNG 2 GII THIU L CM NG V MT S LOI L KHC
2.1. L cm ng 2.1.1. S chc nng ca l cm ng dng b bin tn
KK3 U = var CKL NL L
f = 50Hz CL
U = var
U,I,f
KK2
KCS
KK1
KNg
Hnh 2.1. S khi chc nng ca l cm ng dng b bin tn
Trong s khi chc nng ca l cm ng trung tn dng b bin tn gm cc khu chnh sau: - Mch lc gm cc khu: + CL B chnh lu c iu khin dng tyristor bin i in p xoay chiu ca li in thnh in p mt chiu.
21
+ NL Khu nghch lu cng hng bin in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu cung cp cho vng cm ng ca l. + CKL Khu lc in p mt chiu dng cun khng lc vi vi tr s in cm L kh ln ( v b ngun cung cp cho b chnh lu l b ngun dng ). + L trung tn c vng cm ng cun xung quanh ni ca l v mt b t in. - Mch iu khin gm cc khu: + KNg Khu ngun mt chiu cung cp cho tt c cc khu trong mch iu khin. + KCS Khu iu chnh cng sut tiu th ca l cm ng. + KK - 2- Khu iu khin b chnh lu. + KK - 1- Khu iu khin b nghch lu. + KK - 3- Khu iu khin cng ngh dng rle- cng tc t . o lng v bo v. 2.1.2. S nguyn l l cm ng Hin nay chng ta nhp rt nhiu l trung tn nu thp t cc nc khc nhau nh : Anh , M, Nga , Trung Quc c cc thng s cng ngh sau: - Dung tch mi m nu t 50 n 2000 Kg. - Cng sut tiu th nh mc ca l t 100kW n 1200 kW. Nhn chung d sn xut khc nhau nhng v cu to , nguyn l hot ng s khi chc nng v c bn ging nhau. Trn hnh 2.2. l s nguyn l mch lc l trung tn nu thp do Vit Nam lp rp.
22
25
K W
30 30 R2 1 21 9 R 1 13 14 15 R 3 R 5 31 C 8 22 1 33 R3 1 C 9
NCB A
15 1 C 1 C 5 C 3 15 3 15 5
19
20
21
6 5 4
L 1 H
7
B 2 L 7 L 1 K L 2 H 8 65 66 R 7 R 8 RS E2 16 15 4 C 4 R 4 22 23
16 5
V 2 L 9
41
L F
L 2 K L 3 H K 9 L 3
32
V 2
H z
62 64 67 R 9
63
V0 60
42
54 34
C1 F
55 L 8 L0 1 17
C 6 R 6
68 R S2 E R S2 E 69 70
C2 F 18 15 2 C 2 R 2 24 A 1 22 0 36 37 R4 1 C0 1 22 2 35 R5 1 C1 1
36
28
29
L D
34
H h 2 S n y l l tru tn n th n .2 gu n ng u p
23
2.1.3 L cm ng trung tn nu thp gm cc phn t chnh sau: 2.1.3.1. My ct - c iu khin ng ngt t ng nh mt ng c cng sut nh, cng c th ng ngt trc tip bng tay. My ct c ni vi ngun in p xoay chiu ba pha in ap 380 V cung cp in cho mch chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin.
Hnh 2.3. My ct
2.1.3.2 CK. Cun khng xoay chiu li khng kh c chc nng hn ch dng ngn mch v hn ch tc tng trng dng in bo v cc tiristor chnh lu T- CL1 T- CL 6.
Hnh 2.4. Cun khng xoay chiu
24
2.1.3.3. Tyristor chnh lu T- CL1 T- CL6 chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin hon ton dng bin i ngun in xoay chiu ba pha thnh ngun in p mt chiu.
Hnh 2.5. Thyristor chnh lu
2.1.3.4. Cun khng LD cun khng lc c tc dng san phng dng in mt chiu c gi tr in cm rt ln. Mch t l mch t h trnh hin tng bo ha. Cun khng mt chiu c hai phn ln , mi phn ln li gm c nm vng ln v trong mi vng ln li gm nm vng nh.
Hnh 2.6. Cun khng lc mt chiu
25
2.1.3.5. Tyristor nghch lu T-NL1 T- NL4 l b nghch lu cng hng, ni theo s cu mt pha c tc dng bin ngun in p mt chiu thnh ngun in p xoay chiu, in p ra trn ti c dng gn hnh sin.
Hnh 2.7. Thyristor nghch lu
2.1.3.6. Vng cm ng l ph ti ca ca b nghch lu cng hng.V dng qua vng cm ng c hng ngn Ampe nn tn hao in chim ti 25 30% cng sut hu ch ca thit b do vy cn lm mt vng cm ng. Lm mt bng khng kh cho php mt dng in 2 5 A/mm 2 . Cn lm mt bng nc chy trong ng tit din trn th cho php mt dng in ln ti 10 30 A/mm 2 .
26
Hnh 2.8. L nu kim loi
2.1.3.7. T in c ni song song v ni tip vi vng cm ng to thnh mch vng dao ng. T in dng trong s ca thit b gia nhit tn s nhm lm chc nng phn ly dng in mt chiu v b h s cng sut cos ca l. Cc t in ny chu c in p cao ( ti 1000 V ) v chu c tn s cao ( ti 10kHz ) ty theo tng thit b gia nhit. 2.1.3.8. Dy dn cao tn Dy dn cao tn c cm khng c bit ln do hiu ng b mt , h cm v chng ph thuc vo tn s. Dy dn y l cc thanh ci phng , c ng rng c nc lm mt, cp ng trc cao tn hay cp mt rut hoc nhiu rut. Cp ng trc c tr khng v cm khng nh so vi cc loi dy dn thng thng nhng n c cu to phc tp v tn vt liu hn. Hin nay c cp chu c in p 2000 V dng in 500A tn s 10000 kHz. 2.1.3.9. Bng iu khin - c dng iu khin cc khu nh cp ngun mt chiu cung cp cho tt c cc khu trong bng iu khin , iu chnh cng sut tiu th trong l cm ng, iu khin b chnh lu , iu khin b nghch lu, iu khin cng ngh dng rle cng tc t o lng v bo v.
Hnh 2.9. Bng iu khin
27
2.1.3.10. Cc my bin dng cao - bin i dng in cao t 2000 ampe xung dng in 5 ampe.
Hnh 2.10.
Bin dng cao
- S nguyn l my bin dng:
S1 T1 I sc n S1
Hnh 2.11. S nguyn l my bin dng
I tc T2
I tc
Khi c dng in i qua pha s cp th khi : Itc = Isc/n Trong : Isc : Dng in i qua cun s cp, Itc : Dng in i qua cun th cp, n : T s vng dy gia cun s cp v cun th cp, 2.1.3.11. Cc my bin dng h - bin i dng in t 5 ampe xung dng in 0,2 ampe. 28
2.1.3.12. Aptmat : l p t mt c ba tip im c mc trc tip vo mng in xoay chiu ba pha in p 380 V. C chc nng ng ct t ng khi qu ti hoc ngn mch. Cp ngun cho khi ng t.
Hnh 2.12.
Aptomat
2.1.3.13. Khi ng t ( Cng tc t ) L kh c in dng ng ct thng xuyn mch in ng lc t xa , bng tay hoc bng t ng . Vic ng ct cng tc t c tip im c th c thc hin bng nam chm in , thy lc hay kh nn gn y ngi ta thng dng loi ng ct bng nam chm in Cng tc t c cu to gm hai cc , mi cc c hai tip im l tip im chnh ( tip im lm vic) v tip im dp h quang.
29
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 2.13 Khi ng t
Khi ng t c dng y cp ngun cho my bin p v chng ng in tr li khi mt in. 2.1.3.14. Mch RC bo v qu in p: - Tiristor rt nhy cm vi in p qu cao so vi in p nh mc . - Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng qu p l s tch t in tch trong cc van bn dn, khi kho tiristor bng in p ngc cc in tch trn i ngc hnh trnh to nn dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn. S bin thin t ngt nhanh chng ca dng in ngc to ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm dn n cc tiristor xut hin qu p. - bo v qu p do tch t in tch gy ra ngi ta dng mch RC ghp song song vi van. Trn hnh l hai in tr mc ni tip v mc ni tip vi t in C.
Hnh 2.14.
Mch RC
2.1.3.15. in tr Shunt c dng o dng in chnh lu.
30
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 2.15. in tr shunt
2.1.3.16. Bin p xung nghch lu dng pht xung iu khin ng m cc van nghch lu.
Hnh 2.16.
Bin p xung nghch lu
2.1.3.17. Bin p cng sut c nhim v bin i ngun in p 1000 V v hai mc in p 100 V v 20 V cp cho ng h o v bng iu khin
Hnh 2.17. Bin p
2.1.3.18. Bin p ngun c nhim v bin i ngun in mt pha 220 V v in p 18 V cp cho bng iu khin
31
Hnh 2.18. Bin p
My bin p l thit b in t tnh , lm vic da trn nguyn l cm ng in t , dng bin i h thng in c in p U1( dng in I1 tn s f1 ) thnh h thng c in p U2 ( dng in I2 tn s f2 ) . my bin p vic i in p ch thc hin c khi dng in l xoay chiu hoc dng in bin i xung . My bin p c dng trong h thng truyn ti v phn phi in nng. Ngoi ra my bin p cng c dng cho mt s yu cu nh ni mch chnh lu v lm ngun cp cho l in My bin p c mt hoc hai dy qun t chung trn mt mch t. Cc dy ni c th ni vi nhau hoc khng ni vi nhau, khi chng ni vi nhau ngi ta gi l my bin p t ngu.
U2,f U1 ,f U3,f
Hnh 2.19. S nguyn l
*Ngoi ra cn Cc ng h o in p, o dng in, o tn s , o lu lng nc. Bn nt n hai nt n iu khin hot ng ca ng c ca my ct. Hai nt n iu khin hot ng ca khi ng t. V bin tr.
32
2.1.4. c im nguyn l l trung tn nu thp phn chnh lu Phn chnh lu c nhim v bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu. Thng l b chnh lu cu ba pha i xng gm 6 diode hoc 6 Thyristor c gc m nh do c u im l in p chnh lu cao Ud = 2,34 U2 , h s p mch nh, c cng sut u ra xp x cng sut u vo S 1,05.Pd.
P
NCBA
T1
C1 R1
T3
C R
T5
C R
LH1 7 LH2
LK1 LK2 LH3 LK3
V600
R7 RES2
R8 RES2
R9 RES2 T2 C R T4
C R
T6
C R A1
A
LD Q
Hnh 2.20. S nguyn l l trung tn nu thp phn chnh lu
33
Uf
Ua
Ub
Uc
t1 t2
t3 t4
t5 t6
Ud
Uab Uac Ubc Uba Uca Ucb
iT1 iT3 iT5 iT2 iT4 iT6 id uV1
Ungmax Uab Uac
Hnh 2.21. th dng dng in , in p trn s mch chnh lu.
34
Phn chnh lu mc theo s cu ba pha c iu khin, cc van iu khin l cc thyristor. Mnh chnh lu c ly ngun t ngun in p xoay chiu ba pha in p 380 V. Mch chnh lu c nhim v bin i ngun in p xoay chiu ba pha thnh ngun in mt chiu cung cp cho mch ngch lu. Ta c th nh hnh v vi gc iu khin = 30 0 Dng chy qua ti l dng in chy t pha ny v pha kia, do ti mi thi im cn m Tiristo chng ta cn cp hai xung iu khin ng thi (mt xung nhm anod (+), mt xung nhm catod (-)). V d ti thi im t1 trn hnh v cn m Tiristo T1 ca pha A pha anod, chng ta cp xung X1, ng thi ti chng ta cp thm xung X4 cho Tiristo T4 ca pha B pha catod cc thi im tip theo cng tng t. Cn ch rng th t cp xung iu khin cng cn tun th theo ng th t pha. Khi chng ta cp ng cc xung iu khin, dng in s c chy t pha c in p dng hn v pha c in p m hn. V d trong khong t1 t2 pha A c in p dng hn, pha B c in p m hn, vi vic m thng T1, T4 dng in dc chy t A v B. Khi gc m van nh hoc in cm ln, trong mi khong dn ca mt van ca nhm ny (anod hay catod) th s c hai van ca nhm kia i ch cho nhau. iu ny c th thy r trong khong t1 t3 nh trn hnh v Tiristo T1 nhm anod dn, nhng trong nhm catod T4 dn trong khong t1 t2 cn T6 dn tip trong khong t2 t3. in p ngc cc van phi chu chnh lu cu ba pha s bng 0 khi van dn v bng in p dy khi van kho. Ta c th ly v d cho van T1 (ng cong cui cng ca hnh v) trong khong t1 t3 van T1 dn in p bng 0, trong khong t3 t5 van T3 dn lc ny T1 chu in p ngc UBA, n khong t5 t7 van T5 dn T1 s chu in p ngc UCA. Khi gc m cc Tiristo ln ln ti gc > 600 v thnh phn in cm ca ti qu nh, in p ti s b gin on. Trong cc trng hp ny dng in chy t pha ny v pha kia, l do cc van bn dn c phn cc thun theo in p dy t ln chng, cho ti khi in p dy i du, cc van bn dn s c phn cc ngc nn chng t kho.
35
S phc tp ca chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng nh ni trn l cn phi m ng thi hai van theo ng th t pha, do gy khng t kh khn khi ch to vn hnh v sa cha. n gin hn ngi ta c th s dng iu khin khng i xng. Trn th in p cc pha ta biu din qu trnh iu khin cc van ring r cho cc thyristor nhm catt chung v nhm ant chung. ng bao pha trn ca ng in p pha cho ta hnh dng th ca im ra ti P khi van T1, T3, T5, c iu khin vi gc so vi cc im chuyn mch t nhin. ng bao pha di ca cc ng in p cho ta hnh dng th ca im ra ti Q khi van T2, T4, T6, c iu khin vi gc so vi cc im chuyn mch t nhin. Dng th ca P v Q so vi im trung tnh ca ngun ging vi dng in p ra ca cc chnh lu 3 pha hnh tia . Nu o in p gia P v Q ta c c in p ra ca chnh lu cu 3 pha c biu din trn h thng in p dy Uab, Uac, Ubc, . Vi ti thun tr dng dng in trn ti lp li ging nh dng in p trn Ud. Gc gii hn gia dng lin tc v dng gin on l 60 0 . Nu 60 0 th dng in s lin tc ta c cng thc l: Ud = Ud0.cos = 2,34 U2 cos . Nu gc 60 0 th dng in s gin on ta c cng thc l: Ud =
3 6
0 U2 1 + cos( + 60 ) .
36
2.1.5. c im nguyn l l trung tn nu thp phn nghch lu Nghnh lu c lp l thit b bin i dng in mt chiu thnh dng in xoay chiu c tn s ra c th thay i c v lm vic vi ph ti c lp. Ngun in mt chiu y c cung cp bi b chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin Nghich lu dng l thit b bin i ngun dng mt chiu thnh ngun dng xoay chiu c tn s tu . c im c bn ca nghch lu dng l ngun mt chiu cung cp cho b bin i phi l ngun dng , do in cm u vo phi c gi tr ln v cng m bo dng l lin tc. * u im: - Mch iu khin n gin do qu trnh chuyn mch n gin v vic iu chnh cng sut ca bin tn ngun dng ch yu c thc hin pha chnh lu. - Thng c ng dng i vi l cng sut nh v vy c s dng kh ph bin. * Nhc im : - Do ngun dng khng c h mch , do phi iu chnh cng sut pha chnh lu. V vy h s cng sut truyn ti qua b chnh lu thp khi iu khin su in p mt chiu .in p van ph thuc vo in p trn ti nu l cng sut ln th in p rt ln v vy nghch lu ngun dng khng c cho l cng sut ln. T s nghch lu dng mt pha trn ta thy cc tn hiu iu khin c a vo tng i mt tc l Tiristo T11,T13 th lch pha vi vi tn hiu iu khin a vo Tiristo T12,T14 mt gc 180 0 . in cm u vo ca nghch lu ln ( Ld = ) , do dng in u vo c san phng , ngun cp cho nghch lu l ngun dng v dng dng in ca nghch lu c dng xung vung.
37
iZ
iZ
Ld
KW
T11 R C T12 R C LF Hz iZ
B2 L7 32 L9
V2
V2
CF1
'+' '-'
ic
L8
L10
CF2
T14
R C
T13
R C
Hnh 2.22.
S nguyn l l phn ngch lu
38
T iN Id O t
id iC
t t
iZ t
i T1 i T2 U T1
t t1 tk t1'
Hnh 2.23. Biu xung ca s cu mt pha
39
Khi a xung vo m cp van T11,T13 , dng in iN = id = Id . ng thi dng qua t C tng ln t bin , t C bt u c np in vi du + bn tri v du bn phI . Khi t C np y dng qua t gim v khng . Do iN = iC + iZ = Id = hng s, nn lc u dng qua tI nh v sau dng qua tI tng ln. Sau mt na chu k ( t = t1 ) ngi ta a xung vo m cp van T12,T14 . Cp T12,T14 m to ra qu trnh phng in ca t C t cc + v cc - . Dng phng ngc chiu vi dng qua T11,T13 s lm cho T11,T13 b kho li. Qu trnh chuyn mch xy ra gn nh tc thi. Sau t C s c np in theo chiu ngc li vi cc tnh + bn ph v cc tnh - bn tri. Dng iN = id = Id nhng ngc du .n thi im t = t2 ngi ta a xung vo m T11,T13 th T12,T14 s b kho li v qu trnh c lp li nh trc . thi im t1 , khi m T12,T14 th T11,T13 s b kho li bi in p ngc ca t C t ln . Khong thi gian duy tr in p ngc l cn thit duy tr qu trnh kho phc hi tnh cht iu khin ca van. chnh la gc kho cua nghch lu. 2.2. L in tr 2.2.1. Khi nim L in tr l thit b bin i in nng thnh nhit nng thng qua dy t ( dy in tr ). T dy t , qua bc x , i lu v truyn nhit dn nhit , nhit nng c truyn ti vt cn gia nhit . L in tr c dng nung , nhit luyn nu chy kim loi mu v hp kim mu. 2.2.2. Yu cu i vi vt liu lm dy t Trong l in tr, dy t l phn t chnh bin i in nng thnh nhit nng thng qua hiu ng Joule. Dy t cn phi lm t vt liu tho mn cc yu cu sau : - Chu c nhit cao. - bn c khi ln. - C in tr sut ln ( v in tr sut nh s dn n dy di kh b tr trong l hoc tit din dy phi nh, khng bn ) - H s in tr nh ( v in tr s t thay i theo nhit , m bo cng sut l ). - Chm ho gi ( tc l dy t t b bin i theo thi gian , do m bo tui th l ).
40
Vt liu dy t c th l Hp kim : Cr Ni, Cr Al . vi nhit l lm vic di 1200 0 C. Hp cht : SiC, MoSi2 vi nhit lm vic 1200 0 C 1600 0 C; n cht : M0 , W, C, Vi l c nhit lm vic cao hn 1600 0 C;
Bng 2.1. Mt vi thng s c bn ca vt liu lm dy t l in tr.
Thnh phn ha hc (%) ( cn li l Fe v cc cht khc ) Vt liu Cr Cr Ni Cr Ni Cr Al Cr Al SiC Gr Mo Ti W 20-23 15-18 12-15 23-27 Ni 75-78 55-61 3-5 4-6 94,4 3,6 Al SiC SiO2
Nhit lm vic max ( 0 C.) 1100 1000 850 1200 1500 2800 2000 2500 2800
H s nhit in tr (
.10 3
in tr sut (10 6 ) 1,15 1,10 1,26 1,25 2.10 3 8-13 0,052 0,15 0,05
1 ) 0,035 0,1
5,1 4,0 4,3
2.2.3. Tnh ton dy t Xut pht t nng sut l , ta tnh ton ra cng sut l tiu th t li in. Nng sut l l: A =
M t
kg ) s
Trong : M : Khi lng vt gia nhit (Kg), T : Thi gian gia nhit (s) Nhit lng hu ch cn cp cho vt gia nhit :
0 Q = M . c ( t 0 - t 1 ), (J), 2
Trong : c : nhit dung ring trung bnh trong mt khong nhit

0 (t 0 - t 1 ), (J/Kg, ) 2
41

0 t 0 ,t 1 : Nhit lc ban u v lc gia nhit ca vt gia nhit 2
Cng sut hu ch ca l : Phi =

Qhi 0 = A. c ( t 0 - t 1 ), 2 t
(W),
Cng sut l: Pl =
Phi
(W).
Trong : : Hiu sut l . Thng l c hiu sut l = 0,7 0,8 Cng sut t ca thit b : P = k.Pl Trong : k l h s d tr, tnh n tnh trng in p li b tt thp, do dy ho gi m in tr tng ln. k = 1,2 1,3 i vi l lm vic lin tc k = 1,4 1,5 i vi l lm vic theo chu k. T cng sut P , c th tnh gn ng mt cng sut dy t mt pha. l kh nng cp nhit ca t trong mt n v thi gian trn mt n v din tch b mt dy. Wdd = Trong :
W P , ( 2) m.Fdd m
m : s pha . Fdd : Din tch b mt ca dy t mt pha.
2.2.4. S b kt cu l in tr Cc l in tr hin nay Vit Nam c nhiu loi v ngun gc khc nhau. a phn l l Lin X (c), mt s khc ca c, Tip, Hungv mt s l th nghim hoc l cng sut nh dng nung, sy, nhit luyn ca M, Php Ni chung cc l u c kt cu tng t nhau. L bung l loi l vn nng nht. L gm bung nung hnh hp ch nht vi kch c tu thuc cng sut l. Bung nung c lt cch nhit v to thnh o l. o l xy bng gch chu la c nhiu lp. Lp ngoi cng xy bng gch samt hay bt samt c cch nhit cao . Bc ngoi l v tn dy 5 n 10 mm. y l bng thp chu nhit, c lin bng nhng ming nh hoc y l xy bng gch chu lu . Thnh trong ca bung l c t dy t. Dy t c b tr c pha y v pha nh . Ca l tu kiu v cng sut l, c th m bng tay hoc bng 42
c cu c kh. Ca l c l thm quan st pha trong l. Ngoi ra l cn c u ra ca dy, ca kh dn kh bo v vo l thm nhp vo bung l qua ca l gy hin tng xi ho, thot cacbon ca vt gia nhit, u o nhit nh l hay bn hng 2.3. L h quang 2.3.1. Khi nim chung v phn loi L h quang l l li dng nhit ca ngn la h quang gia cc in cc hoc gia in cc v kim loi nu chy kim loi . L h quang dng nu thp hp kim cht lng cao. Phn loi l h quang: a) Theo dng in s dng : - L h quang mt chiu. - L h quang xoay chiu. b) Theo cch chy ca ngn la : - L nung nng gin tip : nhit ca ngn la xy ra gia hai in cc, c dng nu chy kim loi.
Hnh 2.24. L h quang nung nng gin tip
-L nung nng trc tip : nhit ca ngn la h quang xay ra gia 2 in cc nu chy kim loi.
43
Hnh 2.25. L h quang nung nng trc tip
c) Theo c im cht liu vo ca l: - L cht liu ( rn , kim loi vn ) bn sn bng phng php th cng hay my mc (my cht liu, my trc mng) qua ca l. - L cht liu trn nh l xung nh gu cht liu. Loi l ny c c cu nng vm nc. 2.3.2. Kt cu ca l h quang Cu to ca l h quang gm cc b phn chnh: - Ni l c lp v cch nhit v ca l c ming rt. - Vm nc l c v cch nhit . - C cu gi v dch chuyn in cc, truyn ng bng in hay thu lc. - C cu nghing l truyn ng bng in hay thu lc. - Phn dn in t bin p l ti l. Ngoi ra , i vi l h quang np liu t trn cao cn c c cu nng quay vm l c cu rt kim loi cng nh gu np liu. Trong cc l h quang c l ni su , kim loi lng trng thi tnh c chnh lch nhit theo cao (khong 100 0 C/m). Trong iu kin tng phn ng ca kim loi v m bo kh nng nung nng kim loi trc khi rt cn phi khuy trn kim loi lng. cc l dung lng nh di 6 tn th vic khuy trn thc hin bng tay qua c cu c kh. Vi l dung lng trung bnh v c bit ln (100T v hn) th thc hin bng thit
44
b khuy trn khng nhng gim lao ng vt v ca cc th nu m cn nng cao cht lng ca kim loi nu. Thit b khuy trn kim loi thng l thit b in t c nguyn l lm tng t ng c ng b rto ngn mch . T trng chy to ra l c y phi kim loi nh hai cun dy dng xoay chiu 0,5 n 1 Hz lch pha nhay 90 0 do t trng ny m kim loi c lc in t dc trc . Khi i ni dng trong cc cun dy c th thay i hng chuyn ng c kim loi trong ni theo hng ngc li. Cc thng s quan trng ca l h quang: Dung lng nh mc ca l: s tn kim loi trong mt m nu. Cng sut nh mc ca bin p l : nh hng trc tip n thi gian nu luyn tc l ti nng sut l.
2.3.3. Chu trnh lm vic ca l h quang gm ba giai on : a) Giai on nung nng nhin liu v nu chy kim loi. Trong giai on ny l cn cng sut nhit ln nht in nng tiu th chim khong 60% 80% nng lng ton m nu v thi gian ca n chim khong 50% 60% ton b thi gian mt chu trnh. m bo cng sut nu chy, ngn la h quang phi chy n nh . Khi chy in cc b n mn dn , khong cch gia in cc v kim loi tng ln. duy h quang in cc phi c iu chnh gn vo kim loi. Lc d xy ra hin tng in cc b chm vo kim loi gi l qu iu chnh v gy ra ngn mch lm vic. Ngn mch lm vic tuy xy ra trong thi gian ngn nhng li hay xy ra nn cc thit b in trong mch ng lc thng phi lm vic trong iu kin nng n. y l c im ni bt cn lu khi tnh ton v chn thit b cho l h quang. Trong giai on ny , s ln ngn mch lm vic c th ln ti 100 ln Mi ln xy ra ngn mch lm vic , cng sut hu ch gim mnh v c khi bng khng vi cng sut tn hao cc i. Thi gian cho php ca mt ln ngn mch t 2 3 giy. b) Giai on xi ho v hon nguyn. y l giai on kh C ca kim loi n mt gii hn nht nh tu theo yu cu cng ngh, kh P v S kh kh trong gang v tinh luyn. S chy hon ton cc bon gy si mnh kim loi. giai on ny , cng sut nhit yu cu ca kim loi l b li cc tn hao
45
nhit v n bng khong 60% cng sut nhit ca giai oan mt . H quang cn duy tr n nh. Trc khi thp ra l phi qua giai on hon nguyn l giai on kh oxi ho kh sunfua v hp kim ho kim loi cng sut yu cu lc ny c 30% so vi giai on mt. Ch nng lng tng i n nh v chiu di ngn la h quang khong v chc mt. c) Giai on ph y l giai on ly sn phm nu luyn , tu sa lm v sinh v cht liu vo l. 2.3.4. L h quang chn khng Nu kim loi bng l h quang chn khng s loai tr c tng tc ca kim loi nng chy vi kh quyn thc hin kh kh trong kim loi trit hn loi tr tng tc ca kim loi nng chy vi cc in ccDo vy l h quang chn khng c ng dng trong : - Sn xut cc vt liu chu nhit v c hot tnh ho hc mnh - Sn xut kim loi him. - Sn xut cc thp cht lng cao , c l tnh tt dng trong cc cao tc. - Sn xut cc vt liu c bit dng trong cc ngnh k thut nh nguyn t v tr. 2.3.4.1. L h quang chn khng c hai loi: - L h quang c in cc khng tiu tn bng graphit hay bng ng vi u in cc vonfram c lm mt bng nc. Loi l ny kh m bo cht lng cao ca kim loi nu luyn v thnh phn b lm bn bi cc in cc khi nu luyn. - L c in cc tiu tn l chnh kim loi nu luyn . Loi ny thng c s dng nhiu. 2.3.4.2 Kt cu l h quang chn khng bao gm cc b phn chnh: Khun kt tinh dng ng ng c v lm mt bng nc. Thng lm bng vt liu khng t tnh c t cun dy tp trung h quang dc trc ng v khuy trn kim loi trong b lng.
46
3 - 5Hz
380V
CDCL MC
BAL
KBH A BK
KBH
LV K CC VD
1CD
2CD
L 1
L 2
Hinh 2.26. S mch lc l h quang chn khng.
- C cu treo v dch in cc . H treo c th l mm (ti xch) hay cng ( vt thanh rng ) v tc dch cc 20 dn 300 mm/ph. - Bung lm vic c ng np liu hay phu. - H thng bm chn khng dng c o. 47
- H thng lm mt l. - Ngun cp v h thng iu khin - Nu nu luyn trong kh tr th c h thng truyn kh tr. H quang dng trong l chn khng ph bin l h quang mt chiu do c tnh cht chy n nh. c im ca c tnh vn-ampe ca h quang chn khng l in p tng i thp nn m bo cng sut th cn ngun c dng ln, dy dn ln. S s dng cc chnh lu ti 200A gm nhiu it mc song song. Do thi gian rot kim loi lng v chun b m nu tip theo l bng hoc ln hn thi gian nu nn cn mt mnh lc cp in cho hai l lm vic lun phin. Cun s cp bin p l iu chnh c in p di ti v c cp in t lui qua cu dao cch ly v my ct du Hai b chnh lu cp in t hai cun th cp 3 pha qua cun khng bo ho KBH c cun lm LV xoay chiu v iu khin K mt chiu cp t b iu khin BK. S chnh lu l hnh tia v c cp cho l h quang chn khng qua cun khng sau bng K. Cc cun th cp ba pha c im ni chung ngc cc tnh gim h s p mch sau khi chnh lu.Trong l h quang chn khng c in cc tiu tn vic dich chuyn in cc cn m bo theo tc lm vic tng ng cng nh m bo tr kh nhanh ngn mch v lp rp nhanh. Phm vi iu chnh c 200:1 v hn Trong truyn ng dch chuyn in cc bng in c , ngi ta dng hp gim tc c li hp in t tc ng nhanh. H t ng h quang chn khng cn m bo cc thao tc sau: - Chm la h quang chn khng khng to ngn mch - n nh di cung la h quang cho. - Dch chuyn in cc tiu tn theo tc chy - n nh cng sut h . - Nhanh chng tr kh ngn mch. - Nhanh chng h in cc khi h quang phng v thnh l. 2.3.5 L h quang plasma L h quang plasma l l h quang s dng plasma lnh . l kh ion ho c mc ion ho khong 1% ( t s gia s ion trn tng s phn t ). Plasma nhit thp c s dng rng ri trong cc qu trnh nh : Nu luyn qung, hp kim,
48
tinh luyn thp v hp kim cht lng cao, chu nhit v tng hp cc cht khc nhau u vit ca l h quang plasma l tp trung nng lng nhit ln trong mt vng th tch nh nn m bo nhit qu trnh rt cao. Do vy tng c kh nng phn ng v tc phn ng. Trng thi knh thch ca nguyn t nhit cao cn cho php gy phn ng to cc mi lin kt m khng th thc hin c cc iu kin bnh thng. Phn t c bn ca l h quang plasma l plasmatron in nng ca ngun cp c bin i thnh nhit nng ca dng plasma nhit thp . Ta c th coi plasma nh mt ngun pht plasma nhit thp. Mi trng to ra plasma l cc hn hp a thnh phn nh : N, H, Ar Phn loi plasmatron theo nguyn l bin i in nng thnh nhit nng c: plasma HQ, cm ng v in t. Theo dng in c plasmatron dng mt chiu, dng xoau chiu tn s cng nghp v cao tn. Loi h quang mt chiu c dng ph bin hn c do tnh n nh cao ca h quang. Trong plasmatron h quang th loi tc dng trc tip c dng l chnh. l cc l c ant nng chy.
Kh 1 4
2 R Nuc 3
Hnh 2.27. S nguyn l ca plasmatron
49
Plasmatron gm in cc 1 c dng thanh v bnh 2 c bng nc t ng trc vi in cc. Trong plasmatron mt chiu th in cc l catt v vi cc (-) ca ngung cp 4. Catt lm bng kim loi chu nhit ( W,Ti) c thm cht pht x nh oxyt thori. Bnh lm mt bo v catt khi kim loi bn to vo v to hng chuyn ng cho kh. H quang 3 chy gia catt v bnh 2 . Nu h quang h th mt dng tng i khng ln , khong 1 30 A/mm 2 v nhit khng qu 10 4 0 K . nng cao tp trung nng lng trong mt n v th tch v nhit ca plasma, ngi ta dng nhiu cch khc nhau nen h quang. Ngi ta c th lm lnh cng bc ng thi nn ct h quang bng khng kh , cng c th nn h quang bng t trng ngoi , hay bng in trng ngoi Kh to plasma nn c thi dc in cc v ra qua mt l nh di bnh2 . Lung kh s thi h quang xung phn di v trong iu kin l nh s tng mt dng in v nhit plasma h quang . Sau khi ra khi bnh vi tc ln, kh nn tc thi gin n to thnh dng plasma sng chi. Mt dng h quang trong plasmatron cao hn nhiu mt dng h quang t do. Nu thi kh to plasma c nn theo tip tuyn i vi trc plasmatron th kh s m ct h quang v chuyn ng xoy to thnh dng plasma xoy. Phng php mi h quang trong plasmatron dng ph bin trong thc t l phng in cao p , phng in cao tn v phun plasma. Khi xung cao p truyn ti cc in cc ca plasmatron s xuyn qua khong khng gian gia cc in cc v to phng in h quang. Ngun cp cho l h quang c th l cc b bin i chnh lu khng iu khin hay c iu khin. Yu cu c bn i vi khi ngun l c c tnh ngoi dc ng hay thng ng ( ngun dng ). c tnh dc thng ng s loi tr kh nng dng b dao ng khi in p h quang thay i tc n nh tt dng h quang. Thit b khuy trn kim loi lng lm nhim v khuy trn kim loi lng trong l h quang , chng s chnh nhit kim loi theo su ca l. Kim loi lng trong ni c khuy trn nh thit b in t nhiu loi khc nhau, dng dng xoau chiu cng nh dng mt chiu.
50
2 5
K W
CHNG 3 THIT K TNH TON MCH LC
3 0
3 0 R3 1 R2 1 29 1 21 2
NCBA
11 5 C 1 13 5 C 15 3 5 C 5 R 5
1 9
2 0
2 1
R 1 1 3 1 4 1 5
R 3
C 8 3 1 3 3
C 9
B 2
6 5 4
L1 H
7
V 2 L 7 L 9
4 1
L F
L1 K 3 2
V 2
H z
L2 H 8 6 5 L3 H 9 L3 K 6 2 6 4 6 3
L2 K
V0 60
4 2
5 4
6 6
6 7
3 4
R 7 6 8 RS E2 RS E2 6 9 7 0 RS E2
R 8
R 9 L 8 1 6 14 5 C 4
16 5
5 5 L0 1 1 7
C 6
C2 F 1 8 C 2 12 5 R 4 2 2 2 3
R 6
3 7 R 2 A 1 2 4 20 2 C0 1 R4 1 22 2
3 5
R5 1
C1 1
3 6
3 6
2 8
2 9
L D
3 4
3.1. S
51
C1 F
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 3.1. S nguyn l
3.2. Thyt minh: S mch lc gm c: - My ct : Dng ng ct ngun bo v ngn mch - B chnh lu : Dng bin ngun in xoay chiu thnh ngun in mt chiu p mch. - Cun khng mt chiu: Dng sn phng dng in mt chiu. - Bin dng cao: dng bin i dng in t 2000 (A) xung cn 5 (A). - Bin dng h : Dng bin i dng in t 5 (A) xung cn 0.01(A). - Mch R- C c mc song song vi ti nhm bo v qu p - Cun khng khng kh : hn ch tc tng trng dng in. - B nghch nghch lu: Bin ngun in p mt chiu thnh ngun in p xoay chiu. - in tr shunt dng o dng in. - Gin t: dng b h s cng sut - L dng nu thp - Cc ng h dng o dng in mt chiu, o in p ngun, o in p mt chiu, o tn s , o lu lng nc. - My bin p dng thy i in p theo yu cu. *Nh vy b bin tn gm c b chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin bin in p xoay chiu tn s 50 Hz thnh in p mt chiu cung cp cho b nghch lu cu mt pha ngun dng . Sau b nghch lu bin in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu tn s cao cung cp cho l cm ng. 3.3. S liu tnh ton - in p vo: 380 V - in p ra: 1600 V - Tn s : 500 Hz - Cng sut: 1250 kW
3.4. Tnh ton thit k mch chnh lu
52

25
N CB A
19 151 C1 R1 13 153
20 C3 R3 14 155
21 C5 R5 15
6 5
4
LH1 7 LH2 62 63 64 LK1 8 65 66 R7 R8 RES2 R9 RES2 154 22 16 C4 R4 23
156
LK2 LH3 67 9 LK3
V600
68 69 70
RES2
17
C6 R6
18 152 24 C2 R2 A1
A
28 29 LD
Hnh 3.2. S cu ba pha c iu khin
chn van bn dn ngi ta thng da vo hai thng s c bn l: - Gi tr dng ln nht ca van ( Ivmax) y l gi tr dng ln nht m van chu c (c tnh ti lm mt). - Gi tr bin in p ln nht cho php t ln van Ungmax nu vt qua gi tr ny th van s b nh thng. 3.4.1.Tnh ton chn van chnh lu in p chnh lu khng ti: U 2 = Uf =
Ud 3
380 3
= 220 (V).
in p ngc ln nht m van chu c l: Ungmax = 2,45 U2 = 2,45 . 220 = 539 ( V). Do iu kin lm vic ca van c nh hng ln n vic xc nh in p ngc ln nht m van phi chu ta c: U vanchon 1,5 U vanmax ng max ng Do phi chn van c in p ngc ln nht l :
53
U vanchon 1,5 . 539 = 808,5 (V) ng max Tr s trung bnh ca in p chnh lu: Ud0 = 2,34 Uf = 2,34 . 220 = 514,8 (V), Tr s dng in trung bnh ra ti l :
1250.10 3 P = = 2428 (A). Id = 514,8 Ud0
Tr s trung bnh ra van l: Itbv =

Id 2428 = = 809,37 (A). 3 3
Chn ch lm mt cho van bng nc ta c: Itbv = 0,8 I dmv Dng nh mc van cn chn l: Idmv =
I tbv 809.37 = = 1011,7 ( A ). 0,8 0,8
3.4.2. Chn van T s liu tnh ton ta chn 6 con Thyristor chnh lu ca Trung Quc c tn l Y55KPE vi cc thng s l:
Bng 3.1. Thng s Thyristor
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tiristo chnh lu Dng hiu dng in p ngc in p tn hao trn van Dng d cho php Tc tng trng dng Tc tng trng p Dng iu khin in p iu khin
Y55KPE 1500 A 1200 V 1,46V 25 mA 200A/ s 1000V/ s 54 mA 1,07 V
54
Hnh 3.3. Thyristor chnh lu gm hai van u ni tip
3.4.3. La chn phng php bo v van chnh lu Tn tht cng sut ln nht trn mt van:
P = U max . Itbv = 1,46 . 809.37 = 1181,6 (W).
Nh vy khi lm vic vi dng in ti ln th cng sut pht nhit bn thn van rt ln nu khng c bin php lm mt, nhit tinh th bn dn c th vt qu tr s cho php ( 120 0 140 0 ) dn n chy hng van .Tuy rng kch thc van c tng theo c dng in song khng tng t l vi dng ny nn khng c ngha g thot nhit v lm mt cho van ( v d cc van c 320A v 630 A c v khc nhau khng ng k ). Vn lm mt cho van c bit quan trong nn cc nh ch to van cng sut ln bao gi cng cho km theo tng loi van mt loi tn nhit chun ca n vi nhng iu kin lm mt chun ca n. C rt nhiu phng php lm mt cho van nh lm mt t nhin , lm mt bng qut gi , lm mt bng nc tun hon . Ch lm mt t nhin thng c p dng cho van c c dng nh di 100A v lc ny dng in trung bnh qua n ch c khong 40% dng cho php ca n vi cc van ln hn nu dng cch ny s gy lng ph . Cch tt nht l dng cnh tn nhit chun cho van nhng thc t li kh thc hin c , do i khi phi t tnh ton tn nhit ny. Do thc t nn hin nay ngi ta thng dng php tn nhit cho van bng nc tun hon vi lu lng nc t 3 10 lt/pht; nhit nc khong 25 0 C . Phng php ny c hiu qu cao nn khng cn dng tn nhit c cnh. Lc ny
55
tc dng ca n ch g van v dn dng in theo mch van . V vy tm ny c dng hnh hp bng ng bn trong rng c nc lm mt i xuyn qua . ng nc lm mt cho van to thnh mt h thng kn do vy phi ch n thnh phn ca nc ( khng cha cc loi tp cht dn in tt, khng gy ng cn thnh ng dn nc lm gim lu lng nc hoc gy tc ng . Cn c phn t bo v khi lu lng nc khng m bo hoc nhit nc ln cao, mt khc phi chng r g nc vo mch in . Chnh v vy m vic bo dng hay thay th thit b chnh lu loi ny kh phin toi. Tuy vy i a s cc b chnh lu cng sut ln u dng phng php lm mt loi ny. 3.4.4. Bo v qu dng cho van chnh lu C hai kiu bo v qu dng l bo v qu dng ngn hn v bo v qu dng lu di, do ta dng cc van l cc tiristor nn c thm bo v tc tng dng in qua van. 3.4.5. Tnh ton la chn my ct Do trong s dng in c dng xung ta bo v bng my ct. Khi mch in c s c dng in qu ti, ngn mch th dng in qua van trong mch chnh lu tng nhanh v thng ko di c 10ms mc d cc phn t bo v tc ng . Thng trong thng s ca van bao gi cng c cho gi tr dng in m van c kh nng chu c trong 10ms gi tr ny ln hn gi tr dng trung bnh cho php t 8 10 ln . V vy cc van c chn c tr s dng in ny nh hn dng s c qua van, trong thc t th hoc phi thay th loi van khc ph hp hoc phi a thm cc phn t hn ch s tng trng dng s c xung mc cho php ca van ng thi cng phi m bo mch bo kp thi tc ng . My ct c b tr u vo ca mch chnh lu . Mt u mc vo mng in xoay chiu ba pha in p 380 V mt u mc vo mch chnh lu. a) Cc yu cu i vi my ct l: + Ch lm vic nh mc ca my ct phi l ch lm vic di hn , tc l tr s lm vic inh mc chy qua my ct bao lu cng c . Mt khc mch vng dn in ca n phi chu c dng in ngn mch ln khi c ngn mch lc cc tip im ca n ng hay ang ng . + My ct phi ct c tr s dng ngn mch ln c th n vi chc kA sau khi ct dng in my ct phi m bo lm vic tt tr s dng in nh mc .
56
+ nng tnh n nh nhit v n nh in ng ca cc thit b in hn ch s ph hoi dng in ngn mch gy ra my ct h p phi c thi gian ct b c 10 s . n gin kch thc lp t ca thit b v an ton trong vn hnh cn phI hn ch vng chy ca h quang. Mun vy phi kt hp lc thao tc c hc vi thit b dp h quang bn trong my. thc hin yu cu thao tc c chn lc, my ct h p phi c kh nng iu chnh tr s dng in tc ng v thi gian tc ng, thi gian ny c tnh t thi im xy ra s c n thi im b ngt hon ton: t = t0 + t1 + t2 Trong : t0 : thi gian tnh t thi im xy ra ngn mch n khi dng in t ti tr s dng tc ng I = Itd Thi gian to ph thuc vo gi tr dng in khi ng v t tc tng dng di/dt ph thuc vo thng s ca mch in ngt. t1 : Thi gian k t khi I = Itd n khi tip im ca my ct bt u chuyn ng , thi gian ny ph thuc vo cc phn t bo v , c cu ngt ca tip im , trng lng phn ng. Nu t1 0,01s th my ct c thi gian tc ng bnh thng . i vi my ct tc ng nhanh , thi gian t1 = 0,002 0,008 (s). t2 : Thi gian chy ca h quang ph thuc vo gi tr ca dng in ngt v bin php dp h quang. c) Tnh ton la chn my ct: Im = 1,8 . Itbv = 1,8 . 809,37 = 1456.866 (A) Udm = 380 (V); + Chnh nh dng ngn mch : Inm = 2,5 . Itbv = 2,5 . 809,37 = 2023,425 (A); Chn my ct l loi c tn l: DW16 2000 Im = 2000 (A); Um = 400 (V); Uvo = 380 (V); G = 75 (Kg); Chiu rng : 40 (cm); Chiu di : 59 (cm); Chiu cao: 66 (cm);
57
ng c ca my ct : Uvo = 380 (V); I = 1,16 (A);

= 73 ( r/min);
f = 50/60 (Hz);
Hnh 3.4. My ct
3.4.6 Bo v tc tng dng di/dt cho Tiristor chnh lu c im ca tiristor l khi bt u dn dng th khng cho php dng qua n tng vt qu gii hn cho php nu khng van s b hng . bo v phi c in cm pha xoay chiu nhm hn ch tc tng dng ny . Khi b chnh lu c bin p lc th bn thn in cm tn ca cun dy bin p gi vai tr ca in cm bo v , do khng cn phi quan tm n vn nay na. Do trong mch chnh lu ta khng c my bin p nn ta phi la chn in cm L bo v.
Bng 3.2. Bng la chn thng s cho Thyristor
S cp
Gi tr tc tng p du/dt cho php (V/ s)

20 50 100
Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kha cho van tk( s)

250 150 100
Gi tr tc tng p du/dt cho php. (A/ s)

20 40 70
1 2 3
58
4 5 6 7 8 9
200 500 1000
70 50 30 20 15 12
100 200 400 600 800 1000
in cm L l loi in cm li khng kh c hn chc vng. Gi tr ca in cm : L

U v max (di / dt ) cp
Trong : Uvmax l in p thun ln nht t ln van trong mch ngay trc khi van dn. Ta cng c th tnh bng biu thc kinh nghim : L = ( 0,04 0,1 ).
U1 ; .I .dm
Trong : U1 : tr s hiu dng in p li in;

: Tn s gc ca in p li in;
Idm : dng in nh mc ca chnh lu tiu th t li Vy : L = 0,02.

220 = 2,3 H 2.3,14.6.50.809.37
Ta chn cun khng khng kh c L = 2,3 ( H);
59
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 3.5. Cun khng xoay chiu
3.4.7. Bo v qu in p 3.4.7.1 Cc nguyn nhn gy qu in p Qu p gy hng van cng c hai dng: qu p v bin vt qu vt tr s cho php ca van v qu tc tng p thun t ln van. Nguyn nhn sinh ra gm: - Qu p t li in a ti c th do st nh vo ng dy li in, do ng ct cc ph ti chung ngun vi b chnh lu. Thc t cho thy li in 220 380 (V) c th xut hin qu p gp 4 5 ln in p hot ng ca chnh lu. - Qu p do ng ngt cc khi chc nng ca bn thn b chnh lu nh: + ng bin p lc chnh lu c th gy qu p 30% n 40% in p li. + ng mch chnh lu sau khi ng in bin p lc gy ra tc tng p du/dt ti 1000V/ s . + Ngt bin p ngun khi khng tI gy qu p n 5 ln in p bnh thng . + Ngt tI khi mch chnh lu s sinh qu p do nh hng ca cc in cm c trong mch in. - Qu p do hin tng chuyn mch gia cc van khi lm vic. Loi ny mang tnh cht chu k thng xuyn gn lin vi s hot ng ca mch chnh lu. + Khi van chuyn t dn sang kha, do hin tng di tn in tch khi van rt nhanh , dng qua van gim vi tc ln nn gy cc t bin khi trong mch c in cm. + Khi van chuyn t kha sang dn s c hin tng p trn van t ngt gim t tr s xc nh xung cn xp x khng t bin p ny s truyn ti van khc di dng xung p rt nhanh. 3.4.7.2. La chn mch bo v RC bo v qu p ta dng mch RC ghp song song vi van. Khi c chuyn mch so c phng in t van ra ngoi to nn cung p trn b mt tip gip van . Mch RC mc song song vi van to ln mch vng phng in tch qu trong qu trnh chuyn mch.
60
Khi c chun mch do c phng in t van ra ngoi to nn xung p trn b mt tip gip van. Mch RC mc song song van to nn mch vng phng in tch qu trong qu trnh chuyn mch. - Tnh ton mch bo v: U dmp ,U imp gi tr cc i cho php ca in p thun v ngc t ln tiristor mt cch chu k cho trong s tay tra cu U dmnp ,U imnp gi tr cc i cho php ca in p thun v ngc t ln it hoc tiristor mt cch khng chu k, cho trong s tay U im gi tr cc i ca in p ngc thc t t ln Tiristor b- l h s d tr v in p k- l h s qu in p Cc bc tnh ton Xc nh h s qu in p theo cng thc
k= U imp b * Uim
Xc nh cc thng s trung gian

* * * C min (k ); Rmax (k ); Rmin (k )
Tnh
di | max khi chuyn mch dt di dt
Xc nh cc i lng tch t Q = f ( ) s dng cc ng cong cho trong s tay tra cu Tnh cc thng s trung gian
* C = C min
2Q U im
* Rmin
LU im LU im * R Rmax 2Q 2Q
Trn c s tnh ton v qua kinh nghim ta chn c cc thng s cho mch C = 0,22( F ) bo v van RC nh sau:
R = 20()
U= 2000 (V)
61
- bo v van khi nh thng do xung p t li: Mc song song vi ti u ra mch RC. Khi xut hin xung p trn ng dy, nh mch ny m nh xung gn nh nm li trn in tr ng dy. Tr s RC ph thuc nhiu vo ti. 3.4.8. Thit k cun khng lc mt chiu c im ca cun khng mt chiu - Dng qua cun khng mt chiu c hai thnh phn : mt chiu v xoay chiu .Thng thnh phn mt chiu c gi tr ln hn nn im lm vic ca li thp b y ln gn vng bo ho .Cn thnh phn xoay chiu c gi tr nh hn nhiu do cng in trng nh nn tn tht trong thp khng ln . - gi tr s L n nh khi dng ti thay i ,cn trnh li thp b bo ho v vy li thp cn c khe h khng kh (ming m khng nhim t lm bng g) -Tn s thnh phn xoay chiu (bc c bn ) ca dng in ti thng khng phi l 50 Hz m l bi s ca tn s li (100 ,150,300) -Loi thp k thut in thch hp cho ch to cun khng l loi cn ngui. Kt cu thng c dng ch E hoc O .Loi E thng dng hn v n c quan h ti u v kch thc vi nhau nh sau . gim p mch ca dng Id, lm dng ti trn v hn ch s gin on ta dng cun khng lc.
a/2
c a a/2
Hnh 3.6. S khi
2.6.1.Tnh gi tr in cm ca cun khng lc: V h s p mch chnh lu cu 3 pha l: Kdmv = 0,057 nn mch lc c h s san bng:
62
Ksb =
k dmv 0,057 = = 87,7 k dmr 0,65.10 3
Ta c in tr tng ng:
Ud 514,8 = = 0,212 ( ) Id 2428
R =
d
Do Rd khng ln , Ksb khng ln nn b lc c chn l in cm L=
Rd 0,212 2 . k sb 1 = . 87,7 2 1 10 (mH) 6.2 .50 mdm .1
=2. .50 rad/s
l tn s gc ca ngun xoay chiu ca li
2.6.2. Tnh ton cun khng: - ta c : Id= 2428 (A) , L = 12,8 mH , U_=5%.Ud=25,7V ,
U~= 80 V, Tmt =40 0 c , T=50 0 c
Cng sut cun khng lc P = 5%Pd = 0,05.1250 = 62.5(kW) 2.6.3. Tnh kch thc li thp: - Kch thc c s: a = 2,6. 4 L.I d2 = 2,6.4 10.10 3.2428 2 = 40,5 (cm) Ta chn: a = 30 (cm) b = 1,5a = 45 (cm) c = 0,8a = 24 (cm) h= 3a = 3.30 = 90 (cm)
- Tit din li thp: Sth = a.b = 30.45 = 1350 (cm2) - Din tch ca s : Scs = h.c = 90.24 = 2160 (cm2) - di trung bnh ng sc: lth = 2 (a+b+c) = 2(30 + 45 + 24) = 198 (cm) - di trung bnh dy qun: ldq= 2(a+b) + c = 2(30 + 45) + 24 = 225,36 (cm) - Th tch li thp: Vth = 2ab (a+h+c) = 2.30.45(30+45+24)=267300 (cm3)
63
2.6.4. Tnh in tr ca dy qun t0 = 20C m bo st p cho php: r20 = =

U / I d 1 + 4,26.10 3.(T px + T 20) 25,7 / 2428 0,0105 = 8,153.10 3 ( ) = 3 0 0 0 1 + 4,26.10 .(40 + 50 20 ) 1,2982
r0 = 8,153.10 3 2.6.4. S vng dy ca cun cm: W = 414.

r20 .s cs 8,153.10 3.2160 = 414 = 115,7 (vng) l dq 225,36
Chn W = 100 (vng) 2.6.5 Tnh mt t trng: H=

100.W .I d 100.100.2428 = =122626,26 (A/m) l th 198
2.6.6. Tnh cng t cm: chnh lu cu 3 pha c 6 ln p mch trong mt chu k in p: f dm =50.6=300Hz B=
U .10 4 80.10 4 = = 0,00445 (T) 4,44.W . f dm .S th 4,44.100.300.1350
2.6.7 Tnh h s t thm: V B < 0.005T nn:

= 717.(
H 0,83 6 122626,26 0,83 ) .10 = 717.( ) .10 6 = 13,27.10 6 (H/m). 1000 1000
2.6.8. Tr s in cm nhn c: Ltt =

.W 2 .sth
100.lth 13,27.10 6.100 2.1350 = = 9,05 (mH) 100.198
2.6.9 Tit din dy qun: s = 0,072.

l dq .s cs r20
= 0,072.
225,36.2160 = 556,3 (mm 2 ) 3 8,153.10
Thc t ta chn loi dy trn rng bn trong lm mt bng nc c r =1,5 cm)
64
R r
Hnh 3.7. Hnh dng ng lm cun khng
2.6.11. Xc nh khe h ti u: lkk = 1.6.10-3. W .I = 1,6.10-3.100.2428 = 388(mm) V trn ng i mch t c hai on khe h nn ming m c o chiu dy bng 0,5lkk. Ldm = 0,5.lkk = 194(mm) 2.6.12 Kch thc cun dy: Chn li cun dy c dy 2 mm - S vng dy trong 1 lp : W = 10 (Vng). Vy 1 lp qun 10 vng. - Tnh s lp dy: n=
W 100 = = 10 (lp) W ' 10
Vy cn qun 10 lp. Nu ly khong cch gia hai lp dy qun (ginh cho lp cch in ) cd l 3mm th dy ca c cun gm 10 vng l:
cd = 2.( 3 + 0,3 ) = 6,6 (cm)
Theo tnh ton th chiu cao ca cun khng lc mt chiu qu cao gy kh khn cho vic thit k t iu khin nn thc t ta phi ct cun khng ra lm hai phn v mc ni tip vi nhau.Ta c hnh nh cun khng lc mt chiu thc t :
65
Hnh 3.8. Cun khng lc mt chiu
3.5. Tnh ton thit k phn mch nghch lu
KW
30 R12 219 31 C8 221 33 B2 L7 32 L9 V2 41 Hz 54 34 L8 37 R14 220 36 C10 222 36 35 R15 C11 L10 55 CF2 42 CF1 LF 30 R13 C9
V2
34
66
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 3.9. S mch nghch lu
3.5.1. Phn tch s
Unl i i2 C2 R Lt C1
i1
Hnh 3.10. S mch tng ng
*t: C1 = C2 = C XL = L Xc =
1 = XC1 = XC2 C
- Tng tr ca ton mch l: Z= Z= Z=

( R + jX L jX C ). jX C R + jX L 2 jX C
(*)
jX C .( R + jX L jXc).( R j ( X L 2 X C )) R2 + ( X L 2X C )2 jX C .( R 2 Rj ( X L 2 X C ) + Rj ( X L X C ) + ( X L X C )( X L 2 X C ) R2 + (X L 2X C )
RX C ( X L 2 X C ) + RX C ( X L X C ) jX C .R 2 jX C ( X L X C )( X L 2 X C ) Z= R2 + ( X L 2X C )2
Mch cng hng khi: XCR 2 - XC(XL-XC)(XL-2XC) = 0 Do R rt b nn R cng b c th b qua T (1) ta c: XC(XL-XC)(XL-2XC) = 0
2
(1)
X C = 0 X L = X C X L = 2X C
Trng hp XC = 0 l v l khng xy ra.
67
Trng hp XL=2XC v XL=XC T thc t ch to v sn xut l ta chn trng hp XL=2XC . Nh vy mch cng hng ta chn trng hp XL= 2XC * in p ra nghch lu c dng hnh sin ch nht i xng. Unl = Ud khi 0 t T / 2 Unl = - Ud khi T/2 t T Trong f l tn s cng hng cng l tn s ca b nghch lu. 3.5.2. Tnh ton gi tr in cm ca l T trn ta c: .I d .2428 = = 5391,7 (A). Dng hiu dng: It =
2
2
in tr ti: Rt =
Pt 1250.10 3 = = 0,043 ( ). I t2 5391,7 2
2
in khng ca cun cm: XL =

U 1600 ( t ) 2 Rt2 = 0,043 2 = 0,294( ), It 5391,7
Xt
in cm ca cun cm ng: Lt =
0,294 = 0,0936 (mH). 2. .500
3.5.3. Tnh ton gi tr in dung ca gin t mch cng hng Tnh chn t xoay chiu Ta c: XL= 0,294 ( ) Nh phn tch trn dng in t gi tr cc i khi: XL = 2XC = 0,294 ( ) Gia tr in dung l: C=
1 1 = = 1683,5 ( F ) 2 .Lt (2. .500) .0,0936.10 3
2
T gi tr in dung tnh ton c ta la chn gin t do Trung Quc ch to v sn xut c tn l RFMO750 2000 1S vi cc thng s k thut sau:
Bng 3.3. Thng s T in
68
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RFMO.75-2000-1S in p t vo t Cng sut phn khng Tn s t Dng qua t in dung t Kch thc t Khi lng t
Gi tr 750 V 2000 kVAR 1kHz 2667A 566 F 440*207*530 mm 56 Kg
Nh vy gin t gm hai phn mt phn mc song song vi l v mt phn mc ni tip vi l. Mi phn gm bn qu t mc song song c gi tr in dung l C1 = C2 = 4.566 = 2264 ( F) Hnh nh thit k gin t thc t nh sau:
Hnh 3.11. Gin t
3.5.4. Tnh ton chn van nghch lu - in p ngc t ln van: Ungmax = Uthmax.sin Ta c: Uthmax =
2 . Utnax = 2 .800 = 1131,37 ( V),
69
cos =
U d 1c 514,8 = = 0,32175 U ra 1600
= 1,24 (rad) sin = 1 cos 2 = 1 0,32175 2 =0,94
Vy in p ngc t ln van l: Ungmax = Uthmax.sin Ungmax = 1131,37 . 0,94 = 1063,5 (V), Do iu kin lm vic ca van c nh hng ln n vic xc nh in p ngc ln nht m van phi chu ta c: U vanchon 1,5 U vanmax ng max ng Do phi chn van c in p ngc ln nht l : U vanchon 1,5 . 1063,5 = 1595,2 (V), ng max - Tnh dng in qua van Dng in lm vic ca van c chn theo dng in trung bnh chy qua van theo s chn (Ilv = Itbv) Ta c cng thc: Itbv = ktb.Id Trong : Itbv, Id : Dng in trung bnh van v dng in tI; ktb: H s x inh dng in trung bnh ( tra bng 8.2 TL1); ktb = 1/2 = 0.5 Vy dng in trung bnh van l : Itbv = 0,5 Id Itbv =
Id 2428 = = 1214 ( A ). 0,5 0,5
- Tnh thi gian tq Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kha c tnh theo cng thc:
= .t q
tq =
1,24 = = 65,8 ( s) 2.3,14.6.500
3.5.5. La chn van nghch lu
70
T s liu tnh ton ta chn ra 4 con Thiristor nghch lu do Trung Quc sn xut c tn l Y55KPE vi cc thng s k thut sau :
Bng 3.4. Thng s Thyristor
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tiristo nghch lu Dng hiu dng in p ngc in p tn hao trn van Dng d cho php Tc tng trng dng Tc tng trng p Dng iu khin in p iu khin Thi gian kha phc hi
Y70KKE 2000A 2500V 2,66 V 65 mA 600A/ s 1000V/ s 107 mA 1,32V 35 s
Hnh 3.12. Thyristor nghch lu
3.5.6. La chn phng n bo v van nghch lu Tn tht cng sut ln nht trn mt van:
71
P = U max . Itbv = 2,7 . 1214 = 3277,8 (W).
Cng nh phn chnh lu cc van trong mch nghch lu cng c lm mt bng nc. 3.5.7 Bo v tc tng dng di/dt cho Tiristor nghich lu c im ca tiristor l khi bt u dn dng th khng cho php dng qua n tng vt qu gii hn cho php nu khng van s b hng . bo v phi c in cm pha xoay chiu nhm hn ch tc tng dng ny . Khi b chnh lu c bin p lc th bn thn in cm tn ca cun dy bin p gi vai tr ca in cm bo v , do khng cn phi quan tm n vn nay na. Do trong mch chnh lu ta khng c my bin p nn ta phi la chn in cm L bo v. in cm L l loi in cm li khng kh c hn chc vng. Gi tr ca in cm : L
U v max (di / dt ) cp
Trong : Uvmax l in p thun ln nht t ln van trong mch ngay trc khi van dn. L
U v max 1095,8 = =1,826.10 6 (H) 6 (di / dt ) cp 600.10
Ta chn cun khng khng kh c L = 2 . 10 6 (H); 3.5.8 Bo v qu in p cho van nghch lu Trn c s tnh ton v qua kinh nghim ta chn c cc thng s cho mch bo v van RC nh sau: C = 0,1 ( F ) R = 24 ( ) U = 4000 (V)
72
CHNG 4 KHO ST BNG MCH IU KHIN L TRUNG TN NU THP

4.1. Cc c tnh c bn ca phn t bn dn cng sut Cc phn t bn dn cng sut s dng trong s cc b bin i nh cc kha in t , gi l cc van bn dn , khi m dn dng th ni ti vo ngun , khi kha th ngt ti ra khi ngun , khng cho dng in chy qua .Khc vi cc phn t c tip im , khi cc van bn dn thc hin ng ct dng in khng gy nn tia la in , khng b mi mn theo thi gian .Tuy c th ng ct cc dng in ln nhng cc van bn dn li c iu khin cc tn hiu iu khin cng sut nh to bi cc mch in t cng sut nh. Quy lut ni ti vo ngun ph thuc vo s b bin i v ph thuc vo cch thc iu khin cc van trong b bin i .Hiu sut ca cc b bin i ph thuc trc ht vo tn tht trn cc van bn dn , trong qu trnh lm vic tn tht ny bng tch ca dng in chy qua van vi in p ri trn van. Cng ngh ch to cc phn t bn dn ngy nay t c nhng bc tin b vt bc , vi vic cho ra i nhng phn t kch thc ngy cng nh gn , kh nng ct dng in v chu in p ngy cng cao v tn tht cng sut gim ng k ngy cng p ng c nhng yu cu phc tp ca cc quy lut bin i nng lng trong cc b bin i. Hiu r nguyn l hot ng v cc c tnh c bn ca cc phn t bn dn l iu v cng quan trng c th s dng ng v pht huy ht hiu qu ca cc phn t bn dn trong cc ng dng c th .Tnh nng k thut ch yu ca cc phn t bn dn cng sut th hin qua kh nng ng ct dng in kh nng chu in p v cc c tnh lin quan n qu trnh ng ct cng nh vn iu khin chng. 4.2. Thyristor cng sut 4.2.1. Cu to.
73
Tiristor l phn t bn dn cu to gm 4 lp p-n-p-n, to ra 3 tip gip p-n: J1, J2, J3. Tiristor c 3 cc: anot A, catot K v cc iu khin G. C s cu to nh hnh v.
A n
Q1
p n+ p
n
Q2
J3 J3 J3 G K
a) Cu trc bn dn
Hnh 4.1. Thyristor
b) K hiu
4.2.2. Tn hiu iu khin thyristor Quan h gia in p trn cc iu khin v catt vi dng in i vo cc iu khin xc nh cc yu cu i vi thyristor.Vi cng mt loi thyristor nh sn xut s cung cp mt h c tnh iu khin,v d trn hnh 4.1.2
Hnh 4.2. Yu cu i vi xung iu khin Thyristor
74
Trn c th thy c cc c tnh gii hn v in p v dng in nh nht ng vi mt nhit mi trng nht nh m tn hiu iu kin phi m bo chc chn m c mt thyristor.Dng iu khin i qua tip gip p-n gia cc iu khin cng phi b hn ch v cng sut.Cng sut gii hn ca tn hiu iu khin ph thuc rng ca xung iu khin.Tnh hiu iu khin l mt xung c rng cng ngn th cng sut cho php c th cng ln. 4.2.3. Nguyn tc iu khin C hai nguyn tc iu khin : 4.2.3.1. Nguyn tc iu khin ngang: Hnh di l s cu trc v th minh ha .
75
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 4.3. Nguyn tc iu khin ngang
Khu ng b ( DB) tao ra in p hnh sin c gc lch pha c nh so vi in p lc. Khu dch pha (DP) c nhim v thay i gc pha ca in p ra theo tc ng ca in p iu khin Uk .Xung iu khin c to thnh khu to xung vo thi im khi in p dch pha UDF qua im 0 . Xung ny nh khu khuych i xung (KDX) c tng cng sut c gi ti cc cc iu khin ca van . Nh vy gc iu khin hay thi im pht xung m van thay i c nh s tc ng ca Uk lm in p di chuyn theo chiu ngang ca trc thi gian. 4.2.3.2. Nguyn tc iu khin dc : Hnh di l s cu trc v th minh ha
Hnh 4.4. Nguyn tc iu khin dc
76
y khu UT to ra in p ta c dng c nh ( thng c dng rng ca , i khi hnh sin ) theo chu k nhp ng b ca UB . Khu so snh SS xc nh thi im cn bng ca 2 in p UT v UK pht ng khu to xung TX . Nh vy trong nguyn tc ny thi im pht xung m van hay gc iu khin thay i do s thay i tr s ca UK trn th l s di chuyn theo chiu dc ca trc bin .a s mch iu khin thc t u s dng nguyn tc ny. y trong n ta cng dng phng php iu khin dc. 4.2.4 Chc nng ca mch iu khin. - m bo pht xung vi y cc yu cu m van: + rng. + bin . + Sn xung ngn tS = 0,5 1 s - m bo tnh i xng i vi cc knh iu khin , khng vt qu 1o 3o in , tc l gc iu khin vi mi van khng c lch qu gi tr trn . - m bo cch ly gia mch lc v mch iu khin . V d i vi MBAX thng c s dng nh mt khu truyn xung cui cng tng khuych ai xung - Pht xung iu khin ( xung m van ) n cc van lc theo ng pha v vi gc iu khin cn thit . - m bo ng quy lut v pha iu khin tc l phm vi iu chnh gc iu khin min max tng ng vi phm vi iu chnh thay i in p ra ti ca mch lc . - Cho php b chnh lu lm vic bnh thng vi cc ch khc nhau do ti yu cu nh ch khi ng , ch nghch lu , cc ch dng in lin tc hay gin on , ch hm hay o chiu in p v..vv - C th hn ch phm vi gc iu khin khng ph thuc vo s thay i in p li. - m bo mch hot ng n nh v tin cy khi li in xoay chiu dao ng c v gi tr in p v tn s .
77
- C kh nng chng nhiu cng nghip tt khng gy nhiu i vi cc h thng iu in t khc xung quanh. - tc ng ca mch iu khin nhanh di 1 ms. - Thc hin cc yu cu v bo v b chnh lu t pha iu khin nu cn nh l ngt xung iu khin khi s c , thng bo cc hin tng khng bnh thng ca li v bn thn b chnh lu , bo v qu p qu dng , mt pha v..vvv 4.3. Kho st bng iu khin l trung tn nu thp KGPS dng vi mch iu khin k thut s. 4.3.1. Khi qut : Bng khng ch ngun in trung tn cng sut khng i HLSB-II l mt thit b kiu mi do cng ty Hu hn k thut trung tn Khnh Pht Thm Dng nghin cu ch to. Cu to ch yu gm ngun in ,chit p iu chnh , khng ch dch pha , mch bo v , mch khi ng ,b bin i tn s , b i chiu xung , b khuch i xung v.v.trong cc b phn quan trng s dng kiu mch in tp trung QF2010-01RP do M sn xut c tnh nng cao , tinh t cao ,chuyn dng quy m ln ,ngoi cc chit p iu chnh ra , cc mch bn trong u thc hin s ha .B chnh lu khng cn bt c s iu chnh no m cn c cc c im nh tin cy cao , tnh i xng cao ,chng nhiu khe , tc phn ng nhanh ,ch cn u dy ca b bin p xung chnh lu 6 ng vo cc im tng ng ca bng khng ch l b chnh lu s vn hnh bnh thng . S i chiu p dng phng thc khi ng mm qut tn s in p khng tnh nng khi ng u im hn cch khi ng mm in p khng thng thng .C lp t mch khi ng t ng c th trnh c s tht bi trong khi khi ng ngun in trung tn lm cho khi ng thnh cng t 100% .Mch tn s p dng phng n tr s bnh qun , nng cao kh nng chng nhiu i chiu ,v li ch cn p dng phng n tr s bnh qun , nng cao kh nng chng nhiu i chiu ,v li ch cn tn hiu in p trung tn m khng cn tn hiu dng ca mch t in song song , khi phi dng b h cm dng trung tn u bn ngoi trnh c s rc ri trong vic xc nh pha dng in . Do ti mi trng iu chnh v s dng cng khng th xy ra vn khng th khi ng ngun trung tn do u ngc dy ra trung tn hoc u ngc pha b h cm dng . Trong mch i chiu c mch iu chnh gc i chiu ,c th t ng iu chnh phi hp tr khng ti ,t cng sut ra khng i , c th ch to thnh b ngun
78
trung tn luyn tc nhanh t ti mc ch tit kim thi gian , tit kim in nng cao hiu sut, cng sut mng . Cc mch ch yu ca b phn o chiu u b tr bn trong ca mch tp trung quy m ln QF2010-01RP Bng khng ch HLSB-II gm c 7 mch tp trung , 6 n tinh th , 6 chit p vi iu chnh , 33 u ra , vic lp rp rt thun tin .Thch dng vi ngun in trung tn mch cng hng song song dng thyristor . Bng khng ch HLSB-II khi thit k trng cu kin nhiu mt ,p dng k thut hin i ,vic iu chnh cc k thun tin , i a s tham s u c xc nh t ng bn trong mch in , ch cn ngi s dng xc nh cc tham s qua s iu chnh in p , do tnh thng dng v tnh trao i rt r . 4.3.2. Tn gi sn phm : Tn gi : bng iu khin l trung tn cng sut khng i
Hnh 4.5. Bng iu khin l trung tn Cng sut khng i
4.3.3. Lp t l trung tn nu thp : Thch dng vi ngun in trung tn cng hng song song dng cc loi Thiristor 300Hz-10kHz 4.3.4. iu kin s dng bnh thng : - cao khng qu 2000m so vi mt nc bin - Nhit mi trng khng thp di -10 0 C khng cao hn - 40 0 C - m khng kh tng i khng qu 90% (20 0 C 50 C ) - a im vn hnh khng c bi dn in v gy n , khng c kh n mn kim loi v ph hoi s cch in
79
- Khng c s chn ng v va chm mnh. 4.3.5. Cc thng s k thut ch yu ca l Cc tham s k thut ch yu: - in p nh mc dy vo mch ch: 100V~950V(50Hz) - Ngun in khng ch : mt pha 18V/2A - Tn hiu phn hi in p trung tn: AC 12V/15 mA - Tn hiu phn hi dng in: AC12V/5mA ba pha vo - Phm vi dch pha xung khi ng chnh lu: a = 0~1300 - i xng xung khi ng chnh lu:nh hn 10 - rng tn hiu xung khi ng chnh lu 600S cch nhau 600 - c tnh xung khi ng chnh lu: in p nh xung khi ng 12V Dng nh xung khi ng 1A dc sn trc xung khi ng 5A/S - Tn s i chiu 300Hz-10KHz - c tnh xung khi ng nghch lu: in p nh xung khi ng 22V Dng nh xung khi ng 3A dc sn trc xung khi ng 2A/S - Kch thc ngoi hnh ln nht : 255x175mm 4.3.6. Nguyn l mch in ca bng iu khin Bng iu khin ngoi cc b iu khin chnh lu v b iu khin nghch lu ra, phn cn li c cu trc thnh mt bng mch in,bao gm ngun in,b khi ng chnh lu,cc chit p iu chnh,b khi ng nghc lu v.v..ngoi cc chit p ra cc phn khc u l mch s. Mch trung tm ca bng iu khin l IC6 c m hiu QF2010-01RP, y l mt mch in s quy m ln chuyn dng, c 3 ng vo bn thi gian, 31 ng vo ra, bao gm b khi ng chnh lu, th t pha thch ng, b khi ng o chiu, b kho gc dn trc o chiu,bo v qu dng, bo v qa p, bo v thiu pha, bo v khi p lc nc thp, bo v khi bng iu khin thiu in p,ngoi ra cn c b nh gi 0,2 giy. IC6 do hng Lattice semiconductor Corporation sn xut. 4.3.7. Nguyn l chung ca mch iu khin.
80
Cc h iu khin : 4.3.7.1. H ng b : Trong h ny gc iu khin m van lun c xc nh xut pht t mt thi im c nh ca in p mch lc. V d trong mch chnh lu mt pha mc ny thng ly im qua khng ca in p lc .V vy trong mch iu khin phi c mt khu thc hin nhim v ny gi l khu ng pha m bo mch iu khin hot ng theo nhp ca in p lc. 4.3.7.2. H khng ng b : Trong h ny gc khng xc nh theo in p lc m c tnh da vo trng thi ca ti mch chnh lu v vo gc iu khin ca ln pht xung ngay trc y . Do mch iu khin loi ny khng cn khu ng b . Tuy nhin b chnh lu hot ng bnh thng bt buc phi thc hin theo mch vng kn , khng th thc hin vi mch h. H ng b c nhc im nhy nhiu li in v c khu ng b lin quan n in p lc nhng c u im n nh v d thc hin. Ngc li h khng ng b chng nhiu tt hn nhng km n nh. Hin ny a s cc mch iu khin theo phng php ng b. 4.4. Nguyn l lm vic ca b chnh lu S mch chnh lu ny gm cc mch: ng b 3 pha,t thch ng th t pha, ng h bo gi khng ch in p,khi ng s,khi ng cp cui. Tn hiu ng b 3 pha trc tip ly ra trn dy vo 3 pha ca mch ch, c lc bi R3,C1,R7,C2,R11,C3 li qua b ngu hp quang in cch ly in,ly ra c 6 tn hiu ng b hnh ch nht lch pha nhau 600(mc in thp hu hiu) dn vo 5P~10P ca IC6 tng ng vi cc chn C,CF,B,BF,AF. Bn trong ca IC6 c mch t thch ng th t pha, m bo cho in vo 3 pha xoay chiu ca ngun trung tn c th khng phn th t pha (nhng tn hiu ng b cn phi nht tr vi th t pha ca mch ch). IC1D cng vi mch chung quanh to thnh b bo gi khng ch in p chu k tn hiu ra ca n bin ho tuyn tnh vi in p ra Vk ca chit p iu chnh.Tn hiu bo gi khng ch in p c dn n 11P ca IC6, lm nhim v ng h bo gi khi ng s CLOCK0. c trng ca khi ng s l dng phng php m s(xung ng h bo gi) thc hin dch pha.6 ng chnh xung khi ng dch pha u do IC6 pht ra .IC2C,IC2D cng cc mch chung quanh to thnh mch xung rng c tn hiu ra c nh. ng xung khi ng
81
dch pha chnh lu sau khi c khuych i nh n tinh th IC5 khi ng b bin p xung chnh lu ngoi. y b bin p xung p dng phng php thc cng tc phn kch.
Hinh 4.6. Hnh dng IC6
- IC5 l phn t UNL2003A/SO c chc nng khuych i dng.UNL2003 c 7 chn u vo va 7 chn u ra
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
Hnh 4.7. Cu to ca IC UNL2003
Cc thng s ca UNL2003: -in p u vo: 30V -Dng ra: 25mA -Cng sut tiu tn :1W 82
- Hot ng nhit mi trng: -200C-850C - IC1,IC2 l LM339N l mt phn t gm 4 khuych i thut ton c cu trc nh sau:
Hinh 4.8. Cu to ca IC LM339N
Khuych i thut ton l phn t c bn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch in t vi chc nng s l cc tn hiu tng t. Hin nay cc b khych i thut ton ng vai tr quan trng v c ng dng rng ri trong k thut khuych i , to tn hiu hnh sin v xung , trong b n p v b lc tch cc.. Khuych i thut ton c k hiu nh sau:
Hnh 4.8. K hiu KTT
Cc thng s ca LM339: - in p vo Vcc=+36V hoc 18 V -Cng sut tiu tn :PD=1W -Nhit lm vic: 0-700C
83
IC6
Hnh 4.9. S khi phn chnh lu
4.4.1. Khu ng pha chnh lu Khu ny to ra mt in p c gc lch pha c nh vi in p t ln lc , trong s l su van chnh lu, ph hp nht cho mc ch nay l dng may bin p . Dng my bin p khng nhng tha mn c yu cu trn m cn t thm c hai mc tiu quan trng sau: - Chuyn i c in p lc thng c gi tr cao sang gi tr ph hp vi mch iu khin thng l in p thp. - Cch ly hon ton v in gia mch iu khin vi mch lc .m bo an ton cho ngi s dng cng nh cc linh kin iu khin.
84
Hinh 4.10. S khu ng pha chnh lu
4.4.2. Khu to xung chnh lu Mch to dao ng dng khuych i thut ton l mch rt thng dng hin nay. Khuych i thut ton c s dng nh b so snh hai ca . T C lin tc c phng np lm cho khuych i thut ton o trng thi mi ln in p trn t C t tr s ca b chia in p trn in tr.
Hnh 4.11. Khu to xung chnh lu
85
4.4.3. Khu iu khin chnh lu
Hnh 4.12. Khu iu khin chnh lu
Khu ny gm 6 my bin p xung pht xung iu khin 6 con Thyristor chnh lu, cc xung iu khin l xung chm . Cc tn hiu iu khin c khuych i nh con IC ULM2003A .Trnh t pht xung do con IC6 quyt nh. Dng xung chm l dng xung cho php m van tt nht trong mi trng hp vi mi dng ti v s chnh lu khc nhau . Xung chm thc cht l mt chm cc xung c tn s cao gp nhiu ln li in ( fXC = 8 12 kHz ) rng ca xung chm c th c hn ch trong khong 100 130 in v nguyn tc n phi kt thc khi in p trn van lc m n iu khin i sang du m. Nguyn tc to xung chm l coi tn hiu do b so snh a ra nh mt tn hiu cho php hay cm khu khuych i xung c nhn xun tn s cao pht t mt b to dao ng a hi ti n .Ta to xung y dng khuych i thut ton OA.
86
Mch iu khin chnh lu thng lm vic trong iu kin nhiu mnh do bn thn mch lc ca n gy ra .Cc nhiu ny c th truyn theo ng dy ngun ti u vo ca mch khuych i v lan n tn khu khuych i xung .Nu khuych i xung c h s khuych i ln , c bit nu dng mch khuych i c phn hi dng s rt d gy ra hin tng khuych i gi lm m van khng ng thi im .Ta dng mch khuych i khng ln m bo chng nhiu tt. Khuych i xung c nhim v tng cng sut xung cho khu to xung hnh thnh mnh m van lc. u ra ca khu khuych i xung c ni vi cc G v K ca Thyristor. 4.4.4. Khu iu chnh cng sut Khu iu chnh cng sut bao gm chit p , i t , t in. Chit p ny c b tr cnh ca ca t iu khin . Trong qu trnh vn hnh l in trung tn nu thp chit p ny c ngi vn hnh iu chnh cho nhng thm s tt nht trong qua trnh nu thp . Khi iu chnh c cng sut cao nht chit p ny c gi nguyn gi tr in tr .
Vcc
C17
Chit p 47k - 3W
R31
D26
Hnh 4.13. Khu iu chnh cng sut
Nguyn l cng tc ca chit p iu chnh: C hai chit p: Chit p iu chnh in p v chit p iu chnh gc o chiu Trong chit p iu chnh in p v dng IC3C l chit p thng thng PI, c qu trnh khi ng v vn hnh, chit p ny phi lm vic t u n cui, cn chit p gc i chiu IC3B dng lm cu o chiu c th cng tc n nh di mt gc no .
87
Qa trnh hot ng ca mch chit p c th phn ra hai tnh hung,th nht l khi in p mt chiu cha t n tr s ln nht tc l IC3D khng c hn bin trong khi IC3A li hot ng trng thi hn bin, i ng l mt gc o chiu nh nht,lc ny h thng hon ton l:mt mch tun hon c in p /dng in tiu chun, mt trng hp khc l in p mt chiu t n gi tr ln nht, tc l IC3D bt u hn bin.S iu chnh ca cu chnh lu khng cn tc dng na v IC3A ra khi trng thi hn bin v bt u lm vic. iu chnh tr s cho ca gc , ca chit p iu chnh gc o chiu lm cho in p trung tn u ra tng ln, t n s cn bng mi.Lc ny chit p iu chnh in p ,dng v chit p iu chnh gc i chiu cng lm vic vi nhau. 4.4.5. Khu phn hi in p v dng in
88
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 4.14. Khu phn hi in p v dng in
Sau khi tn hiu in p trung tn n t b h cm in p trung tn c da vo cc u s 27 v 28 th chia lm hai ng,mt ng sau khi do IC1A tin hnh chuyn i mc in p a n 30P ca IC6,mt ng khc sau khi qua b chnh lu D7-D10 li phn lm 2 ng,1 ng ua n chit p in p/dng, ng khc dn n b bo v qu in p. Tn hiu dng ly c t b h cm xoay chiu ca mch ch tn s,trc tin chuyn i thnh tn hiu in ap ti bn ngoi,ri dn vo t cc u s 24,25, v 26 sau khi i qua chnh lu bi i t D11-D16,ri li phn thnh hai ng,1 ng lm tn hiu bo v qu dng cn ng kia lm tn hiu phn hi ca chit p iu chnh in p dng. Khu phn hi in p c hai u c cung cp bi ngun in mt chiu c gi tr l 18V , in p ny do my bin p chuyn t mc in p mt chiu 1000V v. Ba u vo ca khu phn hi dng c cung cp dng in 0,02 A t my bin dng . Trong s dng hai my bin dng , mt h t mc 2000A xung 5A , hai h t 5A xung 0,02 A. 4.5. Nguyn l lm vic ca b nghch lu
iN t
iT1 ,iT2 t iT3 ,iT4 t
G1,G2
G3,G4
89
Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp Hnh 4.15. Biu xung iu khin nghich lu s cu mt pha
i vi nghch lu dng v nghch lu cng hng,ngi ta ch quan tm n thi im m ca cc thyristor,cn cc qu trnh kho cc thyristor s c thc hin bng cch m cc thyristor cng nhm.Theo nguyn l hot ng ca s cu mt pha, tac th ra nguyn tc pht xung iu khin ln cc cc iu khin (G1,G2,G3,G4) theo biu xung nh hnh trn. Xung iu khin a vo cp thyristor T1,T2 lch nhau 1800 so vi xung iu khin a vo cp T3,T4. ;Nguyn l nhu sau: Mch pht xung s to ra xung tn s bng tn s ra ca nghch lu.Sau khi qua b o xung, s c phn thnh hai knh lch nhau 1800. Xung t cc knh ny c vi phn ly thng tin v thi im m cc cp Thyristor.Cc xung ny a vo cc b khuych i xung to ra cc xung iu khin c di bng cng sut m cc thyristor ng lc. iu chnh tn s th mch to xung phi c kh nng thay i tn s theo quy lut mong mun Udkh=f(f) n nh tn s i vi ph ti hay bin thin ngi ta dung cc b phn hi dng v p ca ph ti. Mch pht xung ch ng vai tr kch thch m lc ban u , sau khi mch dao ng th mch pht xung s c ct ra. 4.5.1. Khu ng pha nghch lu
Hnh 4.16. Khu ng pha nghch lu
Khu ny cng c nhim v to ra mt in p c gc lch pha c nh ln cc van ca mch nghch lu, gip bng iu khin c th iu khin vic ng m ca cc Thyristor nghch lu. 4.5.2 Khu iu khin nghch lu
90
Hnh 4.17. Mch iu khin nghch lu
Mch iu khin phn nghch lu c cp in p 22 vn t my bin p ly t ngun in p li 380 V. Trong mch cng s dng con IC ULN2003A/So con IC khuych i c nhim v khuych i tn hiu iu khin cc Thyristor. 4.5.1. Khu khi ng v kt thc khi ng khi khng khi ng c B phn khi ng nghch lu p dng kiu khi ng mm qut tn s in p bng khng,ch cn ly tn hiu phn hi in p trung tn trong mt ng,khng cn n tn hiu dng trn t in trung tn mch song song, in cm ,t ,v bn cht tng ng vi mch ngoi kch chuyn thnh mch t kch thuc mch phn hi c gi tr bnh qun,do trn mch ch khng cn mc thm bt c mch khi ng no,khng cn n qu trnh khi ng np t trc hoc np in trc,do mch ch c gin ho,qu trnh iu chnh c gin n. Qu trnh khi ng i nh sau:trc khi khi ng mch i chiu, u tin dung tn hiu ngoi kch cao hn tn s cng hng ca mch in cm ,t. in p trung tn s c xc lp v phn hi n mch t ng iu tn.Mch t ng iu tn mt khi lm vic s nh ch ng tc tn s qut xung thp ca tn hiu ngoi kch bin thnh mch iu tn t ng khng ch gc dn trc,lm cho thit b vn hnh n nh.
91
Kha 2 Dw4 IC3C LM324 C20 Rw4 R39 C22 D31 D30 R47 R41 Vcc R69 C29 Rw3 Vcc R40 LM324 IC3B C21
C23 Vcc LM339 Vcc o khi ng tht bi
Kha 1
IC4A
Hnh 4.18. Mch khi ng v kt thc khi ng khi khng khi ng c
Nu mt ln khi ng khng thnh cng c ngha l mch t ng iu tn cha bm chc tn hiu phn hi in p trung tn,lc ny tn hiu ngoi kch vn c qut n tn s thp nht,mch khi ng tr li mt khi kim tra tn s ngoi kch tin vo on tn s thp nht th tin hnh khi ng mt ln na,li y tn hiu ngoi kch n tn s cao nht,ri qut li mt ln na,c n khi khi ng thnh cng.Chu k khi ng tr li vo khong 0,5 giy. 4.5.4. Khu to tn s khi ng Tn hiu in p trung tn dn vo t cc u s 27 v 28, i qua IC1A chuyn thnh tn hiu sng hnh vung,dn vo chn 30 ca IC6.Tn hiu khi ng i chiu c ly ra t 15P,16P ca IC6 sau khi qua b khuych i IC7A khi ng n tinh th Q5,Q6.IC4C v IC4B hp thnh b bo gi khng ch in p i chiu,dn vo chn s 33 CLOCK 2 ca IC6; chit p vi chnh RW6 dng xc nh tn s cao nht ca b bo gi khng ch in p(tc tn s cao nht ca tn hiu ngoi kch o chiu).
92

VCC
RW6
f max
R53 D34
R52
IC4B LM339 +
R51
D33 VCC
R48 + C30 C27 IC4C LM339
khoa3
C26
Hnh 4.19. Khu to tn s khi ng nghch lu
Ngoi ra khi pht sinh bo v qu in p,b dao ng bo v qu in p IC6 s dao ng,dn ra gp 2 ln xung khi ng tn s i chiu ln nht,lm cho 4 Thyristor trong cu i chiu u thng in. IC4A l b o kim tra khi khi ng tht bi, u ra ca n s khng ch mch khi ng ni b IC6. 4.5.5. Khu bo v qu dng
Hnh 4.20. Khu bo v qu dng
93
Tn hiu bo v qu dng sau khi qua Q3 c o pha, a n 20P ca IC6,phong to xung khi ng chnh lu,khi ng n ch th LED D104 lm cho sng v khi ng b bo ng.Sau kho b khi ng qu in p lm vic,ch c thng qua s phc hi tn hiu hoc thng qua ng m my tin hnh np in phc hi mi c th vn hnh tr li.Thng qua chit p vi chnh W1 c th iu chnh mc in qu dng. Trng hp u vo xoay chiu 3 pha b thiu pha,bng khng ch vn c th thc hin s bo v v ch th i vi ngun in.Nguyn l nh sau:Phn bit ly tn hiu in p 3 pha A,B,C qua s ngn cch ca b ngu hp quang in dn n IC6 tin hnh o v xc nh,mi khi xy ra hng hc thiu phangoi vic phong to xung khi ng chnh lu,cn phi khi ng n ch th LED D102 v b bo ng. 4.5.6. Khu o thiu in p mch khng ch c th vn hnh chun xc v tin cy,trn mch khng ch cn lp t b khi ng n nh thi gian v b bo v khi thiu in p ngung khng ch.Trong khonh khc m my,mch in khng ch cng tc khng n nh,phi lp t b dnh thi gian trn di 3 giy,sau khi nh xong thi gian mi cho php ly ra xung khi ng.Mch ny c cu to bi linh kin IC2B.Nu v nguyn nhn no gy nn in p mt chiu qu thp trn bng khng ch,b n p khng th b sai lch.Phi lp t mt mch o thiu in p (cu thnh bi IC2A),mt khi in p VCC thp di 12,5 V th phong to xung khi ng chnh lu,phng nga s khi ng khng chnh xc, ng thi n ch th LEDD100: sng ln v khi ng b bo ng.
Hnh 4.21. Khu o thiu in p
94
Mch khi ng t ng nm bn trong IC6.Ngn mch dy nhy 1 ng mch khi ng t ng. 4.5.7. Khu bo v qu p
Hnh 4.22. Khu bo v qu p
Q2 l b o qu in p trung tn,dn vo 29P ca IC6,phong to xung khi ng chnh lu,khi ng n ch th LED D101 lm cho n sng ln v khi ng b bo ng, ng thi lm cho b dao ng bo v q in p bt u dao ng.Sau khi b bo v qa in p lm vic cng nh b bo v qu dng,ch c thng qua vic phc hi tn hiu hoc ng m my np in phc himi c th vn hnh tr li. iu chnh chit ap vi chnh W2,c th iu chnh mc qua in p. 4.5.8. Khu bo v mt nc
Hnh 4.23. Khu bo v mt nc
IC4D v cc mch chung quanh cu to thnh mch bo v p sut nc qu thp ko di thi gian ,thi gian ko di khong 3 giy.Dn vo n 27P ca 95
IC6,phong to xung khi ng chnh lu,khi ng cho sng n ch th LED D103 v khi ng b bo ng.Sau khi p lc nc bnh thng,mch in s t ng phc hi cng tc bnh thng. Tn hiu cng tc phc hi dn vo u s 29,trng thi ng l phc hi/tm dng. Tn hiu ng h bo gi CLOCK 1 dn n IC5~35P,chu k tn hiu l 20s 4.5.9. Khi to in p cung cp cho cc phn t ca bng mch
Hnh 4.24. Khu to in p cung cp cho cc phn t ca bng mch
y dng cc phn t n p 7805 to ra in p 5 V v 7815 to ra in p 15V. 4.5.10. Nguyn l hot ng v tc dng ca cc chit p trn bng mch: Trn bng mch ta c 6 chit p: Cng dng ca cc chit p ln lt nh sau: -W1 Chit p thit k dng ra ln nht,khi c dng phn hi c th xc nh dng ra ln nht,chnh theo chiu kim ng h lm tng dng ln,phm vi iu chnh khong 2 ln. -W2 Chit p thit k in p trung tn ra ln nht,khi c in p phn hi c th xc nh c p trung tn ra ln nht,chnh theo chiu kim ng h th gim nh phm vi iu chnh ln nht 2 ln. -W3 Chit p thit k gc n trc i chiu ln nht,theo chiu kim ng h s gim nh,phm vi iu chnh ln nht khong 400-600
96
-W4 Chit p thit k gc dn trc i chiu nh nht,theo chiu kim ng h th gim nh,phm vi iu chnh ln nht khong 200-400 -W5 Chit p thit k tn s i chiu ngoi kch ln nht,theo chiu kim ng h gim nh,phm vi iu chnh ln nht khong 2 ln. -W6 Chit p thit k tn s trn u vo ca kim ng h bo gi chnh lu,chnh theo chiu kim ng h s gim nh. 4.5.11. Thit k ring b bin p xung T bng iu khin ta ch thy bin p xung iu khin cc van nghch lu m khng thy bin p xung iu khin van nghch lu nn ta phi thit k bin p xung cho cc van nghch lu . y nghch lu c th rt a dng nh cc van nghch lu khng phi bn van m l 8 van hoc cc van nghch lu khc loi nhau .
D1
24V OUT1
C1
5 D2
G1
4 R1 C2 4 R2 C3 4 R3 1 C4 4 R4 1 1
8 5 D3 8 5 D5 8 5 D7 8 D8 D6 D4
K1 G2
K2 G3 K3 G4
OUT2
K4
Hnh 4.25. S bin p xung nghch lu
Bin p xung c th thc hin cc nhim v sau: - Cch ly mch lc v mch iu khin. - Phi hp tr khng gia tng KX v cc iu khin van lc. - Nhn thnh nhiu xung (BAX nhiu cun th cp) cho cc van cn m ng thi nh trng hp phi mc ni tip hoc song song nhiu van...
97
BAX phi lm vic vi tn s cao nn li thp bin p cho tn s li in 50HZ khng p ng c. Li dn t trng cho BAX thng dng nht hin any l li ferit dng xuyn,hnh tr hoc c tit din kiu ch E. V kh nng ti cng sut tn s cao ln hn nhiu ln tn s li in bnh thng nn kch thc li BAX dng ferit nh gn hn hn.Tuy nhin do tn tht trong bin p tng mnh theo tn s nn cng t cm cng phi gim ng k so vi tn s 50Hz Qu trnh tnh chn bin p xung vo thng s cc thyristor nghch lu nh sau: - in p iu khin thyristor: Udk = 1,32 V - Dng in iu khin thyristor: Idk = 1,07m A - Thi gian m xung: tm = 40 s - rng xung iu khin: tx = 2.tm - Mc st bin xung: sx = 0,15
Hnh 4.26. S my bin p
- Chn vt liu lm li st l Ferit HM. Li c dng hnh xuyn,lm vic trn mt phn ca c tnh t ho c: B = 0,3T, H = 30A/m. Khng c khe h khng kh. - T s bin p xung: Ly m=3 - in p cun th cp bin p xung: U2 = Udk = 1,32 (V) - in p t ln cun s cp bin p xung: U1 = m.U2= 3.1,32 = 3,96 (V) - Dng in th cp bin p xung: I2 = 0,107 (A) - Dng in s cp bin p xung: I1 = I2/m = 0,107/3 = 0,036A - t thm trung bnh tng i ca li st:
98
tb = B/0.H = 0,3/1,25.30 = 8.10 3 (H/m) Trong 0=1,25.10-6 (H/m) l t thm ca khng kh - Th tch ca li thp cn c l:
V = Q.L = tb . 0 .t x .sx .U1.I1 B 2
Thay s vo ta c : V =
8.10 3.1,25.10 6.80.10 6.0,15.3,96.0,036 0,3 2
V = 0,190.10-6 (m3) Chn mch t c th tch V = 0,190.10-6 (m3). Vi th tch ta c kch thc mch t nh sau: a = 4,5 mm; b = 6,5mm, d = 2cm, D = 3cm. - S vng qun dy s cp bin p xung: w1 = U1.tx/B.Q = 165 vng; - S vng dy th cp: W2 = W1/m = 165/3 = 55 (vng) - Tit din dy qun th cp: S1 = I1/J1 = 0,036/6 = 0,006 (mm 2 ) Chn mt dng in J = 6(A/mm2) - ng knh dy qun s cp : d1 =
4.S1
4.0,006 = 0,076 (mm) 0,314
Chn d = 0,08 (mm), S1 = 0,012 mm2 - Tit din dy qun th cp : S2 = I2/J2 = 0,107/4 = 0,0267 mm2 Chn mt dng in J2 = 4 A/mm2 - ng knh dy qun th cp: d1 =
4.S1
4.0,0267 = 0,034 (mm) 0,314
Chn dy c ng knh d2 = 0,08 (mm), S2 = 0,02 mm2.
99
CHNG 5 THIT K T IU KHIN L V GII THIU BNG U DY
5.1. Thit k t iu khin l
600 V
3000A
1000V
1500Hz
450V
Bien tr
Nt n
Hnh 5.1. B tr cc linh kin ph mt ngoi cnh ca t iu khin
100
May cat DELIXI DW16-2000 2000A 400V 55KG 380V 66x59x40cm3
Mach ieu khien lo
TI 5-0,2A
BA BA
ATM
KT
BAX 1
TNL1 TCL1 TCL2 TNL1

BAX 4 BAX 2 BAX 3
TNL1
TNL1
TCL3
TCL4
TCL5
TCL6
Cuon khang mot chieu
Hnh 5.2. B tr cc linh kin mt pha trc bn trong t
101
May cat DELIXI DW16-2000 2000A 400V 55KG 380V 66x59x40cm3
CK khong kh
Bien dong cao

CH82 0,1uF 4KV
12 m
Mach RC
CH82 0,22uF 2000V
RX 20-50 20R-J
Cuon khang mot chieu Mach RC
ien tr Shunt Mach RC
Hnh 5.3. B tr cc linh kin mt pha sau bn trong t
102
5.2. Gii thiu bn u dy
103

Tim Hieu Cong Nghe Cam Ung Dien Tu 9012

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tim Hieu Cong Nghe Cam Ung Dien Tu 9012

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

CHNG 1 TM HIU CNG NGH L CM NG IN T

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

W = (I1.n1).2 2 .d.h. .. f .10 9

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

z , 0 : tng ng mt dng ti honh z v 0

= 0. kl 0 : t thm trong mi trng chn khng; kl : t thm ca kim loi trong l;

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

: in tr xut ca kim loi trong l; ( .mm 2 / m )

Hnh 1.1. Phn b tng i ca mt dng in ( z / 0 ) v cng sut(P z /P0 )

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Ta c bng nu ch tiu sn xut thp l cm ng khng li st.

Ch tiu kch thc nguyn liu c s dng trong cc loi l.

ng knh liu, (mm)

50 1000 2000 3000 10.000 500.000

100 150 35 40 25 30 20 25 10 12 1,0 1,5`

L tn s cng nghip L trung tn L trung tn L trung tn L cao tn L cao tn c bit

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

a) Mc ni tip vi cun cm ng l th cho ta ch cng hng in p nh hnh v.

Hnh 1.2. S kiu ni t ni tip vi cun cun cm ng l

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

I lo = I C . Khi l lm vic theo ch

1 ( in tr trong ca cun cm ng bng in tr .C

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Hnh 1.4. S ni t va ni tip va song song vi cun cm ng l

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Hnh 1.5. L mng

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Dng l 1952 L h quang L cm ng 134 64

S l in trong nm 1953 142 69 1954 151 73

% tng sau 2 nm 11,3 11,4

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

c im k thut ca cc l cm ng ln ch to Thy in nh sau:

Dung tch (tn) 5,5 8,0 12 18

Cng sut (kW) 1250/1700 2700 3400 4400

in p (V) 1800 1800 2000 2000

Tn s (Hz) 743/600 600 600 600

Cng sut mt (kW) 6000 6000 6000 6000

Svng quay trong 1pht 1000 1000 1000 1000

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

CHNG 2 GII THIU L CM NG V MT S LOI L KHC

2.1. L cm ng 2.1.1. S chc nng ca l cm ng dng b bin tn

KK3 U = var CKL NL L

Hnh 2.1. S khi chc nng ca l cm ng dng b bin tn

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Hnh 2.4. Cun khng xoay chiu

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Hnh 2.5. Thyristor chnh lu

Hnh 2.6. Cun khng lc mt chiu

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp

Hnh 2.7. Thyristor nghch lu

Chng 4: Kho st bng mch iu khin l trung tn nu thp