12 Chuyen-Delt-Toan

Tu
Th.s MINH TUN
Th
.
M
in
TI LIU LUYN THI I HC
MN TON
NAM NH, NM 2009
Li ni u
Th
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M
in
Tu
Trong nhng nm gn y, thi i hc tr nn c bn hn trc rt nhiu , khng

cn tnh nh cng nh bt hc sinh phi nh nhiu nhng mo rt lt vt. Mt
s ti liu ging dy rt hay ngy trc nh "Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Ton", "B
thi tuyn sinh" ch cn li mt t gi tr thc tin ca n. Cht lc nhng ti liu
ny, bm st nhng thi tuyn sinh nhng nm gn y (T nm 2002-2010) cng vi
nhng kinh nghim trong thc tin ging dy luyn thi ca mnh (c tham kho mt s
bi ging nhng trang web dy hc) ti bin son ti liu ny mc ch chnh mnh
ging dy mt cch bi bn.
Ti ngh rng ti liu ny s c ch i vi nhng ngi dy ton, cng nh nhng bn
ngp ngh cng trng i hc.
Ti liu ny gm 12 chuyn (vn cn thiu)
1. Phng trnh i s.
2. Phng trnh lng gic.
3. Phng trnh cha cn v du gi tr tuyt i.
4. H phng trnh i s
5. Gii tch t hp
6. Hnh phng ta
7. Gii hn
8. Bt ng thc
9. Hm s v th
10. Hnh hc khng gian ta
11. Tch phn v ng dng
12. S phc
V s lng cc chuyn ln nn khng th trnh khi nhng li nh my, li tnh
ton sai, ... Mong cc bn lng th, mi gp xin gi v:
Th.s Minh Tun.
Trng CSP Nam nh, 813 ng Trng Chinh, TP Nam nh
Email: xuxutit@gmail.com
Mobile: 0982843882.
Chc cc bn thnh cng trong k thi i hc sp ti!

Nam nh, ngy 20 thng 06 nm 2010
Tc gi
Minh Tun
Bin tp : Th.s Minh Tun
Trang 2
Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh
Mc lc
Mc lc
Mc lc
Li ni u
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Th
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M
in
Tu
1 Phng trnh i s
1.1 L thuyt v a thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t . . .
1.1.2 Tnh gi tr mt a thc, phn thc ti
1.2 Phng trnh bc nht . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Phng php gii . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Phng trnh bc hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 Phng php gii . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Phng trnh bc 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Tnh cht ca a thc . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 a thc bc 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Phng trnh bc 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Dng tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Cc dng ca phng trnh bc 4 . . .
1.5.3 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Du ca a thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.1 a thc bc 1 - bc 2 . . . . . . . . . .
1.6.2 a thc - Phn thc tng qut . . . .
1.6.3 Gii h bt phng trnh . . . . . . . .
1.7 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 Phng trnh lng gic

2.1 Cc kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Cng thc lin h gia cc hm lng gic . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Cc cng thc ca cc gc lin h vi . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Bng du ca cc hm lng gic . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4 Bng cc gi tr lng gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5 Cng thc lng gic ca tng, hiu . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6 Cng thc cng lng gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7 Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.8 Cng thc gc nhn i, nhn ba - Cng thc h bc .
x
2.1.9 Cng thc tnh sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x theo t = tan
2
2.1.10 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trang 3
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Mc lc
2.2
Cc phng trnh lng gic c bn . . . . . .

2.2.1 Phng trnh sin x = m . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Phng trnh cos x = m . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 Phng trnh tan x = m, cot x = m . .
2.2.4 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc phng trnh lng gic khc . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Phng trnh a sin x + b cos x = c . . .
2.3.2 Phng trnh ng cp cha sin v cos
2.3.3 i s ha phng trnh lng gic . .
2.3.4 Phng trnh i xng sin, cos . . . . .
2.3.5 Phn tch thnh nhn t . . . . . . . .
2.3.6 S dng bt ng thc . . . . . . . . .
2.3.7 Loi nghim khng thch hp . . . . .
2.3.8 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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M
in
Tu
2.3
Mc lc
Th
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3 Phng trnh cha cn v du gi tr tuyt i

3.1 Phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i . . . . .
3.1.1 Kin thc cn nh . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Cc dng bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Phng trnh cha cn thc . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Cc dng bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i . .
3.3.1 Dng c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Bt phng trnh cha cn thc . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Dng c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 H phng trnh i s
4.1 H phng trnh bc nht . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 H phng trnh bc nht hai n
4.1.2 H phng trnh bc nht ba n .
4.1.3 H phng trnh bc nht bn n
4.2 H phng trnh bc nht - bc hai: . . .
4.3 H phng trnh ng cp bc 2: . . . .
4.3.1 Phng trnh ng cp bc 2 . .
4.3.2 H phng trnh ng cp bc 2 .
4.4 H i xng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 H i xng loi I: . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 H i xng loi II: . . . . . . . .
4.5 H phng trnh tng qut . . . . . . . .
4.6 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trang 4
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36
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Mc lc
Mc lc
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Tu
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ng Conic
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M
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6 Hnh phng ta
6.1 Vc t, im, ng thng
6.1.1 Kin thc c bn .
6.1.2 Dng bi . . . . . .
6.2 ng trn . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 Kin thc c bn .
6.2.2 Cc dng bi . . .
6.3 Ba ng Conic . . . . . .
6.3.1 Kin thc chung v
6.3.2 Elip . . . . . . . .
6.3.3 Hyperbol . . . . .
6.3.4 Parabol . . . . . .
6.4 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . .
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7 Gii hn
7.1 Gii hn dy s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 Cc tnh cht c bn ca gii hn
7.1.2 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Gii hn hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.1 Gii hn c bn . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2 Phng php tnh gii hn . . . .
7.2.3 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 Bt ng thc
8.1 Cc bt ng thc c bn . . . . .
8.2 Bt ng thc Cauchy . . . . . . .
8.2.1 Tm min tng, max ca tch
8.2.2 Bt ng thc i xng . .
8.2.3 Cc tr c iu kin . . . . .
8.3 Bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki . . . .
8.4 Bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz .
8.5 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5 Gii tch t hp
5.1 Khi qut chung . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Quy tc cng - nhn . . . .
5.2.2 T hp - chnh hp - hon v
5.2.3 Cng thc nh thc Newton
5.3 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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77
77
77
77
78
79
79
82
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85
85
85
86
91
91
93
100
100
101
107
111
114
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126
126
126
127
128
128
129
129
132
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135
135
138
138
140
144
147
148
150
9 Hm s v th
153
9.1 Kho st v v th hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.1.1 Kin thc cn nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.1.2 Cc bc kho st hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Trang 5
Mc lc
9.2
9.1.3 Hm a thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.4 Hm phn thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cc tr v tim cn ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1 Quy tc tm cc i v cc tiu ca hm s . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2 Cc tr hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.3 Cc bi ton tim cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.4 Cng c kin thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.1 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.2 Cc bi ton n thun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.3 Bi ton gi tr ln nht, nh nht cha tham s . . . . . .
9.3.4 Phng php min gi tr ca hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.5 Phng php chiu bin thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.6 Cng c kin thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.1 Kin thc cn nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.2 Tip tuyn vi ng cong ti im M . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.3 Tip tuyn vi ng cong i qua im M . . . . . . . . . .
9.4.4 Lp cc bi ton v s tip xc rt a dng . . . . . . . . .
9.4.5 Cng c kin thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xc nh im tha mn iu kin cho trc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5.1 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.5.2 Tm im khng thuc mi ng cong trong h y = f (x, m)
S tng giao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6.1 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6.2 S tng giao ca hm a thc vi trc Ox . . . . . . . . .
9.6.3 S tng giao ca hm phn thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6.4 Cng c kin thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S tip xc ca 2 ng cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7.1 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7.2 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.7.3 Cng c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bin lun s nghim bng th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.8.1 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.8.2 Cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
Th
.
9.5
M
in
9.4
Tu
9.3
Mc lc
10 Hnh khng gian ta

10.1 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.1 Vct v php ton vct trong khng gian
10.1.2 Mt phng trong khng gian . . . . . . . .
10.1.3 ng thng trong khng gian . . . . . .
10.1.4 V tr tng i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.5 Chm mt phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.6 Gc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.7 Khong cch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.8 Din tch, th tch . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trang 6
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156
158
159
159
160
163
166
168
168
169
171
173
175
177
178
178
178
179
180
181
182
182
184
186
186
187
189
191
193
193
193
196
197
197
198
201
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208
208
208
209
210
211
211
212
212
213
Mc lc
Mc lc
10.1.9 Mt s dng ton v mt phng

10.1.10 Mt cu . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 Vc t, im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Phng trnh mt phng . . . . . . . .
10.4 Phng trnh ng thng . . . . . . .
v ng thng
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Th
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M
in
Tu
11 Tch phn
11.1 Vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.2 Cc tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1.3 Bng o hm cc hm s s cp thng gp . .
11.2 Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.2 Cc tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.3 Bng nguyn hm cc hm s s cp thng gp
11.3 Cc phng php tnh tch phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.1 Php i bin s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.2 Tch phn tng phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3.3 Tch phn hm phn thc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 Tch phn xc nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5 ng dng ca tch phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.1 Tnh din tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.2 Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay . . . . . . . . . .
11.6 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 S phc
12.1 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.1 Cc kin thc chung . . . . . . . .
12.1.2 Cc php ton trn s phc . . . .
12.2 Cc dng bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.1 Thc hin cc php ton . . . . . .
12.2.2 Khai cn bc 2 . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2.3 Gii phng trnh i s v cc vn
12.2.4 Biu din s phc trn mt phng .
12.2.5 Chng minh ng thc t hp . . .
12.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trang 7
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214
216
217
221
224
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226
226
226
226
226
227
227
227
228
229
229
231
232
234
235
235
236
237
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259
259
259
259
260
260
260
262
263
263
263
Chng 1. Phng trnh i s
Chng 1
Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
M
in
1.1.1
L thuyt v a thc
1.1
Tu
Phng trnh i s
+) Nu P (x) l mt a thc bc 2 c 2 nghim x1 , x2 th P (x) = a.(x x1 ).(x2 ) (a l

h s bc cao nht ca P (x)).
+) Tng qut: Nu P (x) l mt a thc bc n c n nghim x1 , x2 , , xn th
Th
.
P (x) = a(x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn )
+) Mt a thc P (x) bt k bao gi cng phn tch thnh tch nhng a thc bc nht
v a thc bc 2 (v nghim).
V d 1.1: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
a) P (x) = 2x2 5x + 2.
b) P (x) = 3x2 + 12x 12
c) P (x) = 4x3 4x2 7x 2.
d) P (x) = 6x3 13x2 + 4x + 3
1
Gii: a) P (x) c a = 2, x1 = 2, x2 =
2
!
1
nn P (x) = 2(x 2) x
= (x 2)(2x 1).
2
b) P (x) c nghim kp x = 2 nn P (x) = 3(x 2)2 .
1
c) P (x) c a = 4 v 2 nghim x = v x = 2???
2
Ch : P (x) l a thc bc 3 nhng li ch c 2 nghim. Nn s c mt nghim l
nghim kp. Tt nht trong trng hp ny ta dng lc Hoocne gii quyt.
!2
1
(x 2).
Kt qu: P (x) = 4 x +
2
Trang 8
1.2. Phng trnh bc nht
1
3
d) P (x) c a = 6 v 3 nghim x = 1, x = , x =
3
2
!
!
3
1
x
= (x 1)(3x + 1)(2x 3).
P (x) = 6(x 1). x +
3
2
1.1.2
Tnh gi tr mt a thc, phn thc ti im l
Cch lm: Nhp hm, s dng tnh nng CALC ca my 570ES.

V d 1.2: Tnh gi tr biu thc:
3 v x = 1 +
Tu
a) y = x3 3x2 x 1 ti x = 1
Th
.
M
in
x2 x 1
ti x = 3 + 2 v x = 3 2
b) y =
2x + 3
Gii: a) x = 1 3 y = 4 + 3
x = 1 + 3 y = 4 3
43 + 31 2
b) x = 3 + 2 y =
73
43 31 2
x=3 2y =
73
1.2
1.2.1
Phng trnh bc nht

Phng php gii
Dng ca phng trnh: ax + b = 0

Cch gii:
Vi a = 0, b = 0: Phng trnh nghim ng x R
Vi a = 0, b 6= 0: Phng trnh v nghim.
Vi a 6= 0 Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =
1.2.2
b
a
Cc v d
V d 1.3: Gii v bin lun phng trnh: (m2 1)x + m 1 = 0

Gii: - Nu m2 1 = 0 m = 1.
+) Vi m = 1 phng trnh tr thnh: 0x + 0 = 0. Phng trnh nghim ng x R.
+) Vi m = 1 phng trnh tr thnh: 0x 2 = 0. Phng trnh v nghim.
- Nu m2 1 6= 0 m 6= 1.
1
Phng trnh c nghim duy nht: x =
m+1
Trang 9
1.3. Phng trnh bc hai
V d 1.4: Tm im c nh ca h ng thng:(dm ) : y = (m 2)x + 2m 3

Gii: Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im c nh ca (dm )
y0 = (m 2)x0 + 2m 3 m
m(x0 + 2) 2x0 3 y0 = 0 m
x0 + 2 = 0
2x0 3 y0 = 0
x0 = 20
y0 = 1
1.3.1
Phng trnh bc hai

Phng php gii
Tu
1.3
Vy im c nh ca h (dm ) l im A(2; 1)
M
in
Dng ca phng trnh: ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Bin lun:
Nu a = 0: phng trnh bc nht
Th
.
Nu a 6= 0: = b2 4ac hoc = b2 ac.

+) Nu < 0: Phng trnh v nghim.
b
b
+) Nu = 0: Phng trnh c nghim kp x1 = x2 = =
2a
a
+) Nu > 0: Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit
b
b
=
x1,2 =
2a
a
Nhm nghim:
Nu a + b + c = 0 th phng trnh c 2 nghim: x1 = 1, x2 =
c
a
Nu a b + c = 0 th phng trnh c 2 nghim: x1 = 1, x2 =
c
a
Phn tch mt tam thc bc 2 thnh nhn t.

Gi s f (x) = ax2 + bx + c c 2 nghim x1 , x2 th f (x) = a(x x1 )(x x2 ).
1
V d: f (x) = 2x2 5x + 2 c 2 nghim x1 = 2, x2 =
2
1
nn f (x) = 2(x 2)(x ) = (x 2)(2x 1).
2
nh l Vi-et: Gi s x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh th ta c:
x1 + x2 =
a
x1 x2 =
a
Trang 10
nh l Vi-et o:

x+y =S
Nu
, x, y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh:
x.y = P
X 2 S.X + P = 0
Du ca nghim:
M
in
Pt c 2 nghim tri du: P < 0.
Tu
>0
Pt c 2 nghim phn bit dng
S>0
P >0
>0
Pt c 2 nghim phn bit m
S<0
P >0
Th
.
Pt c nghim dng tng

ng vi phng trnh c 2 nghim dng hoc
max(x1 , x2 ) > 0
c 2 nghim tri du
0
b +
Nu a > 0
2a
max (x1 , x2 ) =
b
Nu a < 0
2a
Hoc ta c th xt 2 trng hp:
- Phng trnh c 2 nghim dng (khng cn phn bit) hoc c mt nghim
0
bng khng, mt nghim dng
S>0
P 0
- Phng trnh c 2 nghim tri du P < 0.
Phng trnh c nghim m ta lm tng t nh trn:

0

S<0
0
P 0
min (x1 , x2 ) < 0
P <0
b
Nu a > 0
2a
min (x1 , x2 ) =
b +
Nu a < 0
2a
So snh nghim vi mt s:
(x1 , x2 ) a.f () < 0.

0

/ [x1 , x2 ]
a.f () > 0
>0
x1 < x2 <
a.f () > 0
S/2 <
Trang 11
>0
x1 > x2 >
a.f () > 0
S/2 >
V d 1.5: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

a) x2 5x + 4 = 0
b) x2 2x 3 = 0
a) a + b + c = 0 phng trnh c nghim x1 = 1, x =
c
=4
a
Gii:
Tu
c
b) a b + c = 0 phng trnh c 2 nghim x1 = 1, x = = 3
a
M
in
V d 1.6: Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau: (m 1) x2 (2m + 1) x + m 5 = 0.
Th
.
Gii: +) TH 1: Nu m 1 = 0 m = 1 thay vo phng trnh ta c:

3
3x 4 = 0 x = .
4
+) TH 2: Nu m 1 6= 0 m 6= 1.
= (2m + 1)2 4 (m 1) (m 5) = 28m 19
19
c phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit:
- Nu > 0 m >
28
2m + 1 28m 19
x1,2 =
2 (m 1)
- Nu = 0 m =
19
c nghim kp:
28
2m + 1
x1 = x2 =
=
2 (m 1)
- Nu < 0 m <
2.
2
19
+1
11
28
!=
3
19
1
28
19
: Phng trnh v nghim.
28
V d 1.7: Cho phng trnh x2 (m 1) x + 2m 5 = 0

a) Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit x1 , x2 .
b) Tm h thc lin h gia x1 , x2 khng ph thuc vo m.
c) Lp phng trnh bc 2 nhn 2x1 + x2 l nghim.
a) = (m 1)2 4 (2m 5) = m2 2m + 1 8m + 20 = m2 10m + 21.

m>7
2
Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit > 0 m 10m + 21 > 0
m<3
Gii:
Trang 12
b) S = x1 + x2 = m 1, P = x1 .x2 = 2m 5. Do 2S P = 2(m 1) (2m 5) = 3

H thc lin h x1 , x2 khng ph thuc m l : 2(x1 + x2 ) x1 .x2 = 3
c) t u = 2x1 + x2 , v = x1 + 2x2 . Do :
u + v = 3(x1 + x2 ) = 3.(m 1) = 3m 3,
u.v = (2x1 + x2 )(x1 + 2x2 ) = 2x21 + 5x1 .x2 + x22 = 2(x1 + x2 )2 + x1 .x2
= 2(m 1)2 + 2m 5 = 2m2 2m 3
Do u, v l 2 nghim ca phng trnh:
X 2 (3m 3)X + 2m2 2m 3 = 0

9
=0
4
Tu
V d 1.8: Cho phng trnh: x2 (m + 1)x + m +
M
in
1. Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x1 , x2 .
2. Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim dng.
3. Tm m phng trnh c nghim dng.

4. Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim tha mn x1 < 1 < x2 .
Th
.
5. Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim tha x1 x2 < 2

9
a) = (m + 1)2 4(m + ) = m2 + 2m + 1 4m 9 = m2 2m 8
4

m>4
Phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit > 0 m2 2m 8 > 0
m < 2

m>4
>0
m < 2
b) Phng trnh c 2 nghim dng
S =m+1>0
m > 1
P = m + 9/4 > 0
m > 9
4
m>4

0
c) Phng trnh c nghim dng
max (x1 , x2 ) > 0
80
m2 2m
m2 2m 8 > m 1
m + 1 + m2 2m 8
>0
2

m > 1

m 1 < 0
m4
m4
m2 2m 8 0
m 2

0
m < 9/4
m 1
2
2
m 2m 8 > (m 1)
m < 9/4
Gii:
d) Phng trnh c nghim x1 < 1 < x2 a.f (1) < 0
1. (1 (m + 1) + m + 9/4 < 0) 9/4 < 0 (V nghim)
Trang 13
1.4. Phng trnh bc 3
Phng trnh bc 3
1.4.1
Tnh cht ca a thc
Tu
1.4
0
e) Phng trnh c nghim tha mn x1 x2 < 2
a.f (2) > 0
S/2 < 2

m 4 m 2
4 m < 17/4
m < 17/4
m 2
m<3
nh l Berzout: Cho P (x) l mt a thc bt k. Khi vi mi x0 , a thc

P (x) chia a thc x x0 c s d l P (x0 ).
M
in
.
H qu: Nu x0 tha mn P (x0 ) = 0 th P (x).. x x0 .
Lc Hoocne: Gi s P (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 .

an1
bn1
Th
.
x0
an
bn
a1
b1
a0
b0
bn = an , bn1 = bn .x0 + an1 , bn2 = bn1 .x0 + an2 , , b0 = b1 .x0 + a0 .
P (x) = (x x0 )(bn xn1 + bn1 xn2 + + b2 x + b1 ) + b0 .

.
Nu P (x).. x x0 th b0 = 0 v P (x) = (x x0 )(bn xn1 + bn1 xn2 + + b2 x + b1 ).
1.4.2
a thc bc 3
Dng ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
(1).
Cch gii :
Nhm nghim : S dng my tnh nhm mt nghim x0 no .
Dng lc Hooc-ne phn tch a thc trn thnh nhn t :
P (x) = (x x0 ).Q(x). Q(x) l mt a thc bc 2.
nh l Viet: Gi s x1 , x2 , x3 l 3 nghim ca phng trnh (1).
x1 + x2 + x3 =
c
x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1 =
x1 x2 x3 =
a
Trang 14
1.4. Phng trnh bc 3
nh l Viet o: Gi s x, y, z l 3 s tha mn
x+y+z =m
xy + yz + zx = n
xyz = p
Khi x, y, z l 3 nghim ca phng trnh : X 3 mX 2 + nX p = 0
1.4.3
Cc v d
Tu
a) 2x3 x2 + x + 4 = 0.
b) x3 4x + 3 = 0.
Dng lc Hooc-ne ta c:
a) Dng my tnh ta thy c mt nghim l : x = 1.
M
in
Gii:
2
2
1
3
1
4
4
0
Th
.
Phng trnh (x + 1) (2x2 3x + 4) = 0

x = 1
x = 1.
2x2 3x + 4 = 0Phng trnh v nghim
b) Dng my tnh ta nhm c nghim x = 1.
1
1
1
0
1
4
3
3
0
Phng trnh (x 1) (x2 + x 3) = 0

x=1
x=1
1 13
2
x +x3=0
x=
2
V d 1.10: Cho phng trnh 2x3 3x2 5x + 5 = 0
a) Chng minh phng trnh c 3 nghim x1 , x2 , x3 phn bit.
b) Tnh P = 3 (x21 + x22 + x23 ) 2 (x31 + x32 + x33 ).
Gii: a) t f (x) = 2x3 3x2 5x + 5. Ta c f (2) = 13, f (1) = 5, f (1) = 1,
f (3) = 17.
Ta c f (2).f (1) < 0 nn tn ti x1 (2; 1) sao cho f (x1 ) = 0.
f (1).f (1) < 0 nn tn ti x2 (1; 1) sao cho f (x2 ) = 0.
f (1).f (3) < 0 nn tn ti x3 (1; 3) sao cho f (x3 ) = 0.
Do ta c f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = f (x3 ) = 0 v x1 < x2 < x3 nn phng trnh

f (x) = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
Trang 15
1.5. Phng trnh bc 4
b) Theo nh l Viet ta c:
x1 + x2 + x3 =
5
x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1 =
x1 x2 x3 =
2
x21 + x22 + x23 = (x1 + x2 + x3 )2 2 (x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1 ) =
29
4
57 15
29
2. = .
4
8
2
M
in
Do ta c P = 3.
Tu
x31 + x32 + x33 = (x31 + x32 + x33 3x1 x2 x3 ) + 3x1 x2 x3

= (x1 + x2 +!
x3 ) (x21 + x22!+ x23 (x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1 )) + 3x1 x2 x3
3 29 5
5
57
=
+ 3.
=
+
2 4
2
2
8
Th
.
V d 1.11: Gii h phng trnh:
x+y+z =2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6
3
x + y3 + z3 = 8
x+y+z =2
Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi
(x + y + z)2 2 (xy + yz + zx) = 6
3
(x + y 3 + z 3 3xyz) + 3xyz = 8
x+y+z =2
22 2 (xy + yz + zx) = 6
(x + y + z) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx) + 3xyz = 8
x+y+z =2
x+y+z =2
xy + yz + zx = 1
xy + yz + zx = 1
2 (6 + 1) + 3xyz = 8
xyz = 2
T ta c x, y, z l 3 nghim ca phng trnh:
X = 1
3
2
X 2X X + 2 = 0 X = 1
X=2
Vy h c 6 nghim phn bit
(1; 1; 2) , (1; 2; 1) , (1; 1; 2) , (1; 2; 1) , (2; 1; 1) , (2; 1; 1)
1.5
1.5.1
Phng trnh bc 4
Dng tng qut
ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0
Trang 16
(a 6= 0)
1.5. Phng trnh bc 4
Hng gii:
Dng tnh nng SOLVE hoc TABLE ca my tnh fx-570ES, fx-500ES
nhm nghim ca phng trnh, sau dng lc Hooc-ne phn tch
thnh phng trnh bc 3 v gii tip nh trn.
Tuy nhin mt s trng hp cch gii trn tr nn v hiu hoc qu phc
tp khng cn thit, nhng trng hp c cch gii ring bit.
1.5.2
Cc dng ca phng trnh bc 4
Phng trnh trng phng : ax4 + bx2 + c = 0.
Tu
Cch gii: t t = x2 0. Phng trnh tr thnh : at2 + bt + c = 0.

Phn tch thnh nhn t:
M
in
Cch gii: Bit c mt nghim, hoc dng cch nhm, s dng hng ng thc
phn tch thnh nhn t, quy v phng trnh bc thp hn.
Th
.
Phng trnh i xng: ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0 tha mn

!2
d
e
=
b
a
Cch gii: Xt x = 0 thay vo phng trnh xem c tha mn khng?
Vi x 6= 0. Chia c 2 v ca phng trnh cho x2 ta c:
!
!
d
e
e
d
ax2 + bx + c + + 2 = 0 a x2 + 2 + b x +
+c=0
x x
ax
bx
b
()
dx
b2
2d
e
2d
t 2 = x2 + 2 2 +
= x2 + 2 + .
dx
b
ax
b
!
2d
Phng trnh tr thnh: a t2
+ bt + c = 0
b
t t = x +
Gii phng trnh bc 2 n t. Sau thay vo () tm x.

Phng trnh dng (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) = e sao cho a + b = c + d.
Cch gii: Phng trnh (x2 + (a + b) x + ab) (x2 + (c + d) x + cd) = e
t t = x2 + (a + b) x = x2 + (c + d) x ()
Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
(t + ab) (t + cd) = e
Gii phng trnh bc 2 n t sau thay vo () tm x.
Trang 17
1.5. Phng trnh bc 4
Phng trnh dng (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) (x + d) = ex2 sao cho ab = cd.

Cch gii: ging cch gii phng trnh i xng.
Nu x = 0: ta c abcd = 0.
Nu x 6= 0: Phng trnh (x2 + (a + b) x + ab) (x2 + (c + d) x + cd) = ex2 .
!
!
cd
ab
x+ +a+b . x+ +c+d =e
x
x
t t = x +
ab
cd
=x+
(). Phng trnh tr thnh:
x
x
(t + a + b) (t + c + d) = e
Cc v d
1.5.3
Tu
Gii phng trnh bc 2 ta tm c t. Thay vo () tm x.
M
in
V d 1.12: Gii phng trnh 2x4 x2 3 = 0
Gii: t t = x2 0. Phng trnh tr thnh :
t = 1 (loi)
3
6
3
t = x2 = x =
2t2 t 3 = 0
3
2
2
2
t=
2
Th
.

a) 8x4 + 16x3 8x2 91x 42 = 0.
b) x4 4x3 + 4x2 16 = 0.
c) x4 4x 1 = 0.
a) Dng my tnh ta nhm c mt nghim l x = 2.
Gii:
Dng lc Hooc - ne ta c:
2
8
8
16
32
8
56
91
21
42
0
Phng trnh (x 2) (8x3 + 32x2 + 56x + 21) = 0.
1
Tip tc ta nhm c 1 nghim l x = . Theo lc Hooc - ne ta c:
2
1
2
!
Phng trnh (x 2) x +
x=2
x=
2
8x2 + 28x + 42 = 0
32
56
21
28
42
1
(8x2 + 28x + 42) = 0
2
V nghim
Trang 18
1.5. Phng trnh bc 4
b) Phng trnh (x2 2x) 42 = 0 (x2 2x 4) (x2 2x + 4) = 0

2
x 2x 4 = 0
x=1 5
2
x 2x + 4 = 0
V nghim
a) x4 + 4x3 x2 + 8x + 4 = 0.
M
in
Tu
c) Phng trnh x4 + 2x2 + 1 2 (x2 + 2x + 1) = 0

2

2
(x2 + 1) 2 (x + 1) = 0

x2 + 1 2 (x + 1) x2 + 1 + 2 (x + 1) = 0

x2 2x + 1 2 x2 + 2x + 1 + 2 = 0
2
x 2x + 1 2 = 0
x2 + 2x + 1 + 2 = 0
V nghim
p
2 2 + 4 2
.
x=
2
Gii:
b) 2x4 3x3 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.
a) Vi x = 0, phng trnh tr thnh 2 = 0 (v l). Vy x 6= 0.
Th
.
Chia c 2 v phng trnh cho x2 ta c

!
!
4
4
2
8
1=0
x2 + 4x 1 + + 2 = 0 x2 + 2 + 4 x +
x x
x
x
2
4
t 2 = x2 + 2 + 4
x
x
2
Phng trnh tr thnh : t 4 + 4t 1 = 0

t=1
2
t + 4t 5 = 0
t = 5
t t = x +

2
= 1 x2 x + 2 = 0
v nghim
x
2
5 17
2
+) Vi t = 5: x + = 5 x + 5x + 2 = 0 x =
x
2
+) Vi t = 1: x +
b) x = 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia c 2 v ca phng trnh cho

x2 6= 0 ta c
!
!
2
1
1
3
3=0
2x2 3x 3 + + 2 = 0 2 x2 + 2 3 x
x x
x
x
1
1
t2 = x2 + 2 2, thay vo phng trnh ta c:
x
x
t=1
2 (t2 + 2) 3t 3 = 0 2t2 3t + 1 = 0
1
t=
2
1 5
1
2
+) Vi t = 1: x = 1 x x 1 = 0 x =
x
2
t t = x
Trang 19
1.6. Du ca a thc
1
1
+) Vi t = : x =
2
x
1
2
2x x 2 = 0 x =
17
V d 1.15: Gii phng trnh sau : x (x + 1) (x 3) (x 2) = 2
Gii: Phng trnh (x2 2x) (x2 2x 3) = 2

t t = x2 2x. Phng trnh tr thnh:

t=1
2
t (t 3) = 2 t 3t + 2 = 0
t=2
2
2
+) Vi t = 1: x 2x = 1 x 2x 1 = 0 x = 1 2.
+) Vi t = 2: x2 2x = 2 x2 2x 2 = 0 x = 1 3.
Tu
V d 1.16: Gii phng trnh (x 2) (x + 3) (x 1) (x + 6) = 21x2
M
in
Gii: Phng trnh (x2 + x 6) (x2 + 5x 6) = 21x2 Do x = 0 khng l nghim

ca phng trnh nn chia c 2 v ca phng trnh cho x2 6= 0 ta c:
!
!
6
6
x+5
= 21
x+1
x
x
6
thay vo phng trnh ta c:
x
(t + 1) (t + 5) = 21 t2 + 6t + 5 = 21

t = 8
2
t + 6t 16 = 0
t=2
6
+) Vi t = 8: x = 8 x2 + 8x 6 = 0 x = 4 22
x
6
+) Vi t = 2: x = 2 x2 2x 6 = 0 x = 1 7
x
Th
.
t t = x
1.6
Du ca a thc
1.6.1
a thc bc 1 - bc 2
Dng: P (x) = ax + b (a 6= 0). Ta c bng xt du:

x
P (x)
sign(a)
ab
0
+
+sign(a)
sign(a) l du ca a.
Dng P (x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 6= 0).
= b2 4ac. Ta c cc trng hp sau:

+) < 0: Du ca a thc l:
x
P (x)
+
+sign(a)
Trang 20
1.6. Du ca a thc
+) = 0: Du ca a thc l:
x
P (x)
+sign(a)
b
2a
+
+sign(a)
+) > 0: P (x) c 2 nghim phn bit x1 , x2 . Du ca a thc l :
x
P (x)
x1
+sign(a)
x2
0 sign(a) 0
+
+sign(a)
M
in
Tu
Ch : Nu P (x) l mt a thc bc 2 ta lun c:

<0
P (x) > 0 x R
a>0

<0
P (x) < 0 x R
a<0

0
P (x) 0 x R
a>0
Th
.
V d 1.17: Xt du ca cc biu thc sau:

a) P (x) = 2x + 3
b) P (x) = x2 + 4x 5
c) P (x) = 4x2 12x + 9

d) P (x) = x2 x 6
e) P (x) = 2x2 + 3x + 2
Gii:
3
a) P (x) = 0 x = , a = 2 < 0. Do du ca P (x) l:
2
x
P (x)
3
2
b) = 4 < 0, a = 1 < 0, ta c du ca P (x) l:

x
P (x)
+
+
c) = 0, a = 4 > 0 v du ca P (x) l:
x
P (x)
3
2
+
+
d) > 0, x1 = 3, x2 = 2, a = 1 > 0. Do du ca P (x) l:

Trang 21
1.6. Du ca a thc
x
P (x)
1
e) > 0, x1 = , x2 = 2, a = 2 < 0. Do du ca P (x) l:
2
x
P (x)
12
2
+
M
in
Tu
Ch : Trong mt bi ton thng thng khng ai li hi trc tip du ca mt

a thc m thng hi cc cu hi v gii bt phng trnh. Chng ta cn xt du
ca cc a thc tng ng t tm thy c tp nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Chng hn:
!
3
.
2x + 3 > 0 th tp nghim S = ;
2
Th
.
!
3
2x + 3 0 th tp nghim S = ; +
2
"
x2 + 4x 5 > 0 th S =
x2 + 4x 5 0 th S =
x2 + 4x 5 < 0 th S = R
x2 + 4x 5 0 th S = R
( )
3
4x2 12x + 9 > 0 th S = R\
.
2
4x2 12x + 9 0 th S = R
4x2 12x + 9 < 0 th S =
( )
3
4x2 12x + 9 0 th S =
2
x2 x 6 > 0 th S = (; 2) (3; +)
x2 x 6 0 th S = (; 2] [3; +)
x2 x 6 < 0 th S = (2; 3)
x2 x 6 0 th S = [2; 3]
2x2 + 3x + 2 > 0 th S =
1
;2
2
Trang 22
1.6. Du ca a thc
"
1
2x2 + 3x + 2 0 th S = ; 2
2
#
!
2x2 + 3x + 2 < 0 th S =
1
;
2
2x2 + 3x + 2 0 th S =
#
1
; [2; +)
2
(2; +)
V d 1.18: Cho tam thc bc 2: P (x) = (3m 1)x2 2(m + 1)x + 2
Tu
a) Tm m P (x) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x1 , x2 .

p
b) Tm m f (x) = P (x) xc nh trn R.
c) Tm m f (x) = ln P (x) xc nh trn R.
M
in
Gii: a) Ta c = (m + 1)2 2(3m 1) = m2 4m + 3.
Th
.
phng trnh P (x) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit

m>3
m>3

2
>0
m 4m + 3 > 0
m<1
m<1
a 6= 0
3m 1 6= 0
1
m 6= 1
m 6=
3
3
p
b) f (x) = P (x) xc nh trn R P (x) 0 x R.
+) Nu 3m 1 = 0 m =
1
khi :
3
8
P (x) = x + 2, r rng P (3) = 6 < 0 nn P (x) 0 khng ng vi mi x R.
3
+) Nu 3m 1 6= 0. Khi P (x) l mt a thc bc 2 do :

0
P (x) 0 x R
a>0
2
1m3
m 4m + 3 0
1m3
1
m>
3m 1 > 0
3
Kt lun: 1 m 3 tha mn iu kin bi ton.
c) f (x) = ln P (x) xc nh trn R P (x) > 0 x R
+) Nu 3m 1 = 0 m =
1
khi :
3
8
P (x) = x + 2, r rng P (3) = 6 < 0 nn P (x) > 0 khng ng vi mi x R.
3
+)Nu 3m 1 6= 0. Khi P (x) l mt a thc bc 2 do :

>0
P (x) > 0 x R
a>0
Trang 23
1.6. Du ca a thc
1<m<3
m 4m + 3 > 0
1<m<3
1
m>
3m 1 > 0
3
Kt lun: 1 < m < 3 tha mn iu kin bi ton.

1.6.2
a thc - Phn thc tng qut
a thc bc n: P (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 .

P (x)
. Trong P (x), Q(x) l cc a thc.
Q(x)
Tu
Phn thc hu t: f (x) =
M
in
nh l 1.1 (nh l c bn i s). Cho P (x) l mt a thc bt k th P (x) s phn

tch thnh tch cc a thc bc nht v a thc bc 2. Hn th na cc a thc bc u
c < 0
P (x)
l mt phn thc hu t no . Khi trn khong
Q(x)
gia 2 khng im lin tip ca f (x), hm f (x) ch mang mt du.
Khng im l nhng gi tr ca x m P (x) = 0, hoc Q(x) = 0.
nh l 1.2. Cho f (x) =
P (x)
, khi bin x chy qua khng im bi chn th f (x) khng
Q(x)
i du, cn qua khng im bi l th f (x) i du
x0 l khng im bi chn (t. l) ca f (x) nu n l mt khng im ca f (x) v f (x)
cha nhn t (x x0 )k vi k Z v k l s chn (t. l).
Th
.
nh l 1.3. Cho f (x) =
Cch xt du phn thc hu t: xt du ca mt phn thc hu t ta

phn tch cc a thc ca t v mu thnh tch cc a thc bc 1, v bc 2. Cc
a thc bc 2 nu c 0 ta phn tch chng thnh tch cc a thc bc 1, cn
nu < 0 ta thay th a thc bi h s ca hng t bc 2. Cui cng ta c
phn thc ch cn tch cc a thc bc 1. Dng cc nh l trn xt du.
V d 1.19: Xt du ca biu thc sau:
a) f (x) =
(x + 1)2 .(x 2)3 . (2x 1)
(x2 + 2x + 2)7 (2x + 1)5 (1 4x) (x2 + 4x 5)3
b) f (x) = x2 4x + 3. (2x2 5x + 2)
Gii: a) Gii cc phng trnh:
+) x + 1 = 0 x = 1.
+) x 2 = 0 x = 2.
1
2
2
+) x + 2x + 2 = 0, < 0, a = 1.
+) 2x 1 = 0 x =
+) 2x + 1 = 0 x =
1
2
Trang 24
1.6. Du ca a thc
1
4
+) x2 + 4x 5 = 0, < 0, a = 1.
+) 1 4x = 0 x =
Do du ca f (x) l du ca g(x) vi:

g(x) =
(x + 1)2 (x 2)3 (2x 1)
17 (2x + 1)5 (1 4x) (1)3
(x + 1)2 (x 2)3 (2x 1)

(2x + 1)5 (1 4x)
1 1 1
Cc khng im x = 1; 2; ; ; . Ta c bng du:
2 2 4
+
+
f (x)
b) TX: x 4x + 3 0
2
x2 4x + 3
2
Th
.
2x 5x + 2
f (x)
x3
x1
1
2
Ta c bng xt du:
1
4
21
Tu
1
2
g(x)
M
in
+
+
0
0
3
+
+
+
Dng kt qu ca v d trn ta c th gii c cc bt phng trnh:

(x + 1)2 .(x 2)3 . (2x 1)
+)
3 0
2
(x2 + 2x + 2)7 (2x + 1)5 (1 4x)
# (x +#4x 5)
1
1 1
[2; +)
c tp nghim l: S = ;
;
2
4 2
+)
(x + 1)2 .(x 2)3 . (2x 1)
+)
(x + 1)2 .(x 2)3 . (2x 1)
+)
(x + 1)2 .(x 2)3 . (2x 1)
3 > 0
(x2 + 2x + 2)7 (2x + 1)5 (1 4x) (x2 + 4x
! 5) !
1
1 1
c tp nghim l: S = (; 1) 1;
;
(2; +)
2
4 2
3
2
(x2 + 2x + 2)7 (2x + 1)5 (1
! 4x)"(x# + 4x 5)
1 1
1
; 2 {1}
c tp nghim l: S = ;
2 4
2
3
2
(x2 + 2x + 2)7 (2x + 1)5 (1
! 4x) (x !+ 4x 5)
1
1 1
;2
c tp nghim l: S = ;
2 4
2
+)
<0
x2 4x + 3. (2x2 5x + 2) 0 c tp nghim S =
Trang 25
#
1
;
[3; +) {1}
2
1.6. Du ca a thc
!
1
(3; +)
+) x2 4x + 3. (2x2 5x + 2) > 0 c tp nghim S = ;
2
#
"
1
+) x2 4x + 3. (2x2 5x + 2) 0 c tp nghim S = ; 1 {3}
2
!
1
+) x2 4x + 3. (2x2 5x + 2) < 0 c tp nghim S =
;1
2
1.6.3
Gii h bt phng trnh
Kin thc cn nh
Tu
gii c h cc bt phng trnh ta phi bit c cc thao tc ly giao v ly hp

ca 2 tp hp. C th nh sau:
M
in
Ly giao: phi ng thi thuc 2 (hay nhiu) tp hp. Biu din tng tp hp mt
trn trc s, xa nhng phn khng thuc tp hp i. Phn cn trng (cha b
gch) chnh l tp hp cn tm.
Ly hp: ch cn thuc mt trong 2 (hay nhiu) tp hp. Biu din tng tp trn
trc s: xa nhng phn khng thuc tp . Hp ca n tp hp l nhng tp
khng b xa khng qu n 1 ln.
Th
.
Hc sinh thng gp kh khn khi ly hp 2 tp hp, thng ch lm tt vi trng

hp ly giao.
V d 1.20: Tnh tp hp X trong cc trng hp sau:
a) X = A B C vi A = (2; 1] [2; +), B = [3; 0), C = (; 1].
b) X = A B vi A = (3; 3) v B = [1; 5].
Gii: a) X = (2; 1]
b) X = (3; 5]
V d 1.21: Gii h phng trnh sau:
x2 3x + 2 > 0
a)
2x2 3x 2
0
3x + 1
x2 + 3x 4 > 0
b)
2x + 1
0
2
2x 5x + 2
!
#
1
1
Gii: a) x ; ; 1
2
3
b) x
#
1
;
2
!
1
; +
2
Trang 26
1.7. Bi tp
1.7
Bi tp
Bi 1.1: Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo m:

a) (m2 + m)x + m = 2x + m2 .
b)
mx + m 2x
=0
x2
Bi 1.2: Cho phng trnh: (m2 4)x2 + 2(m + 2)x + 1 = 0

a) Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
Tu
b) Tm m phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Bi 1.3: Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh sau theo m:
M
in
x3 m (x + 2) + x2 + 4 = 0
Bi 1.4: Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau theo m:
a) x2 mx + 3m 8 = 0.
b) x2 mx + m2 3 = 0.
Th
.
c) (m 2)x2 2(m + 1)x + m = 0.

Bi 1.5: Cho phng trnh 2x2 + 7x + 1 = 0. Gi x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh.
a) Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc:

A = 2 x21 + x22 3 x31 + x32
B = x21 x32 + x31 x22 + 2 |x1 x2 |

b) Tm phng trnh vi h s nguyn nhn x1 + 2x2 , 2x1 + x2 l nghim.
c) Tm phng trnh vi h s nguyn nhn x1 +
1
l nghim.
x2
Bi 1.6: Tm m phng trnh 3x2 + 4(m 1)x + m2 4m + 1 = 0 c 2 nghim phn

bit x1 , x2 tha mn
1
1
1
+
= .(x1 + x2 )
x1 x2 2
Bi 1.7: Cho phng trnh x2 mx + (m 2)2 = 0.
a) Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit.
b) Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc: F = x1 x2 + 2x1 + 2x2 .
Bi 1.8: Tm m phng trnh : x2 (2m + 1)x + m2 + 1 = 0 c 2 nghim x1 , x2 tha
mn x1 = 2x2 .
Bi 1.9: Tm m phng trnh x2 mx + 3m 8 = 0.
Trang 27
1.7. Bi tp
a) C 2 nghim phn bit.

b) C 2 nghim dng.
c) C 2 nghim m.
d) C 2 nghim tri du.
e) C nghim dng.
Bi 1.10: Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh :
a) x4 2mx2 + m + 12 = 0.
Tu
b) mx4 (2m 5)x2 + m + 1 = 0.
a) 2x3 8x2 + x + 14 = 0.
b) x3 x2 + 2 = 0.
M
in
Bi 1.11: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
c) 4x (m + 2)2x+1 + m2 4 = 0.
c) 3x3 4x2 5x + 6 = 0.
Th
.
Hng dn. a) x = 2.
b) x = 1.
c) x = 1, x =
73

a) 2x4 5x2 7 = 0.
b) x4 5x2 + 6 = 0.
c) x4 5x3 12x2 + 15x + 9 = 0
d) 2x4 + 3x3 16x2 17x + 12 = 0
e) x4 5x3 + 8x2 10x + 4 = 0.
f) x4 2x3 5x2 + 2x + 1 = 0.
g) (x2 2x)(x2 + 4x + 3) = 7.
h) (x2 3x + 2)(x2 + 9x + 18) = 12x2 .
i) x4 4x3 + 8x 12 = 0.
j) x4 + 2x3 2x2 9x 6 = 0.
k) x4 3x3 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0.
l) x4 5x3 12x2 + 15x + 9 = 0.
Trang 28
1.7. Bi tp
Tu
M
in
g) x = 2, x = 1.
m) 2x4 + 3x3 16x2 17x + 12 = 0.
14
Hng dn. a) x =
2
b) x = 2 2.
1 5
3 13
c) x =
,x=
.
2
2
1 29
d) x =
.
2
7 73
e) x = 3, x = 2, x =
2
f) x = 1 7.
Bi 1.13: Cho bt phng trnh: (m + 1)x + m + 2 > 0.
a) Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh.
b) Tm m bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x 2.
Th
.
Bi 1.14: Tm a h bt phng trnh sau v nghim:

2
x + 7x 8 < 0
a2 x + 1 > 3 + (3a 2) x
Bi 1.15: Tm m cc bt phng trnh sau nghim ng vi mi x:
a) (m 1)x2 (2m + 1)x + m + 3 > 0.
b) x2 2mx + m + 12 > 0.
c) x2 2x + m|x 1| + m2 2 > 0.
2 x2 mx + 1 3
d) 2
.
3
x x+1
2
Bi 1.16: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:

a) 4x2 + 12x 9 < 0.
b) 2x2 5x + 4 > 0.
c) x2 4x + 5 0.
3
Hng dn. a) x 6= .
2
b) x R.
c) x [5; 1].
Bi 1.17: Tm a biu thc
(a + 1) x2 2 (a 1) x + 3a 3 c ngha vi mi x.
Trang 29
1.7. Bi tp
Bi 1.18: Gii v bin lun bt phng trnh sau theo tham s m:

a) x2 mx + 2m 3 0.
b) (3m 8)x2 + mx + 1 < 0.
a) x3 3x2 + 2 > 0.
b) x4 + 4x3 + 4x2 25 > 0.
c) x4 4x 1 < 0.
f)
3
0
+x2
1
1
1
+
+
0
x+1 x+2 x+3
x2
M
in
e) x2 + x
Tu
d) x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) > 24.
g) x4 4x3 + 8x 5 < 0.
i)
Th
.
h) x4 2x3 + 6x 9 < 0.
3x + 7
5.
x2 x 2

Hng dn. a) x 1 3; 1 1 + 3; +
b) x (; 1 6) (1 + 6; +)
p
p

!
2 2 + 4 2 2 + 2 + 4 2
;
c) x
2
2
d) x (; 4) (1; +).
"
!
#
1 13
1 + 13
e) x
; 2 1;
2
2
f)
g)
h)
i)
#
#
1
1
x 3; 2 2; 2 + (1; +)
3
3

x 1 6; 1 1; 1 + 6

x ( 3; 3)
#
"
3
x (; 1) ; 1 (2; +)
5
x2 2x 3.x2 .(2x + 1)3

0
a)
(3x 8) .(x 2)5
Trang 30
1.7. Bi tp
b)
(x 1)4 . (x + 2)
<0
(x + 3) . (2x 5)
Hng dn. a) x [3; +) {1}

b) x (; 3) (2; 1)
5
1;
2
b) x [1; +) {1}
M
in
Tu
Bi 1.21: Gii h bt phng trnh sau:
(2x2 + x 2) (x 2) > 0
a)
x2 2x 8
0
x+2
3
x x2 x 2 0
b)
(x2 + 2x 3) . x + 1 0
!
1 17 1 + 17
Hng dn. a) x
;
(2; 4]
4
4
Th
.
Bi 1.22: Tnh gi tr biu thc trong cc trng hp sau:
a) y = x3 3x2 2x 1 khi x = 1 2.
x2 x 4
khi x = 2 + 3.
b) y =
2x + 1
Trang 31
Chng 2. Phng trnh lng gic
Chng 2
Cng thc lin h gia cc hm lng gic
M
in
2.1.1
Cc kin thc c bn
2.1
Tu
Phng trnh lng gic
Nhn xt:
Th
.
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1
= 1 + tan2
cos2
1
= 1 + cot2
sin2
tan cot = 1
Nu bit mt trong cc gi tr lng gic th ta c th tnh c cc gi tr lng

gic cn li.
sin , cos [1; 1]
2.1.2
Cc cng thc ca cc gc lin h vi
v :
cos( ) = cos
tan( ) = tan
sin( ) = sin
cot( ) = cot
v :
cos() = cos
tan() = tan
sin() = sin
cot() = cot
v + :
cos( + ) = cos
tan( + ) = tan
v
sin( + ) = sin
cot( + ) = cot
:
2
Trang 32
2.1. Cc kin thc c bn
cos( ) = sin
2
tan( ) = cot
2
Bng du ca cc hm lng gic
450
3
2
2
2
2
2
Th
.
cos
300
600
900
1200
1350
1500
2
3
3
4
5
6
M
in
00
2.1.5
IV
+
Bng cc gi tr lng gic
2.1.4
III
+
+
Tu
cos
sin
tan
cot
II
I
+
+
+
+
2.1.3
sin( ) = cos
2
cot( ) = tan
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
sin
1
2
tan
cot
2
2
2
2
3
2
1800
1
2
Cng thc lng gic ca tng, hiu

cos(a b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
sin(a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b
tan a tan b
tan(a b) =
1 tan a tan b
cot a cot b 1
cot(a b) =
cot b cot a
Trang 33
2.1.6
Cng thc cng lng gic

ab
a+b
cos
2
2
a+b
ab
cos a cos b = 2 sin
sin
2
2
ab
a+b
cos
sin a + sin b = 2 sin
2
2
ab
a+b
sin
sin a sin b = 2 cos
2
2
sin(a b)
tan a tan b =
cos a cos b
sin(b a)
cot a cot b =
sin a sin b
Tu
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
M
in
H qu:
2
sin 2a
tan a cot a = 2 cot 2a
sin a + cos a = 2 sin(x + ) = 2 cos(x )

4
4
sin a cos a = 2 sin(x ) = 2 cos(x + )

4
4
Th
.
tan a + cot a =
2.1.7
Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng

1
[cos(a + b) + cos(a b)]
2
1
sin a sin b = [cos(a + b) cos(a b)]
2
1
sin a cos b = [sin(a + b) + sin(a b)]
2
cos a cos b =
2.1.8
Cng thc gc nhn i, nhn ba - Cng thc h bc

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
2 tan x
1 tan2 x
cot2 x 1
cot 2x =
2 cot x
1
+
cos 2x
cos2 x =
2
tan 2x =
Trang 34
1 cos 2x
2
cos 3x = 4 cos3 x 3 cos x
sin2 x =
sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
3 tan x tan3 x
tan 3x =
1 3 tan2 x
3 cot x cot3 x
cot 3x =
1 3 cot2 x
x
2
Bi tp
2.1.10
2t
1 t2
2t
1 t2
,
cos
x
=
,
tan
x
=
,
cot
x
=
1 + t2
1 + t2
1 t2
2t
M
in
sin x =
Cng thc tnh sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x theo t = tan
Tu
2.1.9
1
Bi 2.1: Cho l gc sao cho sin = , vi thuc gc phn t th III.
3
b) Tnh cos(
Th
.
a) Tnh tan , cos , cot .

5
),
2
tan( 7
).
2
Bi 2.2: Tnh gi tr biu thc sau:

a) A =
1
sin2 20
+
0
1
cos2 400
tan2 700 cot2 500 .
b) B = sin2 10 + sin2 30 + + sin2 890 .

c) C = cos 20 + cos 40 + + cos 1800 .
Bi 2.3: Tnh gi tr biu thc:
a) A = cos 8 + cos 5
+ sin 9
+ sin 5
8
8
8
b) B = cos 8 + tan 8
Rt gn biu thc:
a) A = cos x cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x bit x 6= k (k Z).
b) B = sin x sin( 3 x) sin( 3 + x).

a) A = cos6 x + sin6 x.
b) B = cos4 x + sin4 x.
c) C = cos 12x .
1
Bit rng cos 4x = .
3
Trang 35
2.2. Cc phng trnh lng gic c bn
2.2
2.2.1
Cc phng trnh lng gic c bn

Phng trnh sin x = m
2.2.2
M
in
Tu
Phng trnh c bit:
sin x = 1 x = + k2
2
(k Z)
sin x = 1 x = + k2
2
sin x = 0 x = k

A = B + k2
Dng sin A = sin B
A = B + k2
iu kin c nghim: 1 m 1.

x = arcsin m + k2
Nghim ca phng trnh l :
(k Z)
x = arcsin m + k2
1
2
3
Ch : cc gi tr c bit ca m l m = 0, 1, , ,
2
2
2
Phng trnh cos x = m
Th
.
iu kin c nghim: 1 m 1.

x = arccos m + k2
(k Z)
Nghim ca phng trnh l :
x = arccos m + k2
Phng trnh c bit:
cos x = 1 x = + k2
cos x = 1 x = k2
(k Z)
cos x = 0 x = + k
2

A = B + k2
Dng cos A = cos B
A = B + k2
2.2.3
Phng trnh tan x = m, cot x = m
iu kin c nghim m R
Nghim tan x = m x = arctan m + k
cot x = m x = arccot m + k
Dng tan A = tan B A = B + k
cot A = cot B A = B + k
Ch khi gii phng trnh cha tan, cot ta phi t iu kin cho bin.
Trang 36
2.2.4
Cc v d

1
a) sin x = .
2
b) sin 3x
4
= cos 2x +
.
6
= cos 2x.
c) cos 5x
3
Th
.
M
in
Tu
x = + k2
6
Gii: a)
(k Z)
7
+ k2
x=
6
!
!
!
!
b) pt sin 3x
2x
= sin
sin 3x
= sin 2x +
4
2
6
4
3
+ k2
x=
12
3x = 2x + + k2
4
3
(k Z).
11 k2
3x = 2x + k2
+
x=
4
3
60
5
!
5x = 2x + k2
3
c) pt cos 5x
= cos ( 2x)
3
5x = 2x + k2
3
4
4
2
+ k2
+k
7x =
x=
3
21
7
(k Z)
2
2
2
3x = + k2
x= +k
3
9
3
V d 2.2: Gii cc phng trnh:
a) tan x. cot 2x 2 tan x + 3 cot 2x = 2 3

!
2
b) tan 3x = cot x +
.
5
c) tan x +
2
= 3.
cot x
d) sin 2x cos x + 2 sin x 1 = 0.
e) sin 2x 3 cos x 2 sin x + 3 = 0.
Trang 37

Gii: a) pt tan x + 3 . (cot 2x 2) = 0
tan x = 3
cot 2x = 2
x = + k
3
x = 3 + k
1
2x = arccot 2 + k
x = arccot 2 + k
2
2
!
2
b) pt tan 3x = tan
x
tan 3x = tan
2
5
x + k x =
+k
10
40
4
3x =
x
10
2.2.5
M
in
Tu
c) pt tan x + 2 tan x = 3 tan x = 1 x = + k

4
Bi tp
Th
.
3
a) sin(3x + 1) =
2
b) cos(2x + 2) =
1
2
x
c) sin 2x = sin( + 1)
2
a) cos 2x = sin 5x
b) sin
x
= cos 4x
2
c) cos( sin x) = cos(3 sin x)

d) 2 sin x cos x = cos x 2 sin x + 1
a) tan x = 1
b) tan(2x 1) = tan(x + 2)
c) cot(x + 1) = tan 2x
2
d) tan x =
+1
cot x
Trang 38
2.3. Cc phng trnh lng gic khc
2.3.1
Cc phng trnh lng gic khc

Phng trnh a sin x + b cos x = c
Ta c a sin x + b cos x = c
Gi l gc sao cho
a
a2 + b 2
sin x +
b
a2 + b 2
cos = 2
a + b2
sin =
a2 + b 2
cos x =
c
a2 + b 2
2.3
M
in
Tu
Khi phng trnh tng ng vi:

c
c
cos sin x + sin cos x =
sin(x + ) =
a2 + b 2
a2 + b 2

c

iu kin c nghim:
1 |c| a2 + b2 a2 + b2 c2

a2 + b 2
Th
.
a) sin x = 3 cos x + 1.
b) cos 2x 3 sin x cos x = 3.
c) sin x cos x = 2 cos 3x.
d) 3 sin 3x + 4 cos 3x = 5 sin 4x

!
!
Gii: a) pt sin x 3 cos x = 1 2 sin x

= 1 sin x
= = sin
3
3
2
6

x = + k2
x = + k2
3
6
2
(k Z)
5
7
+ k2
+ k2
x =
x=
3
6
6
3
b) pt cos 2x sin 2x = 3.
2
13
< c2 = 9 nn phng trnh v nghim.
V a2 + b2 =
4
!
!
!
c) pt 2 sin x
3x
= 2 cos 3x sin x
= sin
4
4
2
+k
x = 3x + k2
x=
4
2
16
2
(k Z)
x = k
x = + 3x + k2
4
2
8
Trang 39
3
4
sin 3x + cos 3x = sin 4x
5
5
3
4
Gi l gc sao cho cos = v sin = ta c:
5
5
cos sin 3x + sin cos 3x = sin 4x sin(3x + ) = sin 4x

x = k2
3x + = 4x + k2
(k Z)
+ k2
3x + = 4x + k2
x=
7
d) pt
Phng trnh ng cp cha sin v cos
2.3.2
Tu
Nhn bit: phng trnh cha sin x, cos x tha mn bc ca tt c cc hng t

u l s chn hoc l s l. Chng hn :
M
in
sin x, cos x bc 1.
sin2 x, cos2 x, sin x cos x, cos 2x, sin 2x bc 2.
sin3 x, sin2 x cos x, sin x cos2 x, cos3 x, sin 3x, cos 3x u c bc 3.
Phng trnh a sin x + b cos x = c c th c coi l phng trnh ng cp

x
x
theo sin , cos .
2
2
Th
.
Cch gii: Ta xt 2 trng hp sau:

Trng hp 1: cos x = 0.
Trng hp 2: cos x 6= 0. Khi ta s chia c 2 v cho cosm x ( m l bc
ca phng trnh ng cp)
V d 2.4: Gii phng trnh 9 sin x + 5 cos x 20 cos3 x 16 sin5 x = 0
Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi
9 sin x(sin2 x + cos2 x)2 + 5 cos x(sin2 x + cos2 x)2 20cos3 x(sin2 x + cos2 x) 16sin5 x = 0
+ TH 1: Nu cos x = 0: Phng trnh tr thnh 9 sin x 16sin5 x = 0 (V nghim)
+ TH 2: Nu cos x 6= 0: Chia c 2 v cho cos5 x ta c:
2
2
9t(1 + t2 ) + 5(1 + t2 ) 20 (1 + t2 ) 16t5 = 0
t = tan x, phng trnh bc 5, gii phng trnh ta c nghim.
V d 2.5: Gii phng trnh:
a) 1 + 2 sin 2x = 6 cos2 x.
b) 2 sin3 x = cos x
Gii: a) pt sin2 x + cos2 x + 4 sin x cos x = 6 cos2 x

sin2 x + 4 sin x cos x 5 cos2 x = 0.
+) Nu cos x = 0 th ta c sin2 x = 0 sin x = 0. iu ny mu thun.
+) Nu cos x 6= 0 chia c 2 v cho cos2 x 6= 0 ta c:
tan x = 1 x = + k
2
tan x + 4 tan x 5 = 0
4
tan x = 5
x = arctan(5) + k
Trang 40
(k Z)
b) pt 2 sin3 x = cos x(sin2 x + cos2 x) 2 sin3 x + sin2 x cos x + cos3 x = 0.

+) Nu cos x = 0 th 2 sin3 x = 0 sin x = 0. iu ny mu thun.
+) Nu cos x 6= 0. Chia c 2 v cho cos3 x.
pt 2 tan3 x + tan2 x + 1 = 0 (tan x + 1)(2 tan2 x tan x + 1) = 0

tan x = 1
x = + k (k Z).
2
2 tan x tan x + 1 = 0( V nghim )
4
2.3.3
i s ha phng trnh lng gic
Tu
Nhn dng: phng trnh c th qui v phng trnh bc 2, 3, 4 theo sin, cos, tan,
cot l nhng phng trnh c th i s ha c. Hoc phng trnh khi dng
php t n ph cng qui v c phng trnh i s.
M
in
Phng php: s dng cc cng thc gc nhn i, nhn ba, v cng thc tnh
x
sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x theo t = tan , ...
2
a) cos 2x sin x + 1 = 0.
x
=2
2
Th
.
b) sin x + tan
V d 2.6: Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau:
c) cos 3x + cos 2x cos x 1 = 0

d) tan x + tan2 x + tan3 x + cot x + cot2 x + cot3 x = 6
e) cos 3x + 4 cos 2x + 4 cos x + 1 = 0.
f) tan x + 2 sin 2x cos 2x = 1
Gii: a) t t = sin x qui v phng trnh bc 2 n t.
b) t t = tan
x
qui v phng trnh bc 4 n t
2
c) t t = cos x qui v phng trnh bc 3 n t.

d) t t = tan x + cot x qui v phng trnh bc 3 n t
2.3.4
Phng trnh i xng sin, cos
Nhn dng: phng trnh c dng : f (sin x, cos x) = 0 hoc f (sin x, cos x) = 0
f (x, y) l mt hm i xng theo x, y hay ni cch khc f (x, y) = f (y, x).
2 sin(x + )
4
hoc t t = sin x cos x = 2 sin(x )

4
vi 2 t 2
Cch gii: t t = sin x + cos x =
Trang 41
V d 2.7: Gii phng trnh sau:

a) sin x cos x + 2 sin 2x = 1
b) sin3 x + cos3 x = 2(sin x + cos x) 1
Gii: a) t t = sin x cos x v gii phng trnh bc 2 n t.
b) t t = sin x + cos x v gii phng trnh bc 3 n t.
Phn tch thnh nhn t
2.3.5
Tu
Nhn dng: Bi ton dng ny rt kh nhn dng thng thng theo trc gic ca
ngi gii ton l chnh. Phng php c th dng gii hoc lm cho bi ton
tr nn n gin hn.
M
in
Di y l mt s h c tha s chung hay gp:
f (x)
sin 2x, sin 3x, tan x, tan 2x, tan 3x,
Th
.
sin x
Biu thc cha tha s f (x)
cos x
sin 2x, cos 3x, tan 2x, cot 3x, cot x,
1 + cos x
x
x
cos2 , cot2 , sin2 x, tan2 x
2
2
1 cos x
1 + sin x
1 sin x
x
x
sin2 , tan2 , sin2 x, tan2 x
2
2
!
x
, sin2
cos2 x, cot2 x, cos2
4 2
!
x
+
, sin2
cos2 x, cot2 x, cos2
4 2
x
+
4 2
x
4 2
!
!
sin x + cos x
cos 2x, cot 2x, 1 + sin 2x, 1 + tan x, 1 + cot x, tan x cot x
cos x sin x
cos 2x, cot 2x, 1 sin 2x, 1 tan x, 1 cot x, tan x cot x

a) sin 2(x ) sin(3x ) = sin x
Trang 42
b) cos 3x 2 cos 2x + cos x = 0

c) sin2 x + sin2 2x + sin2 3x =
3
2
1
d) cos 3x cos 4x + sin 2x sin 5x = (cos 2x + cos 4x)
2
Gii: a) pt sin 2x + sin 3x = sin x
2 sin x cos x + 2 cos 2x sin x = 0 2 sin x(cos x + cos 2x) = 0
b) pt 2 cos 2x cos x 2 cos 2x = 0 2 cos 2x(cos x 1) = 0
Tu
c) S dng cng thc h bc
M
in
1
1
1
d) pt (cos 7x + cos x) (cos 7x cos 3x) = (cos 2x + cos 4x)
2
2
2
cos x + cos 3x = cos 2x + cos 4x
2 cos 2x cos x 2 cos 3x cos x = 0 2 cos x(cos 2x cos 3x) = 0
S dng bt ng thc
2.3.6
Th
.
Phng php: i vi dng A = 0.

Ta chng minh A 0, x t suy ra du bng trong bt ng thc phi xy ra.
Gii nghim t iu kin xy ra du bng .
i vi dng bin th: A = B.
Ta chng minh : A v B , x dn n phng trnh tng ng vi
A = = B v du bng 2 bt ng thc xy ra.
a) sin(x + ) + 2 sin 2x 3 = 0.
4
b) sin4 x + cos4 x = 2 cos7 x
Gii: a) sin(x + ) + 2 sin 2x 3 0 do phng trnh tng ng vi:

4
sin(x + ) = 1
4
sin 2x = 1
b) Ta c sin4 x + cos4 x sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

v 2 cos7 x 1. Do m ta c h:
4
2
sin x = sin x
cos4 x = cos2 x cos x = 1 x = k2
cos7 x = 1
Trang 43
2.3.7
Loi nghim khng thch hp
t vn : Trong khi gii mt phng trnh lng gic ta gp bi ton m nghim

tm thy khng nm trong tp xc nh. Thiu st trn thng gp khi ta "qun"
t iu kin hoc t iu kin nhng khi gii xong khng i chiu vi iu kin
dn n tnh trng "tha nghim".
Phng php: c rt nhiu phng php nh gii phng trnh nghim nguyn,
th nghim trc tip vo iu kin, ... nhng vi mc thi i hc hin nay
th phng php n gin d dng nht l biu din tp nghim trn ng trn
lng gic. Nhng im b trng vi im b loi tp xc nh s b loi.
Tu
4 sin6 x + 4 cos6 x 1
=0
2 sin x 2
b) 9 x2 (2 sin x 1) = 0
M
in
a)
2
.
2
pt 4 sin6 x + 4!cos6 x 1 = 0
!3
3
1 + cos 2x
1 cos 2x
4
+4
1=0
2
2
1 + 3 cos2 2x 1 = 0 cos 2x = 0
x= +k .
4
2
Biu din trn ng trn lng gic ta c nghim:
5
+ k2
x = + k2, x =
4
4
Th
.
Gii: a) iu kin: sin x 6=
b) Nghim x = 3.
Trng hp 3 < x < 3: pt sin x =
Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim:
5
x= ,x=
6
6
2.3.8
1
2
Bi tp
Phng trnh dng a sin x + b cos x = c.

Bi 2.8: Gii phng trnh sau:
a) cos
x
x
+ 3 sin = 1
2
2
b) 3 cos x + 4 sin x +
c) sin 3x
6
=6
3 cos x + 4 sin x + 1
3 cos 3x = 2 sin 2x
Trang 44
d) 3 sin 3x
3 cos 9x = 1 + 4 sin3 3x
e) sin x + cos x = 2 sin 5x
f) cos 7x sin 5x = 3(cos 5x sin 7x)
Bi 2.9: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s sau:

sin x + 2 cos x + 1
.
sin x + cos x + 2
b) y =
sin x
2 + cos x
a) y =
Tu
M
in
Phng trnh ng cp:
a) 4 cos2 x 6 sin2 x + 5 sin 2x 4 = 0
b) 2 sin3 x = cos x
Th
.
c) 6 sin x 2 cos3 x = 5 sin 2x cos x

d) sin2 x 2 cos2 x =
1
sin 2x
2
e) 14 cos4 x + 16 cos3 x sin x + 6 sin2 x cos2 x cos x sin3 x + sin4 x = 2
i s ha phng trnh lng gic:

a) cos 2x + sin2 x + 2 cos x + 1 = 0
b) 2 cos 3x 7 cos 2x + 7 cos x 2 = 0.
c) cos4 x + sin4 x = 2 cos(2x + ) cos(2x )

4
4
sin2 2x
d) sin x + cos x cos 2x +
2=0
4
4
e) tan2 x
f)
3
sin2 x
4
+5=0
cos x
+ 3 tan2 x 11(tan x + cot x) 1 = 0
g) sin4 x + (1 + sin x)4 = 17

h) 2 cos2
8x
6x
+ 1 = 3 cos
5
5
Trang 45
Phng trnh i xng:

sin 2x
2
a) sin3 x + cos3 x = 1
b) sin 2x + 4(cos x sin x) = 4

1
1
10
+ sin x +
=
cos x
sin x
3
c) cos x +
Tu
d) sin x cos x = 6(sin x + cos x 1)

e) 1 + sin 2x = sin x + cos x
Phn tch thnh nhn t:
M
in
Th
.
a) sin x + cos x + 1 = 2 cos( x2 4 )
b) 2(cos4 x sin4 x) = sin x + cos x

c) sin x + 3 sin 2x = sin 3x
d) cos x sin 2x cos 3x =
sin 4x
4
e) cos 2x + sin 2x + cos x + 3 sin x + 1 = 0

f) (2 sin x 1)(2 sin 2x + 1) = 3 4 cos2 x
g) cot x tan x = sin x + cos x
S dng bt ng thc:
a) sin3 x + cos3 x = 2 sin4 x
b) cos 3x + 2 cos2 3x = 2(1 + sin2 2x)

c) cos(x) = x2 4x + 5
d) 2 sin(x + ) = tan x + cot x

4
Loi nghim khng thch hp

Trang 46

1
sin6 x + cos6 x
=
a)
tan(x 4 ) tan(x + 4 )
4
sin x (sin x + cos x) 1

=0
cos2 x + sin x + 1
e)
x
1) = 0
3
Tu
d) tan x (2 sin
1 + tan x
= 1 + sin 2x
1 tan x
f) tan2 x =
1 + cos x
1 sin x
c)
cos2 x sin2 x
tan 2x
4
M
in
b)
sin6 x + cos6 x
Dng ton tng hp:
Th
.

a) sin x + cos 2x + cos2 x (tan2 x 1) + 2sin3 x = 0.
b) cos x. cos 2x. cos 4x. cos 8x =
1
16
1
sin4 x + cos4 x 1
= cot 2x
c)
5 sin 2x
2
8 sin 2x
d) 2sin2 x + sin 2x + 3 sin x cos x + 1 = 0
x
e) 4sin2 3 cos 2x = 1 + 2cos2
2
f) 2 2cos3
x
4
!
g) tan
+x
2
h) tan
3
x
2
3 cos x sin x = 0
3tan2 x =
3
x
4
cos 2x 1
cos2 x
sin x
=2
1 + cos x
i) cos2 3x. cos 2x cos2 x = 0

j) 2 sin x (1 + cos 2x) + sin 2x = 1 + 2 cos x
k) sin3 x 3cos3 x = sin xcos2 x 3sin2 x cos x

Trang 47
1
+
l)
sin x
m)
1
3
sin x
2
7
2 cos x
4
! = 4 sin
7
x
4
1
2
7
= cos 2x
2
1
1
= 2 cot 2x
2 sin x sin 2x
!
!
x
3x
5x
cos
= 2 cos
2
4
2 4
2
o) sin
Tu
p) 2 2 sin x
cos x = 1.
12
n) sin 2x + sin x
sin 2x cos 2x
+
= tan x cot x
cos x
sin x
Th
.
r)
M
in

q) 2cos2 x + 2 3 sin x cos x + 1 = 3 sin x + 3 cos x
Trang 48
Chng 3. Phng trnh cha cn v du gi tr tuyt i
Chng 3
3.1.1
Phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i
M
in
3.1
Tu
Phng trnh cha cn v du gi

tr tuyt i
Kin thc cn nh
| A| = |A|
Th
.
Hc sinh cn nh mt s tnh cht sau ca du gi tr tuyt i:

A
Nu A 0
|A| =
A Nu A < 0
|A2 | = A2
|A| A. Du ng thc khi A 0.
|A| A. Du ng thc khi A 0
|A| + |B| |A + B|.
Du ng thc xy ra A.B 0.
|A| + |B| |A B|.
Du ng thc xy ra A.B 0.
3.1.2
Cc dng bi tp
Nguyn tc chung: gii mt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i, ta c

th bm vo nh ngha xt du ca biu thc trong du gi tr tuyt i, phn
trng hp ph du gi tr tuyt i. Tuy nhin, nhiu khi vic xt du mt
biu thc l kh kh khn, di dng nn y ti a ra mt s cch bin i
tng i vi mt s dng phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i c bn hc
sinh c th p dng n lm cc bi tp mt cch chnh xc ngn gn.
Dng 1
A0
A=B
|A| = B
A<0
A = B
Trang 49

A = B
A=B
B0
3.1. Phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i
Dng 2:
|A| = |B| A2 = B 2 A = B
Dng 3: t n ph vi biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt i.
Dng 4: S dng bt ng thc nh gi 2 v ca phng trnh :
Chng hn nu ta c phng trnh A = B. Ta chng minh:
A v B t ta c A = = B.
Dng 5 : Lp bng xt du vi biu thc trong du gi tr tuyt i ph du
gi tr tuyt i.
Cc v d
Tu
3.1.3
()
M
in
a) |x2 + x 1| = 2 x
Th
.
b) |2x2 + 3x 2| = |x2 x 3| ()
2 x 0 (1)
Gii: a) ()
x2 + x 1 = 2 x (2)
x2 + x 1 = x 2 (3)
(1) x 2

x=1
2
(2) x + 2x 3 = 0
tha mn iu kin
x = 3

2
(3) x + 1 = 0
Phng trnh v nghim
2
2x + 3x 2 = x2 x 3 (1)
b) ()
2x2 + 3x 2 = x2 + x + 3 (2)
(1) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 x= 2 3
x=1
2
(2) 3x + 2x 5 = 0
5
x=
3
V d 3.2: Gii phng trnh x4 + 4x2 + 2 |x2 2x| = 4x3 + 3
2
Gii: Phng trnh (x2 2x) + 2 |x2 2x| 3 = 0

t t = |x2 2x| 0. Phng trnh tr thnh:
2
t + 2t 3 = 0

+)t = 1 x2 2x = 1
t=1
t = 3

tha mn
(loi)
x2 2x = 1
x2 2x = 1
x=1
x=1
V d 3.3: Gii phng trnh |x + 1| + |2 x| = x4 + 4x2 1
Trang 50
3.2. Phng trnh cha cn thc
Gii: Ta c V T = |x + 1| + |2 x| |x + 1 + 2 x| = 3 x (1)
2
m V P = x4 + 4x2 1 = (x2 2) + 3 3 x (2).
T (1) , (2) V T 3 V P
x

(x + 1) . (2 x) 0
Do phng trnh cho
2
x
=
x2 2 = 0
V d 3.4: Gii phng trnh 2 |x + 1| |x2 2x 8| = 5 x + x2
Gii: Ta c bng xt du:
x+1
+
0
Tu
x2 2x 8
M
in
Trng hp 1: x < 2.
2
2
Phng trnh 2 (x
1) (x
2x 8) = 5 x + x
1 + 89
x=
(loi)
4
2x2 x 11 = 0
1 89
(tha mn)
x=
4
Th
.
Trng hp 2: 2 x < 1
Phng trnh 2 (x 1) + (x2 2x 8) = 5 x + x2
5
3x = 5 x = (tha mn)
3
Trng hp 3: 1 x < 4
Phng trnh 2 (x + 1) + (x2 2x 8) = 5 x + x2
x = 1 (tha mn)
Trng hp 4: x 4
2
Phng trnh 2 (x + 1) (x2 2x
8) = 5 x + x
5 + 145
(tha mn)
x=
2x2 5x 15 = 0
5 145
(loi)
x=
4
(
)
1 89
5
5 + 145
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S =
; ; 1;
4
3
4
3.2
Phng trnh cha cn thc
3.2.1
Cc dng bi tp

A = B2
B0

A=B
A=B
A= B
B0
A0
A=B
Trang 51
3.2. Phng trnh cha cn thc
t n ph. Ta t cn thc hoc biu thc trong cn bng mt n ph lm

phng trnh tr nn n gin hn.
S dng bt ng thc. Cch lm tng t phn phng trnh cha du gi tr
tuyt i.
3.2.2
Cc v d
Th
.
M
in
Tu
a) x + 3 = 2 x
b) x2 + x 1 = 2x + 3

2
x + 3 = (2 x)2
x 4x + 4 = x + 3
Gii: a) Phng trnh
2x0
x2
2
5 21
5 21
x 5x + 1 = 0
x
=
x=
x2
2
x2
2
x2 x 4 = 0
x + x 1 = 2x + 3
b) Phng trnh
3
x
2x + 3 0
2
17
1
x=
1 + 17
2
x=
3
2
x
2
V d 3.6: Gii phng trnh sau: 2 x2 2x 2 = x2 + 2x + 5.
Gii: t t = x2 2x 2 0 x2 2x = t2 + 2.
t=1
Phng trnh 2t = t2 2 + 5 t2 + 2t 3 = 0
t = 3 (loi)

x = 1
Ta c t = 1 x2 2x 2 = 1 x2 2x 3 = 0
x=3
Bnh lun: Nu phng trnh ny ta gii theo cch ca phng trnh cn thc
c bn th s gp mt phng trnh bc 4. Khi mi vic tr nn phc tp hn
nhiu.
V d 3.7: Gii phng trnh : x + 1 + 3 x = 2 (x2 2x + 3)
Gii: p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 2 b

x + 1; 3 x , (1; 1)

2
2
2
x + 1.1 + 3 x.1
x + 1 + 3 x . (12 + 12 ).
ta c: V T 2 =
V T 2 (x + 1 + 3
x)
.2
=
8
V
T
2
2 (1)
x+1
3x
Du bng xy ra khi
=
x=1
1
1

V P = 2 (x2 2x + 3) = 2. (x 1)2 + 2 2 2 (2)
Du bng xy ra khi x = 1.
T (1), (2) ta c phng trnh cho c duy nht nghim x = 1.
Trang 52
3.3. Bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i
3.3
3.3.1
Bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i

Dng c bn
|A| < B B < A < B

A>B
|A| > B
A < B
|A| < |B| A2 B 2 < 0 (A B) . (A + B) < 0
V d 3.8: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
b) |2x2 + x 3| 2x + 1
c) |x2 + x 1| < |2x2 + x 2|
M
in
a) |x2 2x 1| < x + 1
Cc v d
Tu
3.3.2
2
x 3x 2 < 0
x2 2x 1 < x + 1
Gii: a) Bt phng trnh

x2 x > 0
x2 2x 1 > x 1
!
3 + 17
3 17
17
17
3
3
+
<x<
x
; 0 1;
2
2
2
2
x>1x<0
2
2
2x + x 3 2x + 1
2x x 4 0
b) Bt phng trnh
2
2x + x 3 2x 1
2x2 + 3x 2 0
1 33
1 + 33
x
x
1 + 33
1
4
4
x x
1
2
4
2 x
2
Th
.
c) Bt phng trnh
2
2
2
2
(2x2 + x 2) > (x2 + x 1) (2x2 + x 2) (x2 + x 1) > 0
(x2 1) (3x2 + 2x 3) > 0 !
!
1 + 10
1 10
x
>0
(x 1) (x + 1) x
3
3
1 10
1 + 10
x<
1 < x <
x>1
3
3
3.4
3.4.1
Bt phng trnh cha cn thc

Dng c bn

A > B2
B0
A>B
B<0
A0
Trang 53
3.4. Bt phng trnh cha cn thc
2
A<B
A<B
A0
B0

A<B
A< B
A0
Ch : Vi cc cn bc chn c lm tng t. Cn i vi cc cn bc l th
ta khng cn iu kin v cch gii dng ny tng i n gin nn chng khng
c nhc ti y.
M
in
V d 3.9: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a) x2 + x 1 > x + 2
b) 2x2 + 3x 2 x + 1
c) x2 + 3x + 2 < 3x2 7x + 4
Cc v d
Tu
3.4.2
a) Bt phng trnh

3x + 5 < 0
x2 + x 1 > (x + 2)2
x 2
x+20
x < 2
x+2<0
1 5
1 + 5
2
x
x +x10
x
2
2
5
5
2 x < 3 x <
3
x < 2
Th
.
Gii:
b) Bt phng trnh
x 1
x+10
1
2x2 + 3x 2 0
x 2 x
2
2
2x + 3x 2 (x + 1)2
2x
+
3x
x2 + 2x + 1
1
x
x
2
2 2
13
1 + 13
1
x +x30
x
2
2
1
1 + 13
x
2
2
c) Bt phng trnh
2
x + 3x + 2 0
x2 + 3x + 2 < 3x2 7x + 4

x 1 x 2
x 1 x 2
5 21
5 + 21
2
x>
2x 10x + 2 > 0
x<
2
2
5 + 21
5 21
x>
1 x <
2
2
Trang 54
3.5. Bi tp
3.5
Bi tp
Phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i:

a) |2x 1| + |2x + 1| = 4
b) |x2 3x + 2| 2x = 1
c) |x2 + x 12| = x2 x 2
e) |x2 2x| = |2x2 1|
M
in
Th
.
d) x = 5; 3; 1; 1.
Hng dn. a) x = 1; 1
5 21
b) x =
2
c) x = 5; 7
f) |x2 5x + 4| 9x2 5x + 9 + 10x |x| = 0
Tu
d) |2 |2 x|| = 1
1
2; ; 1.
3
5 259
.
f) x =
18
e) x = 1
Bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i:

Bi 3.2: Gii cc bt phng trnh:
a) |x 3| + |5 x| < 3x
b) |x2 x 6| < x
c) |x2 5x + 4| > x 2
d) |2x |x 1|| < 2
e) |3x2 2x 1| < |x2 x|
Hng dn. a) x
!
8
; + .
5

7 .

c) x ; 2 + 2 3 + 3; + .
b) x
6; 1 +
Trang 55
3.5. Bi tp
d) x
!
1
;1 .
3
e) x
!
1 1
;
.
2 4
Tu
Th
.
Hng dn. a) x = 3.
b) x = 0.
c) x = 1
M
in
a) x 2x + 3 = 0
b) x + 4 1 x = 1 2x
s
x+1
= 3
c) (x 3) (x + 1) + 4 (x 3) .
x3
p
d) 3 + x + 6 x (3 + x) . (6 x) = 3
e) x3 + 1 = 2 3 2x 1
Phng trnh cha cn thc:
5; 1
13.
d) x = 3; 6.
1
e) x = 1; 5.
2
a) x 2 + 4 x = x2 6x + 11
b) 3 x + 34 3 x 3 = 1
c)
d)
p
x+3
x+2 x1+ x2 x1=

2
x2
3x 2 = 1 x
3x 2
e) x2 + x + 5 = 5
f) 3 x 1 + 3 x 2 = 3 2x 3
Hng dn. a) x = 3
b) x = 61; 30.
c) x = 1; 5.
Trang 56
3.5. Bi tp
d) x = 1.
1+
e) x =
2
17 1
;
21
f) x = 1; 2.
Tu
Th
.
M
in
a) x + 9 + 2x + 4 > 5
2
b) 4(x + 1)2 < (2x + 10) 1 3 + 2x
c) (x 3) x2 + 4 x2 9
d) x + 2 x + 1 x
e) 2x2 6x + 1 x 2
s
x+1
x
f)
2
>3
x+1
x
g) 5x2 + 10x + 1 7 x2 2x
Bt phng trnh cha cn thc :
h)
1+x+
x2
1x2
4
Hng dn. a) x (0; +)

!
"
3
b) x ; 1 (1; 3)
2
#
5
; [3; +)
6
c) x
!
2
d) x 1 + ; + .
3
#
3 7
[3; +)
e) x ;
2
"
f) x
!
4
; 1 .
3
g) x (; 3] [1; +).
h) x [1; 1]
Trang 57
3.5. Bi tp
Bi tp tng hp:
Tu
Bi 3.6: Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh sau:
a) 3 7x + 1 + 4 9x + 7 x + 3 + 6
b) x2 + x 1 + 8 2x2 + x 3 = x2 + 3x 5 + 8 2x2 + 4x 9
c) 4 x + 4 17 x = 3
d) x + 1 < 3 2 x + 3
#
"
7
Hng dn. a) x ; 1 .
9
b) x = 2.
M
in
c) x = 1; 16.
Th
.
d) x (; 3)
Trang 58
Chng 4. H phng trnh i s
Chng 4
Tu
H phng trnh i s
H phng trnh bc nht
H phng trnh bc nht hai n
4.1.1
M
in
4.1

a1 b 1
,

D=
a2 b 2
Th
.
Cch gii:
Dng:
a1 x + b 1 y = c 1
a2 x + b 2 y = c 2

c 1 b1
,

Dx =
c 2 b2
- Nu D 6= 0: h phng trnh c nghim duy nht

a1 c 1

Dy =
a2 c 2
!
Dx
Dy
x=
,y =
.
D
D
- Nu D = 0 v Dx2 + Dy2 6= 0: H v nghim.
- Nu D = Dx = Dy = 0, h phng trnh v s nghim hoc v nghim, mun

bit r, ta thay gi tr ca tham s vo phng trnh.
V d 4.1: Gii v bin lun h phng trnh theo tham s m:

a.x + (2 a) y = 3
(a 2) x + (1 2a) y = a 4

a

2
a
= a2 3a + 4 = (a 1) . (a + 4)
Gii: D =
a 2 1 2a

3

2
a
= a2 12a + 11 = (a 1) . (a 11)
Dx =
a 4 1 2a

a

3
= a2 7a + 6 = (a 1) . (a 6)
Dy =
a2 a4

a=1
+) Trng hp 1: D = 0 (a 1) . (a + 4) = 0
a = 4
Nu a = 4, Dx 6= 0 th h v nghim.
Nu a = 1, Dx = Dy = 0, thay vo h phng trnh ta c:

x+y =3
S = {(x, 3 x) |x R }.
x y = 3
Trang 59
4.1. H phng trnh bc nht
+) Trng hp 2: D 6= 0
a 6= 1
a 6= 4
nn h phng trnh c nghim duy nht:
4.1.2
12 a
x=
a+4
6
a
y=
4+a
H phng trnh bc nht ba n
Dng
Tu
a1 x + b 1 y + c 1 z = d 1
a x + b2 y + c 2 z = d 2
2
a3 x + b 3 y + c 3 z = d 3
Cch gii:
M
in
Kh n bng cch rt 1 n t mt phng trnh th vo 2 phng trnh cn li,

c h phng trnh bc nht 2 n
S dng my tnh in t gii.
Th
.
Dng php bin i Gauss.
x + 2y 3z = 2 (1)
2x y + 4z = 4 (2)
5x + 3y 4z = 4 (3)
Gii: C1: Kh n. T (1) x = 2y + 3z + 2. th vo (2), (3) ta c h :

2 (2y + 3z + 2) y + 4z = 4
5y + 10z = 0
y=2
x = 1.
5 (2y + 3z + 2) + 3y 7z = 4
7y + 8z = 6
z=1
H c nghim (x = 1, y = 2, z = 1)
C2: Bin
i Gauss.
1 2 3 2
1
2
3
2
H22H1
0 5 10 0
A=
2
1
4
4
H35H1
0 7 8 6
5 3 7 4

5y + 10z = 0
Ta c h
v tip tc gii nh trn.
7y + 8z = 6
C3: S dng my tnh in t.
4.1.3
H phng trnh bc nht bn n
Dng :
a1 x + b 1 y + c 1 z + d 1 t = e 1
a2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 t = e 2
a3 x + b 3 y + c 3 z + d 3 t = e 3
a x+b y+c z+d t=e

4
4
4
4
4
Trang 60
4.2. H phng trnh bc nht - bc hai:
Cch gii:
Rt 1 n t mt phng trnh, th vo 3 phng trnh cn li c h phng
trnh bc nht 3 n.
Dng php bin i Gauss.
1
0
0
0
Th
.
M
in
Gii: - Cch 1: Phng phpGauss:

1 2 3 4 5
H22H1
2 3 5 1 10 H34H1
A=

4 5 6 7 14 H4H1
1 1 1 1 3
Gii h:
7y 11z + 9t = 20
3y 6z + 9t = 6
3y 2y + 5z = 2
Tu
x 2y + 3z 4t = 5
2x + 3y 5z + t = 10
4x 5y + 6z 7t = 14
x+y+z+t=3
2 3 4 5
7 11 9 20
3 6 9 6
3 2 5 2
y = 1
x=1
z=2
t=1
H c nghim duy nht: (1; 1; 2; 1).

Cch 2: Rt x = 2y 3z + 4t + 5 th vo 3 phng trnh cn li ta c h phng trnh
3 n ging nh php bin i Gauss.
4.2
H phng trnh bc nht - bc hai:
Dng: H gm 2 phng trnh trong :

Phng trnh bc nht v phng trnh bc 2.
Cch gii:
Rt 1 n t phng trnh bc nht, th vo phng trnh bc 2 cn li.
Nu c phng trnh ch l phng trnh bc nht theo 1 bin, th ta rt bin
ra th vo phng trnh cn li.
Nu c 2 phng trnh u khng l bc nht theo 2 bin, ta c th dng php
bin i i s cc phng trnh thu c phng trnh bc nht theo mt bin
no . Rt bin ra th vo phng trnh cn li.
V d 4.4: Gii cc h phng trnh:

x + 2y = 1
a)
x2 + 3y 2 2x = 2
2
x 2y = 2
b)
2x2 + xy y = 9
Trang 61
4.3. H phng trnh ng cp bc 2:
c)
Gii:
2x2 + 4y 2 + x = 19
x2 + y 2 + y = 7
a) T (1) ta c: x = 1 2y thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c:
(1 + 2y)2 + 3y 2 + 2 (1 + 2y) = 2
1 + 4y + 4y 2 + 3y 2 + 2 + 4y 2 = 0

y = 1 x = 1
2
7y + 8y + 1 = 0
y = 1/7 x = 5/7
Tu
M
in
x2 2
t (1) th vo (2) ta c
b) Rt y =
2
x2 2 x2 2
2
2x + x.
=9
2
2
4x2 + x3 2x x2 + 2 = 18
H c 2 nghim (1; 1) ; (5/7; 1/7).
x3 + 3x2 2x 16 = 0 (x 2) (x2 + 5x + 8) = 0

x=2y=1
x2 + 5x + 8 = 0
V nghim
Th
.
Phng trnh c nghim duy nht (2; 1).
c) Ly phng trnh (1) tr i 2 ln phng trnh (2)

2y 2 + x 2y = 5 x = 2y 2 + 2y + 5
Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c (2y 2 + 2y + 5) + y 2 + y = 7

4y 4 + 4y 2 + 25 8y 3 + 20y 20y 2 + y 2 + y 7 = 0
4y 4 8y 3 15y 2 + 21y + 18 = 0
(y 2) (2y + 3) (2y 2 3y 3) = 0
y=2
x=1
y = 3/2
x = 5/2
y=2
3
+
33
33
5
y=
y = 3/2
x=
4
4
2y 2 3y 3 = 0
3 33
5 + 33
y=
x=
4
4
Vy h c 4 nghim, tp nghim l:
(
!
!)
5 33 3 + 33
5 + 33 3 33
;
;
S = (1; 2) , (3/2; 5/2) ,
,
4
4
4
4
4.3
4.3.1
H phng trnh ng cp bc 2:
Phng trnh ng cp bc 2
Dng: a.x2 + b.xy + c.y 2 = 0
Trang 62
Cch gii:
Coi y nh mt phng trnh bc 2: a.t2 + b.t + c = 0 nu a 6= 0
- Nu < 0: Phng trnh bc 2 n t v nghim, nhng phng trnh ng cp

bc 2 c nghim duy nht x = y = 0
- Nu 0: Phng trnh c nghim t nn ta c phng trnh ban u c nghim
x = t.y

a) x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 = 0
Tu
Gii:
b) 2x2 3xy 2y 2 = 0
a) = (1)2 1.2 = 1 < 0. Phng trnh c nghim duy nht: x = y = 0
4.3.2
Th
.
M
in
b) = 32 4.2.(2) = 25 > 0. Nn phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
35
1
.y = y
x=
4
2
3+5
.y = 2y
x=
4
H phng trnh ng cp bc 2
Dng ton:
a1 x2 + b1 xy + c1 y 2 = d1
a2 x2 + b2 xy + c2 y 2 = d2
Cch gii:
Cch 1: Quy v phng trnh ng cp bc 2.
- TH1: d1 d2 = 0, g/s d1 = 0. Pt (1) l pt ng cp bc 2. Gii nh trn, tnh
c x, theo y th vo phng trnh cn li.
- TH2: d1 , d2 =
6 0. Nhn phng trnh (1) vi d2 tr i phng trnh (2) nhn d1
c phng trnh ng cp bc 2. Tip tc nh trn.
Cch 2: Kh y 2 t 2 phng trnh. Rt y t phng trnh . Th vo phng
trnh ban u c phng trnh bc 4 trng phng. Gii phng trnh, t
suy ra nghim ca phng trnh.
V d 4.6: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
2
x xy + y 2 = 7
a)
x2 2xy 3y 2 = 0
2
x + xy y 2 = 1
b)
2x2 xy + 3y 2 = 12
2
x + xy 2y 2 = 0
c)
2x2 3xy + y 2 = 0
Trang 63
Gii:
a) C1: Phng trnh (2) ta c:
x = y hoc x = 3y
+) TH1: x = y thay vo pt (1) ta c: 3x2 = 7 x =
7
y=
3
7
3
+) TH2 : x = 3y thay vo pt (1) ta c : 7y 2 = 7 y = 1 x = 3.

C2: T h phng trnh ta c
3 (x2 xy + y 2 ) + x2 2xy 3y 2 = 21
4x2 21
5x
!2
4x2 21
=7
5x
21 4x2
+
5x
Tu
x2 + x.
4x2 5xy = 21 y =
25x4 + 5x2 (21 4x2 ) + (4x2 21) = 7.25x2
M
in
25x4 + 105x2 20x4 + 441 168x2 + 16x4 175x2 = 0
2
x = 3s y = 1 s
x =9
4
2
21x 238x + 441 = 0
7
7
7
x2 =
x=
y=
3
3
3
Th
.
H c 4 nghim, tp nghim l:
s s s
s
7
7
7
7
,
;
;
S = (3; 1) , (3; 1) ,
3
3
3
3
b) Phng trnh (1) nhn 12 cng phng trnh (2) ta c:
1
x= y
2
14x2 + 11xy 9y 2 = 0
9
x= y
7
1
+) TH 1: x = y th vo pt (1):
2
1 2 1 2
y + y y 2 = 1 y 2 = 4 y = 2 x = 1
4
2
9
+) TH 2: x = y thay vo pt (1) ta c:
7
81 2 9 2
9
49
7
y y y 2 = 1 y 2 =
y = x =
49
7
31
31
31
H c 4 nghim, tp nghim l :
!
(
7
9
,
S = (1; 2) , (1; 2) , ;
31 31
9
7
;
31
31
!)
c) Phng trnh (1) tng ng vi:

x=y
(x y) (x + 2y) = 0
x = 2y
Trang 64
4.4. H i xng
+) TH 1: x = y thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c:

0 = 0 (Tha mn vi mi x, y)
+) TH 2: x = 2y thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c:
8y 2 + 6y 2 + y 2 = 0 15y 2 = 0 y = 0 x = 0
Kt lun: Tp nghim ca phng trnh l: S = {(x, x) |x R }
H i xng
H i xng loi I:
f (x, y) = 0
g (x, y) = 0
Dng:
4.4.1
Tu
4.4
M
in
f (x, y), g (x, y) l a thc i xng, tc l:

f (x, y) = f (y, x), g (x, y) = g (y, x) x, y R
Cch gii:
Th
.
t S = x + y, P = xy. Khi f (x, y) = h (S, P ), g (x, y) = k (S, P ). T ta

c h mi gm 2 n S, P . Gii h mi ny tm S, P . T ta c h:

x+y =S
x.y = P
Dng nh l o Vi-et x, y l hai nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 S.X + P = 0.
V d 4.7: Gii h phng trnh sau:

x+y =3
a)
x2 + y 2 = 5

x y + xy = 3
b)
x2 + y 2 + xy = 7
Gii:

a) t S = x + y, P = x.y do h tr thnh:

S=3
S=3
x+y =3
S 2 2P = 5
P =2
xy = 2
x, y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh : X 3X + 2 = 0

2
H c 2 nghim S = {(1; 2) , (2; 1)}
X=1
X=2
b) t S = x y, P = x.y ta c h :

P =3S
P =3S
S+P =3
2
2
S 2 3S + 2 = 0
S + 3 (3 S) = 7
S + 2P + P = 7
Trang 65
4.4. H i xng
S=1
=3S
P

P =2

S=1
S=2
S=2
P =1
(1)
(2)
x, y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh:

X = 1
2
X X 2=0
X=2
Tu
Do h c nghim (x, y) = (1; 2) , (2; 1).
+) Gii h (1):

S=1
xy =1
x + (y) = 1
P =2
x.y = 2
x. (y) = 2
M
in
Gii h (2)

x + (y) = 2
xy =2
S=2
x. (y) = 1
x.y = 1
P =1

X =1+ 2
X 2 2X 1 = 0
X =1 2

1 2, 1 2
Do h c 2 nghim 1 + 2, 1 + 2 ,
Th
.
Kt lun vy h c 4 nghim:
(1; 2) , (2; 1) ,
4.4.2
1+
2, 1 +

2 , 1 2, 1 2
H i xng loi II:
Dng :
H i xng loi II:

f (x, y) = 0
f (y, x) = 0
H i xng vng quanh:
f (x, y, z) = 0
f (y, z, x) = 0
f (z, x, y) = 0
Cch gii:
H i xng loi II:

- Tr v 2 phng trnh ta c: (x y) .P (x, y) = 0
( P (x, y) l mt a thc i xng).
- Nu x = y, thay vo hpt ban u gii.

- Nu P (x, y) = 0 ta c h i xng loi I:

P (x, y) = 0
f (x, y) + f (y, x) = 0
Trang 66
4.4. H i xng
H i xng vng quanh:

- S dng phng php hm s gii:
a) Tr v 2 phng trnh ta c:
Tu
Gii:

2
x = 2x + y 2
a)
y 2 2y = x 2
3
x = x 4y + 6
b)
y 3 = y 4x + 6
3
x = 4y 3
c)
y 3 = 4z 3
3
z = 4x 3
M
in
(x y) (x + y) (x y) = 0 (x y) (x + y 1) = 0
+)TH 1: x = y ta c

x=1y=1
x2 3x + 2 = 0
x=2y=2
+) TH 2: x + y = 1 y = 1 x
Th
.
x2 = 2x + 1 x 2 x2 x + 1 = 0 (V nghim)
H c 2 nghim phn bit:

(1; 1) , (2; 2)
b) Tr v 2 phng trnh ta c:
(x y) (x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 3 (x y)

x=y
x2 + xy + y 2 = 3
TH 1: x = y thay vo phng trnh ta c:

3
x + 5x 6 = 0 (x 1) (x + x + 6) = 0
TH 2: x2 + xy + y 2 = 3
x=1y=1
x2 + x + 6 = 0 (V nghim)
Cng v 2 phng trnh u kt hp vi phng trnh trn ta c h phng trnh:

2
x + xy + y 2 = 3
x3 + y 3 = 5 (x + y) + 12
t S = x + y, P = x.y (S 2 4P ) th vo h phng trnh ta c h mi:
2
S P =3
S 3 3SP = 5S + 12
T pt (1) ta c P = S 2 3 th vo phng trnh (2) ta c
S 3 3S (S 2 3) = 5S + 12 S 3 7S + 6 = 0
S = 1 P = 2
2
(S 1) . (S + S 6) = 0 S = 3 P = 6 (V nghim)
S=2P =1
Trang 67
4.4. H i xng
+)
S=1
P = 2
x+y =1
x.y = 2
x, y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh: X X 2 = 0

2
H c 2 nghim (1; 2) , (2; 1)

x+y =2
S=2
+)
x.y = 1
P =1
X = 1
X=2
x, y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh:

X 2 2X + 1 = 0 X = 1
H phng trnh c nghim (1; 1)
z3 + 3
x
=
x3 + 3
y=
y
+3
z=
4
M
in
c) H phng trnh tng ng vi:
Tu
Kt lun: H phng trnh c 3 nghim (1; 1), (1; 2) , (2; 1)
Th
.
x3 + 3
, f (x) l hm ng bin.
t f (x) =
4
x = f (z)
H tr thnh
y = f (x)
z = f (y)
Gi s x > y ta c:
y = f (x) > f (y) = z
z = f (y) > f (z) = x
x > y > z > x (Mu thun)
Tng t nu x < y ta cng c x < y < z < x (Mu thun)

Vy x = y y = f (x) = f (y) = z z = f (y) = f (z) = x
x = y = z thay vo h ta c:
x3 = 4x 3 x3 4x + 3 = 0 (x 1) (x2 + x 3) = 0
x=1

1
+
13
x=1
x=
2
x2 + x 3 = 0
1 13
x=
2
H c 3 nghim
1 + 13 1 + 13 1 + 13
;
;
(1; 1; 1) ,
2
2
2
!
1 13 1 13 1 13
;
;
2
2
2
Trang 68
4.5. H phng trnh tng qut
4.5
H phng trnh tng qut
Cch gii:
t n ph quy v h quen thuc.
Cng tr i s cc phng trnh.
Th n.
Tu
Phn tch thnh nhn t.
M
in
V d 4.9: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
x2 + y + x3 y + xy 2 + xy =
4
x4 + y 2 + xy (1 + 2x) =
4
Th
.
Gii: H phng trnh tng ng
x2 + y + xy (x2 + y) + xy =
4
5
2
(x2 + y) + xy =
4
t u = x2 + y, v = xy
H tr thnh:
u + u.v + v =
u2 + v =
4
5
4
5
T phng trnh (2) ta c v = u2
4
Th vo phng trnh (1) ta c:
5
5
1
5
u u u3 u2 = u3 u2 u = 0
4
4
4
4
5
u=0v=
4
u.(2u + 1)2 = 0
3
1
u= v=
2
2
5
+) TH 1: u = 0, v =
4
x2 + y = 0
5
xy =
4
Trang 69
4.5. H phng trnh tng qut
5
Ta c y = x2 th vo phng trnh cn li ta c x3 = x =
4
3
1
+) TH 2: u = , v = Ta c h:.
2
2
x2 + y =
2
xy =
2
s
3
s
5
3 25
y=
4
16
Th
.
M
in
Tu
1
T phng trnh (1) ta c y = x2
2
!
1
3
x x2
= 2x3 + x 3 = 0 (x 1) (2x2 + 2x + 3) = 0
2
2
3
x = 1 y = 2

2x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
Phng trnh v nghim
Kt lun: H c 2 nghim phn bit:
s
! s
3
3 5
3 25
1;
;
,
2
4
16
V d 4.10 (D-2008): Gii h phng trnh:
V d 4.11 (B-2008): Gii h phng trnh:
V d 4.12 (B-2009): Gii h phng trnh:
xy + x + y = x2 2y 2
.
x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
x4 + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9
x2 + 2xy = 6x + 6
xy + x + 1 = 7y (1)
x2 y 2 + xy + 1 = 13y 2 (2)
Cch 1: Phng trnh ng cp:

xy + 1 = x + 7y
Ta c
(xy + 1)2 xy = 13y 2
Do ta c (x 7y)2 xy = 13y 2 x2 14xy + 49y 2 xy 13y 2 = 0 x2 15xy +

x = 3y
2
.
36y
x = 12y
2
y=1x=3
3y 4y + 1 = 0
.
+) TH1: Vi x = 3y thay vo h ta c:
1
9y 4 10y 2 + 1 = 0
y= x=1
3
+) TH2: Vi x = 12y thay vo (1) ta c 12y 2 + 5y + 1 = 0 (V nghim)
Gii:
Cch 2: Th
7y 1
th vo (2) ta c:
y+1
36y 4 33y 3 5y 2 + y + 1 = 0 (y 1)(3y 1)(12y 2 + 5y + 1) = 0
y=1x=3
y= x=1
3
12y 2 + 5y + 1 = 0 (V nghim)
T (1) ta c x =
Trang 70
4.6. Bi tp
Cch 3: t n ph quy v h i xng
Bi tp
M
in
4.6
Tu
Nhn thy y = 0 th phng trnh (2) khng tha mn.

Nu y 6= 0, chia 2 v ca pt (1) cho y, chia 2 v ca phng trnh (2) cho y 2 ta c:
x 1
x+ + =7
y y
x
1
x2 + +
= 13
y y2
1
t u = ta c h.
y

x + xu + u = 7
.
x2 + xu + u2 = 13
n y hc sinh t gii tip.
H phng trnh bc nht:
Th
.
Bi 4.1: Gii v bin lun h phng trnh:

mx + 3y = m
a)
3x + my = 8

2x + (m 1) y = 2m 3
b)
m2 x + my = 4m m2
Bi 4.2: Tm gi tr ca m h phng trnh :

x my = 1
mx + y = 3
c nghim (x, y) tha mn x.y < 0
Bi 4.3: Gi s (x, y) l 2 s tha mn iu kin:

x my = 2 4m
mx + y = 3m + 1
Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc: A = x2 + y 2 2x khi m thay i.
Bi 4.4: Gii h phng trnh bc nht sau:
x + 3y z = 6
a)
2x y + 3z = 3
x + 5y 7z = 2
2x + y 3z 4t = 10
x 3y + 4z 5t = 2
b)
3x 4y + 2z + t = 11
x + 2y 7z + 6t = 2
Trang 71
4.6. Bi tp
Hng dn. a)
!
17 19
.
4; ;
8
8
b) (1; 1; 1; 2).
Tu
Th
.
M
in
Bi 4.5: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:

xy =1
a)
x3 y 3 = 1
3
x y 3 = 3 (x y)
b)
x + y = 1

x + y + xy = 5
c)
x2 + y 2 = 5

x + xy + y = 3
d)
x2 y + xy 2 = 2

xy (x + 2) (y + 2) = 24
e)
x2 + y 2 + 2 (x + y) = 11
3
x + y 3 = 12 (x + y)
f)
xy =2
2
x y + xy 2 = 30
g)
x3 + y 3 = 35
2
x + y2 + x + y = 4
h)
x (x + y + 1) + y (y + 1) = 2
2
x + 4x + y = 7
i)
x (x + 3) (x + y) = 12

x y + x2 + y 2 = 12
j)
x y + xy = 5
x+1+ y+1=2+ 2
k)
x+ y = 3+1

x4+ y1=4
l)
x + y = 73
3
x y3 = 7
m)
xy (x y) = 2
H phng trnh i xng loi 1:
Hng dn. a) (1; 0), (0; 1).
Trang 72
4.6. Bi tp
!
1 1
, (1; 2).
b) (2; 1), ;
2 2
c) (2; 1), (1; 2).
d) (1; 1).
e) (1; 4), (1; 2), (2; 3), (2; 1), (4; 3), (4; 1), (3; 4), (3; 2).
f) (2; 4), (4; 2), (1; 1).
21 11 +
;
2
!
21
Th
.
m) (2; 1), (1; 2).
k) (1; 3), (3; 1).
l) (38 4 30; 35 + 4 30).
3
2
M
in
j) (3; 1), (2; 3), (1; 3), (3; 2).
Tu

h) (2; 1), (1; 2), 2; 2 , 2; 2 .
!
3 + 21 11 21
i) (4; 7), (1; 2),
,
;
2
2
g) (3; 2), (2; 3).
H phng trnh i xng loi 2:

Bi 4.6: a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
2x + y 1 = 5
2y + x 1 = 5
3x2 = 2y +
y
3y 2 = 2x + 1
x
2
x = 3x + 2y
y 2 = 3y + 2x

x+5+ y2=7
y+5+ x2=7
x 3y = 4
x
x
y 3x = 4
y

x+ 4y1=1
y+ 4x1=1
3
x = 3x + 8y
y 3 = 3y + 8x
Trang 73
4.6. Bi tp
x+
3
2xy
x2
= x2 + y
2x + 9
2xy
= y2 + x
y+ p
3
2
y 2y + 9
2
x = y 2y + 2
i)
y = z 2 2z + 2
z = x2 2x + 2
h)
Hng dn. a) (2; 2).
b) (1; 1).
Tu
c) (0; 0), (5; 5), (2; 1), (1; 2).
d) (11; 11).
M
in
e) (2; 2).
f) (1; 1).
11;
Th
.
h) (0; 0), (1; 1).

11 , 11; 11 .
g) (0; 0),
i) (2; 2; 2), (1; 1; 1).
Bi 4.7: Gii phng trnh : x3 + 2 = 3 3 3x 2

Hng dn. x = 1
Bi 4.8: Chng minh rng h c ng 2 nghim tha mn iu kin: x > 0, y > 0
ex = 2007 p 2
y 1
ey = 2007
2
x 1
H phng trnh ng cp bc 2:
Bi 4.9: Gii cc h phng trnh:
2
x 4xy + y 2 = 1
a)
y 2 3xy = 4
2
x 3xy + y 2 = 5
b)
2x2 xy y 2 = 2
2
3x + 5xy 4y 2 = 38
c)
5x2 9xy 3y 2 = 15
Hng dn. a) (1; 4), (1; 4).
Trang 74
4.6. Bi tp
b) (1; 1), (1; 1).

c) (3; 1), (3; 1).
H phng trnh bc 1 - bc 2:
M
in
Tu
Bi 4.10: Gii h phng trnh sau:

2
2x 5xy + 2y 2 = 0
a)
x2 + y = 5

x + 2y = 1
b)
2x3 3y 3 = 5
!

5 5
, 1 + 6; 2 + 2 6 , 1 6; 2 2 6 .
Hng dn. a) (2; 1), ;
2 4
b) (1; 1).
Th
.
H phng trnh tng qut:

Bi 4.11: Gii h phng trnh:
!2
!3
x
x
+
= 12
a)
y
y
(xy)2 + xy = 6

y + xy 2 = 6x2
b)
1 + x2 y 2 = 5x2
4
x x3 y + x2 y 2 = 1
c)
x3 y x2 + xy = 1

2x + y + 1 x + y = 1
d)
3x + 2y = 4

xy + x + y = x2 2y 2
e)
x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
4
x + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9
f)
x2 + 2xy = 6x + 6

2 (y x) + xy = 4
g)
x2 + y 2 + 4 (x + y) = 17
Hng dn. a) (2; 1), (2; 1).
!
1
b) (1; 2),
;1 .
2
Trang 75
4.6. Bi tp
c) (1; 1), (1; 1).

d) (2; 1).
e) (5; 2).
f)
17
4;
4
Th
.
M
in
Tu
g) (5; 2), (1; 2), (2; 7), (2; 3).
Trang 76
Chng 5. Gii tch t hp
Chng 5
5.1
Tu
Gii tch t hp
Khi qut chung
M
in
Trong nhng nm gn y, thi i hc mn Ton thng xut hin mt s dng bi

v t hp sau:
Bi ton m: bi ton ny thng c gii quyt bng cch s dng cc quy tc

cng, quy tc nhn, hon v, t hp, chnh hp.
Th
.
Gii phng trnh t hp (C cha Cnk , Akn , Pn , ...)

Chng minh ng thc t hp: dng ny thng c gii quyt bng cch s
dng cng thc nh thc Newton, kt hp vi php tnh o hm, nguyn hm.
Xc nh s hng khng cha x, cha xk , ... trong khai trin mt nh thc Newton.
Tuy nhin khng hn l tt c cc bi u nh vy. Chng c th c trn ln cc dng
vo vi nhau. Chng hn nh c th kt hp vic chng minh ng thc t hp gii
phng trnh t hp tm s m n ca khai trin sau trong ng thc khai trin
tm s hng cha xk .
5.2
Kin thc c bn
5.2.1
Quy tc cng - nhn
Quy tc cng:
H1
H
Nu hnh ng H : 2 m Hi , Hj khng xy ra ng thi th
...
Hn
|H| = |H1 | + |H2 | + + |Hn |
Cch nhn bit: trong phng n gii c s dng vic chia cc trng hp
Quy tc nhn:
Trang 77
5.2. Kin thc c bn
Nu hnh ng H c thc hin bng cch thc hin mt chui cc hnh ng

c lp ni tip nhau:
H : H1 H2 Hn
th |H| = |H1 |.|H2 | |Hn |
5.2.2
T hp - chnh hp - hon v
Hon v:
Cho N = {1, 2, , n}, mt b gm n s (x1 , x2 , , xn ) tha mn xi 6= xj i 6= j,

xi N gi l mt hon v ca N . S cc hon v ca N :
Tu
Pn = n.(n 1)...2.1 = n!
Chnh hp:
M
in
Cho N = {1, 2, , n}, k l s t nhin b hn n. Mt b gm k s (x1 , x2 , , xk )

tha mn xi 6= xj i 6= j, xi N c gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t.
S cc chnh hp chp k ca n phn t l
n!
= n.(n 1)...(n k + 1)
(n k)!
Akn =
T hp :
Th
.
V d: Tnh A2n , A3n+1 .
Cho N = {1, 2, , n}, k l s t nhin b hn n. Mt b gm k s [x1 , x2 , , xk ]

khng phn bit th t tha mn xi 6= xj i 6= j, xi N c gi l mt t hp
chp k ca n phn t. S cc t hp chp k ca n phn t l
Cnk
n!
Akn
=
=
k!
(n k)!k!
Khng phn bit th t c ngha l i ch cc s cho nhau trong b s khng

c tnh l mt phn t khc. Chng hn [1, 2, 3] = [3, 1, 2].
Hc sinh t chng minh cc cng thc nh mt bi tp (s dng quy tc nhn)
n1
2
, Cn+2
V d: Tnh Cn3 , Cn+1
Tnh cht:
+) Tnh i xng: Cnk = Cnnk .
k+1
+) Tam gic Pascal: Cnk + Cnk+1 = Cn+1
Ch : S khc bit ca t hp v chnh hp chnh l tnh c th t hay khng,

y l ch hc sinh hay nhm ln nht. Chng hn nh: ly 3 hc sinh trong mt
lp 52 ngi lm cn s lp th khng c th t nhng nu ly 3 hc sinh trong
1 ngi lm lp trng, mt lp ph, mt b th th l c th t, thm ch nu ly
3 ngi trong 1 lp trng v 2 lp ph th li xen ln c th t v khng c
th t! (gia lp trng v 2 lp ph th c th t nhng gia 2 lp ph li khng
c th t)
Trang 78
5.3. Cc v d
5.2.3
Cng thc nh thc Newton
Mt s cng thc hay dng:

n
P
(a + b)n =
Cnk ank bk = Cn0 an + Cn1 an1 b + + Cnn bn
k=0
(1 + x) = Cn0 + Cn1 x + + Cnn xn
k+1
Cnk + Cnk+1 = Cn+1
Cnk = Cnnk
5.3
M
in
Tu
Cng thc nh thc Newton kh n gin nhng vic p dng n trong tng trng hp
l rt phong ph, iu ny lm cho n tr nn kh kh khn cho hc sinh mi lam quen
vi t hp. Chng hn nh vi ng thc th hai chng qua l ng thc mt nhng
vi a = 1, b = x. ng thc th 2 nu ta thay x = 1, hoc x = 1 th c cc ng
thc kh th v, chng xut hin trong thi i hc nhng nm gn y!
Cc v d
V d 5.1: Tm s cc s t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau sao cho s l chn.
Th
.
Gii: Gi s abcd l s cn tm t ta c:
a, b, c, d {0, 1, 2, , 9}
abcd tha mn a 6= 0, d {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
a, b, c, d khc nhau i mt
Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
TH1: d = 0, a c 9 cch chn, b c 8 cch chn, c c 7 cch chn
c 9.8.7 = 504 cch chn.
TH2: d 6= 0, d {2, 4, 6, 8} nn d c 4 cch chn, a c 8 cch chn, b c 8 cch chn, c
c 7 cch chn c 4.8.8.7 = 1792 cch chn.
Kt hp ta c : 504 + 1792 = 2296 cch chn.
V d 5.2: Tm s cc s t nhin c 4 ch s khc nhau sao cho s nh hn 4653.

Gii: Gi s abcd l s cn tm theo bi ra ta c:
a, b, c, d {0, 1, 2, ..., 9}
abcd tha mn a 6= 0
abcd < 4653
Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
TH1: a {1, 2, 3}
do a c 3 cch chn, b c 9 cch chn, c c 8 cch chn, d c 7 cch chn
c 3.9.8.7 = 1512.
TH2: a = 4, b {0, 1, 2, 3, 5}
do b c 5 cch chn, c c 8 cch chn, d c 7 cch chn vy c 5.8.7 = 280
TH3: a = 4, b = 6, c {0, 1, 2, 3}
do c c 4 cch chn, d c 7 cch chn.
c 4.7 = 28 cch chn. TH4: a = 4, b = 6, c = 5, d {0, 1, 2} Vy d c 3 cch chn.
Kt lun: C 1512 + 280 + 28 + 3 = 1823 cch
Trang 79
5.3. Cc v d
V d 5.3: i thanh nin xung kch mt trng ph thng gm 12 hc sinh trong

c 5 hc sinh lp A, 4 hc sinh lp B, 3 hc sinh lp C. Cn chn 4 hc sinh i lm
nhim v sao cho 4 hc sinh ny khng qu 2 trong 3 lp trn. Hi c bao nhiu cch
chn nh vy?
Gii: Cch 1: Gin tip
Cch lm gin tip: Thay v m tp A ta m
tp m v phn b ca n l
A = \A. Sau s dng cng thc |A| = || A |A| k hiu s phn t tp A.
4
Ly 4 hc sinh trong 12 hc sinh: c C12
= 495.
By gi ta chn 4 hc sinh sao cho 4 hs ny trong c 3 lp:
S cch chn
Lp C
3
1
1
2
Tu
Lp B
4
1
2
1
M
in
1
2
3
Lp A
5
2
1
1
STT
C52 .C41 .C31 = 120

C51 .C42 .C31 = 90
C51 .C41 .C32 = 60
Tng: 270
Th
.
Vy c : 495 270 = 225 cch chn.

Cch 2: Trc tip. C th dng cch lp bng nh trn lm trc tip nhng s di
hn cch ny. Hc sinh t lm nh mt bi tp.
!n
1
V d 5.4: Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin nh thc ca 2x +
5
x
1
n
(x > 0) bit n tha mn iu kin Cn0 + Cn+1
+ Cn+2
= 10n + 30. Trong khai trin nh
thc trn, tm hng t c h s ln nht.
Gii: T iu kin ta c
(n + 1) (n + 2)
= 10n + 30
1+n+1+
2

n = 18
n2 15n 54 = 0
n = 3 (loi)
Vy n = 18 v ta c

1
2x +
5
x
18
18
X
k
C18
.(2x)18k .
k=0
5
x
k
18
X
k
C18
.218k x18k 5
k=0
k
= 0 k = 15.
5
15
H s ca s hng khng cha x l: 23 .C18
= 6528
18k
k
t ak = C18 .2
, k = 0, 1, 2, .., 18
k+1 17k
k
Xt bt phng trnh C18
.218k < C18
.2
18!
18!
2.
<
k!. (18 k)! (k + 1)! (17 k)!
2. (k + 1)! (18 k)!
<
2 (k + 1) < 18 k
k!
(17 k)!
k = 0; 1; ..; 5
3k < 16 k < 16
3
a0 < a1 < ... < a5 < a6 > a7 > .. > a18
6.6
54
6
6
Vy hng t c h s ln nht l: C18
.2186 x18 5 = C18
.212 .x 5
S hng khng cha x 18 k
Trang 80
5.3. Cc v d
V d 5.5: Chng minh cc ng thc t hp sau:

k+3
a) Cnk + 3Cnk+1 + 3Cnk+2 + Cnk+3 = Cn+3
n, k N, n k + 3.
b) 2Cn0 + 3Cn1 + 4Cn2 + + (n + 2) Cnn = (n + 4) 2n1

Cn0 Cn1
Cnn
1 + 2n+1 n
c)
+
+ +
=
2
3
n + 1 n2 + 3 n + 2
(2)
Tu
Gii: a) S dng phng php ng nht h s:

Ta c (1 + x)n+3 = (1 + x)n (1 + x)3
(1)
n+3
P
k+3
k
M ta c (1 + x)n+3 =
Cn+3
xk nn h s ca xk+3 l Cn+3
.
k=0
!

n
3
P
P i i
n
3
j j
C3 x .
Cn x .
Mt khc (1 + x) (1 + x) =
j=0
i=0
k+2
1
k+1
2
k
3
Do h s ca xk+3 s l:
k+3
0
M
in
i
j
Vi n k + 3, ta i + j = k + 3 vi 0 j 3 c nghim nh sau:
Cnk .C33 + Cnk+1 .C32 + Cnk+2 .C31 + Cnk+3 .C30 = Cnk + 3Cnk+1 + 3Cnk+2 + Cnk+3
(3)
Th
.
T (1), (2), (3) ta c iu phi chng minh.

b) S dng php tnh o hm.
Ta c (1 + x)n = Cn0 + Cn1 x + + Cnn xn
Do x2 (1 + x)n = Cn0 x2 + Cn1 x3 + + Cnn xn+2
o hm 2 v ca ng thc trn ta c:
2x(1 + x)n + nx2 (1 + x)n1 = 2Cn0 x + 3Cn1 x2 + + (n + 2) Cnn xn+1
Thay x = 1 ta c:
2Cn0 + 3Cn1 + + (n + 2) Cnn = (n + 4) 2n1

c) S dng tch phn.
Ta c (1 + x)n = Cn0 + Cn1 x + + Cnn xn
Do x(1 + x)n = Cn0 x + Cn1 x2 + + Cnn xn+1 .
Ly tch phn 2 v trn on [0; 1] ta c:
Z1
x(1 + x) dx =
Z1
0

Cn0 x + Cn1 x2 + + Cnn xn+1 dx
Mt khc ta c:
R1

(1 + x)n+1 (1 + x)n dx
0
!
n+2
(1 + x)
(1 + x)n+1 1
1 + 2n+1 n

0 = n2 + 3 n + 2
n+2
n+2
x(1 + x)n dx =
R1
Trang 81
5.4. Bi tp
M
R1
0
(Cn0 x + Cn1 x2 + + Cnn xn+1 ) dx =
Cnn
Cn0 Cn1
+
+ +
=
2
3
n+1
!
2
3
n+2
1
x
x
x

Cn0 + Cn1 + + Cnn
2
2
n+2 0
nn ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp
5.4
Tu
Bi ton m:
M
in
Bi 5.1: Trong mt trng hc c 5 em hc sinh khi 12; 3 em hc sinh khi 11; 2 em

hc sinh khi 10 l hc sinh xut sc. Hi c bao nhiu cch c 5 em hc sinh xut sc
ca trng tham gia mt on i biu sao cho mi khi c t nht 1 em.
Bi 5.2: Trong s 16 hc sinh c 3 hc sinh gii, 5 hc sinh kh, 3 trung bnh. C bao
nhiu cch chia s hc sinh trn lm 2 t sao cho:
Th
.
a) Mi t c ng 8 hc sinh.
b) Mi t c ng 8 hc sinh sao cho mi t u c hc sinh gii v t nht 2 hc sinh

kh.
Bi 5.3: Cho cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
a) C th thnh lp c bao nhiu s c 8 ch s thnh lp t 5 ch s trn.
b) C th thnh lp c bao nhiu s c 8 ch s thnh lp t 5 ch s trn sao cho
ch s 3 c mt ng 4 ln, cc ch s khc c mt ng mt ln.
c) C th thnh lp c bao nhiu s c 8 ch s thnh lp t 5 ch s trn sao cho
ch s 3 c mt ng 2 ln, ch s 0 c mt 4 ln, cc ch s khc c mt nhiu
nht mt ln.
d) C th thnh lp c bao nhiu s c 8 ch s thnh lp t 5 ch s trn sao cho
ch s 3 c mt ng 3 ln, ch s 1 c mt 3 ln, cc ch s khc c mt nhiu
nht mt ln.
Bi 5.4: Vi cc ch s 0, 1, 2 ,3, 4 ,5 ,6 c th thnh lp c bao nhiu s t nhin
m mi s c 5 ch s khc nhau. Trong nht thit phi c mt ch s 5. Cng
cu hi nh vy nhng thm iu kin s l s chn th kt qu l bao nhiu?
Bi 5.5: C bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 5 ch s khc nhau sao cho trong khng
c mt ch s 2.
Bi 5.6: C bao nhiu ch s chn gm 4 ch s i mt khc nhau v ln hn 4657
Bi 5.7: C bao nhiu ch s t nhin gm 4 ch s khc nhau chia ht cho 2.
Trang 82
5.4. Bi tp
Bi 5.8: T mt tp th gm 14 ngi gm 6 nam v 8 n trong c An v Bnh.

Ngi ta mun chn mt t cng tc gm 6 ngi. Tm s cch chn sao cho:
a) Trong mi t c c nam v n.
b) Trong mi t c 1 t trng v 5 t vin sao cho An v Bnh khng ng thi c
mt trong t.
Bi 5.9: Tm tng tt c cc s t nhin c 5 ch s khc nhau thnh lp t 6 ch s:
1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8? Cng cu hi nh vy nu ta thm ch s 0 vo 6 ch s trn.
Tu
2007
1
1
1
+ 2 + + 2 =
2
A2 A3
An 2008
M
in
Bi 5.11: Gii phng trnh t hp sau:
n, k N
Th
.
Pn+5
60Ak+2
n+3
(n k)!
2
a) 10Cn2 + nC10
= 2800
b)
Bi 5.10: Gii phng trnh :
Phng trnh t hp
c) 2Pn + 6A2n Pn .A2n = 12.

d) Cn7 = 2Cn3 .
e) Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 = 8n + 1

Bi 5.12: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t, n 4. Bit rng s tp con 4 phn t ca A
bng 20 ln s tp con gm 2 phn t ca A. Tm k {1, 2, , n} sao cho s tp con
gm k phn t ca A l ln nht.
Bi 5.13: Tm cc s nguyn k, n tha mn iu kin
Cnk1 Cnk Cnk+1

=
=
.
2
9
24
A4n+1 + 3A3n
Bi 5.14: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc M =
(n + 1)!
2
2
2
2
bit rng Cn+1 + 2Cn+2 + 2Cn+3 + Cn+4 = 149
!
1
1
n+1
1
+ k+1 = k vi n, k nguyn dng.
Bi 5.15: Chng minh rng
k
n + 2 Cn+1 Cn+1
Cn
A4n+4 143
Bi 5.16: Tm s m trong dy xn =
Pn+2 4Pn
ng dng cng thc nh thc Newton

Bi 5.17: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
2
n
a) (Cn0 ) + (Cn1 ) + + (Cnn )2 = C2n
Trang 83
5.4. Bi tp
b) 2.1.Cn2 + 3.2.Cn3 + + n (n 1) .Cnn = n (n 1) .2n2

c)
0
C2n
1
22n+1
1 2
2n
C =
.
+ C2n + +
3
2n + 1 2n
2n + 1
1
2n+1 1
1
Cn0 =
d) Cnn + Cnn1 + +
2
n+1
n+1
n
Bi 5.18: Bit rng trong khai trin nh thc Newton ca x + x1 tng cc h s ca
2 s hng u tin bng 24, tnh tng cc h s ca cc ly tha bc nguyn dng ca
x. Chng minh tng ny l mt s chnh phng.
Tu
Bi 5.19: Gi s (1 + 2x)n = a0 + a1 x + + an xn . Bit rng a0 + a1 + + an = 729.

Tm s t nhin n v s ln nht trong cc s a0 , a1 , ..., an .
M
in
Bi 5.20: Bit rng (2 + x)100 = a0 + a1 x + + a100 x100 . Chng minh rng a2 < a3 .
Vi gi tr no th ak < ak1 .
!n
2
Bi 5.21: Tm h s ca s hng cha a4 trong khai trin nh thc Newton a2
a
vi a 6= 0. Bit rng tng h s ca 3 s hng u tin trong khai trin bng 97.
Th
.
26
Bi 5.22:
!nTm h s ca s hng cha x trong khai trin nh thc Newton ca
1
1
2
n
+ C2n+1
+ + C2n+1
= 220 1.
+ x7 , bit rng : C2n+1
4
x
Bi 5.23: Tm h s ca x7 trong khai trin nh thc ca (2 3x)2n , trong n l s

2n+1
1
3
nguyn dng tha mn : C2n+1
+ C2n+1
+ + C2n+1
= 1024.
!n
2
Bi 5.24: Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin nh thc Newton ca 3x2
3
x
bit n tha mn iu kin: 2Cn0 3Cnn1 + 4Cn2 = (n + 4)2 .
Bi 5.25: Cho khai trin (1 + 2x)n = a0 + a1 x + + an xn .
a1
an
Trong cc s a0 , a1 , , an tha mn h thc: a0 + + + n = 4096. Tm s ln
2
2
nht trong cc s a0 , a1 , , an .
Trang 84
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Chng 6
Tu
Hnh phng ta
Vc t, im, ng thng
Kin thc c bn
6.1.1
M
in
6.1
Ta , vc t
Th
.
(a, b) (a , b ) = (a a , b b )
k (a, b) = (ka, kb)

a = a

(a, b) = (a , b )
b = b
(a, b) . (a , b ) = a.a + b.b
|(a, b)| = a2 + b2
v .
v
cos ( v , v ) =
|
v | . |
v |
AB = (xB xAq
, yB yA )

AB = AB = (xB xA )2 + (yB yA )2
M chia AB theo t s k M A = k.M B

yA kyB
xA kxB
, yM =
(k 6= 1)
xM =
1k
1k
c bit nu M l trung im AB ta c:
xA + xB
yA + yB
xM =
, yM =
2
2
xA + xB + xC
G l trng tm tam gic ABC xG =
,
3
yG =
yA + yB + yC
3
ng thng
(d) qua im M0 (x0 , y0 ), c

u = (a, b) hoc
nd = (A, B):
d
x = x0 + a.t
Phng trnh tham s (d) :
y = y0 + b.t
x x0 y y0
=
a
b
Phng trnh tng qut: A (x x0 ) + B (y y0 ) = 0.
Phng trnh chnh tc: (d) :
Trang 85
6.1. Vc t, im, ng thng
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Mi quan h gia vc t php tuyn v vc t ch phng:

Ta s dng quy tc sau chuyn i gia 2 loi vc t: (x, y) (y, x) hoc (y, x)
V d: ~n = (1; 2) ~u = (2; 1) hoc ~u = (2; 1)
Phng trnh ng thng i qua 2 im A (xA , yA ), B (xB , yB ) :

x xA
y yA
=
xB xA yB yA
Tu
x y
+ =1
a b
Phng trnh on chn: d i qua 2 im A(a; 0), B(0; b) (a, b 6= 0)
M
in
Gc gia 2 ng thng d1 v d2 c thay bng gc gia 2 vc t ch phng hoc

2 vc t php tuyn:
cos = |cos (
u ,
u )| = |cos (
n ,
n )|
\
= (d
1 , d2 )
Th
.
Ch : Trng hp 2 ng thng khng song song vi Oy v chng khng vung

|k1 k2 |
gc vi nhau th ta c th tnh bng cng thc: tan =
. k1 , k2
1 + k1 k2
tng ng l h s gc ca 2 ng thng.
Khong cch t im M (x0 , y0 ) n ng thng d : Ax + By + C = 0:
d(M, d) =
|Ax0 + By0 + C|
A2 + B 2
Ch : Ta thng s dng phng trnh tng qut khi phi tnh gc, khong cch.
Cn ta dng phng trnh tham s khi c mi quan h thuc.
6.1.2
Dng bi
Cc bi tp trong thi i hc thng l nhng bi xc nh ta im, vit phng

trnh ng thng tha mn mt s iu kin no .
Ta im
S dng quan h thuc rt bt n. Chng hn M (C), (C) c phng trnh
tham s: (C) : x = f (t), y = g(t) t R
S dng quan h thuc, cng nh cc quan h khc thnh lp phng trnh.
Chng hn M (C) v (C) : y = f (x), nu M (a, b) (C) th b = f (a).
Hoc G l trng tm tam gic ABC, bit ta im A, B, G tm ta C. Ta

xA + xB + xC
c th thnh lp t cng thc xG =
xC = 3xG xA xB .
3
V d 6.1: Cho tam gic ABC c A (6; 4) , B (4; 1) , C (2; 4)

a) Tm ta trng tm G ca tam gic ABC v trung im M ca BC.
Trang 86
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
b) Tm ta D sao cho M l trng tm tam gic ABD v im E sao cho D l trung

im EM .
c) Tm ta im F BC sao d(F, AB) = 2d(F, AC).
d) Tm ta im I sao cho t gic ABCI l hnh bnh hnh.
xB + xC
yB + yC
5
= 1, yM =
=
2
2
2
4
yA + yB + yC
1
xA + xB + xC
= , yG =
= .
xG =
3
3
3
3

5
4 1
M 1;
;
v G
2
3 3
Tu
Gii: a) Ta c xM =
xA + xB + xD
xD = 3xM xA xB = 3 6 + 4 = 5,
3
15
21
yD = 3yM yA yB = 4 + 1 =
2
2
xE + xM
Ta c xD =
xE = 2xD xM = 2.(5) (1) = 9,
2
37
21 5
yE = 2yD yM = 2. + =
2
2
2

21
37
D 5;
v E 9;
2
2
Th
.
M
in
b) Ta c xM =
c) +) AC = (4; 8) = 4 (1; 2)

nAC = (2; 1)
. Nn phng trnh AC l:
AC :
A (6; 4)
2 (x 6) (y 4) = 0 2x y 8 = 0
+) AB = (10; 5) = 5 (2; 1)

nAB = (1; 2)
AB :
. Nn phng trnh AB l:
A (6; 4)
(x 6) 2 (y 4) = 0 x 2y + 2 = 0
+) BC = (6; 3) = 3 (2; 1)

uBC = (2; 1)
. Nn phng trnh tham s BC l:
BC :
C (2; 4)

x = 2 + 2t
y = 4 t
+) F BC F (2 + 2a; 4 a)
|2 (2 + 2a) (4 a) 8|
|2 + 2a 2 (4 a) + 2|
q
q
= 2.
d(F, AB) = 2d(F, AC)
12 + (2)2
22 + (1)2

a=2
2a + 6 = 5a
3a = 6
|4a + 12| = 2 |5a|
6
2a + 6 = 5a
7a = 6
a=
7
+) a = 2: F (6; 6)
Trang 87
6
+) a = : F
7
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
2 22
;
7
7
d) T gic ABCI l hnh bnh hnh

AB = IC (10; 5) = (2 xI , 4 yI )

2 xI = 10
xI = 12
I (12; 1)
4 yI = 5
yI = 1
Tu
V d 6.2 (C 2009): Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c

C(1; 2), ng trung tuyn k t A v ng cao k t B ln lt c phng trnh
l 5x + y 9 = 0 v x + 3y 5 = 0. Tm ta cc nh A v B.
Gii: Gi M l trung im BC, v H l chn ng cao h t nh B xung AC.
5x +
M
in
3y
Th
.
9=
C(1; 2)
+)
n
BH = (1; 3) uBH = (3; 1)

Do ACBH
n
AC = uBH = (3; 1)

C (1; 2)
V AC :
nn phng trnh AC l:
nAC = (3; 1)
3 (x + 1) (y + 2) = 0 3x y + 1 = 0
V A = AC AM nnta A l nghim ca h:

5x + y 9 = 0
x=1
A (1; 4)
3x y + 1 = 0
y=4

4 3b b 2
;
+) V B BH B (5 3b; b) M
2
2
4 3b b 2
+
9 = 0 20 15b + b 2 18 = 0
Mt khc ta c M AM 5.
2
2
14b = 0 b = 0 B (5; 0)
Phng trnh ng thng
Cc dng bi c th
Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua mt im v mt phng (Phng y l
phng vung gc (php tuyn) hoc phng song song (ch phng))
Tm 2 im ca ng thng . Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua 2 im.
Trng hp ny c th quy v trng hp trn bng cch : im i qua l mt
trong 2 im v vc t ch phng l vc t ni 2 im.
Trang 88
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Ch :
Cc dng bi khc thng xoay quanh cc dng trn, chng ch khc nhau v cch
din t. V thng thng nu bi khng hi g thm ta thng vit phng
trnh dng tng qut.
Phng trnh tng qut th tng ng vi vc t php tuyn. Phng trnh tham
s, chnh tc tng ng vi vc t ch phng.
V d 6.3: Vit phng trnh ng thng d tha mn mt trong cc iu kin sau:
a) d i qua im A(1; 2) c vc t ch phng

u = (3; 1).
Tu
b) d i qua im A(3; 4) v vung gc vi ng thng : : x 4y + 2000 = 0

2y
x1
=
2
3

y3
x+1
x=2+t
v
=
, 2 :
d) d i qua giao im ca 2 ng thng 1 :
y = 3 3t
2
3
to vi ng thng 3 : 3x + 4y 10 = 0 mt gc 450 .
M
in
c) d i qua im A(1; 4) v song song vi ng thng: :
Th
.
Gii: a) ~u = (3; 1)
n = (1; 3)

A (1; 2)
V d :
nn d c phng trnh:
n = (1; 3)
(x 1) + 3 (y + 2) = 0 x + 3y + 5 = 0
b) Ta c
n
= (1; 4) u = (4; 1)
V d
nd =
u
= (4; 1)

A (3; 4)
Ta c d :
nn phng trnh d l:
nd = (4; 1)
4 (x 3) + (y + 4) = 0 4x + y 8 = 0
2y
x1
y2
x1
=
=
2
3
2
3
nn u = (2; 3) n = (3; 2)
V d k
nd =
n
= (3; 2)

A (1; 4)
T ta c d :
nn phng trnh d l:
nd = (3; 2)
c) Ta c :
3 (x 1) + 2 (y 4) = 0 3x + 2y 11 = 0
d) +) Ta c M = 1 2 nn ta M l nghim ca h:
x=2+t
2+t+1
3 3t 3
y = 3 3t
=
t + 3 = 2t
2
3
y3
x+1
=
2
3
t = 1 x = 1, y = 6 M (1; 6)
Ta c
n = (3; 4). Gi
n = (A; B)
3
Trang 89
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
|
nd .
n
3 |
0
0
\
V (d, 3 ) = 45 cos 45 =
|nd | . |n
3 |
1
|3A + 4B|
=
5. A2 + B 2 = 2. |3A + 4B|
A2 + B 2 . 32 + 42
2
25 (A2 + B 2 ) = 2 (9A2 + 24AB + 16B 2 )
A = 7B
7A2 48AB 7B 2 = 0
1
A= B
7
+) Vi A = 7B: Chn B = 1 A = 7. Phng trnh d l:

7 (x 1) + (y 6) = 0 7x + y 13 = 0
M
in
Tu
1
+) Vi A = B: Chn B = 7 A = 1. Phng trnh d l:
7
(x 1) 7 (y 6) = 0 x 7y + 41 = 0
V d 6.4 (H A-2009): Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c im I(6; 2) l giao im ca

2 ng cho AC v BD. im M (1; 5) thuc ng thng AB v trung im E ca
cnh CD thuc ng thng : x + y 5 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng thng AB.
M (1; 5)
x+
5=
Th
.
Gii: Do ABCD l hnh ch nht nn I l trung im AC, BD v AC = BD. Do

tam gic ICD cn ti I, v ng trung tuyn IE ng thi l ng cao IECD.
I(6; 2)
Gi N l im i xng vi M qua I I l trung im ca 2 ng AC, M N nn t

gic AM CN l hnh bnh hnh
AM k CN , m AM k CD nn C, N, D thng hng.

Do IECD nn IEEN IE.EN = 0.
E : x + y 5 = 0 E (a; 5 a)
xM + xN
xN = 2xI xM = 2.6 1 = 11
Do I l trung im ca M N nn xI =
2
yN = 2yI yM = 2.2 5 = 1 N (11; 1)

V IE.N E = 0 (a 6; 5 a 2) . (a 11; 5 a + 1) = 0
(a 6) . (a 11) + (3 a) (6 a) = 0
2
a2 17a + 66 + a2 9a
+ 18 = 0 2a 26a + 84 = 0
a=6
a2 13a + 42 = 0
a=7
+) Vi a = 6: IE = (a 6; 3 a) = (0; 3) = 3 (0; 1)
Trang 90
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
6.2.1
Tu
ng trn
Kin thc c bn
M
in
Phng trnh
6.2
IECD

ABIE
n
AB = uIE = (0; 1)
AB k CD

M (1; 5)
Ta c AB :
nn phng trnh ca AB l:
nAB = (0; 1)
0. (x 1) + (y 5) = 0 y 5 = 0
+) Vi a = 7: IE = (1; 4)

n
AB = IE = (1; 4)

M (1; 5)
T ta c AB :
nn phng trnh AB l:
nAB = (1; 4)
(x 1) 4 (y 5) = 0 x 4y + 19 = 0
Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng trn tm I(a, b) bn knh R:

(x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2
Th
.
Phng trnh tng qut ca ng trn :

x2 + y 2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 0
tm I(A; B) bn knh R =
A2 + B 2 C
Phng trnh tham s ca ng trn tm I(a, b) bn knh R:

x = a + R. cos t
y = b + R. sin t
(t R)
Phng tch
nh ngha: Cho ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 0.

PM/(C) = M A.M B khng ph thuc vo phng ca ct tuyn M AB ca ng trn
m ch ph thuc vo v tr im M .
C th nu im M (x0 , y0 ) th PM/(C) = x20 + y02 + 2Ax0 + 2By0 + C.
ngha: Phng tch ca im M cho bit v tr tng i ca im vi ng
trn.
Nu PM/(C) < 0 th im M nm bn trong ng trn.
Nu PM/(C) = 0 th im M nm trn ng trn.
Nu PM/(C) > 0 th im M nm ngoi ng trn.
Trang 91
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Trc ng phng: Cho 2 ng trn (C1 ) v (C2 ) khi :

Tp d = M PM/(C1 ) = PM/(C2 ) l mt ng thng v gi l trc ng
phng ca 2 ng trn.
Nu (C1 ) : x2 + y 2 + 2A1 x + 2B1 y + C1 = 0 v (C2 ) : x2 + y 2 + 2A2 x + 2B2 y + C2 = 0
th phng trnh trc ng phng l :
PM/(C1 ) = PM/(C2 ) x2 + y 2 + 2A1 x + 2B1 y + C1 = x2 + y 2 + 2A2 x + 2B2 y + C2
2 (A1 A2 ) x + 2 (B1 B2 ) y + C1 C2 = 0
Tu
Ch : Khi 2 ng trn ct nhau ti 2 im A, B th AB chnh l trc ng

phng ca 2 ng trn. Nu 2 ng trn tip xc nhau ti im A th trc
ng phng ca 2 ng trn chnh l ng tip tuyn chung ca 2 ng trn
ti im A.
M
in
V tr tng i gia ng thng v ng trn

Gi s ta c ng thng v ng trn (C) tm I bn knh R. K hiu d = d(I, )
Khng ct nhau
d>R
Th
.
V tr
iu kin
Hnh v
Tip xc
d=R
Ct nhau
d<R
Trng hp ng thng l tip tuyn ca ng trn. Ta c th tm tip tuyn nh

iu kin d = R. Trong trng hp ta bit tip im ta c th dng phng trnh tch
ta tm tip tuyn nh sau:
Gi tip im l M (x0 , y0 ) (C). Ta s dng quy tc sau tm phng trnh tip
tuyn:
x2 7 x.x 7 x.x0 v 2x 7 x + x 7 x + x0
Nu (C) : x2 + y 2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 0 phng trnh tip tuyn l:

x.x0 + y.y0 + A(x + x0 ) + B(y + y0 ) + C = 0
Nu (C) : (x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2 phng trnh tip tuyn l:
(x0 a)(x a) + (y0 b)(y b) = R2
V tr tng i gia 2 ng trn
Cho 2 ng trn (C1 ) tm I1 bn knh R1 v ng trn (C2 ) tm I1 bn knh R2 .
K hiu: d = I1 I2 gi l di ng ni tm.
Tip xc: C 2 trng hp
Trang 92
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
V tr
iu kin
Tip xc trong
d = |R1 R2 |
I2
Tip xc ngoi
d = R1 + R2
I1
I1
I2
I1
I2
I2
Th
.
I1
M
in
Tu
Ct nhau: iu kin |R1 R2 | < d < R1 + R2
Hnh v
Khng giao nhau: C 2 trng hp

V tr
iu kin
ng nhau
d < |R1 R2 |
I2
ngoi nhau
d > R1 + R2
I1
I1
I2
Hnh v
6.2.2
Cc dng bi
Xc nh phng trnh ng trn v ngc li

V d 6.5: Tm tm v bn knh ca cc ng trn sau:
a) (C) : (x 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 5
Trang 93
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
b) (C) : x2 + y 2 3x + 2y 1 = 0
Gii: a) Tm I(1; 3) bn knh R = 5.

s
2
3
3
17
.
+ 12 (1) =
b) Tm I( ; 1) bn knh R =
2
2
2
V d 6.6: Vit phng trnh ng trn (C), tm tm v bn knh bit:
a) (C) i qua 3 im A(4; 2), B(1; 3), C(3; 1).
b) (C) i qua 2 im A(1; 5), B(0; 2) v tip xc vi ng thng : 2x y + 2 = 0.
Tu
c) (C) i qua im A(4; 7) v tip xc vi 2 ng thng 1 : 3x 4y 42 = 0 v

ng thng 2 : y + 8 = 0.
M
in
d) (C) tip xc ngoi vi ng trn (C1 ) : x2 + y 2 + 4x 2y + 4 = 0 v i qua 2 im

A(1; 5), B(0; 2).
Th
.
Gii: a) Gi phng trnh ca (C) : x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0. Do (C) i qua 3 im

A, B, C nn ta c h phng trnh:
2
2
4 + 2 + 4a + 2b + c = 0
4a + 2b + c = 20
a = 2
2
2
1 + 3 + a + 3b + c = 0
a + 3b + c = 10
b=4
2
2
(3) + 1 3a + b + c = 0
3a + b + c = 10
c = 20
T ta c phng trnh ng trn l: x2 + y 2 2x + 4y 20 = 0
p
Tm I(1; 2) bn knh R = 12 + (2)2 (20) = 5
b) Gi phng trnh ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
(C) i qua 2 im A(1; 5), B(0; 2) nn ta c h phng trnh:

(1)2 + 52 2a + 10b + c = 0
2a + 10b + c + 26 = 0
2
2
0 + 2 + 4b + c = 0
c = 4b 4
c = 4b 4
10b + c + 26
a=
= 3b + 11
2
Do (C) tip xc vi nn ta c :
|2a + b + 2| 2
= a + b2 c
d (I; ) = R
5
4a2 + b2 + 4 4ab + 4b 8a = 5 (a2 + b2 c)
a2 + 4b2 + 4ab 4b + 8a 5c 4 = 0
(3b + 11)2 + 4b2 + 4b (3b + 11) 4b + 8 (3b + 11) 5 (4b 4) 4 = 0
25b2 + 150b + 225 = 0 b2 + 6b + 9 = 0 b = 3
a = 2 v c = 8
Vy phng trnh ca (C) : x2 + y 2 + 4x 6y + 8 = 0.
Trang 94
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
c) Gi phng trnh ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0

Do im A(4; 7) (C) nn ta c:
42 + (7)2 + 8a 14b + c = 0 c = 8a + 14b 65

(1)
Tm v bn knh ca (C): I (a; b) , R = a2 + b2 c
Tu
V 1 , 1 tip xc vi (C) nn ta c d (I; 1 ) = d (I; 2 ) = R
|3a + 4b 42| = |b + 8|
(2)
5
1
|b + 8| = a2 + b2 c
(3)
1

3a + 82
3a + 9b 82 = 0
3a + 4b 42 = 5b + 40
b=
(2)
9
3a + b = 2
3a + 4b 42 = 5b 40
b = 3a 2
(3) b2 16b + 64 = a2 + b2 c c = a2 + 16b 64
(4)
(5)
Th
.
M
in
(1) , (4) a2 + 16b 64 = 8a + 14b 65 a2 + 8a + 2b + 1 = 0

3a + 82
thay vo (5) ta c:
+) Vi b =
9

26
173
a2 + a +
=0
V nghim
3
9
+) Vi b = 3a 2 thay vo (5) ta c:

a = 1 b = 5 c = 143
2
a + 2a 3 = 0
a = 3 b = 7 c = 57
V ta c 2 ng trn tha mn l:
(C1 ) : x2 + y 2 + 2x 10y 143 = 0 vi I1 (1; 5), R1 = 13
(C2 ) : x2 + y 2 6x + 14y + 57 = 0 vi I2 (3; 7), R2 = 1.
d) Gi phng trnh ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0

Do (C) i qua 2 im A, B nn ta c:
2
c = 4b 4
2
1 + 5 + 2a + 10b + c = 0
10b c 26
a=
(2)2 4b + c = 0
= 7b 11
2
q
Tm v bn knh ca (C1 ) l: I1 (2; 1) , R1 = (2)2 + 12 4 = 1
Tm v bn knh ca (C) l: I (a; b) , R = a2 + b2 c

q
(a 2)2 + (b + 1)2 =
V 2 ng trn tip xc ngoi nn : II1 = R1 + R
1 + a2 + b 2 c
a2 + b2 4a + 2b + 5 = a2 + b2 c + 1 + 2 a2 + b2 c
4a + 2b + c + 4 = 2 a2 + b2 c
Thay a, c gii c trn vo ta c:
q
4 (7b 11) + 2b + 4b 4 = 2 (7b 11)2 + b2 (4b 4)
(17b + 22)2 = 50b2 + 150b + 125
2
34b + 44 = 2 50b + 150b + 125
22
b
17
Trang 95
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta

239b2 + 598b + 359 = 0
b = 1 Tha mn a = 4 c = 8
359
22
b
b=
(Loi)
17
239
Vy phng trnh ca (C) l: x2 + y 2 8x 2y 8 = 0
Tm I (4; 1), bn knh R = 5.
V tr tng i ca ng thng v ng trn
Tu
a) Chng minh d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A, B.
V d 6.7: Cho ng thng d : 2x+y4 = 0 v ng trn (C) : x2 +y 2 2x2y+1 = 0.

b) Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua 2 im A, B c bn knh R = 5.
M
in
c) Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua 2 im A, B c tm thuc ng thng :

3x 4y 2 = 0.
Gii: a) Cch 1: ng trn (C) c tm I(1; 1) bn knh R = 1.
1
|2.1 + 1 4|
= <1=R
2
2 +1
5
d (I, d) =
Vy d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit.
Th
.
Cch 2: Ta giao im d v (C) l nghim ca h

2x + y 4 = 0
(1)
2
2
x + y 2x 2y + 1 = 0
(2)
T (1) ta c y = 4 2x th vo (2) ta c :
x2 + (4 2x)2 2x 2 (4 2x) + 1 = 0 5x2 14x + 9 = 0

x=1y=2
9 2
;
9
2 A (1; 2) , B
5 5
x= y=
5
5
Vy d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A, B.
b) Do (C1 ) i qua giao im ca (C) v (d) nn phng trnh ca n c dng:

x2 + y 2 2x 2y + 1 + m (2x + y 4) = 0
x2 + y 2 + (2m 2) x + (m 2) y + 1 4m = 0
s

2
5m2 + 4m + 4
2m
2m
2
, R = (1 m) +
I 1 m;
(1 4m) =
2
2
2
5m2 + 4m + 4
=5
Theo gi thit : R = 5
2
m=4
5m2 + 4m + 4 = 100 5m2 + 4m 96 = 0
24
m=
5
+) Vi m = 4: Phng trnh (C1 ) l
x2 + y 2 2x 2y + 5 = 0
Trang 96
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
24
: Phng trnh (C1 ) l
5
19
x2 + y 2 2x 2y
=0
5
+) Vi m =
c) Do (C2 ) i qua giao im ca (C) v (d) nn phng trnh ca n c dng:

x2 + y 2 2x 2y + 1 + m (2x + y 4) = 0
x2 + y 2 + (2m 2) x + (m 2) y + 1 4m = 0

2m
I 1 m;
2
Tu
Do im I nn ta c:

2m
3 (1 m) 4
2 = 0 3 m = 0 m = 3
2
M
in
x2 + y 2 8x 5y + 13 = 0
Thay vo ta c phng trnh ca (C2 ) l:
V d 6.8: Cho ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 2x + 4y 4 = 0 v ng thng

d : 4x 3y 11 = 0.
Th
.
a) Tm tm v bn knh ca ng trn.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) ti im M0

4 2
.
;
5 5
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) song song vi ng thng d.

d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) vung gc vi ng thng d. Tm ta tip
im khi .
e) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) i qua im A(4; 1).
f) Gi T1 , T2 l tip im ca 2 tip tuyn k t im B(2; 3) vi (C). Vit phng trnh
ng thng T1 T2 .
Gii: a) Tm I(1; 2), bn knh R = 3.
4 2
;
5 5
b) Phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) ti im M0

l:

4
2
2
4
x.
+ y. x +
+2 y+
4=0
5
5
5
5
9
12
12
x+ y
= 0 3x 4y + 4 = 0
5
5
5
c) Ta c k d : 4x 3y + m = 0
Do l tip tuyn ca (C) nn ta c d (I, ) = R
|m + 10| = 15
m=5
m = 25
Trang 97
|4.1 3. (2) + m|
q
=3
2
2
4 + (3)
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Thay vo phng trnh ta c 2 ng thng tha mn l:

1 : 4x 3y + 5 = 0
2 : 4x 3y 25 = 0
d) Ta c
nd = (4; 3)
ud = (3; 4)
V d
n =
u = (3; 4)
T phng trnh c dng 3x + 4y + m = 0.

m = 20
m = 10
Tu
|m 5| = 15
|3.1 + 4. (2) + m|
=3
32 + 42
Thay vo phng trnh ta c 2 ng thng tha mn l:
e) Gi : Ax + By + C = 0
M
in
2 : 3x + 4y 10 = 0
1 : 3x + 4y + 20 = 0
Th
.
Do A nn ta c 4A + 3B + C = 0 C = 4A 3B
|A 2B + C|
=3
A2 + B 2
|A 2B 4A 3B| = 3 A2 + B 2 |3A + 5B| = 3 A2 + B 2
B=0
9A2 + 30AB + 25B 2 = 9A2 + 9B 2 30AB + 16B 2 = 0
15
B= A
8
+) Vi B = 0: Chn A = 1 C = 4 1 : y 4 = 0
Gi T1 (x1 ; y1 ) l tip im ca 1 vi (C). T ta c phng trnh 1 l:
x1 .x + y1 .y (x + x1 ) + 2 (y + y1 ) 4 = 0 (x1 1) x + (y1 + 2) y x1 + 2y1 4 = 0

x1 = 1
y1 + 2
x1 + 2y1 4
x1 1
x1 = 1
=
=
1
y1 =
4y1 8 = x1 + 2y1 4
0
1
4
2

1
T1 1;
2
15
A: Chn A = 8 B = 15 C = 13 2 : 8x 15y + 13 = 0
8
Gi T2 (x2 ; y2 ) l ta tip im ca 2 vi (C) ta c phng trnh 2 l
+) Vi B =
(x2 1) x + (y2 + 2) y x2 + 2y2 4 = 0

y2 + 2
x2 + 2y2 4
x2 1
=
=
8
15
13

x2 = 7
7 11
15x2 + 8y2 = 1
17
T2 ;
11
15x2 43y2 = 34
17 17
y2 =
17
Trang 98
6.2. ng trn
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
f) Gi T1 (x1 ; y1 ), T2 (x2 ; y2 )
BT1 l tip tuyn vi (C) ti T1 nn ta c phng trnh BT1 l:
x1 .x + y1 .y (x + x1 ) + 2 (y + y1 ) 4 = 0
Do B (2; 3) BT1 2x1 + 3y1 2 x1 + 6 + 2y1 4 = 0 x1 + 5y1 = 0
Tng t vi im T2 ta cng c h thc : x2 + 5y2 = 0
Do T1 , T2 cng thuc ng thng : x + 5y = 0. Nn phng trnh T1 T2 :

x + 5y = 0 .
Tu
V tr tng i ca ng trn v ng trn
V d 6.9: Cho 2 ng trn : (C1 ) : x2 + y 2 + 6x 16y + 9 = 0 v

(C2 ) : x2 + y 2 + 14x 30y + 18 = 0.
M
in
a) Tm tm v bn knh ca 2 ng trn. Chng minh 2 ng trn ct nhau ti 2

im phn bit A, B. Vit phng trnh ng thng AB.
b) Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua 2 im A, B v c tm nm trn ng thng

: 3x + 2y 8 = 0.
Th
.
c) Vit phng trnh ng tip tuyn chung ca 2 ng trn.

q
Gii: a) I1 (3; 8) , R1 = (3)2 + 82 9 = 8
q
I2 (7; 15) , R2 = (7)2 + 152 18 = 16
p
I1 I2 = (4; 7) I1 I2 = (4)2 + 72 = 65
Nh vy R2 R1 = 8 < I1 I2 = 65 < R1 + R2 = 24 nn 2 ng trn ct nhau ti

2 im phn bit. Phng trnh AB chnh l phng trnh trc ng phng ca 2
ng trn. Do phng trnh AB c dng:
x2 + y 2 + 6x 16y + 9 = x2 + y 2 + 14x 30y + 18 8x 14y + 9 = 0
b) Phng trnh ng trn (C) i qua 2 im A, B c dng:
m (x2 + y 2 + 6x 16y + 9) + n (x2 + y 2 + 14y 30y + 18) = 0
(m + n) x2 + (m + n) y 2 + (6m + 14n) x (16m + 30n) y + 9m + 18n = 0

8m + 15n
9m + 18n
3m + 7n
x 2.
y+
=0
x2 + y 2 + 2.
m+n
m+n
m+n

3m + 7n 8m + 15n
;
I
m+n
m+n
V I : 3x + 2y 8 = 0 9m 21n + 16m + 30n 8m 8n = 0
m + n = 0 m = n
Chn n = 1 m = 1. Phng trnh ng trn (C) l:
(x2 + y 2 + 6x 16y + 9) + (x2 + y 2 + 14x 30y + 18) = 0

2x2 + 2y 2 + 20x 36y + 27 = 0 x2 + y 2 + 10x 18y +
Trang 99
27
=0
2
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
M
in
Tu
c) Gi : Ax + By + C = 0 l tip tuyn chung ca 2 ng trn. Do ta c h:

d (I1 , ) = R1
d (I2 , ) = R2
|3A + 8B + C|
=8
2 + B2
A
|7A + 15B + C|
= 16
A2 + B 2
|3A + 8B + C| 2
= A + B2
8
|7A + 15B + C| 2
= A + B2
16
2 |3A + 8B + C| = |7A + 15B + C|

C = A B
6A + 16B + 2C = 7A + 15B + C
13A 31B
6A + 16B + 2C = 7A 15B C
C=
3
C = A B:
|3A + 8B A B| = 8 A2 + B 2 |4A + 7B| = 8 A2 + B 2
Th
.
16A2 56AB + 49B 2 = 64A2 + 64B 2 48A2 + 56AB + 15B 2 = 0

5B
A=
12
3
A= B
4
5B
+) Vi A = :
12
Chn B = 12 A = 5 C = 7 : 5x 12y + 7 = 0
3
+) Vi A = B:
4
Chn B = 4 A = 3 C = 1 : 3x 4y + 1 = 0
13A 31B
C=
3

13A 31B
2 + B 2 |4A 7B| = 24 A2 + B 2

A
=
8
3A + 8B +

3
16A2 56AB + 49B 2 = 576A2 + 576B 2 560A2 + 56AB + 527B 2 =

0 V nghim
Ch : Trng hp ny phng trnh vn c nghim A = B = 0. Nhng trong
thc t chng c vc t php tuyn no l vc t 0 . Nn trng hp ny khng

tn ti ng thng cn tm.
6.3
6.3.1
Ba ng Conic
Kin thc chung v 3 ng Conic
Trang 100
6.3. Ba ng Conic
nh ngha
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Elip
M F1 + M F2 = 2a >
2c = F1 F2
Hyperbol
|M F1 M F2 | = 2a <
2c = F1 F2
Parabol
M F = d(M, )
y
F2 a
a
e
ng
chun
Tim cn
Bn knh
qua tiu
Cc yu t
Tip tuyn
ti
im
M0 (x0 , y0 )
Tip tuyn
Ax + By +
C=0
6.3.2
p
Tu
(P ) : y 2 = 2px
p
F ( ; 0)
2
e=1
M F1 = a + e.xM
M F2 = a e.xM
Trc ln : 2a
Trc b: 2b
Tiu c: 2c
F1 (c; 0), F2 (c; 0)

c
e= >1
a
a
x=
e
x y
=0
a b

M F1 = |a + e.xM |
M F2 = |a e.xM |
Trc thc : 2a
Trc o: 2b
Tiu c: 2c
x0 .x y0 .y
+ 2 =1
a2
b
x0 .x y0 .y
2 =1
a2
b
y0 .y = p(x + x0 )
a2 A2 + b2 B 2 = C 2
a2 A2 b2 B 2 = C 2
pB 2 = 2AC
;0
p = d(F, )
M
in
F1 (c; 0), F2 (c; 0)

c
e= <1
a
a
x=
e
y2
x2
2 =1
2
a
b
c 2 = a2 + b 2
Tm sai
a2 = b 2 + c 2
Th
.
Tiu im
F2 (c; 0)
x
a
(H) :
quan
a
e
F1 (c; 0)
a O
b
x2
y2
(E) : 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
Mi
h
x=
a
e
x=
F1
p
2
x = ae
y
b
:x=
th
ae
x = ae
x=
p
2
M F = xM +
p
2
Elip
Xc nh Elip
V d 6.10: Xc nh di trc ln, trc b, tiu c, tm sai, ta tiu im, phng
trnh cc ng chun ca Elip.
a) 4x2 + 9y 2 36 = 0.
b) 9x2 + 4y 2 = 5.
x2 y 2
+
=1
9
4
a2 = 9, b2 = 4 c2 = a2 b2 = 5 a = 3, b = 2, c = 5
Gii: a) Ta c 4x2 + 9y 2 36 = 0
Trang 101
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
c
5
+) Tm sai: e = =
a
3
+) di trc ln: 2a = 6
+) di trc b: 2b = 4
+) Tiu c: 2c = 2 5

5; 0
+) Tiu im: F1 5; 0 , F2
a
9
3
+) ng chun: x = x =
x =
e
5/3
5
y2
x2
+
= 1.
5/9 5/4
b) Ta c 9x2 + 4y 2 = 5
Tu
5
5
< nn y khng phi l phng trnh chnh tc.
9
4
5
5
5 2 5
5 5
25
5
2
2
2
2
a = ,b = c = a b = =
a=
,b =
,c =
4
9
4 9
36
2
3
6
5
c
+) Tm sai: e = =
a
3
+) di trc ln: 2a = 5
2 5
+) di trc b: 2b =
3
5
+) Tiu c: 2c =
3

5
5
+) Tiu im: F1 ; 0 , F2
;0
6
6
5/2
3
a
x=
+) ng chun: x = x =
e
2
5/3
Th
.
M
in
V d 6.11: Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca Elip (E) bit:

2
a) Tiu im F1 (6; 0), tm sai e = .
3
b) di trc ln l 6, tiu c 2 5.
3
.
c) di trc ln l 3, tm sai e =
3
5
d) (A-2008) Tm sai e =
v hnh ch nht c s c chu vi bng 20.
3

e) i qua 2 im A 4; 3 , B 2 2; 3

2
5
v tm sai e = .
f) i qua im A 2;
3
3
g) Phng trnh ng chun l 3x 8 3 = 0 v di trc b bng 4.
Trang 102
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Gii: a) Do F1 (6; 0) c = 6
c
6
c
= 9 b = a2 c 2 = 9 2 6 2 = 3 5
e= a= =
a
e
2/3
Phng trnh Elip l:
x2 y 2
+
=1
81 45
b) Theo gi thit ta c:
2a = 6 a = 3,
q
2
2
2
2c = 2 5 c = 5 b = a c = 32
5 =2
x2 y 2
+
=1
9
4
Tu
Phng trnh Elip l:
!2 r
3
3
=
2
2
y2
x2
+
=1
9/4 3/2
Th
.
Phng trnh Elip l:
M
in
c) Theo gi thit ta c:
3
2a = 3 a =
2
v
u 2
u 3
c
3 3
3
e = c = e.a =
. =
b = a2 c 2 = t
a
3 2
2
2
d) T gi thit ta c:
c
5
5
e= =
a
c
=
a
3
3
b=5a
4 (a + b) = 20
2
V a2 = b2 + c2 a2 = (5 a) +
a2 18a + 45 = 0
5
a
3
!2
5
a2 = 25 10a + a2 + a2
9
a=3b=2
a = 15 b = 10
(Loi)
x2 y 2
Phng trnh Elip l:
+
=1
9
4
x2 y 2
e) Gi phng trnh Elip l: 2 + 2 = 1
a
b

V 2 im A 4; 3 , B 2 2; 3 (E) nn ta c h :
3
16
2
1 = 1
+ 2 =1
2
2
a
b
a
20 a = 20
9
1
8
1
b2 = 15
+
=
1
=
a2 b 2
b2
15
T ta c phng trnh ca Elip l:
f) Gi phng trnh Elip l:
x2 y 2
+
=1
20 15
x2 y 2
+ 2 =1
a2
b
Trang 103
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta

25
4
5
(E) nn ta c : 2 + 2 = 1
Do im A 2;
3
a
9b
2
c
2
4
5
e = = c2 = a2 b2 = a2 c2 = a2 9b2 = 5a2
3
a
3
9
9
4
25
9
5
+
= 1 2 = 1 a2 = 9 b 2 = a2 = 5
a2 5a2
a
9

x2 y 2
+
=1
9
5
Vy phng trnh Elip l :
Tu
g) Theo gi thit ta c: 2b = 4 b = 2
8
a
8
8
3x 8 3 = 0 x = = a2 = c 3a4 = 64c2
e
3
3
3
c = a b = a 4 3a = 64 (a 4) 3a 64a + 256 = 0
2
a2 = 16
16
a2 =
3
x2 y 2
+
=1
16
4
M
in
+) Vi a2 = 16: Phng trnh Elip l
x2
y2
16
: Phng trnh Elp l
+
=1
3
16/3
4
Th
.
+) Vi a2 =
Cng thc bn knh qua tiu

V d 6.12: Cho Elip (E) :
y2
x2
+
=1
100 36
a) Tm trn (E) nhng im M sao cho M F1 = 4M F2 .

0
b) Tm trn (E) nhng im N sao cho F\
1 N F2 = 90 .
0
c) Tm trn (E) nhng im K sao cho F\
1 N F2 = 60 .
d) P l mt im ty trn (E). Chng minh rng: P F1 .P F2 + OP 2 = const

4
Theo gi thit ta c:
5
3a
15
M F1 = 4M F2 a + e.xM = 4 (a e.xM ) 5e.xM = 3a xM =
=
5e
2
s
2
15
3 7
6p
6
=
yM =
100 x2M = . 100
10
10
2
2
!
!
15 3 7
15 3 7
Ta c 2 im tha mn : M1
;
;
, M2
2
2
2
2
Gii: a) a2 = 100, b2 = 36 a = 10, b = 6 c = 8 e =
b) Theo gi thit ta c :
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
F\
1 N F2 = 90 F1 F2 = N F1 + N F2 4c = (a + e.xN ) + (a e.xN )
4c2 = 2a2 + 2e2 .x2N x2N =
2c2 a2
2c2 a2 2
=
.a
e2
c2
Trang 104
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta

2
2
2
2
b
2c
a
b4
b2 (a2 c2 )
b
2
2
.a
=
=
yN
= 2 . (a2 x2N ) = 2 . a2
a
a
c2
c2
c2
5 7
9
xN =
, yN =
2
2
Ta c 4 im tha mn :
!
!
!
!
5 7 9
5 7 9
5 7 9
5 7 9
, M2
, M3
, M4
;
;
;
;
M1
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
c) F\
1 KF2 = 60 F1 F2 = KF1 + KF2 2KF1 .KF2 . cos 60
4c2 = (a + e.xK )2 + (a e.xK )2 2 (a + e.xK ) . (a e.xK ) .
1
2
Th
.
M
in
Tu
4c2 a2 2
4c2 = 2a2 + 2e2 .x2K a2 + e2 .x2K 3e2 .x2K = 4c2 a2 x2K =
.a
3c2

b2
b2
4c2 a2 2
b4
b2 (a2 c2 )
2
2
2
2
yK = 2 . (a xK ) = 2 . a
.a
=
=
a
a
3c2
3c2
3c2
3 3
5 13
, yK =
xK =
2
16
Ta c 4 im K tha mn:
!
!
!
!
5 13 3 3
5 13 3 3
5 13 3 3
5 13 3 3
, K2
, K3
, K4
;
;
;
;
K1
2
16
2
16
2
16
2
16
d) P F1 .P F2 + OP 2 = (a + e.xP ) (a e.xP ) + (x2P + yP2 ) = a2 e2 .x2P + x2P +
= a2 + b 2 +
b2 2
(a x2P )
a2
a2 b 2 c 2 2
.xP = a2 + b2 = 136 = const
a2
Tng giao ca ng thng v Elip

V d 6.13: Cho Elip (E) : 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36
a) Cho im M ( 5; y0 ) (E) (y0 > 0). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M .
b) Tm m ng thng : mx 2y + 5 = 0 tip xc vi Elip. Tm ta tip im.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (E) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
4x 3y 1 = 0.
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn qua im I(3; 1) vi (E).
e) Qua im S(2; 3) k 2 tip tuyn ST1 , ST2 vi (E) vi T1 , T2 l tip im. Vit
phng trnh ng thng T1 T2 .
x2 y 2
+
=1
9
4
a2 = 9, b2 = 4 c2 = 5 a = 3, b = 2, c = 5

4
4
2
5;
9y0 = 36 4.5 = 16 y0 = (y0 > 0) M
3
3
4
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l: 4. 5.x + 9. .y = 36 4 5x + 12y 36 = 0
3
Gii: a) (E) : 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36
Trang 105
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
b) a2 A2 + b2 B 2 = C 2 9.m2 + 4. (2)2 = 52 9m2 = 9 m = 1

+) Trng hp m = 1 :
: x 2y + 5 = 0
Gi T1 (x1 , y1 ) l tip im. Do phng trnh l:

4x1 .x + 9y1 .y 36 = 0

x1 = 9
9
9y1
36
8
4x1
5 T1 ;
=
=
1
2
5
5 5
y1 =
5
+) Trng hp m = 1:
Tu
: x + 2y 5 = 0
4x2 .x + 9y2 .y 36 = 0
Gi T2 (x2 , y2 ) l tip im. Do phng trnh l:
Th
.
M
in

x2 = 9
9y2
36
8
4x2
9
5
=
=
8 T2 5 ; 5
1
2
5
y2 =
5
= (4; 3)
c) a : 4x 3y 1 = 0
n
ua = (3; 4)
a
da
n =
u = (3; 4) d : 3x + 4y + m = 0
Do d l tip tuyn ca (E) nn 32 .9 + 42 .4 = m2 m = 145
Vy phng trnh ca d : 3x + 4y 145 = 0
d) Gi d : Ax + By + C = 0 l ng thng cn tm.
Do I d nn ta c 3A + B + C = 0 C = 3A B
a2 A2 + b2 B 2 = C 2 9A2 + 4B 2 = C 2 9A2 + 4B 2 = (3A B)2
9A2 + 4B 2 = 9A2 6AB + B 2 3B 2 + 6AB = 0 3B (B + 2A) = 0

B=0
B = 2A
+) Vi B = 0: Chn A = 1 C = 3 d : x + 3 = 0
+) Vi B = 2A: Chn A = 1 B = 2 C = 5
d : x 2y + 5 = 0
e) Gi T1 (x1 ; y1 ) , T2 (x2 ; y2 ) l ta tip im.
Phng trnh ST1 l : 4.x1 .x + 9.y1 .y 36 = 0
Do S ST1 8x1 + 27y1 36 = 0
Hon ton tng t ta cng c ng thc: 8x2 + 27y2 36 = 0

Do phng trnh T1 T2 l: 8x + 27y 36 = 0
Trang 106
6.3. Ba ng Conic
6.3.3
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Hyperbol
Xc nh Hyperbol
V d 6.14: Tm di cc trc, tiu c, tiu im, tm sai, phng trnh ng tim
cn, phng trnh ng chun ca (H):
a) 9x2 4y 2 = 36
b) 16x2 9y 2 = 144
x2 y 2
=1
4
9
a2 = 4, b2 = 9 a = 2, b = 3 c = a2 + b2 = 13
+) di trc thc : 2a = 4
M
in
+) di trc o : 2b = 6
+) Tiu c : 2c = 2 13
c
13
+) Tm sai : e = =
a
2

+) Tiu im : F1 13; 0 , F2
13; 0
Tu
Gii: a) 9x2 4y 2 = 36
+) Phng trnh ng tim cn : 9x2 4y 2 = 0 3x 2y = 0
Th
.
a2
4
a
+) ng chun : x = x = = x =
e
c
13
y 2 x2
=1
16
9
a2 = 16, b2 = 9 a = 4, b = 3 c = a2 + b2 = 5
b) 16x2 9y 2 = 144
+) di trc thc : 2a = 8
+) di trc o : 2b = 6
+) Tiu c : 2c = 10
c
5
+) Tm sai : e = =
a
4
+) Tiu im : F1 (0; 5) , F2 (0; 5)
+) Phng trnh ng tim cn : 16x2 9y 2 = 0 4x 3y = 0

a2
16
a
+) ng chun : y = y = = y =
e
c
5
V d 6.15: Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca Hyperbol bit:

a) C cng tiu im vi Elip (E) :
b) nh A1 (24; 0), tm sai e =
x2 y 2
+
= 1 v i qua im A(4 2; 3).
35 10
13
.
12
c) Trc o c di bng 6; tiu c bng 10.
d) Tm sai e = 2 v (H) i qua im M (5; 3).

Trang 107
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
e) Gc gia 2 tim cn bng 600 v (H) i qua M (6; 3).
f) Khong cch gia 2 nh bng 6 v (H) i qua im A(6; 2 3).
g) (H) i qua 2 im A(4; 6), B( 6; 1).

Gii: a) +) Xt (E) :
x2 y 2
+
=1
35 10
x2 y 2
2 =1
a2
b
2
2
2
V (H) c chung tiu im vi Elip (E) nn ta c c = 5 b = c a = 25 a2
32
9
32 9
= 1 80032a2 9a2 = 25a2 a4
V im A (H) nn 2 2 = 1 2
a
b
a
25 a2
2
a = 50 > c2 (Loi)
4
2
a 66a + 800 = 0
a2 = 16
Tu
a2 = 35, b2 = 10 c2 = a2 b2 = 25 c = 5 +) Xt Hyperbol:
x2 y 2
=1
16
9
M
in
a2 = 16 b2 = 9 (H) :
x2
y2
=1
576 100
Th
.
(H) :
b) A1 (24; 0) a = 24
c
13
13
e= =
c = a = 26 b = c2 a2 = 10
a
12
12
c) +) di trc o bng 6 2b = 6 b = 3
+) Tiu c bng 10 2c = 10 c = 5 a =
Phng trnh Hyperbol (H) :
c 2 b2 = 4
x2 y 2
=1
16
9
c
= 2 c = a 2 c2 = a2 + b2 = 2a2 b2 = a2
a
25
9
25
9
Do (H) i qua im M nn ta c: 2 2 = 1 2 2 = 1 a2 = 16 b2 = 16
a
b
a
a
d) e =
Phng trnh Hyperbol l: (H) :
x2
y2
=1
16 16
9
36
=1
a2 b 2
+) Hai ng tim cn : 1 : bx + ay = 0, 2 : bx ay = 0
n = (b; a) ,
n = (b; a)
e) V M (H) nn ta c
|b.b + a. (a)|
|b2 a2 |
1
q
Theo gi thit ta c: cos 60 =
2
=
2
a +b
2
b2 + a2 . b2 + (a)2
2
2
a + b2 = 2 (b2 a2 )
3a = b2
a2 = 3b2
a2 + b2 = 2 (b2 a2 )
0
+) Vi 3a2 = b2 :
9
36
9
36
2 2 = 1 2 2 = 1 a2 = 33 b2 = 99
a
b
a
3a
Trang 108
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
y2
x2
=1
Phng trnh Hyperbol: (H) :
33 99
+) Vi a2 = 3b2 :
9
36
9
36
2 2 = 1 2 2 = 1 b 2 = 3 a2 = 9
a
b
3b
b
x2 y 2
Phng trnh ca Hyperbol : (H) :
=1
9
3
f) 2a = 6 a = 3
x2 y 2
=1
4
2
Th
.
(H) :
1
1
2
=
2
a
4 a =4
1
1
b2 = 2
=
2
b
2
M
in
g) T gi thit ta c :
16
6
=1
a2 b 2
1
6
2 =1
2
a
b
Tu
x2 y 2
=1
9
4
(H) :
36 12
12
2 = 1 4 2 = 1 b2 = 4
2
a
b
b
im A (H) nn ta c
Cng thc bn knh qua tiu

V d 6.16: Cho Hyperbol (H) : 9x2 16y 2 = 144.
a) Cho M (5; y0 ) (H). Tnh M F1 , M F2 .
b) Tm im M (H) sao cho M F1 = 2M F2 .
0
c) Tm im N (H) sao cho F\
1 N F2 = 60 .
Gii: a) Phng trnh (H):
x2 y 2
=1
16
9
5
a2 = 16, b2 = 9 c2 = 25 a = 4, b = 3, c = 5, e =
4
5
9

M F1 = 4 . (5) =
M F1 = a e.xM
4
4
xM < 0
41
5
M F2 = a e.xM
M F2 = 4 . (5) =
4
4

M F1 = a + e.xM
b) M F1 = 2M F2 xM > 0
M F2 = a + e.xM
4
48
3a
= 3.4. =
M F1 = 2M F a + e.xM = 2 (a + e.xM ) e.xM = 3a xM =
e
5
5
!
2
48
1071
9
3 119
9 2
2
16 =
(xM 16) =
yM =
yM
=
16
16
5
25
5
Trang 109
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
C 2 im M tha mn : M1
48 3 119
;
, M2
5
5
48 3 119
;
5
5
c) F1 N = |a + e.xN | , F2 N = |a e.xN | , F1 N.F2 N = (a e.xN ) (a e.xN ) = e2 x2N

a2
0
2
2
2
0
F\
1 N F2 = 60 F1 F2 = N F1 + N F2 2N F1 .N F2 . cos 60
1
4c2 = |a + e.xN |2 + |a e.xN |2 2 (e2 x2N a2 ) .
2
Th
.
M
in
Tu
4c2 a2 2
4c2 = 2a2 + 2e2 .x2N e2 .x2M + a2 e2 .x2N = 4c2 a2 x2N =
.a
c2

2
2
b2 4c2 a2 2
b2 2
2
2
2
2 3c a
.a
a
yN = 2 (xN a ) = 2
=
b
.
a
a
c2
c2
1344
8 21
4.25 16
.16 =
xN =
x2N =
25
25
5
3.25 16
531
3 59
2
yN
= 9.
=
yN =
25
25
5
!
!
!
!
8 21 3 59
8 21 3 59
8 21 3 59
8 21 3 59
;
;
;
;
N1
, N2
, N3
, N4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Tng giao ca ng thng v Hyperbol

V d 6.17: Cho Hyperbol (H) : 9x2 16y 2 = 144.
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) bit n vung gc vi : x + 3y 1 = 0.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) ti im M (5; y0 ) (y0 > 0).

3
.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) i qua im A 2;
2
d) Qua im P (1; 1) k 2 tip tuyn P T1 , P T2 ti (H), T1 v T2 l tip im. Vit
Gii: a) Gi d l ng thng cn tm.
: x + 3y 1 = 0
n = (1; 3)
u = (3; 1)
u
d
nd =
= (3; 1) d : 3x y + m = 0
d tip xc vi (H) nn : 32 .16 (1)2 .9 = m2 m2 = 135 m = 3 15
d : 3x y 3 15 = 0
9x20 144
9.25 144
81
9
9
=
=
y0 = y0 =
16
16
16
4
4
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l:
9
9.5.x 16. .y 144 = 0 45x 36y 144 = 0 5x 4y 16 = 0
4
b) y02 =
Trang 110
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Tu
c) Gi d : Ax + By + C = 0 l ng thng cn tm.
3
3
A d 2A + B + C = 0 C = 2A B
2
2
Do d l tip tuyn ca (H) nn ta c:

2
3
2
2
2
C = 16A 9B 2A B = 16A2 9B 2
2
45
9
4A2 + 6AB + B 2 = 16A2 9B 2 12A2 6AB B 2 = 0
4
4
5
A= B
4
16A2 8AB 15B 2 = 0
3
A= B
4
5
+) Vi A = B:
4
Chn B = 4 A = 5 C = 16 d : 5x + 4y 16 = 0
M
in
3
+) Vi A = B:
4
Chn B = 4 A = 3 C = 0 d : 3x 4y = 0
d) Gi T1 (x1 , y1 ) , T2 (x2 , y2 )
Th
.
Do P T1 l tip tuyn ti im T1 ca (H) nn phng trnh P T1 l:

P T1 : 9.x1 .x 16.y1 .y 144 = 0
V P P T1 9x1 16y1 144 = 0 9x1 + 16y1 + 144 = 0
Lp lun tng t ta cng c ng thc : 9x2 + 16y2 + 144 = 0

Phng trnh T1 T2 : 9x + 16y + 144 = 0
6.3.4
Parabol
Xc nh Parabol
V d 6.18: Tm ta tiu im, phng trnh ng chun ca cc Parabol sau:
a) y 2 = 4x.
b) y 2 = 8x.
c) x2 = 8y.
d) x2 = 4y
Gii: a) 2p = 4 p = 2 F (1; 0). ng chun : x = 1
b) 2p = 8 p = 4 F (2; 0). ng chun x = 2.
c) 2p = 8 p = 4 F (0; 2). ng chun y = 2.
d) 2p = 4 p = 2 F (0; 1). ng chun y = 1.
Trang 111
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
V d 6.19: Lp phng trnh ca Parabol (P ) bit

a) Tiu im F (2; 0), trc tung l ng chun.
b) Tiu im F (0; 5), ng chun : y + 2 = 0.
c) (P ) c trc i xng l Ox, qua gc O v qua im M (1; 3).
d) (P ) c trc i xng Oy, qua gc O v qua im M (5; 1).
Gii: a) Oy : x = 0. Nn ta c :
M (x; y) (P ) M F = d (M, )
q
(x 2)2 + y 2 = |x|
Tu
x2 4x + 4 + y 2 = x2 y 2 = 4x 4
q
b) M (x; y) (P ) M F = d (M, ) x2 + (y 5)2 = |y + 2|
M
in
x2 + y 2 10y + 25 = y 2 + 4y + 4 x2 = 14y 21
c) (P ) c trc i xng l Ox, qua gc O nn ta c phng trnh (P ) c dng y 2 = ax.

9
(P ) qua im M (1; 3) nn ta c 9 = a (P ) : y 2 = 9x (p = )
2
Th
.
d) (P ) c trc i xng Oy, qua gc O nn phng trnh (P ) c dng x2 = ay. Do (P )

i qua im M (5; 1) nn 25 = a a = 25.
25
Do phng trnh (P ) : x2 = 25y (p = ).
2
S tng giao gia ng thng v Parabol
V d 6.20: Cho Parabol y 2 = 8x.
a) Tm cc im trn (P ) cch tiu im F mt on bng 20.
b) Qua F dng mt dy cung bt k ct (P ) ti 2 im phn bit A, B. Tm qu tch
trung im I ca on AB. Chng minh ng trn ng knh AB lun tip xc
vi ng chun.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (P ) ti im M (2; 4).
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vung gc vi (P ) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng
thng y = x. Tm ta tip im khi .
e) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (P ) qua im A(0; 1). Tnh gc to bi hai tip
tuyn.
f) Qua im S(3; 1) k 2 tip tuyn ST1 , ST2 vi (P ). T1 , T2 l cc tip im. Vit
Gii: a) y 2 = 8x 2p = 8 p = 4
p
2
= 8.18 yM = 12
M F = xM + = 20 xM + 2 = 20 xM = 18 yM
2
Ta c 2 im tha mn l: M1 (18; 12) , M2 (18; 12)
Trang 112
6.3. Ba ng Conic
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
b) F (2; 0). Do ng thng qua F ct parabol ti 2 im phn bit A, B do ng

thng ny khng song song vi Ox nn phng trnh AB : x = ky + 2.
Ta A, B l nghim ca h:
2
y = 8x
y 2 = 8 (ky + 2) y 2 8ky 16 = 0
x = ky + 2
Phng trnh c a.c < 0 nn lun c 2 nghim phn bit yA , yB theo nh l Viet ta
c:

yA + yB
yA + yB = 8k
= 4k
yI =
yA .yB = 16
2
M
in
I (P ) : y 2 = 4 (x 2)
Tu
Do I l trung im AB I AB xI = kyI + 2 = 4k 2 + 2
(

yI
y 2
k=
xI = 4k 2 + 2
I
4
+ 2 yI2 = 4 (xI 2)
xI = 4.
2
yI = 4k
4
xI = 4k + 2
+) Gi R l bn knh ca ng trn ng knh AB.
Th
.
Ta c : AB = F A + F B = xA + 2 + xB + 2 = 2xI + 4 = 2 (4k 2 + 2) + 4 = 8 (k 2 + 1)
AB
= 4 (k 2 + 1)
R=
2
ng chun : x + 2 = 0
d (I, ) = |xI + 2| = |4k 2 + 2 + 2| = 4 (k 2 + 1) = R
iu ny dn n ng trn ng knh AB tip xc vi ng chun.
c) Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l: 4.y = 4 (x + 2) x + y + 2 = 0

d) Gi d l ng thng cn tm. k l h s gc ca d. Theo bi ra ta c:
k.k = 1 k. (1) = 1 k = 1 d : y = x + m x y + m =
V d l tip tuyn ca (P ) nn ta c:
p.B 2 = 2AC 4. (1)2 = 2.1.m m = 2 d : x y + 2 = 0
Gi M0 (x0 , y0 ) l ta tip im. Do phng trnh M M0 l:
y0 .y = 4 (x + x0 ) 4x y0 .y + 4x0 = 0

4
y0
4x0
x0 = 2
V M M0 d =
=
M0 (2; 4)
y0 = 4
1
1
2
e) Gi d : Ax + By + C = 0 l ng thng cn tm. V im A d B + C = 0
C = B
Do d tip xc vi (P ) nn ta c:
pB 2 = 2AC 4B 2 = 2AB
B=0
1
B= A
2
+) Vi B = 0: Chn A = 1 C = 0 d1 : x = 0
1
+) Vi B = A: Chn A = 2 B = 1 C = 1 d2 : 2x y + 1 = 0
2
Trang 113
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Gi l gc gia d1 v d2 . Ta c :
n1 = (1; 0) ,
n2 = (2; 1)
2
|1.2 + 0. (1)|
|
n1 .
n2 |
q
= 260 33 54
=
cos =
| n1 | . | n2 |
5
12 + 02 . 22 + (1)2
f) Gi T1 (x1 , y1 ) , T2 (x2 , y2 ) l cc tip im. Phng trnh ST1 l : y1 .y = 4 (x + x1 )

V S ST1 y1 .1 = 4 (3 + x1 ) 4x1 y1 12 = 0
Lp lun tng t vi im T2 ta cng c ng thc: 4x2 y2 12 = 0
Bi tp
Tu
6.4
Do phng trnh T1 T2 : 4x y 12 = 0
ng thng, im
M
in
Bi 6.1: Cho tam gic ABC c A(4; 1), B(1; 7), C(1; 0). Vit phng trnh tng qut
ca:
a) ng cao AH v ng thng BC.

b) Trung tuyn AM v trung trc AB.
Th
.
Bi 6.2: Cho tam gic ABC c phng trnh cc ng thng AB, BC, CA l:
AB : x 3 = 0, BC : 4x 7y + 23 = 0, 3x + 7y + 5 = 0.
a) Tm ta 3 nh A, B, C v din tch tam gic.
b) Tm ta im A i xng vi A qua BC.
c) Tm ta trc tm, trng tm ca tam gic.
Bi 6.3: Cho 2 im A(5; 2), B(3; 4). Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua im
C(1; 1) v cch u 2 im A, B.
Bi 6.4: Vit phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng d tha mn iu kin:
a) i qua im A(1; 2) v c h s gc bng 3.
b) Qua im B(5; 2) v vung gc vi ng thng 2x 5y + 4 = 0.
c) Qua gc O v vung gc vi ng thng y =
2 3x
.
4
d) Qua im I(4; 5) v hp vi 2 trc ta mt tam gic vung cn.

e) Qua im A(3; 5) v cch im H(1; 2) xa nht.
Bi 6.5: Cho tam gic ABC c phng trnh cc cnh BC : 2x y 4 = 0, ng cao
BH : x + y 2 = 0, ng cao CK : x + 3y + 5 = 0. Vit phng trnh cc cnh cn li
ca tam gic.
Bi 6.6: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c phng trnh cnh AB : 2x y 1 = 0, AD qua
1
im M (3; 1) v tm I(1; ). Vit phng trnh cc cnh AD, BC, CD.
2
Trang 114
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
1
Bi 6.7 (*): Cho tam gic ABC c trung im M ca AB c ta ( ; 0), ng cao
2
CH vi H(1; 1), ng cao BK vi K(1; 3) v bit B c honh dng.
a) Vit phng trnh cnh AB.
b) Tm ta A, B, C.
Bi 6.8: Cho tam gic ABC vi B(1; 2) v C(4; 2) v din tch tam gic bng 10.
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng BC v tnh di ng cao AH.
b) Tm ta im A bit A thuc trc tung.
Tu
Bi 6.9: Cho tam gic ABC c phng trnh cc cnh AB : 2x + y 3 = 0, AC :

2x y + 7 = 0, BC : x y = 0.
a) Tnh bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
M
in
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng i xng vi AB qua BC.
Bi 6.10: Cho hnh vung c tm I(2; 3), phng trnh AB : 3x + 4y 4 = 0.

a) Tnh cnh hnh vung.
Th
.
b) Tm phng trnh cc cnh CD, AD, BC.

Bi 6.11: Cho hnh vung ABCD c phng trnh cc cnh l AB : 3x 2y 1 = 0,
CD : 3x 2y + 5 = 0 v c tm thuc ng thng d : x + y 1 = 0.
a) Tm ta I.
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng AD, BC.
Bi 6.12: Trong mt phng Oxy cho tam gic ABC c A(2; 3), B(3; 2), din tch
3
tam gic bng v trng tm G thuc ng thng d : 3x y 8 = 0. Tm ta nh
2
C
Bi 6.13: Cho ng thng d : x + 2y 4 = 0 v 2 im A(1; 4), B(6; 4)
a) Chng minh A, B nm cng pha vi ng thng d. Tm ta im A i xng
vi A qua d.
b) Tm im M d sao cho d(M, AB) = 2
ng trn
Bi 6.14: Xc nh tm v bn knh ca cc ng trn sau:
a) (x + 1)2 + (y 4)2 = 1.
b) (x + 2)2 + y 2 = 5.
c) x2 + y 2 + 8x 4y 5 = 0.
Trang 115
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
d) 3x2 + 3y 2 + 4x + 1 = 0.
e) (2x + 5)2 + (2y 3)2 = 4.
Bi 6.15: Vit phng trnh ng trn:
a) ng knh AB vi A(3; 1), B(2; 2).
b) C tm I(1; 2) v tip xc vi ng thng : x + y 2 = 0.
c) C bn knh 5, tm thuc Ox v qua im A(2; 4).
d) C tm I(2; 1) v tip xc ngoi vi ng trn : (x 5)2 + (y 3)2 = 9.
Tu
e) Tip xc vi 2 trc v c tm nm trn ng thng : 2x y 3 = 0.

Bi 6.16: Vit phng trnh ng trn :
M
in
a) Qua 3 im A(2; 1), B(1; 4), C(4; 3).
b) Qua A(0; 2), B(1; 1) v c tm nm trn ng thng 2x + 3y = 0.
c) Qua im A(5; 3) v tip xc vi ng thng d : x + 3y + 2 = 0 ti im T (1; 1).
Th
.
Bi 6.17: a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng trn: (x 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25 ti

im nm trn ng trn c honh bng 1.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng trn (C): x2 + y 2 + 4x 2y 5 = 0 ti giao
im ca ng trn vi trc Ox.
Bi 6.18: a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng trn x2 + y 2 = 2 bit tip tuyn
c h s gc bng 1.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng trn (C) : x2 + (y 1)2 = 25 bit tip tuyn
vung gc vi ng thng 3x 4y + 7 = 0.
Bi 6.19: Cho ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 2x 4y 5 = 0.
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) vung gc vi ng thng 3x + y = 0.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) i qua im A(3; 2). Gi T1 , T2 l cc tip
im. Vit phng trnh ng thng T1 T2 v vit phng trnh ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic AT1 T2 .
Bi 6.20: Cho 2 ng trn (C1 ) : x2 +y 2 2x2y2 = 0, (C2 ) : x2 +y 2 8x4y+16 = 0.
a) Chng minh 2 ng trn bng nhau v ct nhau.
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng qua giao im ca 2 ng trn.
c) Tm phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca chng.
d) Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua giao im (C1 ), (C2 ) trn v c tm nm trn
ng thng x + 2y 4 = 0.
Bi 6.21: Lp phng trnh ng trn :
Trang 116
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
a) Qua im A(1; 2) v tip xc 2 trc ta .

b) Tip xc hai ng thng song song 1 : 2x y 3 = 0 v 2 : 2x y + 5 = 0 v
c tm nm trn Oy.
c) Tip xc vi ng thng : 2x + y 5 = 0 ti im T (2; 1) v c bn knh bng
2 5.
d) Tip xc vi 2 ng thng x 2y + 5 = 0 v x + 2y + 1 = 0 v qua gc O.
Bi 6.22: Cho 2 ng trn : (C1 ) : x2 +y 2 2x4y+1 = 0 v (C2 ) : x2 +y 2 +4x+4y1 =
0.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ti T .
Tu
a) Chng minh 2 ng trn tip xc ngoi. Tm ta tip im T .
M
in
Elip
Bi 6.23: Xc nh di cc trc, tiu c, tiu im, tm sai, phng trnh ng

chun ca cc Elip sau:
Th
.
x2 y 2
a)
+
= 1.
12
9
b) 9x2 + 4y 2 36 = 0.
Bi 6.24: Tm trn (E) :

a) im M c tung
x2
+ y 2 = 1:
4
1
.
2
b) im N c tung gp i honh .
c) im P sao cho 2P F1 = 3P F2 .
0
d) im Q sao cho F\
1 QF2 = 120 .
Bi 6.25: Lp phng trnh (E) bit:
a) di trc ln bng 8 v qua im (2 2; 2).

!

1
5
b) Qua 2 im P 2 2;
, Q 2;
3
3
c) C tiu c l 4 v qua im
d) Qua im M
3 4
;
5 5

2
1; .
5
0
v F\
1 M F2 = 90 .
e) di trc nh l 4 v mt tiu im c ta (2; 0).
Trang 117
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Bi 6.26: Cho 2 Elip (E1 ) : x2 + 8y 2 = 16 v (E2 ) : 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36. Vit phng trnh
ng trn qua cc giao im ca 2 Elip.
Bi 6.27: Cho Elip (E) :
x2 y 2
+
= 1.
25 16
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im c honh x = 9 v c tung m.

b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn qua im A(2; 5).
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng 5x 3y + 10 = 0.
Tu
d) Gi s qua im S(1; 4) k cc tip tuyn SM , SN . Vit phng trnh ng thng

MN.
M
in
Hyperbol
x2 y 2
= 1.
4
5
x2 y 2
b)
= 1.
16
9
Th
.
a)
Bi 6.28: Xc nh di cc trc, tiu c, tiu im, tm sai, phng trnh ng

chun, phng trnh tim cn ca cc Hyperbol sau:
Bi 6.29: Cho Hyperbol (H) : x2
y2
= 1. Tm trn (H):
4
a) im M c honh 2.
b) im N cch u 2 trc ta .
0
c) im P sao cho F\
1 P F2 = 90 .
d) im Q sao cho F2 Q = 2F1 Q.

Bi 6.30: Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca Hyperbol bit:
a) Tiu c c di l 8 v khong cch t nh trn trc thc n tiu im l 1.
b) di trc o l 4 v mt tiu im l (3; 0).
c) Mt tiu im l F2 (5; 0) v mt tim cn l y = 2x.
d) Mt tim cn l y = 3x v qua im 3; 15
e) Mt tiu im l (2; 0) v qua im (3; 2).

5
;1 .
f) Qua 2 im P ( 10; 2), Q
2
g) Tiu c c di l 4 2 v i qua im (3; 5)

Bi 6.31: Cho Hyperbol (H) : 9x2 4y 2 = 36.
Trang 118
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
a) M l mt im ty trn (H). Chng minh rng : (F1 M + F2 M )2 4OM 2 = const

b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im thuc nhnh tri Hyperbol v c tung y = 1.
c) d : 2x y + m = 0. Tm m d l tip tuyn ca (H).

3
.
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) qua im A 1;
2
e) Qua S(1; 2) k 2 tip tuyn SP , SQ vi (H). Vit phng trnh ng thng P Q.
Tu
Parabol
Bi 6.32: Tm tiu im, ng chun v v Parabol cho bi cc phng trnh sau:
a) y 2 = 5x.
M
in
b) x2 = 6y.
c) y 2 = 4x + 2.
Bi 6.33: Lp phng trnh ca (P ) bit:
Th
.
a) Tiu im l F (3; 0) v ng chun x = 5.

b) Tiu im l F (0; 2) v ng chun l trc Ox.
Bi 6.34: Cho Parabol (P ) : y 2 = 4x. Gi d l ng thng i qua tiu im F ct (P )
ti 2 im phn bit M, N
a) Tm ta M, N bit F M = 4F N . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti M, N vi (P ).
b) Gi I l trung im ca M N . Tm qu tch im I.
c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (P ) i qua im A(2; 1).
d) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (P ) vung gc vi ng thng : 2x + 3y 4 = 0.
e) Gi s qua im S(3; 2) ta k c 2 tip tuyn SC, SD vi (P ). Vit phng trnh
CD.
Bi tp tng hp
Cc em tham kho trong thi d b v thi chnh thc t nm 2002 n nm 2009.
A. Phng trnh ng thng
Bi 6.35: Lp phng trnh tng qut, tham s, chnh tc ca ng thng (d) bit:
a) i qua im M (1; 2) v c vc t php tuyn

n = (3; 2).
b) i qua im M (3; 1) v c vc t ch phng

u = (4; 1).
c) i qua 2 im A(1; 4), B(2; 1).
Trang 119
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
d) (d) l trung trc ca on thng AB vi A
1
;1
2
2
e) i qua im M (7; 3) v c h s gc k = .
3
v B(2; 1).
Bi 6.36: Chuyn (d) v dng tham s v chnh tc bit (d) c phng trnh tng qut:
a) 2x 3y = 0.
b) 2x 3 = 0.
c) 3x 4y + 5 = 0.
Th
.
M
in
Tu
Bi 6.37: Chuyn (d) v dng tng qut bit (d) c phng trnh tham s:

x=2
a)
y =3+t

x=2t
b)
y = 5 + 3t

x = 4 + 2t
c)
y = 5t 1

Bi 6.38: Trong cc im A1 (2; 1), A2 (1; 2), A3 (1; 3), A4 (1; 1), A5 12 ; 2 , A6

x=2t
A7 (3; 1), im no nm trn ng thng (d) :
.
y = 1 + 2t
7 1
;
3 3
Bi 6.39: Cho cc im A(2; 1), B(3; 5), C(1; 2).

a) Chng minh rng A, B, C l 3 nh ca mt tam gic.
b) Lp phng trnh cc ng cao ca tam gic ABC.
c) Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC.
d) Lp phng trnh cc ng trung tuyn ca tam gic ABC.
e) Lp phng trnh cc ng trung trc ca tam gic ABC.
Bi 6.40: Cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 2), B(4; 3), C(2; 3).
a) Lp phng trnh ng trung trc ca AB.
b) Lp phng trnh ca ng thng i qua im M (3; 7) v vung gc vi ng trung
tuyn k t A ca tam gic ABC.
Bi 6.41: Lp phng trnh cc cnh v ng trung trc ca tam gic ABC bit trung
im 3 cnh BC, CA, AB ln lt l M (2; 3), N (4; 1), P (3; 5).
Bi 6.42: Cho tam gic ABC bit A(3; 3), B(2; 1), C(11; 2). Lp phng trnh ng
thng d i qua A v chia tam gic ABC thnh 2 phn c t s din tch bng 2.
B. ng thng song song, vung gc vi mt ng thng.
Trang 120
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Bi 6.43: Lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng () i qua A v song song vi

ng thng (d):
a) A(1; 3), d : x y + 1 = 0.
b) A(2; 5), d trc Ox.

x=1t
c) A(1; 1), d :
y = 2 + 2t
d) A(3; 5), (d) :
x2 y+3
=
.
2
5
Tu
Bi 6.44: Lp phng trnh tng qut, tham s ca ng thng () i qua A vung

gc vi ng thng d bit:
M
in
x3 y+1
=
.
2
1
Th
.
d) A(2; 5), (d) :
b) A(4; 2), (d) Oy.

x=1+t
c) A(1; 6), (d) :
y = 2 + 2t
a) A(3; 3), (d) : 2x 5y + 1 = 0.
Bi 6.45: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit A(2; 2) v 2 ng cao
(d1 ), (d2 ) c phng trnh l (d1 ) : x + y 2 = 0, (d2 ) : 9x 3y + 4 = 0.
Bi 6.46: Cho tam gic ABC bit phng trnh cnh AB l x + y 9 = 0, cc ng
cao qua nh A v B ln lt l (d1 ) : x + y 1 = 0 v (d2 ) : 7x + 5y 49 = 0. Lp
phng trnh cc cnh AC, BC v ng cao th 3 ca tam gic ABC.
Bi 6.47: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit A(3; 5), ng cao v
ng trung tuyn k t mt nh c phng trnh ln lt l (d1 ) : 5x + 4y 1 = 0,
(d2 ) : 8x + y 7 = 0.
Bi 6.48: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit A(3; 1) v 2 ng trung
tuyn c phng trnh (d1 ) : 2x y 1 = 0, (d2 ) : x 1 = 0.
Bi 6.49: Phng trnh 2 cnh ca tam gic ABC l (d1 ) : x + y 2 = 0, (d2 ) :
x + 2y 5 = 0 v trc tm tam gic H(2; 3). Lp phng trnh cnh th 3 ca tam gic
.
Bi 6.50: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit B(2; 3), phng trnh
ng cao h t A v ng trung tuyn t C ln lt l (d1 ) : 3x 2y + 3 = 0,
(d2 ) : 7x + y 2 = 0.
Bi 6.51: Xc nh ta cc nh v lp phng trnh cnh BC ca tam gic ABC bit
trung im ca BC l M (2; 3), phng trnh cc cnh AB, AC ln lt l x y 1 = 0
v 2x + y = 0.
Trang 121
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Bi 6.52: Xc nh ta cc
! nh v lp phng trnh cnh BC ca tam gic ABC bit
4 2
v phng trnh cc cnh AB, AC ln lt l: x3y+13 =
;
trng tm tam gic G
3 3
0, 12x + y 29 = 0.
Bi 6.53: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit trung im AB l
M (3; 4), 2 ng cao k t A, B ln lt l (d1 ) : 2x5y+29 = 0, (d2 ) : 10x3y+5 = 0.
C. Hnh chiu vung gc ca im ln ng thng.
Bi 6.54: Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc H ca M ln ng thng (d) v xc nh

ta im M i xng vi M qua d.
h
M
in
b) M (1; 4), d : 3x + 4y 4 = 0.

x = 1 2t
c) M (3; 5), d :
y = 3 + 4t
Tu
a) M (6; 4), d : 4x 5y + 3 = 0.
Bi 6.55: Tm ta trc tm H ca tam gic ABC v xc nh ta im K i

xng vi H qua BC bit A(0; 3), B(3; 0), C(1; 1).
Th
.
Bi 6.56: Lp phng trnh ng thng () i xng vi ng thng d qua im I

bit:
a) I(3; 1), d : 2x + y 3 = 0.
b) I(1; 1), d : 3x 2y + 1 = 0.

x=2t
c) I(1; 3), d :
1 2t

x = 3 + t
d) I(0; 2), d :
y = 5 4t
Bi 6.57: Lp phng trnh ng thng d1 i xng vi ng thng d qua ng
thng bit:
a) d : x + 2y 1 = 0, : 2x y + 3 = 0.
b) d : 2x + 3y + 5 = 0, : 5x y + 4 = 0.
x+1 y3
=
.
2
3

x = 1 + 2t
.
d) d : 2x + y + 3 = 0, :
x=3+t
c) d : 5x + y 6 = 0, :
Bi 6.58: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit A(0; 3), phng trnh 2
ng phn gic trong xut pht t B v C ln lt l dB : xy = 0, dC : x+2y 8 = 0.
Bi 6.59: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit A(4; 3), B(9; 2) v
phng trnh ng phn gic trong xut pht t C l d; x y + 3 = 0.
Trang 122
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Bi 6.60: Cho tam gic ABC bit phng trnh cnh BC : x+4y8 = 0 v phng trnh
2 ng phn gic trong xut pht t B v C ln lt l dB : y = 0, dC : 5x + 3y 6 = 0.
Bi 6.61: Cho tam gic ABC bit C(3; 3), phng trnh ng cao v ng phn
gic trong xut pht t A ln lt l d1 : x = 2, d2 : 3x + 8y 14 = 0.
Bi 6.62: Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit C(5; 2), phng trnh
ng trung tuyn t A l d1 : 5x + y 7 = 0 v ng phn gic trong gc B l
d2 : x y + 3 = 0.
D. V tr tng i ca 2 ng thng.
c) d1 :
M
in
x3 y2
x=1+t
=
.
, d2 :
y =3t
2
1
x = 2 + 3t
, d2 : 2x 3y + 1 = 0.
y =1+t
b) d1 :
Tu
Bi 6.63: Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau:

x=1t
x=2u
a) d1 :
, d2 :
y =2+t
,y = 5 + u
Th
.
d) d1 : 3x + 2y 1 = 0, d2 : x + 3y 4 = 0.
Bi 6.64: Cho a2 + b2 6= 0 v 2 ng thng d1 v d2 c phng trnh:
d1 : (a b)x + y = 1,
d2 : (a2 b2 )x + ay = b
a) Tm quan h gia a, b d1 , d2 ct nhau. Khi hy xc nh ta giao im I

ca chng.
b) Tm iu kin gia a, b I thuc trc honh.
Bi 6.65: Cho 2 ng thng d1 : kx y + k = 0, d2 : (1 k 2 )x + 2ky 1 k 2 = 0.
a) Chng minh rng d1 lun i qua mt im c nh vi mi k.
b) Chng minh rng d1 lun ct d2 . Xc nh ta giao im ca chng.
E. Gc v khong cch
Bi 6.66: Tm gc gia cc cp ng thng sau:
a) d1 : 5x + 3y 4 = 0, d2 : x + 2y + 2 = 0.
b) d1 : 3x 4y 14 = 0, d2 :
c) d1 :
x1 y+3
=
.
2
1
x = 1 3t
, d2 : 3x + 2y 2 = 0.
y =2+t
d) d1 : x + my 1 = 0, d2 : x y + 2m 1 = 0.
Bi 6.67: Tnh khong cch t im M im ng thng d trong cc trng hp sau.
Trang 123
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
a) M (3; 2), d : 3x + 4y 1 = 0.
b) M (2; 5), d : y = 2x + 3.
c) M (4; 1), d Ox.
d) M (3; 2), d : 2x = 3.

x = 2 + 2t
e) M (5; 2), d :
y =5t
x3 y+4
=
.
1
2
f) M (3; 2), d :
Tu
Bi 6.68: Cho 2 ng thng d1 : 2x 3y + 1 = 0, d2 : 4x + 6y 3 = 0.
a) Chng minh d1 //d2 .
M
in
b) Tnh khong cch gia 2 ng thng .
Bi 6.69: Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua M v to vi mt gc bit:
Th
.
a) M (1; 2), : x 2y + 3 = 0, = 450 .

x = 1 3t
, = 450 .
b) M (2; 0), :
y = 1 + t
Bi 6.70: Lp phng trnh ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi d1 v d2 bit:
a) d1 : 2x + 3y 1 = 0, d2 : 3x + 2y + 2 = 0.

x = 1 5t
b) d1 : 4x + 3y 4 = 0, d2 :
y = 3 + 12t
c) d1 : 5x + 3y 4 = 0, d2 :
x+1 y+1
=
.
3
5
d) d1 : 3x 4y + 5 = 0, d Ox.
Bi 6.71: Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua im M (2; 5) v cch N (4; 1) mt
on bng 2.
Bi 6.72: Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua M (2; 3) v cch u 2 im A(5; 1),
B(3; 7).
Bi 6.73: Cho 2 ng thng d1 : x 3y + 5 = 0, d2 : 3x + y 2 = 0. Tm im M nm
trn Ox v cch u hai ng thng d1 , d2 .

x = 1 2t
, d2 : 5x+12y 1 = 0, d3 : 4x3y +2 =
Bi 6.74: Cho 3 ng thng d1 :
y =1+t
0. Tm M nm trn d1 v cch u d2 , d3 .
Bi 6.75: Cho 2 im A(2; 1), B(3; 2) v ng thng d : 4x + 3y + 5 = 0. Tm im
M cch u 2 im A, B ng thi khong cch t M n d bng 2.
Trang 124
6.4. Bi tp
Chng 6. Hnh phng ta
Bi 6.76: Cho 2 ng thng d1 : 2x y + 1 = 0, d2 : x + 2y 7 = 0. Lp phng trnh

ng thng d i qua 2 gc ta sao cho d to vi d1 v d2 tam gic cn c nh l
giao im ca d1 v d2 .
Bi 6.77: Cho 2 im A(0; 5), B(4; 1) v ng thng d : x 4y + 7 = 0. Tm trn
ng thng d im C sao cho tam gic ABC cn ti C.
Th
.
M
in
Tu
Bi 6.78: Cho im A(3; 1). Xc nh im B, C sao cho OABC l hnh vung v B

nm trong gc phn t th nht. Lp phng trnh ng cho ca hnh vung .
Trang 125
Chng 7. Gii hn
Chng 7
Gii hn dy s
Cc tnh cht c bn ca gii hn
7.1.1
M
in
7.1
Tu
Gii hn
(k = 1, 2, )
1
=0
n an
(a R, |a| > 1)
lim
1
=0
n nk
lim
Th
.
Php ton vi i lng v hn:

+ a = +,
a =
+ + (+) = +, + () = =
Nu a > 0
a. () =
Nu a < 0
kx Nu a = 0
= kx. C th nh sau:
a
a
a > 0 : + = +,
=
0
0
a
a
a < 0 : + = ,
= +
0
0
0. = kx
a
= 0,
. =
nh l gii hn kp: un vn wn
Nu lim un = lim wn = l lim vn = l

n
Php ton trn gii hn: Gii hn ca tng, hiu, tch, thng cc dy s tng
ng l tng, hiu, tch, thng cc gii hn.
Trang 126
7.1. Gii hn dy s
7.1.2
Chng 7. Gii hn
Cc v d
V d 7.1: Tnh cc gii hn sau:

2n + 1
n 1 n2
a) lim
2n2 n + 1
n 1 + n 3n2
b) lim
3n3 2n2 + 1
n 1 + n 3n2
c) lim
2n + 3 cos n
n 3n 2 sin n
Tu
d) lim
M
in
1
2
+
0
2n + 1
2
Gii: a) lim
= 0.
= lim n n =
2
n 1 n
n 1
1
1
n2
Th
.
1
1
2 + 2 2
2n2 n + 1
n n = = 2.
b) lim
= lim
n 1 + n 3n2
n
1
3
1
1+ 2
n n

2
2
1
1
3
n 3 + 3
n 3 + 3
3n3 2n2 + 1
n n
n n
= lim
= .

c) lim
= lim
2
n+
n+ 1 + n 3n
n+
1
1
1
1
2
+ 3
+ 3
n
n2 n
n2 n
cos n
2+3
2n + 3 cos n
n .
d) Ta c lim
= lim
n+ 3n 2 sin n
n+
sin n
32
n
1 cos n 1
Mt khc ta c:
n
n
n
!
1
1
cos n
= lim
= 0 lim
= 0.
v lim
n+ n
n+
n+
n
n
sin n
= 0.
n+ n
Tng t ta c : lim
2n + 3 cos n
2
=
n+ 3n 2 sin n
3
T ta c: lim

a)
lim
n+
2n+1 3.5n
(3)n1 + 5n+1
Trang 127
7.2. Gii hn hm s
Chng 7. Gii hn
n + 2n
.
n+ 3 2n1

c) lim
n2 + n + 1 n .
b)
lim
n+
d)
lim
n+
Gii: a)

2n2 + n + 1 2n + 1 .
lim
n+
2n+1 3.5n
(3)n1 + 5n+1
2.2n 3.5n
1
n+
.(3)n + 5.5n
3
lim
Tu
3
5
n
2
2.
3
5
n
= lim
=
n+ 1
3
+5
.
3
5
M
in
n
+1
n
n + 2n
n + 2n
2

= lim
b) lim
= lim
n
1
n+
n+ 3 2n1
n+
1
1
3 .2n
3.
2
2
2
Ta c : 2n = (1 + 1)n = Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + + Cnn Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2
n2 + n + 2
n (n 1)
=
n 2
2
2
n
2n
0< n 2
n 2
2
n +n+2
2n
m lim 0 = lim 2
= 0.
n+
n+ n + n + 2
n
n + 2n
1
lim n = 0 lim
=
= 2 .
n1
n+ 2
n+ 3 2
1/2
Th
.
=1+n+
n+1
(n2 + n + 1 n2 )
c) lim
= lim
.
+ n + 1 n = lim
n+
n+
n2 + n + 1 + n n+ n2 + n + 1 + n
1
1+
1
n
= lim r
=
n+
2
1
1
1+ + 2 +1
n n
s

1
1
1
d) lim
2n2 + n + 1 2n + 1 = lim n 2 + + 2 2 + =
n+
n+
n n
n
7.2
n2
Gii hn hm s
Ngoi mt s cc tnh cht ca gii hn dy s, gii hn hm s cn c mt s gii hn

c bn sau:
7.2.1
Gii hn c bn
sin x
= 1.
x0 x
lim
Trang 128
7.2. Gii hn hm s
Chng 7. Gii hn
tan x
= 1.
x0
x
lim
1
x
lim (1 + x) = e hoc lim
x0
1
1+
x
!x
= e.
ex 1
= 1.
x0
x
lim
ln (1 + x)
= 1.
x0
x
Phng php tnh gii hn
Tu
7.2.2
S dng tng ng hm s:
M
in
xx0
f (x)
= 1.
g (x)
f (x) g (x) khi x x0 nu lim
lim
V d: sin x x khi x 0 v sin 2x 2x khi x 0
Th
.
Nhn lin hp:
Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t :

0
p dng vi gii hn dng khi x x0 vi x0 hu hn.
0
p dng vi gii hn cha cn thc: cn bc 2 hoc bc 3.
Chia cho hng t bc cao nht :
p dng vi gii hn khi x
7.2.3
Cc v d

a)
lim
x(1)+
3x + 2
x2 1
x3 5x + 4
x1 2x2 x 1
x + 2 3 3x + 2
c) lim
x2
4 x2
b) lim
Gii: a)
lim
x(1)+
3x + 2
3x + 2
1
= lim +
=
= .
2
x 1 x(1) (x 1)(x + 1)
2.0+
x3 5x + 4
(x 1)(x2 + x 4)
x2 + x 4
2
=
lim
=
lim
= .
2
x1 2x x 1
x1
x1
(x 1)(2x + 1)
2x + 1
3
b) lim
Trang 129
7.2. Gii hn hm s
Chng 7. Gii hn
3
x + 2 3 3x + 2
x + 2 3 3x + 2
3x + 2 x + 2
1
=
lim
=
lim
.
lim
x2
x2
x2 x + 2
4 x2
(2 x) (2 + x)
x2
c) l = lim
x2
3
3x + 2 2
3x + 2 8

lim
= lim
2
x2
x2
x2
(x 2) 3 3x + 2 + 2 3 3x + 2 + 4
Tu
1
3
3
=
= lim
=
x2 3 3x + 22 + 2 3 3x + 2 + 4
12
4
2 x+2
1
1
4x2
= lim
lim
=
= lim
x2
x2 2 +
x2 (x 2) 2 +
x2
4
x+2
x+2

1 1 1
+
= 0
l=
4 4
4
x3 + 3x + 1
x 2x2 + x + 1

b) lim
x2 + x + 1 + x + 1 v lim
M
in
a) lim
Th
.
x2 + x + 1 + x + 1
x
x+

1
3
3
x 1 + 2 + 3
x3 + 3x + 1
x
x

Gii: a) lim
= lim
2
x 2x + x + 1
x
1
1
2
x 2+ + 2
x x

1
3
x 1 + 2 + 3
x
x

= +
= lim
x
1
1
2+ + 2
x x
b) Dng + + (+)
!

1
1
x2 + x + 1 + x + 1 = lim
x2 1 + + 2 + x + 1
lim
x+
x+
x x
!
!#
"
r
r
1
1
1
1
1
= +
= lim |x| 1 + + 2 + x + 1 = lim x
1+ + 2 +1+
x+
x+
x x
x x
x
Dng + + ()

x2 + x + 1 (x + 1)2
lim
x2 + x + 1 + x + 1 = lim
x
x
x2 + x + 1 x 1
x
x
r
r
= lim
= lim
x
x
1
1
1
1
x2 . 1 + + 2 x 1
|x| . 1 + + 2 x 1
x x
x x
x
!
= lim
r
x
1
1
1
x
1+ + 2 +1+
x x
x
1
1
= lim r
=
x
2
1
1
1
1+ + 2 +1+
x x
x
Trang 130
7.2. Gii hn hm s
Chng 7. Gii hn

a) lim
x0
sin 2x
x
sin 2x. tan 3x

x0 (ex 1) ln (1 + 5x)
h

i
c) lim tan
x . (x2 + x 2)
x1
2
b) lim
sin 2x
sin 2x
= lim
.2 = 1.2 = 2
x0 2x
x0
x
Ch : y ta s dng sin 2x 2x khi x 0
Gii: a) lim
Tu
sin 2x tan 3x x
5x
2x.3x
sin 2x. tan 3x
= lim
.
. x
.
.
1) ln (1 + 5x) x0 2x
3x e 1 ln (1 + 5x) x.5x
b) lim
x0 (ex
6
6
=
5
5
M
in
= 1.1.1.1.
Ch : y ta s dng sin 2x 2x, tan 3x 3x, ex x, ln(1 + 5x) 5x khi

x 0.
Th
.
c) i bin x = t + 1, khi x 1 th t 0.
h

h

i
i

l = lim tan
x . (x2 + x 2) = lim tan
t+
. (t + 1)2 + t + 1 2
x1
t0
2
2
2

t
. (t + 3) . cos t = 1.3.1 = 3
= lim [ cot t. (t2 + 3t)] = lim
t0
t0 sin t
a) lim (1 + 2x)cot 3x
x0
b) lim
2x + 1
2x + 5
x+2
x23x+1
Gii: a) A = (1 + 2x)cot 3x ln A = cot 3x. ln (1 + 2x)

ln (1 + 2x) 3x
2
2x
2
lim ln A = lim
= 1.1.1. =
.
. cos 3x.
x0
x0
2x
sin 3x
3x
3
3
2
lim A = e 3
x0
b) A =
2x + 1
2x + 5
x+2
x23x+1

x2 x + 2
2x + 1
x2 x + 2
4
ln A =
. ln
=
. ln 1 +
3x + 1
2x + 5
3x + 1
2x + 5

4
ln 1 + 2x + 5 x2 x + 2 4
.
.
lim ln A = lim
4
x
x
3x + 1 2x + 5
2x + 5
Trang 131
7.3. Bi tp
Chng 7. Gii hn

2
1
x2 1 + 2
4 (x2 x + 2)
x x

= 4 lim
= 1. lim
x
x (3x + 1) . (2x + 5)
1
5
x 3+
.x 2 +
x
x
1
2
1 + 2
2
1
x x
= 4.
=
= 4 lim
x
5
1
3.2
3
. 2+
3+
x
x

lim A = e 3
Bi tp
Tu
7.3
x0
Th
.
M
in
2x3 5x2 2x 3
x3 4x3 13x2 + 4x 3
1 + x + x2 1 x + x2
b) lim
x0
x2 x
3
x + 20 3
c) lim 4
x7
x+92
3
1+x+ 3+x
d) lim
x2
x3 2x + 4
a) lim
Bi 7.1: Tnh cc gii hn sau:
Hng dn. a)
11
.
7
b) 1.
c)
32
.
27
d)
1
.
12

1 cos 5x
x0 1 cos 3x
cos x
lim
x 2 2x
cos x 3 cos 3x
lim
x0 1 cos x. cos 2x

sin x
3
lim
x 3 2 cos x 1
1 cos x cos 2x
lim
x0
sin2 x
a) lim
b)
c)
d)
e)
Trang 132
7.3. Bi tp
Chng 7. Gii hn
7x 6x
x0 5x 4x
f) lim
Hng dn. a)
b)
1
.
2
c)
1
.
2
25
.
9
Tu
f) log 5
!
7
.
6
3
.
2
M
in
e)
1
d) .
3
x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4
x 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1
Th
.
a) lim
2x3 + 5x2 x 1
x 3x5 4x4 + x2 + 3
x4 + x2 + 1
c) lim
x 3 x5 + x2 1

d) lim 3 x3 + x2 x2 x
b) lim
x+
e) lim (3x5 4x3 + x 1) v lim (3x5 4x3 + x 1)

x+
Hng dn. a)
1
.
4
b) 0.
c) .
d)
5
.
6
e) + v .
Bi 7.4: Tnh cc gii hn ca hm s sau:
2x2 5x 4
2x2 5x 4
v
lim
x3
x3
x2 9
x2 9
2

x 4
x
b) lim+
.
x2
2 x 1 3x
a) lim+
Trang 133
7.3. Bi tp
c) lim
x1
Chng 7. Gii hn
x 1 2x + 1
.
(x + 1)2 2x 3
|x2 + x 2|
x1 |x3 2x| 1
1 cos x
e) lim+
x0 1 cos
x
d) lim+
Hng dn. a) v +.
b) +.
Tu
c) .
d) 3.
M
in
e) 0.
Bi 7.5: Tnh cc gii hn ca hm s sau:

x0
c) lim
3x + 8
3x 2
2x+3
Th
.
b) lim
a) lim (1 x) x
x2 + 5x + 4
x2 3x + 7
x+2
Hng dn. a) e1 .
20
b) e 3 .
c) e8 .
Trang 134
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
Chng 8
Tu
Bt ng thc
8.1
Cc bt ng thc c bn
M
in
- Bt ng thc l mt vn rt kh, chng kh khng phi v kin thc nhiu m

v ta khng bit bt u. Bt ng thc ni chung l mt dng bi tp khng c thut
ton trong thi i hc. Ti liu ny ra i nhm cung cp cho hc sinh mt s thut
ton nht nh chng minh bt ng thc hay tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht.
nh l 8.1 (Bt ng thc Cauchy). Vi cc s x1 , x2 , , xn khng m ta c :
x1 + x2 + + xn
x1 + x2 + + xn n. n x1 x2 xn
n
Th
.
x1 x2 xn
Du bng xy ra khi x1 = x2 = = xn .
Chng minh. Ta chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php qui np theo n.
Vi n = 2: Bt ng thc tr thnh:
x1 x2
x1 + x2
2
( x1 x2 ) 0
2
Du bng xy ra khi x1 = x2 .
Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n ta chng minh bt ng thc ng vi 2n. Gi
s x1 , x2 , , x2n 0, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi n s x1 , x2 , , xn 0 ta
c:
x1 + x2 + + xn
n x1 x2 xn
n
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi n s xn+1 , xn+2 , , x2n 0 ta c:
xn+1 + xn+2 + + x2n
n xn+1 xn+2 x2n
n
T ta c:
x1 + x2 + + x2n 1
=
2n
2
x1 + x2 + + xn xn+1 + xn+2 + + x2n

+
n
n

1
n
x1 x2 xn + n xn+1 xn+2 x2n
2
Trang 135
8.1. Cc bt ng thc c bn
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
x1 x2 xn . n xn+1 xn+2 x2n = 2n x1 x2 x2n
(p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi 2 s n x1 x2 xn , n xn+1 xn+2 x2n )
Chng minh tnh li, tc chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n th ng vi n 1.

Tht vy gi s bt ng thc ng vi n, ly n 1 s x1 , x2 , , xn1 .
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy vi n s x1 , x2 , , xn1 , t =
x1 + x2 + + xn1
n1
x1 + x2 + + xn1 + t
n x1 .x2 . .xn1 .t
n
(n 1) t + t
n x1 .x2 . .xn1 .t t n x1 .x2 . .xn1 .t
n
tn x1 .x2 . .xn1 .t tn1 x1 .x2 . .xn1
Tu
ta c:
x1 + x2 + + xn1
n1
Vy bt ng thc ng vi n 1.
x1 .x2 . .xn1
n1
n1
x1 .x2 . .xn1
M
in
Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n = k, theo bc 2 th bt ng thc ng vi

n = 2k. p dng lin tip kt qu ca bc 3 ta c bt ng thc ng vi
n = 2k 1 do ng vi n = 2k 2, ... , cui cng bt ng thc ng vi
n = k + 1.
Th
.
T kt qu ca bc 1, 4 v theo nguyn l qui np ta c bt ng thc ng vi mi

s t nhin n 2.
Phng php chng minh trn gi l phng php chng minh qui np li. Phng
php chng minh th v ny l ca nh ton hc ngi Php Cauchy. Tuy nhin ng
khng phi l ngi pht minh ra bt ng thc ny. Tn ca bt ng thc ny theo
cc ti liu nc ngoi l AM GM (Arithmetic Means - Geometric Means):
Trong thc t ta thng p dng bt ng thc vi n = 2, n = 3.
Vi mi a 0, b 0 ta c:
!2
a+b
a+b
ab
a + b 2 ab
ab
2
2
Vi mi a, b, c 0 ta c:
a+b+c
abc
abc
3
a+b+c
3
!3
3
a + b + c 3 abc
H qu 8.1 (Cauchy). Nu tch khng i, tng nh nht khi cc s bng nhau. Nu

tng khng i, tch ln nht khi cc s bng nhau.
nh l 8.2 (Bunhiacopxki). Cho 2 b s (a1 , a2 , , an ) , (b1 , b2 , , bn ). Khi ta c
bt ng thc:

a21 + a22 + + a2n . b21 + b22 + + b2n (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn )2
Du ng thc xy ra khi 2 b t l, tc l: (a1 , a2 , , an ) = t. (b1 , b2 , , bn )

an
a1 a2
=
= =
Hoc
b1
b2
bn
Qui c: nu aj = 0 th bj = 0 v ngc li.
Trang 136
8.1. Cc bt ng thc c bn
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
Tu
Chng minh. +) Nu a21 + a22 + + a2n = 0 a1 = a2 = = an = 0 bt ng thc

ng.
+) Nu a21 + a22 + + a2n 6= 0:
Ta c P = (a1 t b1 )2 + (a2 t b2 )2 + + (an t bn )2
= (a21 + a22 + + a2n ) t2 2 (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn ) t + (b21 + b22 + + b2n )
P 0 t 0, P l a thc bc 2.
Do 0, ta c bt ng thc:
(a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn )2 (a21 + a22 + + a2n ) (b21 + b22 + + b2n ) 0
(a21 + a22 + + a2n ) (b21 + b22 + + b2n ) (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn )2 .
Du bng xy ra khi tn ti t sao cho a1 t b1 = a2 t b2 = = an t bn = 0.
an
a1 a2
=
= =
= t (a1 , a2 , , an ) = t. (b1 , b2 , , bn )
b1
b2
bn
Ta thng p dng bt ng thc Bunhicopxki trong trng hp n = 2, n = 3.
a b
= t : (a, b) = t (x, y).
x y

a2 + b2 + c2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 (ax + by + cz)2
c
a b
= = t : (a, b, c) = t (x, y, z)
x y z
Th
.
Du bng xy ra khi

x2 + y 2 (ax + by)2
Du bng xy ra khi
M
in
a2 + b 2
nh l 8.3 (Cauchy - Schwarz). Cho 2 b s (a1 , a2 , , an ) , (b1 , b2 , , bn ), vi bi > 0

i = 1, 2, .., n. Ta c bt ng thc:
a21 a22
a2n (a1 + a2 + + an )2
+ + +
b1 b2
bn
b1 + b2 + + bn
Du bng xy ra khi 2 b t l ging bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki.
Chng minh. p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki cho 2 b s:
!
p p
p
a1 a2
an
, , ,
b1 , b2 , , bn
,
b1 b2
bn
ta c bt ng thc :
!2
!2
a1
a2

+
+ +
b1
b2
!2

an
2
2
2
b1 +
b2 + +
bn
bn
!2
a1
a2
an
. b1 + . b2 + + . bn
b1
b2
bn
a2n
a21 a22
+ + +
b1 b2
bn
(b1 + b2 + + bn ) (a1 + a2 + + an )2
a2n (a1 + a2 + + an )2
a21 a22
+ + +
(pcm)
b1 b2
bn
b1 + b2 + + bn
Trang 137
8.2. Bt ng thc Cauchy
8.2
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
Bt ng thc Cauchy
Trong thc t vic p dng bt ng thc Cauchy c mun hnh vn trng nhng tt c
u tp trung quanh phng php im ri. Nm c tng ca phng php im
ri khng phi l mt vic d dng nhng hc sinh cn nh rng c th thm bt nhng
du bng phi xy ra c, hn th na hc sinh phi cch bit c du bng xy
ra khi no? Mc ny nhm mc ch hc sinh c th nm vng hn c phng
php ny. Hy vng l thng qua vic thc hnh hc sinh s nm c ct yu ca vn
.
Tm min tng, max ca tch
8.2.1
Tu
Cch gii: S dng h qu ca Bt ng thc Cauchy.
a) A = 2x +
1
x
b) B = 4x +
1
x1
c) C = x2 +
3
x
d) D = x2 +
1
x3
Gii:
M
in
V d 8.1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
(x > 0)
(x > 1)
Th
.
(x > 0)
(x > 0).
a) p dng BT Cauchy cho 2 s dng 2x,
A = 2x +
1
2
x
1
ta c:
x
1
2x. = 2 2
x
1
1
1
Vy Amin = 2 2, t khi 2x = x2 = x =
x
2
2
b) Ta c B = 4 (x 1) +
1
+4
x1
p dng BT Cauchy cho 2 s dng 4 (x 1) ,

1
+42
B = 4 (x 1) +
x1
(Do x > 0)
1
x1
4 (x 1)
1
+4=8
x1
Vy ta c Bmin = 8
4 (x 1) =
1
1
1
3
(x 1)2 = x 1 = x =
x1
4
2
2
Trang 138
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
t khi
x
1
3
= 3 x5 = x =
3
2x
2
s
5
3
.
2
Tu
5
5
Dmin =
D
5
5
108
108
s
s
3
3
3
3
3
3 9
c) Ta c C = x2 +
+
3 x2 . . = 3
.
2x 2x
2x 2x
4
s
s
3
3
3 9
3 3
Vy Cmin = 3
t khi x2 =
x3 = x =
4
2x
2
2
s
2 2 2
2
2
2
x
x
1
1
x x 1 1
x
5 x
+ + + 3+ 35
. . . 3. 3
d) D =
3
3
3
2x
2x
3 3 3 2x 2x
a) P = x(3 x)2
(0 < x < 3).
!
2
.
0<x<
5
b) Q = x2 (2 5x)3
M
in
V d 8.2: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
Th
.
c) R = sin3 xcos5 x.
1
1 2x + 3 x + 3 x
Gii: a) P = .2x (3 x) (3 x)
2
2
3
!3
= 4.
Pmax = 4 t khi 2x = 3 x x = 1.
5x 5x 2 5x 2 5x 2 5x 33 .22
. .
.
.
. 2
2 2
3
3
3
5
5
5x 5x 2 5x 2 5x 2 5x
3456
108 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3
25
5
78125
b) Q =
3456
78125
5x 2 5x
2
t khi
=
25x = 2 x =
2
3
25

3
5
c) R2 = sin2 x .(cos2 x)
Qmax =
sin2 x sin2 x sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x 3 5

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.3 .5
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
2
8
sin x sin2 x sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x
3 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5
3 5
3 .5
33 .55
= 8 R
8
33 .55
Rmax =
88
33 .55
88
Trang 139
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
sin2 x cos2 x
3
=
tan2 x = tan x =
3
5
5
8.2.2
3
. (Do R > 0 nn tan x > 0)
5
Bt ng thc i xng
Dng bi tp : chng minh bt ng thc nhng cc bin i xng vi nhau v

hn th na chng cn ng cp vi nhau.Dng bi ny thng d bi v du bng
ca chng thng xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau. Da vo phng php im ri
ta s bit cch p dng bt ng thc Cauchy th no cho thch hp.
Tu
V d 8.3: Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

a2 b 2 c 2
+ + a + b + c.
b
c
a
b)
b2
c2
a+b+c
a2
+
+
3b + 2c 3c + 2a 3a + 2b
5
c)
a3
b3
c3
a+b+c
+
+
.
b (2c + a) c (2a + b) a (2b + c)
3
d)
a5 b 5 c 5
+ +
a3 + b 3 + c 3 .
b 2 c 2 a2
Th
.
M
in
a)
b5
c5
a5
e) 2 + 2 + 2 a2 + b2 + c2
bc ca ab
a3
b3
c3
a2 + b 2 + c 2
f)
+
+
3b + 2c 3c + 2a 3a + 2b
5
g)
b5
c5
a2 + b 2 + c 2
a5
+
+
b2 (c + 2a) c2 (a + 2b) a2 (b + 2c)

3
h) a4 + b4 + c4 a3 b + b3 c + c3 a.
Gii: a) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
s
2
a
a2
+
b
2
.b = 2a
b
b
2
2
+ b + c 2 b .c = 2b
sc
c2
c2
+a2
.a = 2c
a
a
a2 b 2 c 2
+ + + (a + b + c) 2 (a + b + c)
b
c
a
a2 b 2 c 2
+ + a+b+c
b
c
a
Du bng xy ra a = b = c.
Trang 140
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
Tu
b) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
s
2
a
a2 3b + 2c 2a
3b + 2c
+
2
.
=
3b + 2c
25
3b + 2c 25
5
2a 3b + 2c
a2
3b + 2c
5
25
2
2b
3c
+
2a
b
2
+
T :
3c + 2a
5
25
2c 3a + 2b
c2
3a + 2b
5
25
b2
c2
2
5
a2
+
+
(a + b + c) (a + b + c)
3b + 2c 3c + 2a 3a + 2b 5
25
M
in
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
+
+
3b + 2c 3c + 2a 3a + 2b
5
2
3b + 2c
a
25
3b +2 2c
b
3c + 2a
Du bng xy ra khi:
a=b=c
=
3c + 2a
25
3a + 2b
c2
=
3a + 2b
25
Th
.
c) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
s
b 2c + a
b 2c + a
a3
a3
3
+ +
3
. .
=a
b (2c + a) 3
9
b (2c + a) 3 9
a3
8
1
2
a b c
b (2c + a) 9
3
9
3
b
8
1
2
2
T :
b c a +
c (2a + b) 9
3
9
c
8
1
2
c a b
a (2b + c) 9
3
9
1P
2P
b3
c3
8P
a3
a
a
a
+
+
b (2c + a) c (2a + b) a (2b + c) 9

3
9
a+b+c
b3
c3
1P
a3
a=
+
+
b (2c + a) c (2a + b) a (2b + c) 3

3
a3
b 2c + a
=
=
9
b (2c + a) 3
3
b
c 2a + b
Du bng xy ra khi:
a=b=c
= =
c
(2a
+
b)
3
9
c3
a 2b + c
= =
a (2b + c) 3
9
d) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
s
5 5 5
a a 3 3
a5 a5 a5
5 a
3
3
+
+
+
b
+
b
5
.
. .b .b = 5a3
b2 b2 b2
b2 b2 b2
Trang 141
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
M
in
Tu
a5
3
3
3 2 + 2b 5a
5
b
3
3
2
T : 3 2 + 2c 5b +
c
c5
3
3
3 2 + 2a 5c
a
!
a5 b 5 c 5
3
+ +
+ 2 (a3 + b3 + c3 ) 5 (a3 + b3 + c3 )
b 2 c 2 a2
!
a5 b 5 c 5
a5 b 5 c 5
3
3
3
+ +
3 (a + b + c ) 2 + 2 + 2 a3 + b3 + c3
3
b 2 c 2 a2
b
c
a
= b3
2
b
5
b
Du bng xy ra khi:
= c3 a = b = c
c5
= a3
a2
Th
.
e) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
s
5
5
5
a
a5 2 2 2
a
5 a
2
2
2
+
+
b
+
b
+
c
5
.
.b .b .c = 5a2
b2 c b2 c
b2 c b2 c
a5
2
2
2
2 2 5a 2b c
bc
5
b
2
2
2
2
T : 2 2 5b 2c a +
ca
c5
2
2
2
2 2 5c 2a b
ab
!
b5
c5
a5
P
P
P
P
5 a2 2 a2 a2 = 2 a2
2 2 + 2 + 2
bc ca ab
a5
b5
c5
+
+
a2 + b 2 + c 2
b 2 c c 2 a a2 b
a5
= b2 = c 2
2c
b
5
b
Du bng xy ra khi :
= c 2 = a2 a = b = c
2a
c5
= a2 = b 2
a2 b
f) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
s
a (3b + 2c)
a3
a3 a (3b + 2c)
+
2
.
3b + 2c
25
3b + 2c
25
Trang 142
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
a3
3ab + 2ca 2a2
3b + 2c
25
5
2
3
3bc
+
2ab
2b
b
+
+
T2 :
3c + 2a
25
5
3ca + 2bc 2c2

c3
3a + 2b
25
5
a3
b3
c3
ab + bc + ca 2a2 2b2 2c2
+
+
+
+
+
3b + 2c 3c + 2a 3a + 2b
5
5
5
5
Do a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
b3
c3
a2 + b2 + c2 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 )
a3
+
+
+
3b + 2c 3c + 2a 3a + 2b
5
5
M
in
Tu
a3
b3
c3
a2 + b 2 + c 2
+
+
3b + 2c 3c + 2a 3a + 2b
5
3
a
a (3b + 2c)
3b + 2c
25
3bc + 2ab
b3
=
a=b=c
Du bng xy ra khi:
3c + 2a
25
3ca + 2bc
c
+ 2b
25
3a
a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca
Th
.
g) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
v
!2
!2
u
5
2
u
a
b
(c + 2a)2
a
b
b
(c + 2a)
a
5
t
.
.
+
+ + +
5
b2 (c + 2a) b2 (c + 2a) 3
3
27
b2 (c + 2a)
3
27
5
2a5
2b2 (c + 2a)2 5a2
+
+
b2 (c + 2a)
3
27
3
5a2 2b2 c2 + 4ca + 4a2

2a5
2
b (c + 2a)
3
3
27
Do 4ca 2c2 + 2a2 nn ta c:
2a5
5a2 2b2 c2 + 2c2 + 2a2 + 4a2
b2 (c + 2a)
3
3
27
13a2 6b2 c2
2a5
b (c + 2a)
9
5
2
2
2
2b
13b
6c
a
2
+
T : 2
c (a + 2b)
9
2c5
13c2 6a2 b2
2
a (b + 2c)
9
!
a5
b5
c5
6 (a2 + b2 + c2 )
2 2
+
+
b (c + 2a) c2 (a + 2b) a2 (b + 2c)

9
b5
c5
a2 + b 2 + c 2
a5
+
+
.
b2 (c + 2a) c2 (a + 2b) a2 (b + 2c)
3
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c.
Trang 143
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
h) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
4
a4 + a4 + a4 + b4 4 a4 .a4 .a4 .b4
3a4 + b4 4a3 b
T 2 : 3b4 + c4 4b3 c +
3c4 + a4 4c3 a
4 (a4 + b4 + c4 ) 4 (a3 b + b3 c + c3 a) a4 + b4 + c4 a3 b + b3 c + c3 a
Cc tr c iu kin
8.2.3
M
in
Tu
Cc tr c iu kin: l dng bi tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc hoc chng

minh mt bt ng thc vi iu kin cho trc. iu kin y khng phi l rng
buc t nhin nh kiu cc bin khng m m l cc ng thc, hay kh hn l bt
ng thc cho mi lin h rng buc gia cc bin.
V d 8.4: Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng:
a) Nu a4 + b4 + c4 33(a + b + c) 150 th ta c a + b + c 6.
b) Nu a4 + b4 + c4 2(a + b + c) 3 th ta c a + b + c 3.
a) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
Th
.
Gii:
4
a4 + 16 + 16 + 16 4 a4 .16.16.16
a4 + 48 32a
T 2 : b4 + 48 32b +
c4 + 48 32c
a4 + b4 + c4 + 144 32 (a + b + c)
Theo gi thit ta c : a4 + b4 + c4 33(a + b + c) 150

33(a + b + c) 150 + 144 32 (a + b + c)
a + b + c 6.
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c = 2.
b) p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
a4 + 3 4a
T 2 : b4 + 3 4b +
c4 + 3 4c
4
a4 + 1 + 1 + 1 4 a4 .1.1.1
a4 + b4 + c4 + 9 4 (a + b + c)
Theo gi thit ta c: a4 + b4 + c4 2(a + b + c) 3.

2(a + b + c) 3 + 9 4 (a + b + c) a + b + c 3.
Du bng xy ra khi : a = b = c = 1.
Trang 144
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
Bnh lun: cu a) vn chnh l ta phi bit c du bng xy ra khi a = b = c = 2.

Cu b) xy ra du bng khi a = b = c = 1. Ci ny hc sinh t mnh suy ngm.
V d 8.5: Cho 0 y x 1. Chng minh rng:
1
x yy x
4
"
#
1

Gii: Ta c : x y y x = x. y x y = 2.
x. y x y
2
3

x y
2 + y+
1
1
= .(x)3
2.
3
4
4
Tu
M
in
1
x=1

x= y=
x y
Du bng xy ra khi:
1
2

y=
x=1
4
Th
.
Bnh lun: Vn t ra y l ti sao trong bt ng thc Cauchy ta li p dng

1
cho
x ch khng phi l x. Ta rng mt y th nht thit phi c mt s
2
1
y v x y. Cho 2 s ny bng nhau th y =

x.
2
V d 8.6: Chng minh rng vi mi x, y > 0 ta u c:
!
!2
y
9
256
(1 + x) 1 +
1+
x
y
Gii: Bt ng thc Cauchy dng tng qut:
mx + ny (m + n) m+n xm y n hoc x + (1 ) y x .y 1 (0 < < 1).

!
!1
1
1
x
x
- Phn tch bi ton: 1 + x = (1 ) .
.
= k1 .x
+ .
1
1
!
!
9
9
y
y
, 1 + k3 .
(ki y l hng s)
Tng t ta cng c :1 + k2
x
x
y
y
!
!2
!
!2
y
9
y
9
(1 + x) 1 +
1+
k4 x .
.
= k5 .x .y
x
y
x
y
Do = = 0 = = .
Ta
xem du bng xy ra khi no?
tm chng bng cch
1
x
x
=
=
y
2
3
1
1
y=
=
3
(1
=
.
=
4
4
(1 )2
x 1
1
9
=
=9

y 1
(1 s
)2
s
3
xxx
x x x
4
4 x
Cch gii: 1 + + + 4 1. . . = 4.
3 3 3
3 3 3
27
Trang 145
1 + x 4.
s
4
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
x3
27
y3
y
4
Tng t ta cng c: 1 + 4.
x
27x3
s
s
!2
!2
2
27
9
4 27
4. 4 p
1+
= 16.
y
y3
y3
Nhn v cc bt phng trnh ta c:
M
in
Tu
!
!2
9
y
1+
256
(1 + x) 1 +
x
y
=1

y
x=3
Du ng thc xy ra khi:
=1
y=9
3x
=1
y
Th
.
V d 8.7: Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng:

!
!
!
1
1
1
a) 1 +
1+
1+
64.
a
b
c
!
!
!
1
1
1
45 + 29 2.
b)
2+
2+
2+
a
b
c
Gii:
a) Ta c: V T =
(a + 1) (b + 1) (c + 1)
.
abc
p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
a + 1 = a + a + b + c 4 4 a.a.b.c
4
a2 bc
a+14
4
T2 : b + 1
4 ab2 c +
4
c + 1 4 abc2
4
4
4
4 a2 bc.4 ab2 c.4 abc2
= 64
VT
abc
1
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c = .
3
b) Ta chng minh bt ng thc sau:
p
3
3
(k + X) (k + Y ) (k + Z) k + XY Z
k, X, Y, Z > 0
p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 s ta c:

s
!
k
k
k
1
k
k
k
3
.
.
+
+
k+X k+Y k+Z
3 k+X k+Y
k+Z
s
!
X
Y
Z
1
Y
Z
X
3
.
.
+
+
k+X k+Y k+Z
3 k+X k+Y
k+Z
Trang 146
8.3. Bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
s
k
X
k
k
Y
Z
3
3
.
.
+
.
.
1
k+X k+Y k+Z
k+X k+Y k+Z
p
3 (k + X) (k + Y ) (k + Z) k + 3 XY Z (pcm)
1
1
1
p dng BT trn vi k = 2, X = , Y = , Z = > 0 ta c:
a
b
c
v
s
!
!
!
u
u
1
1
1
3 1 1 1
3
t
2+
2+
2+
2+
. .
a
b
c
a b c
1
1
=3+ 2
2+
2+
3
1
abc
(a + b + c)
3
3
V T 3 + 2 = 45 + 29 2
Tu
1
3
M
in
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c =
Bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki
8.3
Th
.
V d 8.8: Cho a, b l cc s thc . Tm gi tr nh nht ca:

a) P = 2a2 + 3b2 nu a + b = 1.
b) Q = 3a2 +
Gii:
b2
nu 2a + 5b = 1.
2
!
1 1
,
ta c:
2 3
!2
1
1
a 2. + b 3.
2
3

a) p dng BT Bunhiacopxki vi 2 b a 2, b 3 ,
!2
!2

2
2
1
1
.
+
a 2 + b 3
2
3
!
6
1
1
(a + b)2 = 1 P
+
(2a2 + 3b2 )
2 3
5
Vy Pmin =
6
t khi:
5

b 3
a=
a 2
2a
=
3b
=
5
1/ 2 1/ 3 a + b = 1
a+b=1
b=
5
!
!
b
2
, 5 2 ta c:
b) p dng BT Bunhiacopxki vi 2 b
3a, ,
2
3
!2
!2
!2
2
2
2
2
b
b
.
3a +
3a. + .5 2
+ 5 2
2
3
3
2
Trang 147
8.4. Bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz
b2
2
3a +
2
4
+ 50
3
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
(2a + 5b)2
154
3
3
1Q
Qmin =
3
154
154

3a
b/ 2
a=
15a
=
b
=
77
Du bng xy ra khi :
2/ 3
5 2 2a + 5b = 1
15
2a + 5b = 1
b=
77
Q.
V d 8.9: Cho a, b, c, p, q l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
Tu
a) a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca.
Gii:
M
in
a3
b3
c3
a2 + b 2 + c 2
b)
+
+
.
pb + qc pc + qa pa + qb
p+q
a) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki cho 2 b (a, b, c) , (b, c, a) ta c

2
(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (b2 + c2 + a2 ) (ab + bc + ca)2
(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (ab + bc + ca)2 a2 + b2 + c2 |ab + bc + ca|
Th
.
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
a b c
= =
a=b=c
Du bng xy ra khi:
b c a
ab + bc + ca 0
b) p dng BT Bunhiacopxki vi 2 b s:
s
s
s
3
3
3
p

p
p
a
b
c
,
,
,
a (pb + qc), b (pc + qa), c (pa + qb)
pb + qc
pc + qa
pa + qb
!
a3
b3
c3
ta c :
+
+
. (a (pb + qc) + b (pc + qa) + c (pa + qb))
s
2
s
s
3
3
3
p
p
p
a
b
c
. a (pb + qc) +
. b (pc + qa) +
. c (pa + qb)
pb + qc
pc + qa
pa + qb
Do a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca nn ta c:
b3
c3
a2 + b 2 + c 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
a2 + b 2 + c 2
a3
+
+
p+q
ab + bc + ca
p+q
8.4
Bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz
V d 8.10: Cho x, y, z > 0, chng minh rng:
Trang 148
8.4. Bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz
a)
1 1
4
+
x y x+y
b)
9
1 1 1
+ +
x y z x+y+z
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
c) Nu x, y, z l 3 cnh ca tam gic th ta c:

1
1
1
1 1 1
+
+
+ +
y+zx z+xy x+yz x y z
a) p dng BT Cauchy - Schwarz (C-S) vi 2 b (1; 1) , (x, y) ta c:
Tu
Gii:
M
in
Du bng xy ra khi x = y.
12 12 (1 + 1)2
1 1
4
+
+
x
y
x+y
x y x+y
Ch : C th chng minh bt ng thc bng php bin i tng ng.
b) p dng BT C-S vi 2 b (1; 1; 1) , (x, y, z) ta c:
Th
.
1 1 1
9
12 12 12 (1 + 1 + 1)2
+ +
+ +
x
y
z
x+y+z
x y z x+y+z
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z.
c) p dng cu a) vi 2 s y + z x, z + x y ta c:
1
1
4
4
+
=
y + z x z + x y y + z x + z + x y 2z
1
2
1
y+zx z+xy z
1
1
2
2
+
T :
+
z+xy x+yz x
1
1
2
y+zx x+yz y
!
!
1 1 1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
2
2
y+zx z+xy x+yz
x y z
1
1
1
1 1 1
+
+
+ +
y+zx z+xy x+yz x y z
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z.
V d 8.11 (H - A - 2005): Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn:

rng:
1 1 1
+ + = 4. Chng minh
x y z
1
1
1
+
+
1
2x + y + z 2y + z + x 2z + x + y
Trang 149
8.5. Bi tp
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
Gii: p dng BT Cauchy - Schwarz ta c:
Bi tp
Th
.
8.5
M
in
Tu
12 12 12 12 (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)2
+ + +
x
x
y
z
x+x+y+z
16
2 1 1
+ +
x y z 2x + y + z
2
1
1
16
2
+
T : + +
y z x 2y + z + x
2 1 1
16
+ +
z x y 2z + x + y
!
!
1
1
1
1 1 1
16
+ +
+
+
4
x y z
2x + y + z 2y + z + x 2z + x + y
!
1
1
1 1 1 1
1
=1
+
+
+ +
2x + y + z 2y + z + x 2z + x + y 4 x y z
x=y=z
3
Du bng xy ra khi :
x=y=z=
1 1 1
+ + =4
4
x y z
Bi 8.1 (H-B-2005): Chng minh rng x R, ta c:
!x
!y
!z
15
20
12
+
+
3x + 4x + 5x
5
4
3
Bi 8.2 (H-D-2005): Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha mn xyz = 1. Chng minh rng:
p
p
1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
xy
yz
zx
Du ng thc xy ra khi no?
Bi 8.3 (H-B-2006): Cho cc s thc x, y thay i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
q
q
2
2
A = (x 1) + y + (x + 1)2 + y 2 + |y 2|
Bi 8.4 (H-A-2007): Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xyz = 1.

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
y 2 (z + x)
z 2 (x + y)
x2 (y + z)
+
+
P =
y y + 2z z z z + 2x x x x + 2y y
Bi 8.5 (H-B-2007): Cho x, y, z > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
!
!
!
y
z
1
1
1
x
+y
+z
+
+
+
P =x
2 yz
2 zx
2 xy
Trang 150
8.5. Bi tp
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
Bi 8.6 (H-D-2008): Cho x, y l cc s thc khng m thay i. Tm min, max ca

(x y) (1 xy)
biu thc: P =
(1 + x)2 (1 + y)2
Bi 8.7 (H-A-2006): Cho cc s thc x, y 6= 0 thay i v tha mn iu kin:
1
1
xy(x + y) = x2 xy + y 2 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: A = 3 + 3
x
y
Tu
Bi 8.8 (H-A-2003): Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn x + y + z 1. Chng minh rng:

s
s
s
1
1
1
x2 + 2 + y 2 + 2 + z 2 + 2 82
x
y
z
Bi 8.9 (DB2-D-2005): Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn xyz = 1. Chng minh rng:
M
in
x2
y2
z2
3
+
+
1+y 1+z 1+x 2
Bi 8.10 (DB2-B-2008): Cho

p s nguyn n (n 2) v 2 s thc khng m x, y. Chng
n+1
n
n
n
xn+1 + y n+1
minh rng: x + y
rng:
Th
.
Bi 8.11 (DB1-B-2008): Cho 3 s dng x, y, z tha mn x + y + z =
yz
. Chng minh
3x
2 33
(y + z)
x
6
Bi 8.12 (DB1-D-2007): Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn ab + a + b = 3. Chng minh:

3a
3b
ab
3
+
+
a2 + b 2 +
b+1 a+1 a+b
2
Bi 8.13 (DB2-A-2007): Cho x, y, z > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
!
p
p
p
y
z
x
+ +
P = 3 4 (x3 + y 3 ) + 3 4 (y 3 + z 3 ) + 3 4 (z 3 + x3 ) + 2
y 2 z 2 x2
Bi 8.14 (DB2-B-2006): Cho x, y > 0 tha mn x + y 4. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
3x2 + 4 2 + y 3
biu thc : A =
+
4x
y2
Bi 8.15 (DB2-A-2006): Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn iu kin 3x + 3y + 3z = 1.
9y
9z
3x + 3y + 3z
9x
+
+
Chng minh rng: x

3 + 3y+z 3y + 3z+x 3z + 3x+y
4
Bi 8.16 (DB1-A-2005): Cho x, y, z tha mn x + y + z = 0. Chng minh rng:
3 + 4x + 3 + 4y + 3 + 4z 6
Bi 8.17 (DB2-A-2003): Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s: y = sin5 x+ 3 cos x.
Trang 151
8.5. Bi tp
Chng 8. Bt ng thc
5
Bi 8.18 (DB1-B-2002): Gi s x, y > 0 tha mn iu kin x + y = . Tm gi tr nh
4
4
1
nht ca biu thc : S = +
x 4y
Th
.
M
in
Tu
Bi 8.19 (DB1-A-2002): Gi s a, b, c, d l bn s nguyn thay i tha mn 1 a <

a c b2 + b + 50
v tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
b < c < d 50. Chng minh : +
b d
50b
a c
S= +
b d
Trang 152
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Chng 9
Tu
Hm s v th
9.1.1
Kin thc cn nh
Tnh ng bin nghch bin
Kho st v v th hm s
M
in
9.1
Th
.
nh ngha 9.1. Gi s hm f (x) xc nh trn tp D. Hm s f (x) gi l ng

bin (t. nghch bin trn tp D) nu x1 , x2 D v x1 < x2 th f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) (t.
f (x1 ) > f (x2 )).
Ch : f (x) ng bin (t. nghch bin) trn D
(t.
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
< 0) vi mi x1 6= x2
x1 x2
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
>0
x1 x2
nh l 9.1 (Tiu chun n iu). Hm s f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b).

a) Hm s f (x) ng bin trn khong (a; b) nu f (x) 0 x (a; b).
b) Hm s f (x) nghch bin trn khong (a; b) nu f (x) 0 x (a; b)
f (x) ch c hu hn khng im trn khong (a; b).
V d 9.1: Hm f (x) = x3 l ng bin trn R v f (x) = 3x2 0 x R v
f (x) = 0 x = 0.
1
1
1
Hm g(x) = x5 + x4 x3 ng bin trn R v g (x) = x4 +2x3 x2 = (x2 x)2 0
5
2
3
x R, g (x) = 0 x = 0 hoc x = 1.
Cc tr ca hm s
Di y ta gii thiu 2 cch tm nhanh ta im cc tr thng dng trong bi tp:
Hm bc 3: y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (a 6= 0). Gi s (x1 , y1 ) v (x2 , y2 ) l ta 2

y1 = Ax1 + B
im cc tr ca hm s. Khi ta c cng thc :
y2 = Ax2 + B
Ax + B l phn d trong php chia ca y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d cho y =
3ax2 + 2bx + c.
V khi y = Ax + B cng chnh l ng thng ni 2 im cc tr.
Trang 153
9.1. Kho st v v th hm s
Vi hm phn thc y =
Chng 9. Hm s v th
P (x)
,
Q(x)
Gi s (x0 , y0 ) l 2 im cc tr ca hm s th: y0 =
Ni ring vi hm phn thc: y =
cc tiu th y =
P (x0 )
.
Q (x0 )
ax2 + bx + c
a.p 6= 0 v nu hm s t cc i
px + q
2ax + b
l ng thng i qua 2 im cc tr.
p
im un ca hm s
Tu
nh ngha 9.2 (Khong li - lm). Cho hm s y = f (x). Hm s gi l li (t. lm)

trn (a, b) nu f (x) < 0 (t. f (x) > 0) x (a; b).
M
in
nh ngha 9.3 (im un). Hm s y = f (x) gi l c im un ti im M nm

trn ng cong c honh x0 , nu nh n tha mn ng thi 2 iu kin sau:
(i) f (x0 ) = 0.
(ii) f (x) i du khi qua im x0 .

Tim cn ca hm phn thc
P (x)
, vit dng ti gin (khng c chung nhn t).
Q(x)
Th
.
Cho hm phn thc y =
Hm phn thc c tim cn ngang nu nh degP (x) degQ(x) ( degP (x)

l bc ca a thc P (x)). V khi y = a l tim cn ngang ca hm s vi
P (x)
.
a = lim
x Q(x)
Hm phn thc c tim cn xin nu nh
degP (x)

= degQ(x) + 1 v khi
P (x)
P (x)
, b = lim
ax .
y = ax + b vi a = lim
x Q(x)
x Q(x)
Ta c th tm a, b bng cch chia P (x) cho Q(x). Thng ca php chia chnh l
ax + b:
P (x)
P (x) = Q(x).(ax + b) + R(x) degR(x) < degQ(x) nn lim
(ax + b) =
x Q(x)

R(x)
lim
=0
x Q(x)
Hm phn thc c tim cn ng nu Q(x) c nghim. Nu x0 l mt nghim ca

P (x)
= . Q(x) c
Q(x) th x = x0 l mt tim cn ng ca hm s v lim
xx0 Q(x)
bao nhiu nghim th hm s c by nhiu tim cn ng.
Cc php bin i th c bn
Cn nh : Cc php bin i
(x, y) (x, y): i xng qua trc tung.
Trang 154
Chng 9. Hm s v th
(x, y) (x, y): i xng qua trc honh.

(x, y) (x, y): i xng qua gc ta .
(x, y) (x a, y): Tnh tin theo trc honh a n v.
(x, y) (x, y b): Tnh tin theo trc tung b n v.
(x, y) (x a, y b): Tnh tin theo vc t

u = (a; b).
th hm y = f (x)
y
th hm y = |f (x)|
th hm y = f (|x|)
M
in
Tu
-1
-1
-2
-2
y = x3 3x2 + 2
Th
.
y = |x3 3x2 + 2|
y = |x|3 3|x|2 + 2
th hm y = f (x).|g(x)|
y
-2
th hm y = f (x).g(x)
-1
0
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
y = x3 3x2
y = x|x2 3x|
a=1
th gc
Tnh tin theo trc honh
Trang 155
Tnh tin theo trc tung
Chng 9. Hm s v th
y
2
y
1
1
1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
y = x3 3x2 + 1
-1
-2
y = x3 6x2 + 9x 3
Cc bc kho st hm s
y = x3 3x2 + 2
9.1.2
Tu
-1
M
in
Tm tp xc nh ca hm s (xc nh tnh chn l, tun hon).
S bin thin.
Th
.
Chiu bin thin ca hm s: Tnh o hm y . Tm nghim ca phng trnh

y = 0 v cc im khng xc nh ca y . Xt du ca y v suy ra chiu bin
thin.
Tm cc tr ca hm s.
Tnh gii hn ti , + v ti cc im m hm s khng xc nh. Tm
tim cn.
Lp bng bin thin.
V th. Nn tnh thm giao vi trc tung, v cc im ln cn ca cc cc tr.
Ch : v chnh xc tim cn, cc tr.
9.1.3
Hm a thc
V d 9.2: Kho st v v th hm s y = x3 + 3x2 .

Gii: +) Tp xc nh : R
3
1 +
x
+) Gii hn : lim y = lim (x + 3x ) = lim x

x+
x+
x+

3
3
2
3
lim y = lim (x + 3x ) = lim x 1 +
= +
x
x
x
x
3
+) Chiu bin thin: y = 3x + 6x. y = 0 3x + 6x = 0

2
Bng bin thin :

x
f (x)
0
4
x=0y=0
x=2y=4
2
+
f (x)
0
Trang 156
Chng 9. Hm s v th
im cc tiu (0; 0). im cc i (2; 4).

Hm s ng bin trn khong (0; 2).
Hm s nghch bin trn 2 khong (; 0) v (2; +).
+) th:
y
4
3
2
1
0
-1
Tu
y = x3 + 3x2
Bng cc gi tr c bit
0
0
1
2
M
in
1
4
x
y
2
4
3
0
V d 9.3: Kho st v v th hm s : y = x4 2x2 1

Gii: +) Tp xc nh : R
Th
.

2
1
+) Gii hn : lim (x 2x 1) = lim x 1 2 4 = +
x
x
x
x

x=0y=0
+) Chiu bin thin: y = 4x3 4x = 0
x = 1 y = 2
Bng bin thin :
4
f (x)
0
+
f (x)
0
1
+
+
Hm s ng bin trn 2 khong : (1; 0), (1; +)

Hm s nghch bin trn 2 khong : (; 1), (0; 1)
Hm s c 2 im cc tiu : (1; 2) v (1; 2)
Hm s c im cc i : (0; 1) +) th:
Bng cc gi tr c bit
x
y
2
7
1
2
0
1
Trang 157
1
2
2
7
Chng 9. Hm s v th
y
-2
-1
-1
-2
Tu
y = x4 2x2 1
Hm phn thc
M
in
9.1.4
x2 + x 1
x1
V d 9.4: Kho st v v th hm s y =
1
x2 + x 1
y =x+2+
x1
x1
+) Tp xc nh: R\ {1}
x2 + x 1
x2 + x 1
= +, lim y = lim
=
+) Tim cn: lim+ y = lim+
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
nn tim cn ng l x = 1.
1
lim (y (x + 2)) = lim
=0
x
x x 1
y = x + 2 l tim cn xin ca hm s.
1
x2 2x
+) Chiu bin thin: y = 1
=
(x 1)2
(x 1)2

x2 2x
x=0y=1
y = 0
2 = 0
x=2y=5
(x 1)
Bng bin thin :
Th
.
Gii: y =
f (x)
0
+
0
1
+
+
f (x)
Hm s ng bin trn khong: (; 0) v (2; +).

Hm s nghch bin trn khong: (0; 1) v (1; 2).
Hm s t cc tiu ti im (2; 5).
Hm s t cc i ti im (0; 1)
+) th: Bng cc gi tr c bit
x
y
1
1
2
0
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
11
2
Trang 158
11
2
9.2. Cc tr v tim cn ca hm s
Chng 9. Hm s v th
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-2
-1
x2 + x 1
x1
9.2.1
Cc tr v tim cn ca hm s
9.2
M
in
y=
Tu
-1
Quy tc tm cc i v cc tiu ca hm s
Th
.
nh ngha 9.4. Cho hm f (x) xc nh trn khong (a, b).

x0 gi l im cc tiu (t. cc i) ca hm s f (x) nu f (x) f (x0 ) (t. f (x) f (x0 ))
vi mi x nm trong mt ln cn no ca x0 .
im cc i v cc tiu c gi chung l cc tr.
Tuy nhin ta khng th dng nh ngha ny tm im cc tr. Ty tng bi tp m
ta s dng cc iu kin di y tm cc tr.
nh l 9.2 (iu kin cn - Fermat). Hm s f (x) xc nh trn khong (a, b). Nu
f (x) t cc tr ti x0 (a; b) v f (x) kh vi (c o hm) ti im x0 th f (x0 ) = 0.
Cc im c o hm bng 0 gi l im dng (Xem ngha vt l ca o hm).
nh l 9.3 (iu kin - Du hiu 1). Gi s f (x) l hm s kh vi trn khong
(a, b),
x0 l mt im dng ca f (x).
a) Nu f (x) i du t sang + khi qua im x0 th hm s t cc tiu ti x0 .
b) Nu f (x) i du t + sang khi qua im x0 th hm s t cc i ti x0 .
nh l 9.4 (iu kin -Du hiu 2). f (x) l mt hm s xc nh trn khong (a, b).
Gi s x0 l mt im dng ca hm s f (x). f (x) kh vi cp 1 v cp 2 ti x0 . Khi :
a) Nu f (x0 ) > 0 th x0 l im cc tiu.
b) Nu f (x0 ) > 0 th x0 l im cc i.
Ch :
iu kin cn + Du hiu 1: p dng trong trng hp hm s c th d xt du.
Trang 159
Chng 9. Hm s v th
iu kin cn + Du hiu 2: p dng trong trng hp hm s cha tham s,

hoc hm s kh xt du o hm (chng hn: hm lng gic).
V d 9.5: Cho hm s y = sin2 x sin x xt trn on [0; 2].
Gii: y = 2 sin x cos x cos x.
Th
.
M
in
Tu
x = + k
2
cos x = 0
x = + k2
y = 0 cos x (2 sin x 1) = 0
2 sin x 1 = 0
5
+ k2
x=
6
5
3
x [0; 2] x1 = , x2 = , x3 = , x4 =
6
2
6
2
Ta c y = 2 cos!2x + sin x
3
= > 0 x1 nn x1 l honh im cc tiu.

y (x1 ) = y
6
2
!
= 1 < 0 x2 nn x2 l honh im cc i.
y (x2 ) = y
2
!
5
3
y (x3 ) = y
= > 0 x3 nn x3 l im honh cc tiu.
6
2
!
3
= 3 < 0 x4 nn x4 l im honh cc i.
y (x4 ) = y
2
!
!
1
,
Kt lun: im cc tiu
;
;0
6 4
2
!
!
5 1
3
im cc i
,
;
;0
6 4
2
9.2.2
Cc tr hm s
Cc bi ton n thun tm cc tr
V d 9.6: Cho hm s y = (x m)3 3x.
Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti im c honh x = 0.
Gii: Ta c y = 3(x m)2 3, y = 6(x m).
Hm s t cc tiu ti im c honh
bng khng khi:

m = 1
y (0) = 0
3m2 3 = 0
m = 1
m=1
y (0) > 0
6m > 0
m<0
V d 9.7: Cho hm s y = x4 + 2. Tm cc tr ca hm s.
Gii: Ta c y = 4x3 , y = 0 x = 0. Ta c bng bin thin
Trang 160
f (x)
Chng 9. Hm s v th
+
+
f (x)
2
Do im cc tiu (0; 2) .
Ch : Nu dng quy tc 2 th khng n bi ny.
Cc bi ton nh tnh v cc tr
Tu
Cc bi tp ny thng c dng sau: Tm iu kin mt hm s cho c cc

tr v cc tr tha mn mt iu kin no (Tnh cht ny thng c cho di
dng mt h thc c th l ng thc hoc bt ng thc).
M
in
Lc chung gii bi ton ny nh sau:
Th
.
Trc ht tm iu kin hm s cho c cc tr (ni cch khc tm iu

kin cn tn ti li gii). Xin lu vi cc bn rng: hc sinh hay qun
iu kin ny v h cho rng khi u bi yu cu tm iu kin cc tr ca
hm s tha mn mt iu kin no hc mc nhin cng nhn l cc tr
tn ti. Chnh v th dn n chuyn trong cc nghim tm c rt c
kh nng gp phi nghim ngoi lai.
Vn dng cc kin thc khc y (hay dng nh l Viet) chng minh
h thng cc tr ca hm s cn tha mn.
Ta rt hay s dng mt s kin thc sau:
Hm s y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (a 6= 0) c cc i, cc tiu khi v ch khi
y = 0 (3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0) c 2 nghim phn bit.
ax2 + bx + c
(a.p 6= 0) c cc i cc tiu khi v ch khi y = 0
px + q
q
c 2 nghim phn bit x 6= .
p
Hm s y =
ax2 + bx + c
2ax0 + b
c cc tr ti x0 th y(x0 ) =
.
px + q
p
P (x)
P (x0 )
Tng qut y =
c cc tr ti x0 th y(x0 ) =
.
Q(x)
Q (x0 )
Hm s y =
V d 9.8: Cho hm s y = x3 + 2(m 1)x2 + (m2 4m + 1)x 2(m2 + 1).

1
1
1
Tm m hm s t cc tr ti 2 im c honh x1 , x2 sao cho: + = (x1 + x2 ).
x1 x2 2
Gii: Trc ht hm s c cc tr ta cn c phng trnh : y = 0 c 2 nghim phn
bit. Ta c y = 0 3x2 + 4(m 1)x + m2 4m + 1 = 0 (1)
(1) c 2 nghim phn bit khi > 0

m < 2 3
2
m + 4m + 1 > 0
(2)
m > 2 + 3
Trang 161
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Vy (2) l iu kin ng cong c cc tr.

Khi c cc tr x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh (1) theo nh l Viet ta c:
4 (1 m)
x1 + x2 =
3
m2 4m + 1
x1 x2 =
3
M
in
Tu
x1 + x2 1
1
1
1
+
= (x1 + x2 )
= (x1 + x2 )
x1 x2 2
x1 x2
2
x1 + x2 = 0
(x1 + x2 ) (2 x1 x2 ) = 0
x1 x2 = 2
4 (1 m)

m
=
1
Tha
mn
=0
m=1
3
m = 1 (Loi)
m2 4m + 1

m2 4m 5 = 0
m = 5 Tha mn
=2
3
Kt lun: Vi m = 1 v m = 5 tha mn iu kin bi ton.
x3
x3 x2
+ mx + 1, g (x) =
+ x2 + 3mx + m.
3
2
3
Tm m mi hm s c 2 cc tr v gia honh 2 cc tr ca hm s ny c honh
cc tr ca hm s kia.
V d 9.9: Cho f (x) =
Th
.
Gii: Ta c f (x) = x2 x + m, g (x) = x2 + 2x + 3m. Trc ht ta cn tm iu

kin f (x), g(x), mi hm s u c cc tr. iu l cc phng trnh f (x) = 0 v
g (x) = 0 u c 2 nghim phn
bit.

m<
1
1 = 1 4m > 0
4 m<
(1)
2 = 1 3m > 0
1
4
m<
3
Vi iu kin (1) th : f (x) c 2 nghim phn bit x1 < x2 . g (x) c 2 nghim phn bit
x3 < x4 .

x3 < x1 < x4 < x2
f (x3 ) .f (x4 ) < 0 (2)
Theo bi ra ta cn c :
x1 < x3 < x4 < x2

g (x1 ) .g (x2 ) < 0 (3)
Theo
nh l Viet ta
c:

x3 + x4 = 2
x1 + x2 = 1
v
x3 .x4 = 3m
x1 .x2 = m
V x1 + x2 < x3 + x4 (3) khng xy ra.
f (x3 ) = x23 x3 + m = x23 + 2x3 + 3m (3x3 + 2m) = (3x3 + 2m)
f (x4 ) = (3x4 + 2m)
(2) (3x3 + 2m) (3x4 + 2m) < 0 9x3 x4 + 6m (x3 + x4 ) + 4m2 < 0
15
9.3m + 6m. (2) + 4m2 < 0 4m2 + 15m < 0 < m < 0
4
15
Kt lun: Kt hp vi iu kin (1) ta c < m < 0
4
x2 + mx
.
V d 9.10: Cho hm s : y =
1x
Tm m khong cch gia 2 im cc tr bng 10.
Trang 162
Chng 9. Hm s v th
x2 + 2x + m
. Trc ht tm iu kin ng cong c 2 cc tr:
(1 x)2
iu ny xy ra khi y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1.
t f (x) = x2 + 2x + m. iu kin ny tng ng vi

f (1) 6= 0
m + 1 6= 0
m > 1 (1)
f = 1 + m > 0
m+1>0
Vi iu kin (1), gi s ng cong c 2 cc tr ti cc im x1 , x2 . Khi x1 , x2 l 2
nghim ca phng trnh x2 + 2x + m = 0 (2)
Gi s M (x1 , y1 ), N (x2 , y2 ) l cc im cc tr.
2x1 + m
Ta c y1 =
= 2x1 m. Tng t y2 = 2x2 m.
1

x1 + x2 = 2
Theo nh l Viet ta c:
x1 .x2 = m
2
Ta c M N = 10 M N = 100 (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 = 100
(x1 x2 )2 + (2x1 m + 2x2 + m)2 = 100 (x1 x2 )2 + 4 (x1 x2 )2 = 100
(x1 x2 )2 = 20 (x1 + x2 )2 4x1 .x2 = 20 4 4. (m) = 20 m = 4
Kt hp vi (1) ta c: m = 4 .
M
in
Tu
Gii: Ta c : y =
x2 + 2mx + 5
V d 9.11: Cho hm s y =
.
x1
Tm m cc i, cc tiu ca hm s nm v 2 pha ca y = 2x.
9.2.3
Th
.
x2 + 2x 2m + 5
. t f (x) = x2 + 2x 2m + 5
(x1 )2
Trc ht tm iu kin hm s c cc tr. Phng trnh y = 0 c 2 nghim phn
bitkhc 1.

f (1) 6= 0
2m + 6 6= 0
m < 3 (1)
f = 2m + 6 > 0
2m + 6 > 0
Vi iu kin (1) hm s c 2 cc tr: M (x1 , y1 ), N (x2 , y2 ) vi x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca
phng trnh : x2 + 2x 2m + 5 = 0 (2).

x1 + x2 = 2
Theo nh l Viet ta c:
x1 .x2 = 2m 5
2x1 + 2m
= 2x1 + 2m, y2 = 2x2 + 2m.
Ta c y1 =
1
Vy M (x1 , 2x1 + 2m), N (x2 , 2x2 + 2m) l 2 im cc tr. M , N nm v 2 pha ca
ng thng 2x y = 0 nn ta c :
(2x1 y1 ) . (2x2 y2 ) < 0 (2x1 + 2x1 2m) . (2x2 + 2x2 2m) < 0
4. (2m 5) 2m.2 + m2 < 0 m2 + 4m 20 < 0 2 2 6 < m < 2 + 2 6.
Kt hp iu kin ta c: 2 2 6 < m < 3 .
Gii: Ta c y =
Cc bi ton tim cn
Tim cn l mt c trng ca hm phn thc, v l lp cc bi ton v tim cn i

vi hm phn thc kh a dng. Ta hy xt trc tin cc bi ton m t tnh cht cc
tim cn.
2x + 1
(C). M l mt im ty trn (C).
x2
Tip tuyn vi (C) ti M ct tim cn ngang v tim cn ng ti A v B.
V d 9.12: Cho hm s y =
Trang 163
Chng 9. Hm s v th
a) Chng minh rng M l trung im AB.

b) Chng minh rng khi M di ng trn (C) th tip tuyn to vi 2 ng tim cn
ngang v ng mt tam gic c din tch khng i.
c) Chng minh rng khng c tip tuyn no ca (C) li i qua giao im ca 2 ng
tim cn.
Gii: a) D thy (C) c 2 ng tim cn x = 2 v y = 2.
y
B
7
6
5
Tu
-1
M
in
-2
1
-3
-1
-2
-3
M0 (x0 ,
5
.
(x0 2)2
2x + 1
x2
Th
.
y =
y=
2x0 + 1
) (C). Tip tuyn ti M0 c dng:
x0 2
y = y (x0 ) (x x0 ) + y (x0 ) y =
(x0 2)
2 (x x0 ) +
2x0 + 1
x0 2
Ta im A l nghim ca h :

2x0 + 1
5
x = 2x0 2
y=
2 (x x0 ) +
A (2x0 2; 2)
x0 2
(x
2)
0
y=2
y=2
Ta im B l nghim ca h:
5
2x0 + 1
x=2
y=
2 (x x0 ) +
2x + 6 B
x0 2
(x0 2)
y= 0
x=2
x0 2
2x0 + 6
2;
x0 2
xA + xB 2x0 2 + 2
=
= x0 = xM
2
2
2x0 + 6
2
+
2x0 + 1
yA + yB
x0 2
=
=
= yM
2
2
x0 2
Ta c :
M l trung im AB.
b) Gi I l giao im 2 tim cn. iu ny dn n I (2; 2)

1
Do tam gic IAB vung ti I nn ta c : SIAB = IA.IB
2
Trang 164
Chng 9. Hm s v th

2x + 6
10

0
2 =
T trn ta c: IA = |2x0 4| , IB =
|x0 2|
x0 2
1
10
SIAB = . |2x0 4| .
= 10 khng i.
2
|x0 2|
c) Gi s d l tip tuyn qua I ca (C) gi M0 (x0 ,
5
2
(x0 2)
(2 x0 ) +
(x0 2)
2x0 4 = 5 + 2x0 + 1 4 = 6 ><
2 (x x0 ) +
2x0 + 1
x0 2
5
2x0 + 1
2x0 + 1
2=
+
x0 2
x0 2
x0 2
I d nn ta c: 2 =
Tu
Do phng trnh d c dng : y =
2x0 + 1
) l tip im.
x0 2
M
in
Vy khng tn ti tip tuyn i qua giao im 2 ng tim cn.
ax2 + bx + c
ax + b
v y =
cng c
Nhn xt: Hm phn thc quen thuc y =
px + q
px + q
tnh cht nh trn. Cch chng minh cng ging nh cch chng minh v d
trn.
Th
.
x2 + 3x 1
(C). Chng minh rng:
x2
Tch khong cch t mt im M bt k trn (C) n 2 tim cn (C) l mt hng s.
V d 9.13: Cho ng cong y =
x2 + 3x 1
x2 + 3x 1
Gii: D thy: lim+
= +, lim
= 1 : x 2 = 0 l
x2
x2
x2
x2
tim cn ng ca hm s.
9
9
lim (y (x + 5)) = lim
=0
y =x+5+
x
x x 2
x2
2 : x y + 5 = 0 l tim!cn xin ca hm s.
9
Ly M x0 ; x0 + 5 +
(C) bt k. Ta c:
x0 2
d (M, 1 ) = |x
0 2|

!

9

+ 5
x0 x0 + 5 +

x0 2
9
q
d (M, 2 ) =
=
2. |x0 2|
12 + (1)2
9
d (M, 1 ) .d (M, 2 ) = (pcm)
2
x2 x + 1
.
V d 9.14: Cho y =
x1
Tm M (C) sao cho khong cch t M n giao im I ca 2 ng tim cn l b
nht.
Gii: y = x +
1
x1
Trang 165
Chng 9. Hm s v th
9.2.4
Th
.
tm.
M
in
Tu
Bng php tnh tng t nh trn, d dng thy rng (C) nhn x 1 = 0 l tim cn
ng v x y = 0 l tim cn xin.

x=1
x1=0
I (1; 1)
y=1
xy =0
!
1
(C)
Ly M x0 ; x0 +
x0 1
v
!2 s
u
u
1
1
1 = 2 (x0 1)2 +
M I = t(x0 1)2 + x0 +
+2
x0 1
(x0 1)2
v s
u
u
p
1
M I t2 2 (x0 1)2 .
2 2 + 2 (1)
2+2 =
(x0 1)
p
1
1
4
M Imin = 2 2 + 2 2 (x0 1)2 =
2 (x0 1) =
2
(x0 1)
1
1
4
2
+
y
=
1
+
x0 = 1 +
0
4
4
2
2
1
1
y0 = 1 4 2
x0 = 1
4
4
2
2
!
!
1
1
1
1
4
4
;1 + 2 +
;1 2
M1 1 +
, M2 1
l ta 2 im cn
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
Cng c kin thc
V d 9.15 (H B- 2002): Cho hm s y = mx4 + (m2 9)x2 + 10.

Tm m hm s c 3 im cc tr.
Gii: Ta c y = 4mx3 + 2(m2 9)x.
+) Nu m = 0, th y = 18x. Ta c bng bin thin:
x
f (x)
0
+
0
10
f (x)
Do hm s ch c 1 im cc tr (Khng tha mn).

+) Nu m 6= 0, hm s c 3 cc tr khi v ch khi y = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit
4mx3 + 2(m2 9)x = 0 (1) c 3 nghim phn bit.

x=0
2
2
(1) 2x [2mx + m 9] = 0
2mx2 + m2 9 = 0 (2)
t f (x) = 2mx2 + m2 9
(1) c 3 nghim khi v ch khi (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0

2
f (0) 6= 0
m 9 6= 0
m (m2 9) < 0
f > 0
4.2m. (m2 9) > 0
m (m 3) (m + 3) < 0
Trang 166
m
2
m.(m 9)
Chng 9. Hm s v th
0
+
m (; 3) (0; 3)
Kt lun: hm s c 3 im cc tr khi v ch khi: m (; 3) (0; 3)
1
V d 9.16 (H - A - 2005): Cho ng cong y = mx + .
x
Tm m ng cong c cc tr v khong cch t im cc tiu n tim cn xin bng
1
.
2
1
trc ht ng cong c gi tr cc tr th y = 0 c 2 nghim
x2
phn bit. iu ny c khi v ch khi m > 0.
!
1
V bng bin thin ta thy im cc tiu l M ; 2 m .

m
1m
1
m
+
+
2 m
Th
.
2 m
M
in
Tu
Gii: Ta c y = m
Mt khc, tim
cn xin : y = mx hay mx y = 0.

1

m. 2 m

m
m
=
d (M, ) = q
m2 + 1
m2 + (1)2
1
m
1
Theo gi thit ta c: d (M, ) =
= m2 + 1 = 2m
m2 + 1
2
2
2
m 2m + 1 = 0 m = 1 (Tha mn iu kin m > 0)
x2 + (m + 1)x + m + 1
(Cm ).
x+1
Chng minh rng vi m bt k, th (Cm ) lun c 2 im cc i, cc tiu v khong
cch gia 2 im bng 20.

V d 9.17 (H - B - 2005): Xt ng cong y =
[2x + (m + 1)] . (x + 1) [x2 + (m + 1)x + m + 1] .1
Gii: Ta c y =
(x + 1)2

x=0y =m+1
y = 0
. T ta c bng bin thin:
x = 2 y = m 3
f (x)
f (x)
0
m3
1
+
(x + 1)2
x2 + 2x
+
+
m+1
Vy ta thy
N (2, m 3).
q2 im cc tr l M (0, m + 1), v
2
2
M N = (2 0) + (m 3 m 1) = 20 (pcm)
Trang 167
9.3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
9.3
9.3.1
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
Kin thc c bn
nh ngha 9.5. Gi s f (x) l hm s xc nh trn min D. M gi l gi tr ln

nht ca hm f (x) trn tp D (K hiu l M = max f (x)) khi:
D
f (x) M
x0 D : f (x0 ) = M
Tng t ta c khi nim gi tr nh nht:
f (x) m
x0 D : f (x0 ) = m
Tu
min f (x) = m
M
in
Ch :Hc sinh thng ch ch n iu kin th nht m qun i iu kin

th 2.
2
vi x 2.
x
V d 9.18: Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm f (x) = x +
Th
.
Gii: Nu hc
s sinh p dng bt ng thc Cauchy gii quyt bi ton nh sau:
2
2
Do x + 2 x. = 2 2
x
x
sau kt lun l min f (x) = 2 2 l sai.

V sao li vy? Bi v hc sinh khng ch n du bng ca bt ng thc. Bt ng
2
thc xy ra du bng khi x = x = 2 < 2. iu ny mu thun.
x
Li gii ng phi nh sau: s
!
x 2 x
2 x
x
2
x 2
x+ = +
+2
+
. = +2 +2=3
x 2
2 x
2
2 x 2
2
min f (x) = 3 x = 2
[2;+)
Ch : Cc bn cn phn bit gi tr ln nht trn min D v gi tr cc i trn

min D. Cng nh phn bit gi tr b nht vi gi tr cc tiu. C nhng trng
hp chng trng nhau nhng cng c nhng trng hp chng khc nhau.
V d 9.19: Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht, cc i, cc tiu ca hm s
f (x) = x3 3x2 trn min D = [2; 4].

x=0y=0
Gii: y = 3x2 6x, y = 0
x = 2 y = 4
Ta c bng bin thin:
x
f (x)
0
+
0
0
4
+
16
f (x)
20
4
Trang 168
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Da vo bng bin thin ta c:

max f (x) = 12 x = 4
D
min f (x) = 20 x = 2
D
yCT = 4 x = 2
yC = 0 x = 0
Hin nhin ta thy: yCT 6= min f (x) , yC 6= max f (x)
D
Nu lm mt php so snh cc i vi gi tr ln nht th cc i ging nh "X

m thng cht lm vua". N ch mang tnh cc b a phng. Cn gi tr ln
nht th mang tnh ton cc.
Tu
S dng o hm tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s

o hm l cng c duy nht tm cc i, cc tiu.
M
in
tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca mt hm s f (x) trn min D ta c

th s dng o hm v kt hp vi vic so snh gi tr cc i, cc tiu vi cc
gi tr c bit (ta gi l cc gi tr ti hn).
Th
.
Gi tr ti hn ny thng l gi tr ti u mt ca cc on (m trn cn tm
gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca mt hm s) hoc l gi tr ca hm s ti nhng
im m khng tn ti o hm.
Lc chung ca phng php o hm tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca
hm s f (x) trn min D cho trc nh sau:
Tm o hm f (x) v t tm cc i, cc tiu ca f (x) (d nhin l ta ch
quan tm n cc i, cc tiu thuc min D).
So snh gi tr cc i, cc tiu vi cc gi tr ti hn trn min D.
T suy ra kt lun cn tm.
9.3.2
Cc bi ton n thun
.
V d 9.20: Cho x + y = 1, x 0, y 0. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc.
P = 32x + 3y
Gii: T x + y = 1 nn y = 1 x. Thay vo P ta c:
3
P = 32x + 31x = 32x + x . t t = 3x .
3
Do x + y = 1, x 0, y 0 nn 0 x 1 do 1 t 3.
3
Khi P = f (t) = t2 + vi 1 t 3.
t
2
2t
3
3
f (t) = 2t 2 =
. T ta c bng bin thin:
t
t2
Trang 169
Chng 9. Hm s v th
12
2
f (t)
4
3
+
10
f (t)
3
2
18
Tu
T bng bin thin

)
( ta c:
3
12
3
3
3
min f (t) = min 4, . 18, 10 = . 18 t =
1t3
2
2
2
!
!
3
3
12
12
x = log3
y = 1 log3
2
2
)
(
3
max f (t) = max 4, . 3 18, 10 = 10 t = 3 x = 1 y = 0
1t3
2
M
in
Nhn xt: Ngi ta thng hay dng phng php i bin trong qu trnh tm
gi tr min, max a v mt bi ton mi c cu trc n gin hn. Ch lu
l phi i min xc nh ca bi ton. Chng hn nh bi ton trn: min xc
inh c l 0 x 1, cn min xc nh mi l 1 t 3.
4x
2x
+
cos
+ 1 vi x R.
1 + x2
1 + x2
Tm gi tr min, max ca hm s trn R.
Th
.
V d 9.21: Cho hm s y = sin
2x
2x
2x
+ sin
+ 2 . t t =
.
2
2
1+x
1+x
1 + x2
2x
Vi mi x R ta c: 1
1 do sin 1 t sin 1.
1 + x2
Bi ton a v tm gi tr min, max ca hm s : g(t) = 2t2 +t+2 vi sin 1 t sin 1
1
Ta c g (t) = 4t + 1. g (t) = 0 t = . Ta c bng bin thin:
4
Gii: Ta c f (x) = 2 sin2
g (t)
1
4
sin 1
0
17
8
sin 1
g(t)
g( sin 1)
Do
min
sin 1tsin 1
g(sin 1)
g (t) = min g ( sin 1) ,
sin 1 + 2
17
, g (sin 1)
8
= g ( sin 1) = 2 sin2 1
2x
= 1 x = 1
1 + x2(
)
17
17
1
max
g (t) = max g ( sin 1) , , g (sin 1) =
t=
sin 1tsin 1
8
8
4
t = sin 1
1
2x
=
arcsin
x2
1 + x2
4
2
1
arcsin
4
x+1=0
Trang 170
t k =
9.3.3
Chng 9. Hm s v th
1
arcsin
4
x 2k.x + 1 = 0
x = k + k2 + 1
x = k k2 + 1
Bi ton gi tr ln nht, nh nht cha tham s
Trong cc bi ton ny, gi tr min, max ca mt hm s f (x) trn mt min D s

phi ph thuc vo tham s m. Khi m bin thin, ni chung cc gi tr ny cng
thay i. Cn nhn mnh rng phng php dng o hm t ra c hiu lc r
rt vi loi bi ton ny.
Cc loi bi ton chnh thng gp:
Tu
Tm gi tr min, max ca hm s f (x) trn min D theo tham s m.
M
in
Chng ta hy xt cc v d sau:
Xt bi ton khc sau khi tm xong gi tr min, max.
V d 9.22: Cho hm s y = sin4 x + cos4 x + m sin x cos x vi x R.

Tm gi tr min, max ca hm s v bin lun theo m.
Th
.
1
m
Gii: Ta c y = 1 sin2 2x + sin 2x.
2
2
t t = sin 2x. Bi ton quy v: Tm gi tr min, max ca hm s:
m
1
f (t) = t2 + t + 1 vi 1 t 1.
2
2
m
m
f (t) = t + . Ta c f (t) = 0 t = . Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
2
2
a) Nu m 2 khi
m
1. Ta c bng bin thin sau:
2
t
f (t)
m
2
1
+
m+1
2
f (t)
1m
2
T ta c: max f (t) = f (1) =

1t1
b) Vi m 2 khi
m+1
2
m
1. Ta c bng bin thin sau
2
t
f (t)
m
2
1
1m
2
f (t)
m+1
2
Trang 171
max f (t) = f (1) =
1t1
Chng 9. Hm s v th
1m
2
m+1
2
min f (t) = f (1) =
1t1
c) Nu 2 < m < 2 hay 1 <
m
< 1. Khi ta c bng bin thin sau:
2
m
2
f (t)
0
m2 +8
8
f (t)
m2 + 8
=
8
1t1
min f (t) = min {f (1) , f (1)} = min
1m 1+m
,
2
2
m+1
2
1 + |m|
2
1t1
M
in
Khi max f (t) = f
m
2
Tu
1m
2
2x0
Th
.
V d 9.23: Cho hm s f (x) = 4x2 4ax + a2 2a khi 2 x 0. Tm a

min f (x) = 2.
a
Gii: Ta c f (x) = 8x 4a. Nn f (x) = 0 khi x = . Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
2
a) Nu a > 0 tc l
a
> 0. Ta c bng bin thin sau:
2
x
f (x)
a
2
a + 6a + 16
f (x)
a2 2a
Ta c min f (x) = f (0) = a2 2a.

2x0

a = 1 + 3 Tha mn
2
2
a 2a = 2 a 2a 2 = 0
a = 1 3 (Loi)
b) Nu a < 4. Tc
a
< 2. Ta c bng bin thin sau:
2
x
f (x)
a
2
f (x)
a2 2a
a2 + 6a + 16
Trang 172
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Vy min f (x) = f (2) = a2 + 6a + 16.

2x0
a2 + 6a + 16 = 2 a2 + 6a + 14 = 0 V nghim
c) Nu 4 a 0 hay 2
x
a
0. Ta c bng bin thin:
2
a
2
f (x)
a2 + 6a + 16
a2 + 6a + 16
T ta c: min f (x) = f
2x0
9.3.4
3 , a = 1 tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Kt lun: a = 1 +
= 2a
M
in

2a = 2 a = 1 Tha mn
a
2
Tu
2a
f (x)
Phng php min gi tr ca hm s
Th
.
Xt bi ton tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s f (x) ... ? Mt min D cho ...

f (x) = y0
? Gi y0 l mt gi tr ty ca f (x) trn D, th h sau y ca x:
c
xD
nghim. Ty dng ca h trn m ta c cc iu kin c nghim tng ng. Trong nhiu
trng hp, iu kin y (sau khi c bin i) a c v dng a y0 b. V y0
l mt gi tr bt k ca f (x) nn ta c min f (x) = a, max f (x) = b. Nh vy khi s
D
dng phng php ny tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s quy v vic tm

iu kin mt phng trnh c nghim.
Ta xt thm cc v d sau:
V d 9.24: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc :
f (x) =
.
2 sin x + cos x + 1
vi x R
sin x 2 cos x + 3
Gii: Ta c sin x 2 cos x + 3 = 5. sin (x + ) + 3 3 5 > 0 nn hm s xc nh

trn R.
2 sin x + cos x + 1
(2 y) sin x + (1 + 2y) cos x = 3y 1
t y =
sin x 2 cos x + 3
Do phng trnh trn c nghim nn:
(2 y)2 + (1 + 2y)2 (3y 1)2 4 4y + y 2 + 1 + 4y + 4y 2 9y 2 6y + 1
1
4y 2 6y 4 0 2y 2 3y 2 0 y 2
2
Do ta c:
1
5
5
ymin = sin x = sin x = 1 x = + k2

2
2
2
2
ymax = 2 5 cos x = 5 cos x = 1 x = k2
Trang 173
Chng 9. Hm s v th
V d 9.25: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s: f (x) =
2x2 + 7x + 23
, x R.
x2 + 2x + 10
Tu
Gii: V x2 + 2x + 10 = (x + 1)2 + 9 9 > 0 nn hm s xc nh trn ton b R.

2x2 + 7x + 23
(2 y) x2 + (7 2y) x + 23 10y = 0 +) Nu 2 y = 0 y =
y= 2
x + 2x + 10
2 3x + 3 = 0 x = 1
+ Nu 2 y 6= 0: = (7 2y)2 4 (2 y) (23 10y) 0
49 28y + 4y 2 184 + 172y 40y 2 0 36y 2 + 144y 135 0
3
5
4y 2 16y + 15 0 y
2
2
3
2y 7
ymin = x =
= 4
2
2 (2 y)
2y 7
5
=2
ymax = x =
2
2 (2 y)
M
in
V d 9.26: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc P = x2 + y 2 trn min

n
o
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
D = x y + 1 + 4x y x y = 0
Th
.
x2 + y 2 = P (1)
Gii: Xt h
2
(x2 y 2 + 1) + 4x2 y 2 x2 y 2 = 0 (2)
(
x2 + y 2 = P
2
(x2 + y 2 ) + 2 (x2 y 2 ) + 1 x2 y 2 = 0
(
2
x2 + y 2 = P
x + y 2 = P (3)
2
P 2 3P + 1 + 4x2 = 0
(x2 + y 2 ) 3 (x2 + y 2 ) + 1 + 4x2 = 0
(4)
P 2 3P + 1
T (4) x =
4
3
+
5
5
P 2 3P + 1 0
P
(5)
2
2
P 2 3P + 1
P2 + P + 1
T (3) y 2 = P x2 = P +
=
> 0. Phng trnh ny lun
4
4
c nghim. Vy (5) l iu kin
cn v h c nghim.
x=0
3 5
Vy ta c: Pmin =
3 5
y=
2
2
x=0
3+ 5
Pmax =
3+ 5
y=
2
2
2
V d 9.27: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca P = x2 xy 3y 2 , trn min

D = (x, y) x2 + xy + y 2 3

x2 + xy + y 2 3
x2 xy 3y 2 = P
Xt phng trnh : 3. (x2 xy 3y 2 ) = t (x2 + xy + y 2 )
(t 3) x2 + (t + 3) xy + (t + 9) y 2 = 0
= 0 (t + 3)2 4 (t + 9) (t 3) = 0
Gii: Xt h
Trang 174
Chng 9. Hm s v th
t = 3 4 3
t = 3 + 4 3
Th
.
M
in
Tu
3.t 18t + 117 = 0
+) Vi t = 3 4 3: Ta c

3. (x2 xy 3y 2 ) 3 4 3 (x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 6 + 4 3 .x2 +4 3.xy+ 4 3 6 y 2

2

= 6 + 4 3 x2 + 2 2 3 xy + 7 4 3 y 2 = 6 + 4 3 . x + 2 3 y 0

3P 3 + 4 3 (x2 + xy + y 2 )

V x2 + xy + y 2 3 3 + 4 3 (x2 + xy + y 2 ) 3 3 + 4 3

3P 3 3 + 4 3 P 3 4 3

x=
x=
32 y
32 y
2
Vy Pmin = 3 4 3
2
2
3 y =3
x
+
xy
+
y
=
3
6
2 6

x=
x=
32 y
6+ 2
y2 = 2 + 3
y=
2
+) Vi t = 3 + 4 3: Xt

3. (x2 xy 3y 2 ) 3 + 4 3 (x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 6 4 3 .x2 4 3.xy+ 4 3 6 y 2

2

= 6 4 3 x2 + 2 2 + 3 xy + 7 + 4 3 y 2 = 6 4 3 . x + 2 + 3 y 0

3P 3 + 4 3 (x2 + xy + y 2 )

Ta c x2 + xy + y 2 3 3 + 4 3 (x2 + xy + y 2 ) 3 3 + 4 3

3P 3 3 + 4 3 P 3 + 4 3

x= 32 y
x= 32 y
2
Vy Pmax = 3 + 4 3
2
2
6
+
3
x
+
xy
+
y
=
3
3 y =3
6+ 2

x=
x= 32 y
2
6 2
y2 = 2 3
y=
2
9.3.5
Phng php chiu bin thin
Phng php ny s dng kt hp vi vic s dng o hm kho st tnh ng

bin v nghch bin ca hm s, vi vic so snh cc gi tr c bit ca hm s
(cc im cc tr, cc im ti hn).
Xt cc th d minh ha sau.
1 1 1
+ + trn min
x y z

(
)

3

D = (x, y) x > 0, y > 0, z > 0, x + y + z

2
V d 9.28: Tm gi tr nh nht ca P = x + y + z +
Gii: Theo bt ng thc Cauchy tasc:

!
1 1 1
9
1 1 1
3 1 1 1
+ +
. . =9 + +
3 3 xyz.3
(x + y + z) .
x y z
xy z
x y z x+y+z
t t = x + y + z. Khi P f (t) = t +
Xt hm f (t) = t +
9
t
3
9
vi 0 t .
t
2
Trang 175
f (t) = 1
9
,
t2
Chng 9. Hm s v th
f (t) = 0 t = 3. Ta c bng bin thin:

t
f (t)
3
2
+
f (t)
Ch :Nu vit P =
3
15
t=
2
2
Tu
1
y+
y
1
z+
z
P =6x=y=z=1
M
in
1
x+
x
T bng bin thin ta c: min f (t) = f

3
0<t
2
1
x+y+z =
x=y=z= .
2
2
x=y=z
3
2
15
2
Th
.
3
x + y + z = 3 > . iu ny v l.
2
V d 9.29: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca P =
y
x
+
trn min
y+1 x+1
D = {(x, y) |x + y = 1, x 0, y 0 }
(x + y)2 2xy + x + y 2 2xy
x2 + x + y 2 + y
=
=
xy + x + y + 1
xy + x + y + 1
2 + xy
(x + y)2 1
1
t t = xy. Ta c 0 xy
= 0t .
4
4
4
6
, nn ta c bng bin thin:
f (t) =
(2 + t)2
Gii: Ta c : P =
1
4
t
f (t)
f (t)
T ta c: min f (t) = f
0t1/4
1
4
max f (t) = f (0) = 1 t = 0
0t1/4
2
3
=

2
1
1
t= x=y=
3
4
2
x = 0, y = 1
x = 1, y = 0
V d 9.30: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca f (x) = x6 + 4(1 x2 )3 khi x [1; 1]

Gii: t t = x2 th 0 t 1.
Ta c g(t) = f (x) = t3 + 4(1 t)3 = 3t3 + 12t2 12t + 4.
min f (x) = min g (t) , max f (x) = max g (t)
1x1
0t1
1x1
0t1
Trang 176
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Xt hm g(t) = 3t3 + 12t2 12t + 4 trn on [0; 1].
t=2
2
t=
3
g (t) = 9t + 24t 12, g (t) = 0 9t + 24t 12 = 0
Ta c bng bin thin:
2
3
g (t)
4
g(t)
4
9
Cng c kin thc
M
in
9.3.6
Tu
T ta c: max f (x) = max g (t) = g (0) = 4 t = 0 x = 0

1x1
0t1
!
6
2
4
2
= t= x=
min f (x) = min g (t) = g
1x1
0t1
3
9
3
3
Th
.
V d 9.31: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s: f (x) = 1 + sin x+ 1 + cos x.

q
q
Gii: Do f (x) 0 x R max f (x) = max f 2 (x), min f (x) = min f 2 (x)
xR
xR
xR
xR
2
f (x) = 1 + sin x + 1 + cos x + 2 1 + sin x. 1 + cos x
= 2 + sin x + cos x + 2 1 + sin x + cos!x + sin x. cos x
2t 2
t t = sin x + cos x = 2 sin x +
4
t2 1
Ta c : t2 = 1 + 2 sin x cos x sin x cos x =
2
s
s
2
1
t2 + 2t + 1
2
= 2+t+2
= 2 + t + 2 |t + 1|
g (t) = f (x) = 2 + t + 2 1 + t +
2
2

Nu 1 t 2
2+ 2+ 1+ 2 t

g (t) =
Nu 2 t 1
2 2+ 1 2 t

2
Nu
1
<
t
<
2
1
+
g (t) =
.
1 2
Nu 2 < t < 1
Ta c bng bin thin:
t
g (t)
g(t)
42 2
4+2 2
T ta c:
=1
2 = 4 + 2 2 t = 2 sin x +
max g (t) = g
4
2t 2
p

max f (x) = 4 + 2 2 x + = + k2 x = + k2
xR
4
2
! 4
1
=
min g (t) = g (1) = 1 t = 1 sin x +
4
2t 2
2
Trang 177
9.4. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn th
Chng 9. Hm s v th
+
k2
x
+
4
4
x = 2 + k2
max f (x) = 1
xR
5
x = + k2
+ k2
x+ =
4
4
V d 9.32 (H - B - 2002): Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s y = x +
4 x2 .
f (x)
Tu
f (x)
2 2
M
in
Gii: Tp xc
nh : 2 x 2.
4 x2 x
Ta c f (x) =
.
4 x2

x>0
2
2
f (x) = 0 4 x = x
2
2 x =
4x =x
Ta c bng bin thin:
Do ta c: min f (x) = f (2) = 2 x = 2

2x2

2 =2 2x= 2
max f (x) = f
Th
.
2x2
9.4
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn th
9.4.1
Kin thc cn nh
Hiu cc cng thc c bn: att = f (x0 ). x0 l honh ca tip im.

Phng trnh tip tuyn:
y = f (x0 ) (x x0 ) + f (x0 )
Cn phn bit r 2 khi nim:
+) Tip tuyn ti im M nm trn ng cong. M l tip im.
+) Tip tuyn ca ng cong i qua im M . (cha chc M l tip im).
9.4.2
Tip tuyn vi ng cong ti im M
V d 9.33: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti ng cong y = 2x3 3x2 . Bit rng tip
tuyn song song vi ng thng y = 12x + 1
Gii: Gi honh tip im l x0 . Khi att = y (x0 ) = 6x20 6x0 .
V tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y = 12x
+ 1 nn att = 12.
x0 = 1 y0 = 5
Vy ta c : 6x20 6x0 = 12 x20 x0 2 = 0
x0 = 2 y0 = 4
Vy phng trnh 2 tip tuyn l:
y = 12 (x + 1) 5 y = 12x + 7
y = 12 (x 2) + 4 y = 12x 20
Trang 178
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Nhn xt: Trc ht tm tip im sau s dng cng thc vit phng trnh
tip tuyn ti M nm trn ng cong.
9.4.3
Tip tuyn vi ng cong i qua im M
Mnh 9.1. Cho 2 ng cong y = f (x) v y = g(x) tip xc nhau khi v ch khi h

f (x) = g (x)
sau c nghim:
v nghim ca h chnh l honh x0 ca tip im.
f (x) = g (x)
V d 9.34: Cho ng cong y = 3x 4x3 . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit rng tip
tuyn i qua im M (1; 3).
3x 4x3 = ax + 3 a
3 12x2 = a
M
in
Tu
Gii: +) Nhn xt: im M (1; 3) khng nm trn ng cong cho v khi x = 1,

y = 1 6= 3. Do nu ai my mc p dng cng thc : y = f (x0 )(x x0 ) + f (x0 )
y l sai.
+) gii bi ton: Ta gi tip tuyn cn tm l y = ax + b. V tip tuyn i qua im
M (1; 3) nn ta c 3 = a+b b = 3a. Do tip tuyn cn tm c dng y = ax+3a.
Vy h sau phi c nghim:
Th
.
3x 4x3 = x (3 12x2 ) + 3 (3 12x2 )
3x 4x3 = 3x 12x3 + 12x2 8x3 12x2 = 0
+) Vi a = 3 y = 3x
+) Vi a = 24 y = 24x + 27
x=0a=3
3
x = a = 24
2
V d 9.35: Cho ng cong y = x3 + 2x2 . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng

cong, bit rng tip tuyn i qua im M (1; 3).
Gii:
Hy xem v bnh lun li gii sau:
V im M (1; 3) nm trn ng cong y = x3 + 2x2 . Vy p dng cng thc v phng
php tip tuyn hc ta c: y y0 = f (x0 ).(x x0 ), y = 7(x 1) + 3 hay y = 7x 4.
Li gii trn l ng nu u bi l: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong
ti im M (1; 3)
Tuy nhin li gii l cha ng vi yu cu bi ton (tip tuyn i qua im
M ). Li gii trn thiu nghim l tip tuyn m tip im khng phi l M
Tip tuyn phi tm c dng y = ax + b, trong 3 = a + b ( do tip tuyn i qua
M (1; 3)).
Vy
3y = ax2 + 3 a l phng trnh tip tuyn. H sau phi c nghim:
x + 2x = ax + 3 a
3x2 + 4x = a
x3 + 2x2 = x (3x2 + 4x) + 3 (3x2 + 4x)
x3 + 2x2 = 3x3 + 4x2 + 3 3x2 4x 2x3 x2 4x + 3 = 0
x=1a=7
2
(x 1) (2x + 3) = 0
3
3
x= a=
2
4
Trang 179
Chng 9. Hm s v th
+) Vi a = 7 y = 7x 4
3
3
9
y = x+
4
4
4
Ta thy r hn iu ny vi hnh v:
+) Vi a =
y
4
3
M (1; 3)
-3
-2
-1
-1
Tu
y=
x+
M
in
-2
y = 7x
4
Lp cc bi ton v s tip xc rt a dng
Th
.
9.4.4
y = x3 + 2x2
C th lit k ra y cc bi ton thng dng nht:

Tm iu kin 2 ng cong tip xc vi nhau.
Bi ton tip tuyn xut pht t mt im
Bi ton v tip tuyn chung.
Cc bi ton nh tnh v tip tuyn.
Xin a ra vi v d mu:
V d 9.36: Cho 2 ng cong y = x2 5x + 6 v y = x3 + 3x 10. Vit phng trnh
tip tuyn chung.
Gii: Gi y = ax + b l tip
trnh:
ax1 + b = x21 5x1 + 6
a = 2x1 5
ax2 + b = x32 + 3x2 10
a = 3x2 + 3
2
tuyn chung. Gi x1 , x2 l 2 tip im ta c h phng

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3x22 + 8
(5)
2
T (1) , (2) x21 5x1 + 6 = x1 (2x1 5) + b b = 6 x21 (6)
Thay (5) , (6) vo (2) , (3)
!2
2
3x
+
8
9
2
(3x22 + 3) .x2 + 6
= x32 + 3x2 10 x42 + 2x32 12.x22 = 0
2
4
T (2) , (4) 2x1 5 = 3x22 + 3 x1 =
Trang 180
Chng 9. Hm s v th

1 2
x2 = 0
2

x2 (9x2 8x2 + 48) = 0
2
9x
4
2 8x2 + 48 = 0 V nghim
x2 = 0 x1 = 4 b = 10, a = 3
y = 3x 10 l phng trnh tip tuyn chung cn tm.
9.4.5
Cng c kin thc
1
V d 9.37 (H - B - 2004): Cho hm s y = x3 2x2 + 3x, (C).
3
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) ti im un v chng minh l tip tuyn ca
(C) c h s gc b nht.
Tu
2
Gii: y = x2 4x + 3, y = 2x 4. T y = 0 ta c x = 2, y = , y = 1. Vy
3
!
2
8
2
im un A 2;
. Khi tip tuyn ti A l y = 1.(x 2) + hay y = x + . V
3
3
3
M
in
ta c att = 1. H s gc ti mt bt k ti im M c honh x0 nm trn (C) l:

k = y (x0 ) = x20 4x0 + 3. Ta c k = (x0 2)2 1 1 = att . Do h s gc ca tip
tuyn ca (C) c h s gc b nht.
Th
.
1
m
1
V d 9.38 (H - D - nm 2005): Gi (Cm ) : y = x3 x2 + , m l tham s.
3
2
3
Gi M l im thuc (Cm ) c honh bng 1. Tm m tip tuyn ca (Cm ) ti
im M song song vi ng thng 5x y = 0.
m
1
1
Gii: y = x3 x2 + y = x2 mx
3
2
3
Ta c att = y (1) = 1 + m. Phng trnh tip tuyn l:
m+2
m
y = (1 + m) (x + 1) y = (m + 1) x +
2
2
Ta
c 5x y = 0 y = 5x
m+1=5
m=4
m+2
6= 0
2
x2 + x 1
V d 9.39 (H - B - 2006): Cho hm s y =
(C).
x+2
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C), bit tip tuyn ny vung gc vi tim cn xin
ca (C).
1
1
lim [y (x 1)] = lim
=0
x
x x + 2
x+2
1
x2 + 4x + 3
y = x 1 l tim cn xin ca th (C). y = 1
=
(x + 2)2
(x + 2)2
V tip tuyn ca (C) vung gc vi tim cn xin y = x 1, nn att = 1.
Gi x0 l honh tip im. T ta c:
x20 + 4x0 + 3
= 1 x20 + 4x0 + 3 = x20 4x0 4 2x20 + 8x0 + 7 = 0
2
(x
0 + 2)
3 2
2
y0 =
3 y = x + 2 2 5
x0 = 2 +
2
2
3 2
2
y0 =
3 y = x 2 2 5
x0 = 2
2
2
Gii: y = x 1 +
Trang 181
9.5. Xc nh im tha mn iu kin cho trc
9.5
9.5.1
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Xc nh im tha mn iu kin cho trc

Kin thc c bn
nh l 9.5. Gi s P (x) = an .xn + an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 .

Nu P (x) c t nht n + 1 nghim th an = an1 = = a1 = a0 = 0
H qu 9.1. Nu an .xn + an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 = 0 x R th
an = an1 = = a1 = a0 = 0
Tu
V d 9.40: Cho h ng cong y = x3 + 2(m 1)x2 + (m2 4m + 1)x 2(m2 + 1).

Tm cc im trn mt phng ta m h ng cong i qua vi mi m.
M
in
Gii: Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im cn tm. Khi ta c:

y0 = x30 + 2(m 1)x20 + (m2 4m + 1)x0 2(m2 + 1) m
(x0 2) m2 + (2x20 4x0 ) m + x30 2x20 + x0 2 y0 = 0 m

x0 2 = 0
x0 = 2
2
2x0 4x0 = 0
3
y0 = 0
x0 2x20 + x0 2 y0 = 0
Vy h ng cong cho i qua mt im c nh l (2; 0).
Th
.
Nhn xt:
Nh vy lc chung gii bi ton tm im c nh m h ng cong

lun i qua l: gi (x0 , y0 ) l im m h ng cong y = f (x, m) lun i qua
vi mi m. T h thc y0 = f (x0 , m) vi mi m v h qu trn th ta c
an = an1 = = a1 = a0 = 0. T ta c mt h phng trnh theo x0 v y0 .
Gii h ny ta c im c nh cn tm.
Ta nhn thy (2; 0) l im c nh trong v d trn. iu c ngha l : Phng
trnh x3 + 2(m 1)x2 + (m2 4x + 1)x 2(m2 + 1) = 0 vi mi m lun c 1 nghim
x = 2. T suy ra trong nhiu trng hp c th s dng vic tm im c nh
nhm nghim ca phng trnh bc cao c tham s.
Gi s ta phi bin lun (hoc gii) phng trnh bc cao c tham s sau: y = f (x, m) =
0. Nh ta bit, nu bit trc mt nghim x0 ca n, th ta c th h bc phng
trnh khi mi vic s n gin hn. Ta c th lm nh sau: Tm im c nh (x0 , y0 )
ca h y = f (x, m) theo cch trn. Nu nh tn ti im c nh (x0 , 0) th x = x0 chnh
l mt nghim. D nhin khng phi iu ny lc no cng c. Nu nh ta p dng
vic tm im c nh ca mt h ng cong ph thuc vo tham s nhm nghim
phng trnh bc cao vi tham s.
V d 9.41 (Bi ton 3 im c nh thng hng): Chng minh rng cc h ng cong
sau vi mi m lun i qua 3 im c nh thng hng:
a) y = (m + 2)x3 + 2(m + 2)x2 (m + 3)x 2m + 1.
b) y = (m + 1)x3 (2m 1)x m + 1.
c) y = (m 3)x3 4(m 3)x2 (m + 1)x + m.
Trang 182
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Gii: a) Xt h ng cong y = (m + 2)x3 + 2(m + 2)x2 (m + 3)x 2m + 1. Gi

(x0 , y0 ) l im c nh cn tm. Khi ta c:
y0 = (m + 2)x30 + 2(m + 2)x20 (m + 3)x0 2m + 1 m
(x30 + 2x20 x0 2) m + (2x30 + 4x20 3x0 + 1 y0 ) = 0 m

3
x0 + 2x20 x0 2 = 0
(1)
3
2
(2)
2x0 + 4x0 3x0 + 1 y0 = 0
x0 = 2 y0 = 7
2
(1) (x0 + 2) . (x0 1) = 0 x0 = 1 y0 = 6

x0 = 1 y0 = 4
Tu
Vy ta c 3 im c nh l : A (2; 7) , B (1; 6) , C (1; 4)
AB = (1; 1) , AC = (3; 3) AC = 3AB
M
in
Nhn xt: t (2) ta c
nn A, B, C thng hng.
y0 = 2 (x30 + 2x20 x0 2) x0 + 5
(1) y0 = x0 + 5 A, B, C d : y = x + 5
Th
.
D nhin vi ng cong cho th cch lm trc tip n gin hn (mi tnh ton
u d dng). Tuy nhin khng phi khi no cch lm trc tip cng sun s.
b) Xt h ng cong y = (m + 1)x3 (2m 1)x m + 1.
Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im c nh cn tm. Tnh ton nh trn dn n h phng trnh

sau tm x0 , y0 .
3
x0 2x0 1 = 0
(1)
3
y0 x0 + x0 1 = 0
(2)
(2) y0 = x30 x0 + 1 = (x30 2x0 1) + x0 + 2 = x0 + 2
(1) (x0 + 1) (x20 x0 1) = 0 (1) c 3 nghim phn bit.
Nn 3 im u tha mn: y0 = x0 +2. Vy 3 im cng thuc ng thng y = x+2.

Nhn xt: D nhin c th gii trc tip bng cch tm nghim ca (1)
1 5
. Vic tm y0 theo x0 y phc tp hn v x0 c nghim
(1) x0 = 1, x0 =
2
di dng cn. Sau li phi dng cc php tnh v vct c 3 im c nh
thng hng.
R rng gii trc tip c th, nhng chc chn phc tp hn hn cch ta trnh by
trn.
c) Xt h ng cong y = (m 3)x3 4(m 3)x2 (m + 1)x + m.
Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im c nh cn tm. Ta c h sau y xc nh x0 , y0 .

3
x0 4x20 x0 + 1 = 0
(1)
3
2
y0 + 3x0 12x0 + x0 = 0
(2)
(2) y0 = 3x30 + 12x20 x0 = 3 (x30 4x20 x0 + 1) 4x0 + 3 = 4x0 + 3

Trang 183
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Ta chng minh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit.

Xt hm f (x) = x3 4x2 x + 1
f (1) = 3, f (0) = 1, f (1) = 3, f (5) = 21
f (1) .f (0) = 3 < 0 x1 (1; 0) : f (x1 ) = 0
f (0) .f (1) = 3 < 0 x2 (0; 1) : f (x2 ) = 0
f (1) .f (5) = 63 < 0 x3 (1; 5) : f (x3 ) = 0
V x1 < x2 < x3 nn phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit.

Vy 3 im c nh thng hng v chng u nm trn ng thng y = 4x + 3.
Tu
Nhn xt:
M
in
Trong th d ny phng php tm cc im c nh c th, ri chng minh chng thng

hng l hon ton khng th lm c (mc d bit (1) c 3 nghim phn bit nhng
lm th no tm 3 nghim ). Nhn trn hnh v thy r iu ny:
y
Th
.
2
1
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
y = x3 4x2 x + 1
9.5.2
Tm im khng thuc mi ng cong trong h y =

f (x, m)
Lc chung gii chng nh sau:

Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im cn tm, th phng trnh sau y (n m): y0 = f (x0 , m) (1)
v nghim.
Vy ta qui bi ton v vic tm iu kin phng trnh (1) (n m) v nghim.
Ty dng ca (1) m ta c cc iu kin v nghim tng ng. T cc iu kin
ny s cho ta li gii ca bi ton.
Lu vi cc bn lm sng t cc kt qu tm c, trong cc trng hp c th
c, bn hy biu din hnh hc cc kt qu tm c trn mt phng ta . lm
c iu ny, bn ch cn nm c cch biu din min trn mt phng ta t cc
h thc cho trc. Ta hy ln lt xt cc v d sau.
Trang 184
Chng 9. Hm s v th
V d 9.42: Cho h ng cong y = mx3 + (1 m)x ph thuc tham s m.

Tm cc im trn mt phng ta sao cho khng c ng cong no ca h i qua.
Tu
Gii: Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im phi tm. Khi phng trnh sau y (n m)

y0 = mx30 + (1 m)x0 (1) v nghim.
D thy (1) y0 x0 = m(x30 x0 ) (2).
Ta c (2) v nghim khi v ch khi h sau tha mn:

3
x0 = 0
x0 x0 = 0
x0 = 1
y0 x0 6= 0
y0 6= x0
Vy cc im cn tm gm 3 ng thng x = 0, x = 1, x = 1 b i 3 im A(0; 0),
B(1; 1), C(1; 1).
V d 9.43: Cho h ng thng y = x3 m3 x2 + 2mx + m2 1.

Tm cc im trn mt phng ta m h ng cong khng i qua vi mi m.
Th
.
M
in
Gii: Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im cn tm khi phng trnh sau (n m).

y0 = x30 m3 x20 + 2mx0 + m2 1 (1) v nghim.
Ta vit li m3 x20 m2 2mx0 + y0 + 1 x30 = 0 (2).
Nu x0 6= 0, th (2) l phng trnh bc 3. Ta bit rng mi phng trnh bc 3 u c
t nht mt nghim. V th (2) v nghim th x0 = 0.
Vi x0 = 0 th (2) tr thnh m2 + y0 + 1 = 0 m2 = y0 + 1 (3).
(3) v nghim y0 + 1 < 0 y0 < 1. Vy tp cc im l na ng thng: x = 0
vi y < 1.
V d 9.44: Cho h ng cong y = x3 + 2(m 1)x2 + (m2 4m + 1)x 2(m2 + 1).
Tm cc im trn mt phng ta sao cho mi ng thng ca h u khng i qua
im y.
Gii: Gi (x0 , y0 ) l im cn tm. Phng trnh sau y (n m):
y0 = x30 + 2(m 1)x20 + (m2 4m + 1)x0 2(m2 + 1) (1) v nghim. Vit li (1) di
dng sau: (x0 2)m2 + 2x0 (x0 2)m + x30 2x20 + x0 2 y0 = 0 (2).
Xt cc kh nng sau:
a) Nu x0 = 2. Khi (2) y0 = 0. Vy trong trng hp ny phng trnh (1) v

x0 = 2
nghim khi:
y0 6= 0
b) Nu x0 6= 2. Khi (2) v nghim khi:
= x20 . (x0 2)2 (x30 2x20 + x0 2 y0 ) (x0 2) < 0
(x0 2) (x30 2x20 x30 + 2x20 x0 + 2 + y0 ) < 0

x0 2 < 0
x0 + y0 + 2 > 0
(x0 2) (x0 + y0 + 2) < 0

x0 2 > 0
x0 + y0 + 2 < 0
Trang 185
9.6. S tng giao
Chng 9. Hm s v th
y
3
2
1
0
-1
S tng giao
9.6.1
Kin thc c bn
9.6
M
in
Tu
Tp cc im l 2 gc i nh nh hnh v.
-2
Th
.
tm giao im ca 2 ng cong y = f (x), v y = g(x). Xt phng trnh honh

giao im : f (x) = g(x) (1).
Nhn chung (1) u l phng trnh bc cao (c bc 3). Nu c th bn nn tm
cch h bc ca (1). Ta lun s dng kt qu sau:
Nu x = a l mt nghim ca (1) th (1) c a v dng sau: (x a).H(x) = 0.
H(x) c bc gim i 1 so vi phng trnh gc. H(x) c th tm bng cch
s dng lc Hooc - ne.
Nu s dng cc kt qu v gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm bc 3, ta c kt
qu thng dng sau:
Xt phng trnh sau: f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (a 6= 0)
(2).
Khi :
(2) c 3 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi f (x) c cc i, cc tiu v yC .yCT < 0.
(2) c 2 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi f (x) c cc i, cc tiu v yC .yCT = 0.
(2) c 1 nghim khi v ch khi:
+) Hoc l f (x) khng c cc i, cc tiu.
+) Hoc l f (x) c cc i, cc tiu v yC .yCT > 0
Cn nhn mnh rng vi bi ton ngoi vic i hi tnh giao nhau ca cc ng cong
bc ba vi mt ng cong khc c bc khng qu ba, ta cn quan tm n tnh cht
ca cc giao im th kt qu va dn ra trn ch c th xem nh mt iu kin cn.
N cha sc mnh gii quyt hon ton bi ton. gii quyt trn vn, ta cn
s dng thm cc kin thc khc.
Trang 186
9.6. S tng giao
9.6.2
Chng 9. Hm s v th
S tng giao ca hm a thc vi trc Ox
V d 9.45: Cho h ng cong ph thuc tham s m:

y = x3 3(m + 1)x2 + 2(m2 + 4m + 1)x 4m(m + 1)
Tm m ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh ln hn 1
Nhn xt:
Th
.
M
in
Tu
Gii: ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh ln hn 1 khi v

ch khi phng trnh x3 3(m + 1)x2 + 2(m2 + 4m + 1)x 4m(m + 1) = 0 (1) c 3
nghim phn bit ln hn 1.
Do x = 2 l nghim ca (1), nn (1) c th vit di dng sau:
(x 2) [x2 (3m + 1) x + 2m (m + 1)] = 0 (1)
(2) c 3 nghim phn bit ln hn 1 th iu kin cn v l phng trnh
f (x) = x2 (3m + 1) x + 2m (m + 1) = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit ln hn 1 v khc 2.
Theo nh l o v du ca tam thc bc 2
iu xy ra khi v ch khi:
m 6= 1
>
0
1
m 2m + 1 > 0
m
>
1
a.f
(1)
>
0
2
2
2m m > 0
m
>
m<0
S
2
(3m + 1) > 2
>
1
m
=
6
1
1
2m2 4m + 2 6= 0
2
m>
f (2) 6= 0
m 6= 1
nh l o v du ca tam thc bc 2 ni chung l cng c hu hiu gii cc
bi ton thuc loi ny.
Tuy nhin trong v d trn (2) c th vit di dng :
(x 2)(x 2m)(x m 1) = 0 x = 2, x = 2m, x = m + 1
V th ta cn c:
2m > 1
m>
2
2m 6= 2
m>
m 6= 1
m+1>1
m
>
0
m
=
6
1
m + 1 6= 2; 2m 6= m + 1
m 6= 1; m 6= 1
V d 9.46: Bin lun theo m s giao im ca vi trc honh ca ng cong :

y = x3 3x2 + 3(1 m)x + 3m + 1
Gii: Ta c y = 3x2 6x + 3(1 m) = 3(x2 2x + 1 m).
ng cong c cc tr khi phng trnh y = 3(x2 2x + 1 m) = 0 c 2 nghim phn
bit
= 1 (1 m) = m > 0. (1)
Ta c nhn xt sau:
x3 3x2 + 3(1 m)x + 3m + 1 = (x2 2x + 1 m)(x 1) + 2(mx + m + 1)
y
Hay y = .(x 1) + 2(mx + m + 1) (2)
3
Trang 187
9.6. S tng giao
Chng 9. Hm s v th
ng thc (2) chng t rng : Nu (x1 , y1 ) v (x2 , y2 ) l cc im cc tr ca hm s th:

y1 = 2(mx1 + 1 + m)
y2 = 2(mx2 + 1 + m)
By gi ta bin lun s giao im ca ng cong vi trc honh nh sau:

1) ng cong ct trc honh ti mt im duy nht khi:
a) Hoc l ng cong khng c cc i, cc tiu: 0 m 0.
Tu
b) Hoc l c cc i, cc tiu nhng y1 .y2 > 0. iu xy ra khi:

m>0
m>0
y1 .y2 > 0
m2 x1 x2 m(m + 1)(x1 + x2 ) + (1 + m)2 > 0
(3)
(4)
Do x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh x2 2x + 1 m = 0 nn theo nh l Viet

ta c:
M
in
x1 + x2 = 2, x1 .x2 = 1 m thay vo (4) ta c h:

m>0
0<m<1
m3 + 1 > 0
Kt hp 2 trng hp ta c : ng cong ct trc honh ti im duy nht khi

m<1
Th
.
2) ng cong ct trc honh ti 2 im phn bit khi v ch khi ng cong c 2 im

cc tr v y1 .y2 = 0. iu ny xy ra khi:

m>0
m>0
m=1
m3 + 1 = 0
y1 .y2 = 0
3) Tng t ng cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit khi m > 1.
V d 9.47: Cho ng cong y = x3 3x2 + (2m 2)x + m 3. Tm m ng

cong ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh x1 , x2 , x3 tha mn iu kin
x1 < 1 < x2 < x3 .
Gii:
iu kin cn:
Gi s m l gi tr tha mn yu cu bi ton. Khi ta c:
f (x) = x3 3x2 + (2m 2)x + m 3 = (x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 ).
Ta c bng xt du:
x
f (x)
x1
x2
+
x3
+
+
T gi thit : x1 < 1 < x2 < x3 v bng xt du suy ra f (1) > 0.

m 5 > 0 m < 5.
iu kin :
Gi s m < 5. Ta c:
f (1) = m 5 > 0, f (0) = m 3 < 0 (Do m < 5)
V lim f (x) = b < 1 : f (b) < 0
x
Trang 188
9.6. S tng giao
Chng 9. Hm s v th
lim f (x) = + a > 0 : f (a) > 0
x+
Da vo tnh lin tc ca hm f (x) ta c :

f (b) .f (1) < 0 x1 (b; 1) : f (x1 ) = 0
f (1) .f (0) < 0 x2 (1; 0) : f (x2 ) = 0
f (0) .f (a) < 0 x3 (0; a) : f (x3 ) = 0
x1 < x2 < x3 : f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = f (x3 ) = 0
Vy phng trnh c 3 nghim phn bit.
Nhn xt:
Tu
Ba v d trn cho ta cc cch gii khc nhau, v cng chnh l cc cch thng gp
nht:
H bc phng trnh ri dng nh l o v du ca tam thc bc 2
S dng cc kin thc khc.
M
in
S dng mi lin h gia gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s.
chnh l cc lc chung nht xt cc bi ton v im ct i vi cc ng

cong a thc bc 3.
Th
.
V d 9.48: Cho ng cong y = x3 3mx2 + 2m(m 4)x + 9m2 m. Tm m ng

cong chn trn trc honh 2 on bng nhau.
Gii:
iu kin cn:
Gi s ng cong chn trn trc honh 2 on bng nhau, tc l ng cong ct trc
honh ti 3 im phn bit A, B, C sao cho : BA = BC. Gi s x1 , x2 , x3 tng ng l
honh ca A, B, C. Khi ta c: x2 x1 = x3 x2 x3 + x1 = 2x2 x1 + x2 + x3 =
3x2 .
V x1 , x2 , x3 l 3 nghim ca phng trnh x3 3mx2 + 2m(m 4)x + 9m2 m = 0 nn
ta c
x1 + x2 + x3 = 3m x2 = m. Do m l nghim ca (1) nn thay vo (1) ta c:

m=0
3
3
2
2
2
m 3m + 2m (m 4) + 9m m = 0 m m = 0
m=1
iu kin :
+) m = 0: ng cong tr thnh y = x3 . R rng y = x3 ch ct trc honh ti mt
im nn trng hp ny loi.
+) m = 1: ng cong tr thnh y = x3 3x2 6x + 8
y = 0 (x 1).(x2 2x 8) = 0 x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 4.
R rng x2 x1 = x3 x2 nn m = 1 l tham s cn tm.
9.6.3
S tng giao ca hm phn thc
Cc bi ton thuc dng ny thng c dng sau:

Tm iu kin ng cong (C) biu din hm phn thc v mt ng (C ) cho
trc ct nhau v honh cc giao im tha mn iu kin cho trc no .
Trang 189
9.6. S tng giao
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Hy xt cc v d sau y:
x2 + 2x
v ng thng y = x 3 ct
V d 9.49: Chng minh rng ng cong y =
x+1
nhau ti 2 im phn bit i xng nhau qua ng thng y = x.
x2 + 2x
= x 3
x+1
x2 + 2x = x2 4x 3 2x2 + 6x + 3 = 0. (1)
R rng (1) c 2 nghim phn bit v = 3 > 0.
Gi M1 (x1 , x1 3), M2 (x2 , x2 3) l 2 giao im ca 2 ng trn. ng thng qua
(x2 3) (x1 3)
= 1. V vy M1 M2 ng thng
M1 M2 c h s gc : k =
x2 x1
y = x.
Gi
I l trung im ca M1 M2 th ta (x0 , y0 ) ca I l :
x + x2
x0 = 1
2
x1 + x2
(x
1 3) + (x2 3)
y0 =
=
3
2
2
3
3
Theo nh l Viet ta c x1 + x2 = 3 x0 = , y0 =
2
2
I nm trn ng thng y = x.
Hay ni cch khc M, N i xng vi nhau qua ng thng y = x.
!
x2 + 3
2
V d 9.50: Cho y =
(C). Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua M 2;
x+1
5
Th
.
M
in
Tu
Gii: Xt phng trnh
sao cho d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A, B sao cho M l trung im AB
x=2
Gii: H
x2 + 3 ch c 1 mt nghim nn ng thng x = 2 khng th ct
y=
x+1
2
(C) ti 2 im phn bit. Vy phng trnh ng thng d c dng: y = k(x 2) + .
5
Trc ht ta tm k d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit. Mun vy xt phng trnh honh
giao im:
2
x2 + 3
= k(x 2) + 5(1 k)x2 + (5k 2)x + 10k + 13 = 0 (1)
x+1
5
(Do x = 1 khng l nghim ca (1))
(1) c 2 nghim phn bit x1 , x2 ta cn c : (5k 2)2 20(1 k)(10k + 3) (2).
Khi 2 giao im ca d v (C) l I(x1 , y1 ) v J(x2 , y2 ). R rng M, I, J cng nm trn
d nn M l trung im I, J khi v ch khi:
5k 2
20k 20 = 5k 2
2xM = x1 + x2 4 = x1 + x2 4 =
5(k 1)
6
6
k = tha mn iu kin (2). Vy k = tha mn yu cu ca bi ra.
5
5
Xem hnh v di y:
Trang 190
9.6. S tng giao
Chng 9. Hm s v th
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
M
3
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
(x
2)
+
-6
-7
-8
-9
x2 +3
x+1
Tu
y=
-10
M
in
x2 + x 1
V d 9.51: Cho y =
(C). Tm m (C) ct y = x + m ti 2 im phn
x1
bit A, B. Chng minh rng khi y: A, B thuc cng mt nhnh ca th (C)
Th
.
Gii: y = x + m ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit, iu kin l phng trnh:

x2 + x 1
= x + m (1) c 2 nghim phn bit.
x1
2
(1) x + x 1 = x2 + (m + 1)x m f (x) = 2x2 mx + m + 1 = 0 (2)
(x = 1 khng l nghim ca (2) nn (1), (2) l tng ng)
(2) c 2 nghim phn bit khi v ch khi

m<42 2
2
(3)
= m 8m + 8 > 0
m>4+2 2
Vi iu kin (3) ta c a.f (1) = 2 > 0. Vy 1
/ [x1 , x2 ], y x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca (2).
iu ny chng t 2 giao im A, B gia (C) v y = x + m nm v cng mt pha ca
ng thng x = 1. Tc l A, B thuc cng mt nhnh ca th.
9.6.4
Cng c kin thc
x2 + mx 8
(Cm ). Tm m (Cm ) ct trc honh ti 2 im
xm
phn bit A, B sao cho cc tip tuyn ti A, B vung gc vi nhau.
V d 9.52: Cho y =
Gii: ng cong (Cm ) ct trc honh ti 2 im phn bit A, B khi v ch khi :

x2 + mx 8
= 0 (1) c 2 nghim phn bit
xm
Hay f (x) = x2 + mx 8 = 0 (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc m.

= m2 + 32 > 0
m 6= 2.
iu ny tng ng vi :
f (m) = 2m2 8 6= 0
Gi x1 , x2 tng ng l honh 2 im A, B. Khi x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca phng
trnh (2).

x1 + x2 = m
Theo nh l Viet ta c
x1 .x2 = 8
2
8 2m2
2m 8
y = 1 +
.
Ta c y = x + 2m +
xm
(x m)2
Trang 191
9.6. S tng giao
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Gi k1 , k2 l h s gc ca tip tuyn ti A, B: k1 = y (x1 ), k2 = y (x2 ).

Ta c (x m)2 = x2 2mx + m2 = x2 + mx 8 + (3mx + m2 + 8) nn ta c:
2m2 8
2m2 8
,
k
=
1
+
k1 = 1 +
2
3mx1 m2 8
3mx2 m2 8
Theo gi thuyt 2 tip tuyn
vung gc vi nhau!nn ta c: k1 .k2 = 1
!
2
2m 8
2m2 8
1+
. 1+
= 1
3mx1 m2 8
3mx2 m2 8
2
M
in
Tu
2m2 8
(2m2 8)
2m2 8
+
+
= 1
1+
3mx1 m2 8 3mx2 m2 8 (3mx1 m2 8) . (3mx2 m2 8)
2
(2m2 8) . (3m (x1 + x2 ) 2m2 16) + (2m2 8)
2+
=0
9m2 x1 x2 3m (m2 + 8) (x1 + x2 ) + (m2 + 8)2
2
(2m2 8) . (3m. (m) 2m2 16) + (2m2 8)
2+
=0
72m2 + 3m2 (m2 + 8) + (m2 + 8)2

6m4 24m2 + 192
2m4 88m2 + 320 = 0
=0
2+
4m4 32m2 + 64 6= 0
4m4 32m2 + 64

2
m =4
m2 = 40 m2 = 40 m = 2 10
2
m 6= 4
Th
.
V d 9.53 (H - D - 2003): Tm m ng thng y = mx + 2 2m ct ng cong

x2 2x + 4
ti 2 im phn bit.
y=
x2
x2 2x + 4
Gii: ng cong y =
ct y = mx + 2 2m ti 2 im phn bit khi v
x2
x2 2x + 4
ch khi: Phng trnh
= mx + 2 2m (1) c 2 nghim phn bit,
x2
tc l phng trnh: x2 2x + 4 = (x 2).(mx + 2 m) (2) c 2 nghim phn bit.
(Do (2) khng c nghim x = 2)
(m 1)(x 2)2 = 4 c 2 nghim phn bit
m1>0 m>1.
x2 + 3x 3
(C). Tm m ng thng
2(x 1)
y = m ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A, B sao cho AB = 1.
V d 9.54 (H - A - 2004): Cho y =
x2 + 3x 3
Gii: Xt phng trnh
= m (1)
2(x 1)
x2 + 3x 3 = 2m(x 1) (2) (Do (2) khng c nghim x = 1).
x2 + (2m 3)x + 3 2m = 0 (3)
Gi x1 , x2 l 2 nghim phn bit ca (3), c iu ny
ta phi c:
3
m>
2 (4)
= (2m 3)2 4(3 2m) > 0 4m2 4m 3 > 0
1
m<
2
Theo nh l Viet ta c : x1 + x2 = 3 2m, x1 .x2 = 3 2m
Ta c ta 2 giao im l A(x1 , m), B(x2 , m). T ta c :
AB = 1 |x1 x2 | = 1 (x1 x2 )2 = 1 (x1 + x2 )2 4x1 x2 = 1
Trang 192
9.7. S tip xc ca 2 ng cong
Chng 9. Hm s v th
1 5
(3 2m) 4(3 2m) = 1 4m 4m 4 = 0 m =
(5)
2
1 5
.
T (4) v (5) ta c m =
2
2
9.7
9.7.1
S tip xc ca 2 ng cong
Kin thc c bn
f (x) = g(x)
f (x) = g (x)
Tu
Hai ng cong y = f (x) v y = g(x) tip xc vi nhau khi h sau c nghim:
Cc v d
M
in
9.7.2
Nghim ca h phng trnh chnh l honh tip im.
V d 9.55: Cho y = x3 3x2 + 2. Tm trn ng thng y = 2 cc im m t c

th k c 2 tip tuyn ti th hm s v 2 tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau.
Th
.
Gii: Gi im cn tm l: M (m, 2). rng ng thng x = m i qua M ct

ng cong v song song vi trc tung v n khng th l tip tuyn nn mi tip tuyn
vi ng cong i qua M u c dng: y = k(x m) + 2. Vy h sau phi c nghim:
3
x 3x2 + 2 = k (x m) + 2
x3 3x2 + 2 = (x m) . (3x2 6x) + 2
3x2 6x = k

x=0k=0
3
2
2x (3m + 3) x + 6mx = 0
2x2 3 (m + 1) x + 6m = 0 (1)
+) k = 0: tip tuyn l y = 2, ng thng vung gc vi n c dng x = c. Vy khng
c mt tip tuyn no ca ng cong vung gc vi tip tuyn ny.
Vy ng cong c 2 tip tuyn vung gc th phng trnh (1) phi c 2 nghim
x1 , x2 sao cho: y (x1 ).y (x2 ) = 1 (2).
Phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit khi > 0
m>3
9m2 + 18m + 9 48m > 0 9m2 30m + 9 > 0
(2)
1
m<
3
3m + 3
, x1 .x2 = 3m
Theo nh l Viet ta c : x1 + x2 =
2
3
3
Ta c : 3x2 6x = (2x2 3 (m + 1) x + 6m) + (3m 1) x 9m
2
2
3
3
y (x1 ) = 3x21 6x1 = (3m 1) x1 9m, y (x2 ) = (3m 1) x2 9m
2
! 2
!
3
3
(3m 1) x1 9m .
(3m 1) x2 9m = 1
(2) y (x1 ) .y (x2 ) = 1
2
2
27
9
(3m 1)2 x1 x2 m (3m 1) . (x1 + x2 ) + 81m2 = 1
4
2
9
27
3m + 3
(3m 1)2 .3m m (3m 1) .
+ 81m2 = 1
4
2
2
Trang 193
Chng 9. Hm s v th
1
(Tha mn iu kin (2))
27!
1
tha mn iu kin bi ton.
2;
27
27m + 1 = 0 m =
Kt lun: im M
M
2
-1
Tu
-1
-2
M
in
y = x3 3x2 + 2
V d 9.56: Cho y = x3 3x2 . Tm tt c cc im M nm trn ng cong sao cho

t M ch c th v c mt tip tuyn duy nht ti ng cong cho.
Th
.
Gii: Gi M (a; a3 3a2 ) l im cn tm. Tip tuyn qua M ch c th c dng

y = k(x a) + a3 3a2
x3 3x2 = k (x a) + a3 3a2
3x2 6x = k
3
2
2
x 3x = (3x 6x) . (x a) + a3 3a2 (1)
(x a) . (3x2 6x) (x a) (x2 + ax + a2 ) + 3 (x a) (x + a) = 0
(x a) . (3x2 6x (x2 + ax + a2 ) + 3 (x + a)) = 0
2
2
2
(x
a) . (2x (a + 3) x a + 3a) = 0 (x a) . (2x + a 3) = 0
x=a
3a
x=
2
V qua M ch k c mt tip tuyn duy nht nn phng trnh (1) phi c nghim
duy nht. iu ny tng ng vi :
3a
a=
a = 1 M (1; 2)
2
Vy h sau phi c nghim:
Nhn xt:
Ta thy im M (1; 2) chnh l im un ca ng cong cho.
Bng cc php ton tng t bn c c th d dng chng minh kt qu tng
qut: "Vi mt ng cong bc 3 ty y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a 6= 0, im un
l im duy nht trn ng cong c th k c ng mt tip tuyn vi ng
cong"
Chnh v im M ng cong nn phng trnh (1) chc chn c nghim x = a,
nn ta c th h bc nh lm trn.
Trang 194
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Trong bi s dng tnh cht: "Vi mi ng cong bc ba mi tip tuyn ch

tip xc vi ng cong ti mt im" (d chng minh). Tnh cht ny xin lu
l khng cn ng vi ng cong bc 4.
C th xt v d sau:
V d 9.57: Cho hm s y = x4 2x2 . Khi ng thng y = 1 s tip xc vi
th hm s ti 2 im
Gii: Ta c y = 4x3 4x = 4x(x2 1), y = 0 x = 0, x = 1. Ta c bng bin
thin:
0
+
0
0
+
+
M
in
Tu
R rng l ng thng y = 1 tip xc vi ng cong ti 2 im cc tr.
Th
.
-1
y = 1
-1
y = x4 2x2
x2 + x + 1
(C). Chng minh rng t im A(1; 1)
x+1
lun k c 2 tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau n th (C).
Gii: V ng thng x = 1 khng th l tip tuyn ca (C) nn mi tip tuyn qua
A(1; 1) u c dng : y = k(x 1) 1. H sau c nghim:
x2 + x + 1
= k (x 1) 1
x+1
1
=k
1
(x + 1)2
!
x2 + x + 1
x2 + 3x + 1
1
(x 1) 1
=0
= 1
x+1
(x + 1)2
(x + 1)2
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 (1)
Ta c = 3 > 0 x1 , x2 l 2 nghim ca x1 , x2 .
Theo nh l Viet ta c x1 + x2 = 3, x1 .x2 = 1.
Trang 195
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Gi k1 , k2 l 2 h s gc ca tip tuyn tng ng vi 2 nghim.

V (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1 = (x2 + 3x + 1) x
1
1
1
1
x1 + x2
1
1
k1 .k2 = 1 + + +
=1+
+
k1 = 1 + , k2 = 1 +
x1
x2
x1 x2 x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
3 1
k1 k2 = 1 +
+ = 1 hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau.
1
1
ax2 + bx + c
(p, q 6= 0) ch tip xc
nh l 9.6. Mi tip tuyn ca ng cong y =
px + q
vi ng cong ti mt im duy nht
Tu
x2 + x 3
(C). Tm cc im trn trc honh, nu
x+2
t k c mt tip tuyn ca (C).
Th
.
M
in
Gii: Gi im cn tm l M (a, 0). Do x = a khng l tip tuyn ca (C) nn mi tip

tuyn
vi (C) qua M c dng y = k(x a). Do h sau c nghim:
2
x +x3
= k (x a) (1)
1
x2 + x 3
x+2
= 1+
. (x a)
x+2
(x + 2)2
1+
= k (2)
(x + 2)2
x2 6x 6 + x2 a + 4xa + 5a = 0 c nghim x 6= 2
(a 1) x2 + 2 (2a 3) x + 5a 6 = 0 (3) c nghim x 6= 2
+) Vi a = 1 :
1
(3) f (x) = 2x 1 = 0 x =
2
tha mn x 6= 2.
+) Vi a 6= 1 :
(3) c nghim duy nht
2 khi v ch khi:
khc

= (2a 3)2 (a 1) (5a 6) = 0
=0
f (2) 6= 0
f (2) 6= 0

a2 a + 3 > 0
>0
2+a=0
f (2) = 0

2
a a + 3 = 0
1 13
2 + a 6=0
a=
1 + 13
2
1 13
<a<
a
=
2
2
2
a = 2
!
!
1 13
1 + 13
M1 (1; 0) , M2
; 0 , M3
; 0 , M4 (2; 0) l 4 im tha
2
2
mn
9.7.3
Cng c
V d 9.60 (H - D - 2002): Tm m ng cong (C) c phng trnh

(2m 1)x m2
y=
x1
(C)
tip xc vi ng thng y = x
Trang 196
9.8. Bin lun s nghim bng th
Chng 9. Hm s v th
(2m 1)x m2
(m 1)2
, ta c y =
. Vy h sau phi c nghim:
x1
(x 1)2
(2m 1)x m2
= x (1)
x1
(m 1)2
= 1 (2)
(x 1)2

x1=m1
x=m
(2)
x1=1m
x=2m
x 6= 1
m 6= 1
(2m 1) m m2
= m m2 m = m2 m m
Vi x = m
m1
m 6= 1 h c nghim.
Vy m 6= 1 l gi tr cn tm.
Tu
Gii: Xt y =
M
in
V d 9.61: Tm m ng cong y = x4 6x3 + 12x2 14x + 2m2 + m v

y = 2x3 10x2 + 10x + 1 tip xc vi nhau.
Th
.
Gii: V 2 ng cong tip xc nn h sau c nghim.

x4 6x3 + 12x2 14x + 2m2 + m = 2x3 10x2 + 10x + 1
(1)
3
2
2
4x 18x + 24x 14 = 6x 20x + 10
(2)
x=1
3
2
(2) 4x 24x + 44x 24 = 0 x = 2

x=3
m=2
2
+) Vi x = 1 2m + m 10 = 0
5
m=
2
1 + 73
m=
4
+) Vi x = 2 2m2 + m 9 = 0
1 73
m=
4
m=2
+) Vi x = 3 2m2 + m 10 = 0
5
m=
(
2 )
5 1 + 73 1 73
;
+) Kt lun : m 2; ;
tha mn iu kin bi ton.
2
4
4
9.8
9.8.1
Bin lun s nghim bng th

Kin thc c bn
Da vo nhn xt: "S nghim ca phng trnh f (x) = g(x) chnh l s giao im
ca 2 ng cong y = f (x) v y = g(x)", bi ton bin lun phng trnh trong
nhiu trng hp c cch gii n gin, r rng nu da vo cc th bit ca
ng cho trc (thng da vo kt qu ca v th hm s trong cc phn
trc).
Nu m ng s giao im ca 2 ng y = f (x) v y = g(x) ngi ta s dng
n cc im ti hn, v cc v tr ti hn ca cc ng (thng l cc v tr m
Trang 197
Chng 9. Hm s v th
cc ng tip xc nhau). V th cc kt qu trong mc ny c lin quan n cc

kt qu v tnh tip xc ca cc ng.
9.8.2
Cc v d
Xt cc v d sau:
V d 9.62: Cho hm s y = 4x3 3x.
a) Kho st v v th hm s.
Tu
b) Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh theo m: 4|x|3 3|x| = m.
c) Chng minh rng phng trnh : 4x3 3x = 1 x2 c 3 nghim.
12
M
in
0
1
1
2
+
+
Gii: a) Ta c y = 12x2 3, y = 24x, vy c bng bin thin sau:
Th
.
!
!
1
1
; 1
+) im cc i ; 1 , im cc tiu
2
2
!
!
1
1
+) Khong ng bin : ;
; +
v
2
2
!
1 1
Khong nghch bin : ;
2 2
Ta c th nh hnh v:
y
-1
-1
y = 4x3 3x
b) S nghim ca phng trnh 4|x|3 3|x| = m bng s giao im ca th hm s

y = 4|x|3 3|x| v ng thng y = m. Ta c hnh v:
Trang 198
Chng 9. Hm s v th
y
-1
-1
y = 4|x|3 3|x|
Da vo hnh v ta c :
Tu
+) Nu m = 0: Phng trnh c 3 nghim.
+) Nu m > 0: phng trnh c 2 nghim

+) Nu 1 < m < 0: Phng trnh c 4 nghim.
M
in
+) Nu m = 1: Phng trnh c 3 nghim.

+) Nu m < 1 : Phng trnh v nghim.
c) V th 2 hm s ta c:
Th
.
-1
-1
Da vo th ta c 2 th y = 4x3 3x v y =
bit. Do phng trnh c 3 nghim phn bit.
1 x2 ct nhau ti 3 im phn
V d 9.63: Tm m phng trnh 4|x|3 3|x| 1 = mx m c 4 nghim phn bit.

Gii: th hm y = 4|x|3 3|x| 1:
y
A(1; 0)
-1
B(0; 1)
-1
y = 4|x|3 3|x| 1
y=
(6
3
9)
(x
1)
-2
Trang 199
Chng 9. Hm s v th
M
in
Tu
ng thng y = m(x 1) lun i qua im c nh A(1; 0) v c h s gc m. Ta xt

2 v tr ti hn ca h ng thng y = m(x 1).
Trc ht l ng thng i qua A(1; 0) v B(0; 1) l y = x 1 c h s gc 1.
Th 2 xt tip tuyn vi ng cong y = 4|x|3 3|x| 1 v qua A. R rng tip tuyn
ny tip xc vi nhnh ca ng cong vi x < 0. (Khi y = 4x3 + 3x 1). Khi
h
nghim:
sau c
3
4x + 3x 1 = m (x 1)
4x3 + 3x = (12x2 + 3) . (x 1)
12x2 + 3 = m
x<0
4x3 + 3x 1 = 12x3 + 12x2 + 3x 3 8x3 12x2 +2 = 0
1+ 3
1
(Loi)
x=
(Loi)
x
=
2
(2x 1) . (4x 4x 2) = 0
2
1 3
4x2 4x 2 = 0
x=
2
1+ 3
Ta c x =
m = 9 + 6 3
2
Vy phng trnh c 4 nghim khi ng thng y = m(x 1) nm gia 2 ng thng
ti hn trn.
T ta c : 1 < m < 6 3 9 l cc gi tr ca tham s m cn tm.

V d 9.64 (H - A - 2002): Cho hm s y = x3 + 3x2
(C).
Th
.
a) Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s.
b) Tm k phng trnh x3 + 3x2 + k 3 3k 2 = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
Gii: a) Ta c y = 3x2 + 6x, y = 6x + 6, ta c bng bin thin sau:
x
y
2
+
0
4
th ca (C) nh sau:
y
-1
-1
y = x3 + 3x2
Trang 200
9.9. Bi tp
Chng 9. Hm s v th
b) Ta thy x3 + 3x2 + k 3 3k 2 = 0 x3 + 3x2 = k 3 + 3k 2
(1)
T (1) suy ra (1) c 3 nghim phn bit (da vo th (C)) khi v ch khi:
0 < k 3 + 3k 2 < 4 (2)
T (2) v da vo th ca (C) cu trn ta suy ra :

f 1 [(0; 4)] = (1; 0) (0; 2) (2; 3). Vy k (1; 0) (0; 2) (2; 3).
Bi tp
9.9
Tu
Kho st v v th hm s
c) y = 2 x
d) y =
x2 x
.
|x 2|
2
.
2 3x
M
in
x2 3x + 2
.
x+1
b) y =
3x
.
3x 1
Th
.
a) y =
Bi 9.1: Kho st v v th hm di y:
e) y = x3 3x + 1.
f) y = x4 2x2 + 4.
Cc tr v tim cn
1
Bi 9.2: Tm m hm s y = x3 + (m 2)x2 + (5m + 4)x + m2 + 1 t cc tr ti
3
x1 , x2 sao cho x1 < 1 < x2 .
Hng dn. m < 3.
2
Bi 9.3: Cho y = x3 + (cos 3 sin )x2 8(1 + cos 2)x + 1.
3
a) Chng minh rng hm s lun c cc tr.
b) Gi s hm s c 2 cc tr x1 , x2 . Chng minh , ta lun c x21 + x22 18.
1
Bi 9.4: Cho y = x3 mx2 x + m + 1. Tm m khong cch gia 2 im cc tr
3
l b nht.
2
Hng dn. ymin = m = 0.
3
Trang 201
9.9. Bi tp
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Bi 9.5: Cho y = x3 3x2 + m2 x + m. Tm m ng cong c cc i, cc tiu i

5
1
xng nhau qua ng thng y = x
2
2
Hng dn. m = 0
Bi 9.6: Tm m ng cong y = x4 + 4mx3 + 3 (m + 1) x2 + 1 ch c cc tiu m
khng c cc i.
1+ 7
1 7
m
Hng dn. m = 1 hoc
3
3
Tu
Bi 9.7: Cho y = x4 + (m + 3) x3 + 2 (m + 1) x2 . Chng minh rng vi mi m 6= 1, th

hm s lun lun c cc i ti im c honh 0
x2 + (2m + 1)x + m2 + m + 4
. Tm m hm s c cc tr v tm
2(x + m)
khong cch gia 2 im cc tr.
Hng dn. 4 2
M
in
Bi 9.8: Cho y =
Th
.
|yC yCT | = 4.
x2 + 3x + m
. Tm m ng cong c cc tr v tha mn h thc
x4
Bi 9.9: Cho y =
Hng dn. m = 3
x2 + x + m
.
Bi 9.10: a) Kho st v v th hm s : y =
x+m
b) Tm m ng tim cn (C) i qua im A(3; 0).
Bi 9.11: Cho hm s y =
x2 + mx 1
x+1
(Cm ).
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m = 1.
b) Tm m tim cn xin ca (Cm ) to vi 2 trc ta 1 tam gic c din tch bng
8.
Bi 9.12: Cho y = x2 x + 1 (C). Tm cc tim cn ca (C).

Gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
Bi 9.13: Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s f (x) =
1 x2 +
1x+
1 + x.
Hng dn. max f (x) = 3.

xD
Bi 9.14: Tm gi tr b nht ca biu thc P = (xyz + 1)
!
x y z
1 1 1
+ + +
+ +
x y z
y z x
x y z. trn min D = {(x, y, z) |x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 }.

Hng dn. min P = 6
Trang 202
9.9. Bi tp
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Bi 9.15: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc : P = xyz trn min

)
(

1
1
1

+
+
=2
D = (x, y, z) x 0, y 0, z 0,

1+x 1+y 1+z
.
Hng dn. max P =
1
8
Bi 9.16: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca P = x2 y(4 x y) trn min

D = {(x, y) |x 0, y 0, x + y 6 }
Tu
Hng dn. max P = 4, min P = 64
x2 (x 4y)2
trn min
x2 + y 2

D = (x, y) x2 + y 2 > 0
M
in
Bi 9.17: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca : P =
Th
.
Hng dn. max P = 2 2 2, min P = 2 2 2.
Bi 9.18: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca : P =
x + 2y + 1
, x, y R.
x2 + y 2 + 7
5
1
Hng dn. max P = , min P =
2
14
Bi 9.19: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s:
f (x) = 3 + x + 6 x 18 + 3x x2 trn min D = {x |3 x 6 }.
93 2
Hng dn. max f (x) = 3; min f (x) =
.
xD
xD
2
Bi 9.20: Cho f (x) = 4x2 4ax + a2 2a xt trn min D = {x R |2 x 0 }.
Tm a min f (x) = 2.
xD
Hng dn. a = 1 hoc a = 1 +
3.
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn th

x2 9
, bit rng n i qua
Bi 9.21: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong y =
x
im M (1; 8).
Hng dn. y = 2x + 6 v y = 50x 42.
Bi 9.22: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong y = x4 4x2 , bit rng n i
qua im M (2; 0).
Trang 203
9.9. Bi tp
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Hng dn. y = 0; y = 16x 32 v y =
32
64
x
27
27
Bi 9.23: Tm m ng cong y = 2x3 3 (m + 3) x2 + 18mx 8 tip xc vi trc

honh.
Hng dn. m =
35
; m = 1; m = 4 + 2 6 v m = 4 2 6
27
Tu
Bi 9.24: Cho ng cong y = x3 3x+2 (C). Tm im M trn ng thng y = 2,

sao cho t M c th v c hai tip tuyn ti (C) sao cho hai tip tuyn vung gc
vi nhau.
!
55
; 2
Hng dn. M
27
M
in
Bi 9.25: Cho ng cong y = x2 5x + 6 .Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng

cong bit rng n song song vi ng thng y = 3x + 1.
Bi 9.26: Cho y = x2 5x + 6 v im M (5; 5). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng

cong i qua M .
Th
.
Bi 9.27: Cho y = x2 3x v y = 2x2 + 5x. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca
hai ng cong .
1
Bi 9.28: Cho hm s :y = x3 2x2 + 3x c th l (C) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
3
ti im trn (C) c honh x = 2
2
1
Bi 9.29: Cho hm s : y = x3 x + c th l (C) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
3
3
vi (C) bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng () : y = x 2
Bi 9.30: Cho hm s : y = x3 + 3x2 + 4 (C) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit
tip tuyn i qua m A(0; 1)
Bi 9.31: Cho hm s : y =
tuyn i qua im A(2; 0)
2x 5
(C) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit tip
x2
Bi ton xc nh im tha mn iu kin cho trc

x+2
sao cho khong cch t M n
x3
tim cn ng bng khong cch t M n tim cn ngang.
Bi 9.32: Tm im M trn th hm s: y =
Bi 9.33: Tm trn th hm s: y =
x2 + 3x + 6
cc im c ta nguyn.
x+2
11
x3
hai im phn bit M, N i xng
Bi 9.34: Tm trn th y = + x2 + 3x
3
3
nhau qua trc tung.
Trang 204
9.9. Bi tp
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Bi 9.35: Tm trn th y =
!
5
I 0;
.
2
x2 + x + 2
hai im M, N i xng nhau qua im
x1
x2 + 4x + 5
nhng im c tng khong cch
Bi 9.36: Tm trn th ca hm s y =
x+2
t n ng thng (d) : y + 3x + 6 = 0 l nh nht.
2x
(C) ,bit tip tuyn ca (C) ti M ct
x+1
1
hai trc Ox, Oy ti A, B v OAB c din tch bng .
4
M2 (1; 1)
Bi 9.38: Cho hm s :y =
x2 + 2x + 2
x+1
M
in
1
Hng dn. M1 ( ; 2),
2
Tu
Bi 9.37: Tm ta im M thuc y =
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s
Th
.
b) Tm im M thuc th (C) ca hm s sao cho khong cch t n trc honh

bng hai ln khong cch t n trc tung
2x + 1
x+1

b) Tm trn th (C) ca hm s nhng c tng khong cch t n hai tim cn
l nh nht.
x2 + 2x 2
x1

b) Tm trn th (C) ca hm s nhng c tng khong cch t n hai tim cn
l nh nht.
x2 + 4x + 5
x+2

b) Tm trn th (C) ca hm s nhng c tng khong cch t n ng thng
(d) : y + 3x + 6 = 0 l nh nht.
Bi 9.42: Cho hm s : y =
x2 x + 1
x1

b) Xc nh im A trn (C) c honh x = a > 1 sao cho khong cch t A n giao
im hai tim cn l nh nht
Trang 205
9.9. Bi tp
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Bi 9.43: Cho hm s: y = 2x3 + 3x2 12x 1

b) Tm im M thuc th (C) ca hm s sao cho tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M i
qua gc ta
11
x3
+ x2 + 3x
3
3
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.
Tu
b) Tm trn th (C) hai im phn bit M , N i xng nhau qua trc tung.

16
16
Hng dn.
3;
;
3;
3
3
M
in
x2 + x + 2
c th l (C)
x1
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s cho.

(3; 7)
Th
.
Hng dn. (3; 2) ;

5
b) Tm trn th (C) hai im M , N i xng nhau qua im I 0;
.
2
S tng giao
1
x+2
Bi 9.46: Chng minh rng vi mi m, ng thng y = xm lun ct (C) : y =
2
x1
ti 2 im phn bit A, B. Tm m sao cho AB l nh nht
Hng dn. AB =
10 khi m =
Bi 9.47: Tm m (C) : y =
phn bit.
3
2
x2 + x + m
ct ng thng d : y = x 1 ti 2 im
x+m
Hng dn. m < 6 4 2 hoc
m > 6 + 4 2
m 6= 0
x2 + mx 1
ct y = m ti 2 im phn bit
Bi 9.48: Tm m th hm s y =
x+1
A, B sao cho ABOB.
1 5
.
Hng dn. m =
2
Bi 9.49: Cho ng cong y = x3 x2 + 18mx 2m. Tm m ng cong ct trc
honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh x1 , x2 , x3 sao cho x1 < 0 < x2 < x3 .
Hng dn. m < 0
Trang 206
9.9. Bi tp
Chng 9. Hm s v th
Bi 9.50: Cho hm s y = 2x3 3x2 1. Gi d l ng thng i qua im M (0; 1)

v c h s gc l k. Tm k ng thng d ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit.
x2 2x + 4
(1) v ng thng y = mx + 2 2m. Tm m
x2
ng thng d ct th hm s (1) ti 2 im phn bit.
Bi 9.51: Cho hm s y =
Bi 9.52: Cho hm s : y = (x 1)(x2 + mx + m) (1) Xc nh m sao cho th hm

s (1) ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit.
Bi 9.53: Cho hm s : y = x3 3x + 2 Gi (d) l ng thng i qua im M (3; 20)
v c h s gc l m. Tm m ng thng (d) ct (C) to 3 im phn bit.
Tu
Bi 9.54: Cho hm s : y = x4 mx2 + m 1 (1) Xc nh m sao cho th hm s

(1) ct trc honh ti 4 im phn bit.
x2 2x + 4
(1) v ng thng (d) : y = mx + 2 2m.
Bi 9.55: Cho hm s : y =
x2
Tm m ng thng (d) ct th hm s (1) ti hai im phn bit.
M
in
S tip xc ca 2 ng cong
2x2 + x + 1
. Tm trn Oy cc im c th k n (C) 2 tip tuyn
x+1
Th
.
tip tuyn n (C)
x2 x + 1
(C). Tm trn Oy cc im c th k c t nht mt
x1
Bi 9.56: Cho y =
Bi 9.57: Cho y =
vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 9.58: Cho hm s y = x3 3x2 + 3mx + 4. Xc nh m th hm s trn tip

xc vi trc honh.
2x2 + (1 m)x + 1 + m
. Tm m (Cm ) ct
xm
trc Ox ti 2 im v tip tuyn vi (C) ti 2 im vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 9.59: Cho ng cong (Cm ) : y =
Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bng th

Bi 9.60: Cho hm s y = x3 4x2 + 4x c th (C). Bin lun theo k s giao im
ca th (C) vi ng thng y = k
Bi 9.61 (H - A - 2006): a) Kho st v v th hm s y = 2x3 9x2 +12x4 (C).
b) Tm m phng trnh 2|x|3 9x2 + 12|x| = m c 6 nghim phn bit.
Bi 9.62: Bin lun theo a s nghim ca phng trnh :
x2 2|x| + 3
=a
|x| 1
Bi 9.63: a) Kho st v v th hm s y =
(x + 1)2
x+2
b) Bin lun theo tham s m v s nghim ca phng trnh sau:

(x + 1)2 m.|x + 2| = 0
Trang 207
Chng 10. Hnh khng gian ta
Chng 10
Tu
Hnh khng gian ta

Kin thc c bn
10.1.1
Vct v php ton vct trong khng gian
M
in
10.1
Th
.
Vct n v
i = (1; 0; 0)
j = (0; 1; 0)
j = (0; 0; 1)
y
Phng trnh mt phng ta

(Oxy) : z = 0
(Oxz) : y = 0
(Oyz) : x = 0
Phng trnh cc trc ta

x=0
y=0
,
,
Oy :
Ox :
z=0
z=0
Oz :
x=0
y=0
Cho A(xA ; yA ; zA ), B(xB ; yB ; zB )
AB = (xB xA ; yB yA ; zB zA )
q

AB = AB = (xB xA )2 + (yB yA )2 + (zB zA )2
Cho
a = (x1 ; y1 ; z1 ), b (x2 ; y2 ; z2 )
Trang 208
10.1. Kin thc c bn
Th
.
M
in
Tu
+) |
a | = x21 + y12 + z12
+)
a b = (x1 x2 ; y1 y2 ; z1 z2 )
+) k.
a = (kx1 ; ky1 ; kz1 )
+) a . b = x1 .x2 + y1 .y2 + z1 .z2
a b x1 .x2 + y1 .y2 + z1 .z2 = 0

a
.
b

+) cos
a, b =

|
a |. b

h
y1 z 1 z 1 x1 x1 y1
i

+) a , b = a b =
;
;
y2 z 2 z 2 x2 x2 y2
h
x1 y1 z 1
=
=
+) a k b a , b = 0
a = k. b
x2 y2 z 2
h i
+) A, B, C thng hng khi v ch khi AB cng phng AC AB, AC = 0

h i
+) A, B, C, D ng phng khi v ch khi AB, AC .AD = 0
xD = xA + xC xB

+) ABCD l hnh bnh hnh khi v ch khi AB = DC
y = yA + yC yB
D
zD = zA + zC zB
xA + xB
xM =
yA + yB
+) M l trung im AB th
yM =
z
+
zB
A
zM =
2
xA + xB + xC
x
=
yA + yB + yC
+) G l trng tm ABC khi v ch khi :
yM =
z
+
z
A
B + zC
zM =
3
10.1.2
Mt phng trong khng gian
Dng tng qut:

+) () :
M (x0 , y0 , z0 )
() : A (x x0 ) + B (y y0 ) + C (z z0 ) = 0
n = (A, B, C)
n (A; B; C)
M (x0 , y0 , z0 )
Dng tng qut vi 2 ch phng
Mt phng qua A(x0 , y0 , z0 ), c cp vc t ch phng

u1 = (x1 , y1 , z1 ),
u2 = (x2 , y2 , z2 )
Nu n = [u1 , u2 ] 6= 0 . T a c v phng trnh tng qut.

Trang 209
10.1. Kin thc c bn
2
u
u
1
A
Mt phng c dng tng qut:
10.1.3
Tu
Mt phng () c dng Ax + By + Cz + D = 0. (A2 + B 2 + C 2 6= 0)

Khi vc t php tuyn l (A, B, C). Cn M0 () l mt im no tha mn
A.x0 + B.y0 + C.z0 + D = 0.
V d :
Mt phng (P ) : 2x+3yz+1 = 0 c vc t php

n = (2; 3; 1), im M0 (0; 0; 1) (P ).
ng thng trong khng gian
M
in
Dng tham s v chnh tc:
Th
.
ng thng (d) i qua im M0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) c vc t ch phng

u = (a, b, c) c
x = x0 + a.t
phng trnh tham s:
(t R).
y = y0 + b.t
z = z0 + c.t
x x0 y y0 z z 0
v phng trnh chnh tc :
=
=
.
a
b
c
M0
Dng tng qut

Ta hiu rng ng thng d thc cht l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P ), (Q) no
vi
(P ) : A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0, (Q) : A2 .x + B2 .y + C2 .z + D2 = 0.

A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0
Khi phng trnh d l :
A2 .x + B2 .y + C2 .z + D2 = 0
d
Cch chuyn dng tng qut v dng tham s

t x = t (t R). Tnh y, z theo t.
Ly im A(0; b; c) d (Cho x = 0 v gii y, z t h phng trnh)
(P ) c vc t php tuyn
n1 = (A1 , B1 , C1 ),
v (Q) c vc t php tuyn l

n = (A , B , C ) Khi
u = [
n ;
n ].
2
Trang 210
10.1. Kin thc c bn
Qui trnh chuyn nh sau:

Tham s
Kh t
10.1.4
Tng qut
Chnh tc
Cp 2 PT bt k
V tr tng i
Tu
Gia mt phng () v ()

n1 k
n2
+) ()k()
A () A
/ ()

n1 k n2
+) () ()
A () A ()
+) () () = d [
n1 ,
n2 ] 6= 0
Th
.
M
in
Gia ng thng d1 v d2

u1 k
u2
+) d1 k d2
A d1 A
/ d2

u1 k u2
+) d1 d2
A d1 A d2
+) (
d1 d2 = A gii h c ng mt nghim
[
u1 ,
u2 ] 6= 0
. A1 d1 , A2 d2 .
u2 ] .A1 A2 = 0
[
u1 ,
u1 ;
u2 ] .A1 A2 6= 0
+) d1 , d2 cho nhau [
Gia ng thng d v mt phng

=0
ud .
n
+) d k ()
A d A
/ ()

ud . n = 0
+) d ()
A d A ()
6= 0
+) d () = A
ud .
n
10.1.5
Chm mt phng
Chm mt phng (P ) v (Q) c giao tuyn d.

A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0
d:
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
Khi () l mt phng cha d c dng:
m (A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 ) + n (A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 ) = 0
Da vo iu kin ca bi ta c mt phng trnh bc nht n m, n. Chn m =?
n =?.
Cc iu kin c th l:
+) A () hoc ()k() hoc ()ka.
+) ()() hoc ()a.
Vi () l mt mt phng no v a l mt ng thng no cho trc.
Trang 211
10.1. Kin thc c bn
10.1.6
Gc
|
n1 .
n2 |
+) cos (, ) =
| n1 | . |
n2 |
| u1 .
u2 |
+) cos (d1 , d2 ) =
| u1 | . |
u2 |
| ud . n |
+) sin (, d) =
|
| ud | . |
n
10.1.7
Khong cch
Tu
Khong cch gia 2 im

q
AB = (xA xB )2 + (yA yB )2 + (zA zB )2
M
in
Khong cch gia im v mt phng
Cho mt phng (P ) : A.x + B.y + C.z + D = 0 v im M0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ).
d (M0 , (P )) =
|Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D|
A2 + B 2 + C 2
Th
.
Khong cch gia 2 mt phng song song

+) Tm ta im A (P ).
+) d ((P ) , (Q)) = d (A, (Q))
A
Q
Khong cch gia ng thng v mt phng song song

Mt phng (P )k(d). Ta tm khong cch gia ng thng v mt phng nh sau:
+) Tm ta im A d.
+) d (A, (P )) = d (d, (P ))
d
Khong cch gia im n ng thng

Cch 1: Vit phng trnh mt phng P qua A v vung gc vi d.
H = (P ) d, d(A, d) = AH.
Trang 212
10.1. Kin thc c bn
Tu
Cch 2: Cho ng thng d i qua im M0 v c vc t ch phng

u.
h i

u , M0 M

d (M, d) =
|
u|
M
in
Khong cch gia 2 ng thng song song
Gi s c d1 kd2 v A d1 . Khi : d (d1 , d2 ) = d (A, d2 )
Khong cch gia 2 ng thng cho nhau
Th
.
Cch 1: d1 , d2 cho nhau c M1 d1 , M2 d2 .

u1 ,
u2 l ch phng ca d1 , d2 .
Khi :

[
u
,
u
]
.
1 2 M1 M 2
d (d1 , d2 ) =
|[
u ,
u ]|
1
Cch 2: Vit phng trnh mt phng (P ) cha d2 song song vi d1 . im A d1 .

Khi d(d1 , d2 ) = d(d1 , (P )) = d(A, (P )).
A
d1
d2
10.1.8
Din tch, th tch
1 h i
AB, AC
2
h i

VABCD.A B C D = AB, AC .AD
SABC =
1
VHnh chp = .Sy .h
3
1 h i
VABCD = AB, AC .AD.
6
Trang 213
10.1. Kin thc c bn
10.1.9
Mt s dng ton v mt phng v ng thng
Tm ta im A i xng vi A qua ng thng d.

+) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P ) qua A vung gc vi d.
+) d (P ) = H. H l trung im AA t suy ra ta A .
d
Tu
M
in
Tm ta A i xng vi A qua mt phng P .

+) Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua A vung gc vi P .
+) d (P ) = H. Vi H l trung im AA t suy ra ta A .
A
Th
.
H
P
Lp phng trnh ng thng i qua A ct 2 ng thng d1 , d2 .

+) Lp phng trnh mt phng (P ) qua A cha d1 .
+) Lp phng trnh mt phng (Q) qua A cha d2 .

P
+) Phng trnh d :
Q
+) Chuyn phng trnh v dng chnh tc.
d1
d2
Lp phng trnh ng thng d qua A, vung gc d1 v ct d2 .

+) Lp phng trnh mt phng P qua A v vung gc vi d1 .
Trang 214
10.1. Kin thc c bn
+) B = d (P ).
+) Phng trnh ng thng d qua A, B.

d2
d1
Tu
M
in
Lp phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc d ca d trn mt phng (P ).
+) Lp phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha d v vung gc vi (P ).

P
+) Phng trnh d :
Q
Th
.
Lp phng trnh mt phng (P ), (Q) song song vi nhau v cha 2 ng thng

tng ng d1 , d2 cho nhau.
+) (P ) cha d1 v song song vi d2 .
+) (Q) cha d2 v song song vi d1 .
d2
Q
d1
P
Lp phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca d1 , d2 . Suy ra di on vung
gc chung. Cch 1: +) Ly A v vc t ch phng

u1 ca d1 .
Trang 215
10.1. Kin thc c bn
+) Ly B v vc t ch phng
u2 ca d2 .
+)
n = [
u ,
u ]
1
+) Gi P l mt phng qua A c cp vc t ch phng

u1 ,
+) Gi Q l mt phng qua A c cp vc t ch phng

u ,
2
n.
n.
+) Gi d l giao tuyn ca (P ) v (Q) th d chnh l ng vung gc chung.

d
u1
d1
u
2
d2
Tu
M
in
Cch 2: +) Gi M, N l 2 im cn tm nh cch 1.
+) M d1 nn M c ta ... (pt tham s).
10.1.10
Th
.
N d2 nn N c ta ... (pt tham s)

(
M N .
u1 = 0
+) Gii tm tham s t h :
. T tm ra ta M, N .

M N . u2 = 0
Mt cu
Dng chnh tc : Mt cu (S) c tm I(a, b, c) c bn knh R c phng trnh chnh

tc.
(x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R2
Dng tng qut:
(S) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2Ax + 2By + 2Cz + D = 0
+) iu kin tn ti mt cu: A2 + B 2 + C 2 > D.
+) Tm I(A, B, C), bn knh R = A2 + B 2 + C 2 D.

V tr tng i gia mt phng (P ) v mt cu (S):
+) d(I, (P )) > R: (P ) v (S) khng c im chung.
+) d(I, (P )) = R: (P ) v (S) tip xc.
tm ta tip im ta gi M0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) l ta tip im. Khi phng
trnh tip din (P ) c dng: x.x0 +y.y0 +z.z0 +A(x+x0 )+B(y+y0 )+C(z+z0 )+D = 0
ng nht h s vi phng trnh (P ) ta gii c x0 , y0 , z0 .
Trang 216
10.2. Vc t, im
M0
P
+) d(I, (P )) < R: (P ) v (S) ct nhau theo mt ng trn (C) :
(P )
.
(S)
Tu
Ta c th tm tm v bn knh ca ng trn (C). Gi J l tm ca ng trn

(C) v r l bn knh ng trn (C).
Ta J xc nh nh sau:
M
in
- Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua I c nhn

n
P lm vc t ch phng.
Th
.
- im J = (P ) d.
Bn knh r = R2 h2 . h = IJ = d(I, (P )).
I
h
R
r
J
10.2
Vc t, im
V d 10.1: Cho 4 im A(1; 1; 2), B(2; 3; 1), C(7; 3; 8), D(1; 2; 5)

a) Chng minh rng 3 im A, B, C thng hng.
b) Chng minh rng A, B, D khng thng hng. Tnh din tch tam gic ABD khi .
V tnh di chiu cao nh A ca tam gic ABD.
Gii: a) +) C1: Ta c AB = (3; 2; 3) , AC = (6; 4; 6) AC = 2AB

h i 2 3 3 3
;
+) C2: AB, AC =
4 6 6 6
Trang 217

3
2
;
6 4
= (0; 0; 0) =
0

10.2. Vc t, im
b) Ta c AB = (3; 2; 3) ,
h i 2 3
AB, AD =
1 3
AD = (2; 1; 3)

3 3 3 2
;

3 2 ; 2 1
= (9; 15; 1) 6=
0

Tu
nn A, B, D khng thng hng.
q
307
1 h i 1
2
2
SABD = AB, AD = . 92 + (15) + (1) =
2
2
2
q
Ta c : BD = (1 2)2 + (2 3)2 + (5 + 1)2 = 38
307
r
2.
1
2SABD
307
2
V SABD = .hA .BD hA =
=
=
2
BD
38
38
V d 10.2: Cho 5 im A(2; 1; 1), B(1; 3; 2), C(5; 2; 3), D(2; 4; 0), E(3; 1; 2)
M
in
a) Chng minh rng A, B, C, D ng phng.
Th
.
b) Chng minh rng A, B, C, E khng ng phng. Tnh th tch t din ABCE v

di ng cao h t nh A xung mt phng BCE.
Gii: a) Ta c AB = (1; 4; 1) , AC = (3; 1; 2) , AD = (4; 5; 1) v

h i 4 1 1 1 1 4
;
;
= (9; 5; 11)
AB, AC =
1 2 2 3 3 1
h i
Do ta c AB, AC .AD = 36 + 25 + 11 = 0
A, B, C, D ng phng.
b) Ta c BC = (4; 5; 1) , BE = (4; 2; 0) ,
h i 5 1 1 4 4
;
;
BC, BE =
2 0 0 4 4
h i
BC, BE .BA = 2 + 16 12 = 6
BA = (1; 4; 1) v

5
= (2; 4; 12)
2
Do ta c:
1 h i
1 h i
VB.ACE = BC, BE .BA = 1, SBCE = BC, BE = 2 41
6
2
1
3
3.VB.ACE
3.1
V VA.BCE = VB.ACE = .hA .SBCE hA =
= =
3
SBCE
41
41
V d 10.3: Cho 4 im A(2; 1; 3), B(1; 2; 1), C(4; 0; 2), D(0; 1; 3).
a) Chng minh 4 im A, B, C, D khng ng phng.
b) Tm ta trung im M, N ca AB, CD.
c) Gi A1 l trng tm tam gic BCD v G l trng tm t din ABCD. Tm ta
1
A1 , G v chng minh A, A1 , G thng hng v G chia on AA1 theo t s .
3
d) Chng minh G l trung im ca on M N .
Trang 218
10.2. Vc t, im
Gii: a) Ta c AB = (1; 3; 4) , AC = (2; 1; 1) , AD = (4; 1; 5)

h i 3 4 4 1 1 3
;
;
= (7; 7; 7)
AB, AC =
1 1 1
2 2 1
h i
AB, AC .AD = 28 7 + 35 = 56 6= 0
V vy A, B, C, D khng ng phng.
b) M l trung im AB nn ta ca n l:
xM
yA + yB
1
zA + zB
xA + xB 3
= , yM =
= , zM =
= 1 M
=
2
2
2
2
2
Tu
N l trung im CD nn ta ca n l:
3 1
; ; 1
2 2
1 1
2; ;
2 2
yC + yD 1
zC + zD 1
xC + xD
= 2, yN =
= , zN =
= N
xN =
2
2
2
2
2
M
in
c) A1 l trng tm tam gic BCD nn ta c:
xB + xC + xD 5
yB + yC + yD
1
yB + yC + yD 2
= , yA 1 =
= , zA1 =
=
3
3
3
3
3
3
!
5 1 2
; ;
A1
3 3 3
Th
.
xA 1 =
G l trng tm t din ABCD nn ta c:

xA + xB + xC + xD 7
yA + yB + yC + yD
= , yG =
=0
4
4
4
!
7
zA + zB + zC + zD
1
1
zG =
= G
; 0;
4
4
4
4
!
!
1
1
11
1 11
1
, GA1 = ; ;
GA = .GA1
GA =
; 1;
4
4
12 3 12
3
xG =
1
Do G, A, A1 thng hng v G chia on AA1 theo t s .
3
d) Gi H l trung im M N . Ta im H l:
7
yM + yN
zM + zN
1
xM + xN
= , yH =
= 0, zH =
= H
xH =
2
4
2
2
4
1
7
; 0;
4
4
H G. Vy G l trung im ca M N .
V d 10.4: Cho 4 im A(2; 1; 0), B(1; 4; 2), C(1; 3; 2), M (2; 0; 3). M l
trung im ca on thng BD.
a) Tm ta im D.
b) Tm im E sao cho D l trng tm ca t din ABCE.
c) Tnh gc gia 2 ng thng AB v CD.
Trang 219
10.2. Vc t, im
Gii: a) V M l trung im BD nn ta c :
xB + xD
xD = 2xM xB = 2. (2) (1) = 3
2
yD = 2yM yB = 2.0 4 = 4, zD = 2zM zB = 2.3 2 = 4 D (3; 4; 4)
xM =
b) V D l trng tm t din ABCE nn ta c:

xA + xB + xC + xE
xE = 4xD xA xB xC = 4. (3) 2 + 1 1 = 14
4
yE = 4yD yA yB yC = 4. (4) + 1 4 3 = 22
xD =
zE = 4zD zA zB zC = 4.4 0 2 + 2 = 16 E (14; 22; 16)
M
in
Tu
\
c) K hiu = (AB,
CD)

AB.CD
|3. (4) + 5. (7) + 2.6|
11
q
=
cos = = q
3838
AB . CD
(3)2 + 52 + 22 . (4)2 + (7)2 + 62
790 46 21
V d 10.5: Trong khng gian ta cho im S(3; 1; 2), A(5; 3; 1), B(2; 3; 4),
C(1; 2; 0).
Th
.
a) Chng minh S, A, B, C l 4 nh ca mt t din. Tnh th tch t din khi .

b) Chng minh tam gic ABC l tam gic u v ba mt bn l cc tam gic vung
cn. Tnh th tch t din bng cng thc p dng vi tam din vung. So snh vi
kt qu cu trn.
c) Tm ta im D i xng vi im C qua ng thng AB.
Gii: a) Ta c SA = (2; 2; 1) , SB = (1; 2; 2) , SC = (2; 1; 2)

h i 2 1 1
2 2
2
;
;
= (6; 3; 6)
Khi SA, SB =
2 2 2 1 1 2
h i
Vy SA, SB .SC = 12 + 3 + 12 = 27 6= 0. V v th S, A, B, C khng ng phng
hay 4 im l nh ca mt t din.
1 h i 9
VS.ABC = . SA, SB .SC =
6
2
q
b) Ta c AB = (2 5)2 + (3 3)2 + (4 + 1)2 = 3 2
Tng t : BC = CA = 3 2. Vy ABC l tam gic u.
Ta c SA = SB = SC = 22 + 22 + 12 = 3

Mt khc : SA.SB = 2. (1) + 2.2 + 1. (2) = 0

Tng t ta c : SB.SC = SC.SA = 0
Nh vy cc tam gic SAB, SAC, SBC l cc tam gic vung cn ti S.

1
9
1
Do S.ABC l tam din vung ti S v VS.ABC = .SA.SB.SC = .3.3.3 =
6
6
2
Kt qu ca 2 phng php tnh l nh nhau.
Trang 220
10.3. Phng trnh mt phng
c) im D i xng vi C qua ng thng AB. Gi H l chn ng cao h t C

xung ng thng AB. Khi H chnh l trung im CD. Do tam gic ABC l
u nn ng cao CH cng chnh l ng trung tuyn. V th H cng l trung
im ca AB.
Do ta im H l:
yA + yB
zA + zB
5
xA + xB 7
= , yH =
= 3, zH =
= H
xH =
2
2
2
2
2
7
5
; 3;
2
2
xH =
xC + xD
7
xD = 2xH xC = 2. 1 = 6
2
2
Mt khc H l trung im ca CD nn ta c:
0 = 5 D (6; 4; 5)
10.3
M
in
Tu
5
yD = 2yH yC = 2.3 2 = 4, zD = 2zH zC = 2.
2
Phng trnh mt phng
V d 10.6: Vit phng trnh mt phng (P ) bit
Th
.
a) (P ) i qua 3 im A(1; 0; 2), B(3; 1; 1), C(4; 2; 0).

b) (P ) i qua 2 im M (2; 1; 2), N (1; 3; 1) v vung gc vi mt phng (Q) : 2x 3y +
z 3 = 0.
c) (P ) i qua im D(2; 1; 3) v song song vi mt phng (R) : x 2y + z 2 = 0.
d) (P ) i qua im E(1; 1; 3) v vung gc vi 2 mt phng () : 2x y z = 0 v
mt phng (M N D).
e) (P ) i qua 3 im F (1; 0; 0), G(0; 2; 0), H(0; 0; 1).
Gii: a) Ta c AB = (4; 1; 3) , AC = (5; 2; 2)

h i
1 3 3 4 4 1
;
;
nP = AB, AC =
2 2 2 5 5 2
(8; 7; 13)

n
P = (8; 7; 13)
Vy mt phng (P ) :
A (1; 0; 2)

= (8; 7; 13) =

(P ) : 8 (x + 1) + 7 (y 0) + 13. (z 2) = 0 8x + 7y + 13z 18 = 0
b) Do (P ) i qua M, N nn M N = (3; 2; 1) l mt vc t ch phng ca (P ).

Mt khc (P )(Q) nn
n
Q = (2; 3; 1) l vc t ch phng ca (P ).
h
i 2 1 1 3 3 2
= (1; 1; 5)
;
;
T ta c nP = M N , nQ =
2 2 3
3 1 1

n
P = (1; 1; 5)
(P ) :
(P ) : (x 2) + (y 1) + 5 (z 2) = 0
M (2; 1; 2)
(P ) : x + y + 5z 9 = 0
Trang 221
c) (P ) song song vi (R) nn

n
P = nR = (1; 2; 1)

n
P = (1; 2; 1)
Vy (P ) :
(P ) : (x 2) 2 (y + 1) + (z 3) = 0
D (2; 1; 3)
(P ) : x 2y + z 7 = 0
2 1
2
1
=
= 6=
nn (P ) : x 2y + z 7 = 0 l mt phng cn tm.
1
2
1
7
d) Ta c M N = (3; 2; 1) , M D = (0; 2; 1)
h i 2 1 1 3 3 2
;
;
= (0; 3; 6) = 3 (0; 1; 2)
M N , M D =
2 1 1
0 0 2
V
Tu
Vy
n1 = (0; 1; 2) l vc t php tuyn ca (M N D).
n = (2; 1; 1) l vc t php tuyn ca ().

()
M
in
V (P )() v (M N D) nn
n1 ,
n
() l cc vc t ch phng ca (P ). Do ta c :

1 1 1 2 2 1

;
;
= (1; 4; 2)
nP = n() , n1 =
1
2 2 0 0 1

n
P = (1; 4; 2)
(P ) : (x + 1) 4 (y + 1) + 2 (z 3) = 0
Vy (P ) :
E (1; 1; 3)
Th
.
(P ) : x 4y + 2z 11 = 0
e) Ngoi cch lm trng hp mt phng i qua 3 im ta c th lm bng phng

trnh mt chn nh sau:
(P ) :
x
y
z
+ +
= 1 2x y + 2z + 2 = 0
1 2 1
V d 10.7: Vit phng trnh mt phng trung trc ca AB bit A(0; 0; 3), B(2; 0; 1)
Gii: Gi M l trung im ca AB. Do M (1; 0; 2).
K hiu (P ) l(mt phng trung trc ca AB. Th khi (P ) i qua M v vung gc vi
M (1; 0; 2)
(P ) : (x 1)+0. (y 0)+(z + 2) =
AB nn (P ) :
n
P = AB = (2; 0; 2) = 2 (1; 0; 1)
0
(P ) : x + z + 1 = 0
V d 10.8: Vit phng trnh mt phng (P ) i qua im M (5; 4; 3). Ngoi ra (P ) ct
cc trc ta ti 3 im cch u gc ta .
Gii: Phng trnh mt (P ) c dng:
im cch u O nn |a| = |b| = |c| 6= 0
(P ) i qua im M (5; 4; 3) nn ta c:
x y z
+ + = 1. V mt (P ) ct trc ta ti 3
a b c
5 4 3
+ + =1
a b c
+) TH1: a = b , b = c. Thay vo ta c :
12
= 1 a = 12 do b = c = 12.
a
Trang 222
Tu
Phng trnh (P ) : x + y + z 12 = 0.
+) TH2: a = b, b = c.
2
Thay vo ta c : = 1 a = 2 do b = c = 2.
a
Phng trnh (P ) : x + y + z 2 = 0
+) TH3: a = b, b = c.
6
Thay vo phng trnh ta c : = 1 a = 6. Do b = 6, c = 6.
a
Phng trnh (P ) : x + y z 6 = 0.
+) TH4: a = b, b = c.
4
Thay vo phng trnh ta c = 1 a = 4. Do b = 4, c = 4.
a
Phng trnh (P ) : x y z 4 = 0.
M
in
V d 10.9: Cho mt phng (P ) : x + y z = 0, (Q) : 2x + 2y 2z 5 = 0 v im

M (2; 1; 3).
a) Chng minh (P )k(Q).
b) Tnh khong cch t im M n 2 mt phng (P ) v (Q).

c) Tnh khong cch gia 2 mt phng (P ) v (Q).
Gii: a) V
Th
.
d) Tm tp hp cc im cch u 2 mt phng (P ), (Q).

1 1
1
0
= =
6=
(P )k(Q).
2 2
2
5
b) d (M, (P )) = q
|2 + 1 + 3|
12 + 12 + (1)2
=2 3
7
|2.2 + 2.1 2. (3) 5|
7 3
q
= =
d (M, (Q)) =
6
2
2 3
2
2
2 + 2 + (2)
c) Ta c N (1; 0; 1) (P ).
5
|2.1 + 2.0 2.1 5|
=
V (P ) k (Q) d ((P ) , (Q)) = d (N, (Q)) = q
2 3
22 + 22 + (2)2
d) Gi im A(x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) l im cch u (P ), (Q). Do ta c:
|2.x0 + 2.y0 2.z0 5|

|x0 + y0 z0 |
= q
d (A, (P )) = d (A, (Q)) q
12 + 12 + (1)2
22 + 22 + (2)2
2 |x0 + y0 z0 | = |2.x0 + 2.y0 2.z0 5|

2x0 + 2y0 2z0 = 2x0 + 2y0 2z0 5
V l
4x0 + 4y0 4z0 5 = 0

2x0 + 2y0 2z0 = (2x0 + 2y0 2z0 5)
Vy tp hp nhng im cch u 2 mt phng (P ), (Q) l mt phng 4x+4y4z5 =

0
Trang 223
10.4. Phng trnh ng thng
10.4
Phng trnh ng thng
Chuyn i cch dng phng trnh.
x = 1 + 3t
V d 10.10: a) Cho phng trnh ng thng d :
. Hy vit phng
y =2t
z=t
trnh dng chnh tc v dng tng qut ca d.
b) Cho ng thng l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P ) : x + 2y z 1 = 0 v
(Q) : 2x y 3z + 3 = 0. Vit phng trnh dng tham s v chnh tc ca .
tham s ca a.
2y
x+1
=
= z + 2. Vit phng trnh dng tng qut v
2
3
Tu
c) Cho ng thng a :
Th
.
M
in
x+1 y2 z
Gii: a) Dng chnh tc : d :
=
=
3
1
1
x+1 y2

=
x 1 = 3y 6
x + 3y 5 = 0
3
1
Dng tng qut:
y2 z
y 2 = z
y+z2=0
=
1
1
b) +) C1: Ta c
n
P = (1; 2; 1) , nQ = (2; 1; 3)

2 1 1 1 1 2

= (7; 1; 5)
Do u = [nP , nQ ] =
;
;
1 3 3 2 2 1
x + 2y z 1 = 0
x = 1
Xt h :
2x y 3z + 3 = 0
y=1
z=0
z=0
x = 1 7t
Vy ta c im M0 (1; 1; 0) . Do phng trnh tham s ca l:
y =1+t
z = 5t
V phng trnh chnh tc l:
+) C2: t z = t. Xt h sau:
z
x+1 y1
=
=
7
1
5

x= t1
x + 2y = t + 1
x + 2y t 1 = 0
5
2x y = 3t 3
2x y 3t + 3 = 0
1
y = t+1
5
x = 5t 1
x = 7t 1
:
:
y = t + 1
1
t
+
1
y
=
z = 5t
5
z=t
Do phng trnh chnh tc ca :
x+1 y1 z
=
=
7
1
5
Trang 224
10.4. Phng trnh ng thng
x+1 2y
x+1 y2 z+2
=
=z+2
=
=
2
3
2
3
1
x = 1 + 2t
Do phng trnh dng tham s l : a :
y = 2 3t
z = 2 + t
x+1 y2

=
3x + 2y 1 = 0
3x 3 = 2y 4
2
3
l phng
Ta c
y2 z+2
y + 3z + 4 = 0
y 2 = 3z 6
=
3
1
trnh tng qut ca a.
c) Ta c a :
Tu
Vit phng trnh ng thng:
V d 10.11: Vit phng trnh ng thng d bit n tha mn iu kin:
M
in
a) d i qua 2 im M (2; 3; 1) v N (1; 2; 4).
b) d i qua im A(2; 1; 1) v vung gc vi mt phng (P ) : 2x y + z 3 = 0.
c) d i qua im B(3; 1; 2) v song song vi ng thng l giao tuyn ca 2 mt

phng (1 ) : x y 3z + 1 = 0 v (2 ) : 2x + y z 2 = 0.
Th
.
d) d i qua im C(1; 0; 3) v song song vi 2 mt phng (1 ) : x 2y 3z 1 = 0 v

(2 ) : 3x y z = 0.
e) d i qua im D(2; 1; 1) v vung gc vi 2 ng thng d1 :

2x + 3y z = 0
d2 :
x 3y + 4z + 3 = 0
Gii: a) M N = (1; 1; 5). Do :

x=2+t
u = (1; 1; 5)
d:
nn phng trnh d :
y =3+t
M (2; 3; 1)
z = 1 5t
x3 y+1 2z
=
=
,
2
5
3
b) d(P ) nn
ud =
n
P = (2; 1; 1) . Do :

x = 2 + 2t
u = (2; 1; 1)
d:
. Phng trnh d l:
y = 1 t
A(2; 1; 1)
z =1+t
c) (1 ) : x y 3z + 1 = 0
n1 = (1; 1; 3).
(2 ) : 2x + y z 2 = 0
n2 = (2; 1; 1)

1 3 3 1 1 1
= (4; 5; 3)

,
,
Do u = [n1 , n2 ] =
1 1 1 2 2 1
d k nn
ud =
u
= (4; 5; 3) .

x = 3 + 4t
B (3; 1; 2)
d:
nn phng trnh d :
y = 1 5t
u = (4; 5; 3)
z = 2 + 3t
Trang 225
Chng 11. Tch phn
Chng 11
Vi phn
11.1.1
nh ngha
M
in
11.1
Tu
Tch phn
nh ngha 11.1. Cho hm f : (a; b) R, tha mn c o hm ti im x (a, b).

K hiu df (x) = f (x).dx gi l vi phn ca hm f ti im x.
11.1.2
Th
.
V d 11.1: d(x2 ) = (x2 ) .dx = 2x.dx.

x4
3
d(?) = x .dx th ? =
+ C.
4
Cc tnh cht
Vi u, v l cc hm theo bin x; C, l cc hng s. Ta c cc cng thc sau:

d(C) = 0.
d(u v) = du dv.
d(u.v) = udv + vdu. c bit d(.u) = .du.
!
u
vdu udv
d
.
=
v
v2
d(f (u)) = f (u)du. (Cng thc bt bin vi phn).
11.1.3
Bng o hm cc hm s s cp thng gp
(C) = 0.
(x ) = .x1 . c bit:
x = 1
!
1
1
= 2
x
x
1

( x) =
2 x
Trang 226
11.2. Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh
Chng 11. Tch phn
(sin x) = cos x, (cos x) = sin x.

(tan x) =
1
1
= 1 + tan2 x, (cot x) = 2 = (1 + cot2 x).
2
cos x
sin x
(ex ) = ex
(ax ) = ax . ln a.
(ln x) =
1
x
1
.
x. ln a
(loga (x)) =
Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh
11.2.1
nh ngha
M
in
Tu
11.2
nh ngha 11.2. Cho hm f : (a, b) R xc nh trn khong (a, b). Hm F : (a, b)

R c o hm trn khong (a, b) v tha mn F (x) = f (x), x (a, b) c gi l nguyn
hm ca hm f trn khong (a, b).
Th
.
V d 11.2: f (x) = sin x th F (x) = cos x l mt nguyn hm ca hm f (x).

V d 11.3: f (x) = 1 th F (x) = x + 2 l mt nguyn hm ca hm f (x).
11.2.2
Cc tnh cht
nh l 11.1. Nu f (x) = 0 th f (x) l hm hng.

nh l 11.2. Nu F (x), G(x) l 2 nguyn hm no ca hm f (x) th C sao cho
F (x) = G(x) + C, x.
Chng minh. Theo gi thit ta c F (x) = G (x) = f (x), x. Do (F G) (x) = 0,
x. Theo nh l 11.1 th C sao cho F (x) G(x) = C hay F (x) = G(x) + C.
R
nh ngha 11.3. Ta k hiu tch phn bt nh f (x)dx l h tt c cc nguyn hm
R
ca hm f (x). Theo nh l 11.2.2, th f (x)dx = F (x) + C vi F (x) l mt nguyn
hm no ca f (x).
nh l 11.3. f (x), g(x), u(x) l cc hm v , C l hng s. Ta c cc tnh cht sau:
R
0.dx = C.
R
R
f (x)dx = . f (x)dx, R.
R
R
R
(f (x) g(x)) dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx.
R
R
R
Nu f (x)dx = F (x) + C th f (u)du = f (u).u dx = F (u) + C. (Cng thc bt
bin tch phn - Tch phn khng thay i khi ta thay bin x bi mt hm u theo
bin x bt k).
Trang 227
11.2. Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh
11.2.3
Chng 11. Tch phn
Bng nguyn hm cc hm s s cp thng gp
Vi C l hng s, u l hm bt k theo bin x. Ta c
1
x
ex
Nguyn hm ca f (x)
x dx =
cos x
1
cos2 x
ax dx =
sin xdx = cos x + C
sin2 x
cos xdx = sin x + C

dx
= tan x + C
cos2 x
dx
sin2 x
= cot x + C
V d 11.4: Tnh cc tch phn sau:

a) I =
b) I =
c) I =
d) I =
du = u + C
u du =
u+1
+C
+1
R du
= ln |u| + C
u
R
ax
+C
ln a
ex dx = ex + C
Th
.
sin x
x+1
+ C, ( 6= 1)
+1
M
in
dx = x + C
R dx
= ln |x| + C
x
ax
6
0.dx = C
Bt bin tch phn
Hm f (x)
Tu
TT
eu du = eu + C
au du =
au
+C
ln a
sin udu = cos u + C

R
cos udu = sin u + C

du
= tan u + C
cos2 u
du
sin2 u
= cot u + C
R dx
x2
!
1
+ 5 dx
x3 + 2x2 x
3
x
sin5 x cos xdx.

sin5 xdx
Gii: a) I =
x2 dx =
x2+1
1
=
2 + 1
x

x3 x2 x2/3
x4
x3
x4
+ 2.
+ 5x + C =
+ 2.
x3 + 2x2 x x1/3 + 5 =
4
3
2
2/3
4
3
2
3
x
3
. x2 + 5x + C.
2
2
b) I =
Trang 228
11.3. Cc phng php tnh tch phn
Chng 11. Tch phn
sin6 x
+ C.
6
R
R
R
d) I = sin4 x.(sin xdx) = (1 cos2 x)2 .d(cos x) = (1 + 2 cos2 x cos4 x) d(cos x) =
2
1
cos x + cos3 x cos5 x + C.
3
5
c) I =
sin5 x.d(sin x) =
Tu

R
a) I = (2x + 1)100 dx.
R
b) I = ex .(ex + 1)2 dx.
R
c) I = (tan x + tan2 x)dx.
b) I =
M
in
1 R
1 (1 + 2x)101 (1 + 2x)101
Gii: a) I = . (2x + 1)100 .d(2x + 1) = .
=
.
2
2
101
202
1
(ex + 1)2 d(ex + 1) = (ex + 1)3
3
R sin x
R
dx + (1 + tan2 x 1)dx
cos x
R d(cos x) R dx
R
=
+
dx = ln | cos x| + tan x x + C.
cos x
cos2 x
Th
.
c) I =
11.3
Cc phng php tnh tch phn
11.3.1
Php i bin s
R
Php i xui: Xt I = f (x)dx. t x = (t) th dx = (t)dt.
R
Ta c I = f ((t)). (t)dt.
Mt s trng hp:
a2 x2 : t x = a sin t ( t ) hoc x = a cos t vi 0 t .

2
2
+) a2 + x2 , 2
:
t
x
=
a
tan
t
vi
<
t
<
.
a + x2
2
2
R
Php i ngc: Xt I = f ((x)). (x)dx.
R
t t = (x) dt = (x).dx. Khi I = f (t)dt
+)
Mt s php i ngc:
STT
1
Dng chun
Dng thu gn
f (x )..x1 dx
Trang 229
f (x ).x1 dx
i bin
t = x
f (cot x).[(1 + cot2 x)]dx

f (ex ).ex dx
f (ln x)
dx
x
R x3 dx
x8 1
b) J =
c) K =
f (sin x) cos xdx
t = sin x
f (cos x) sin xdx
t = cos x
f (tan x)dx
t = tan x
R
R
f (cot x)dx
t = tan x
f (ex )dx
t = ex
f (ln x)
dx
x
t = ln x
Th
.

a) I =
t=
f (tan x).(1 + tan2 x)dx
f ( n x)dx
Tu
f (cos x)( sin x)dx
f (sin x) cos xdx
M
in
f ( n x).
dx
n
n xn1 dx
Chng 11. Tch phn
dx
x+2
(tan3 x 2 tan2 x + tan x 2) dx.
ex
R
dx
d) L = (ln2 x ln x 1) .
x
e) M =
dx
.
1
dt
Gii: a) t t = x4 dt = 3x3 dx x3 dx = .
3
!
R
1
1R
1
dt
1
Do I =
=
dt = (ln |t 1| ln |t + 1|)
2
3(t 1) 6
t1 t+1
6

1 x4 1
= . ln 4
+C
6 x + 1
b) t t =
x + 2 x = (t 2)3 dx = 3(t 2)2 dt

!
R 3(t 2)2 dt R
12
3t 12 +
dt
=
J=
t
t
2
3t2
3 ( 3 x + 2)
=
12t + 12 ln |t| =
12( 3 x + 2) + ln | 3 x + 2| + C
2
2
Trang 230
c) K =
Chng 11. Tch phn
(tan x 2) (tan2 x + 1) dx
t t = tan x dt = (tan2 x + 1)dx
tan2 x
t2
2 tan x + C
K = (t 2)dt = 2t =
2
2
R
dx
x
R 2
ln3 x ln2 x
t3 t2
ln x + C
L = (t t 1)dt = t =
3
2
3
2
d) t t = ln x dt =
ex dx
ex (ex 1)
R
dt
=
t(t 1)
Tu
e) M =
t ex = t ex dx = dt
M
in
11.3.2
Tch phn tng phn
M=
!
1
1
dt = ln |t 1| ln |t| = ln(ex 1) x + C.
t1 t
Th
.
Cng thc:
udv = uv
vdu
Trong :
Php bin i
u du
dv v
Php ton
o hm (hay vi phn)
Nguyn hm (hay tch phn)
Ch :
- Hai php ton trn l ngc ca nhau
- Php tnh o hm d thc hin hn php tnh nguyn hm.
- Th t u tin t u:
1. Cc hm ngc: ln, arcsin, arctan, cn bc 2, cn bc 3, ...
2. Cc hm a thc: (khi o hm a thc gim i mt bc)
3. Cc hm tnh o hm hay nguyn hm u n gin: ex , sin x, cos x, ...
R
a) I = x sin xdx.
R
b) J = x2 ln xdx.
R
c) K = ex . sin xdx.

du = dx
u=x
Gii: a) t
v = cos x
dv = sin xdx
R
Do I = x cos x + cos xdx = x cos x + sin x + C.
Trang 231
Chng 11. Tch phn
dx

du =
u = ln x
x
b) t
x3
dv = x2 dx
v=
3
1
1
1R 2
1
Do I = x3 ln x
x dx = x3 ln x x3 + C.
3
3
3
9
M
in
1
1
K = ex cos x + ex sin x + C.
2
2
Cch 2: ng nht h s.
Tu
c) Cch 1:

du = ex dx
u = ex
t
dv = sin xdx
v = cos x
R
Do K = ex . cos x + ex cos xdx.

u = ex
du = ex dx
t
dv = cos xdx
v = sin x
R
Do K = ex cos x + ex sin x ex sin xdx = ex cos x + ex sin x K
Gi F (x) = (a. sin x + b cos x)ex l nguyn hm ca f (x) = ex sin x.
Th
.
Ta c F (x) = [(a b) sin x + (a + b) cos x]ex

a=
ab=1
2
Do ta c h:
1
a+b=0
b=
2
1
Do K = (sin x cos x) ex + C.
2
11.3.3
Tch phn hm phn thc
R P (x)
dx.
Q(x)
Khng mt tnh tng c th gi s: deg P < deg Q
Tht vy, nu deg P deg Q th ta c P (x) = Q(x).M (x) + R(x).
(M l thng v N l!d).
R
R(x)
vi deg R < deg Q.
M (x) +
I=
Q(x)
Dng I =
cho n gin ta xt tch phn sau:

R
ax + b
1.
dx vi = p2 4q > 0 v 2 nghim x1 , x2 .
x2 + px + q
ax + b
A
B
ax + b
=
=
+
x2 + px + q (x x1 )(x x2 ) x x1 x x2
(Cc bn t tng qut cho trng hp Mu l mt a thc bc n c n nghim phn
bit)
R
ax + b
dx vi = p2 4q = 0 v nghim kp x0 .
2.
x2 + px + q
Trang 232
Chng 11. Tch phn
ax + b
ax + b
A
B
=
=
.
+
x2 + px + q (x x0 )2 x x0 (x x0 )2
(Cc bn t tng qut cho trng hp Mu l mt a thc bc n c nghim bi n)
R
ax + b
dx. vi = p2 4q < 0.
3.
2
x + px + q
ax + b
ax + b
=
(vi n > 0)
2
x + px + q (x + m)2 + n
A(2x + p)
B
= 2
+
.
x + px + q (x + m)2 + n
Tu
R 3x2 x 1
dx
x3 3x2 + 4
b) I =
R x3 + 2x + 3
dx.
x2 x 6
M
in
a) I =
Mt khc
x3 + 2x + 3
10x + 9
=x+1+ 2
.
Gii: a) Ta c 2
x x6
x x6
10x + 9
10x + 9
A
B
(A + B)x + 2A 3B
=
=
+
=
.
x2 x 6 (x 3)(x + 2) x 3 x + 2
x2 x 6
Th
.
ng nht h s ta c:
39

A=
A + B = 10
5
11
2A 3B = 9
B=
5
1
39 R dx
11 R dx
1
39
11
Do I = x2 +x+
+
= x2 +x+ ln |x3|+ ln |x+2|+C.
2
5 x3 5 x+2 2
5
5
3x2 x 1
3x2 x 1
B
C
A
b) Ta c 3
=
+
+
=
x 3x2 + 4 (x + 1)(x 2)2 x + 1 x 2 (x 2)2
=
(A + B)x2 + (4A B + C)x + 4A 2B + C

(x + 1)(x 2)2
ng nht h s ta c:
A
=
A
+
B
=
3
3
4A B + C = 1
8
B
=
4A 2B + C = 1
3
C=3
Vy I =
=
R
8 R dx
dx
1 R dx
+
+3
3 x+1 3 x2
(x 2)2
1
8
3
ln |x + 1| + ln |x 2|
+ C.
3
3
x2
Trang 233
11.4. Tch phn xc nh
11.4
Chng 11. Tch phn
Tch phn xc nh
Cch tnh gn ging nh tch phn bt nh, ta ch vic thm bc th cn.

V d 11.9: Tnh tch phn sau:
a) I =
R2 (x3 + x 1)dx
x2 + 4
0
R9
b) J = (2x 1) 9 x2 dx
0
R2 xdx
2
0 x +4
R2 xdx
R2 dx
1
= 2 3I1 I2 .
= x2 |20 3
2
2
2
0 x +4
0 x +4
M
in
Vi I1 =
3x + 1
x 2
x +4
Tu
Gii: a) I =
R2
i bin t = x2 + 4 dt = 2xdx xdx =
dt
.
2
I2 =
R8 dt 1
= ln t |84 = ln 2.
2t
2
4
R2
0
Th
.
I1 =
Cn: x = 0 t = 4, x = 2 t = 8.
dx
.
x2 + 4
i bin x = 2 tan t dx = 2(1 + tan2 t)dt.
Cn x = 0 t = 0, x = 2 t = .
4
2

R4 2(1 + tan t)dt t 4
=
Do I2 =
=

4 + 4 tan2 t
2 0
8
0
Vy I = 2 3 ln 2
b) J =
R3
0
R3
9 x2 dx = J1 J2 .
2x 9 x2 dx
Xt J1 =
R3
0
2x 9 x2 dx.
i bin t =
9 x2 t2 = 9 x2 2tdt = 2xdx xdx = tdt.
Cn: x = 0 t = 3, x = 3 t = 0.
Do J1 = 2
R0
3
Xt J2 =
R3
0
2t3 0
t.(tdt) =
| = 18
3 3
9 x2 dx.
i bin x = 3 sin t dx = 3 cos tdt.
Cn: x = 0 t = 0, x = 3 t = .
2
Trang 234
11.5. ng dng ca tch phn
Chng 11. Tch phn
R2 p
R2
3 R2
J2 =
9 9 sin2 t cos tdt = 3 cos2 tdt =
(1 + cos 2t)dt
20
0
0
!

1
3
9

t + sin 2t 02 =
=
2
2
4
Vy J = 18
9
4
R6 tan4 xdx
V d 11.10 (A-2008): Tnh tch phn sau: I =
cos 2x
0
0
Tu
Gii: I =
R6 tan4 x.(1 + tan2 x)dx

=
.
1 tan2 x
1 tan2 x 0
R6 tan4 xdx
Th
.
M
in
1 + tan2 x
i bin t = tan x dt = (1 + tan2 x)dx
1
Cn: x = 0 t = 0, x = t =
6
3
!
!
1
1
1
4
3
1
3

R 3 t dt
R3
R
1
1
t
2
0 3
t
t
I=
dt
=

2
t2 1
3
20
0 1t
0

!
3+1
10 3 1
10 3 1 t 1 13
ln
+ ln
=
0 =
27
2 t + 1
27
2
31
V d 11.11 (B-2009): Tnh tch phn sau: I =
R3 3 + ln x
dx
2
1 (x + 1)
dx
u = 3 + ln x
du =
x
Gii: t
dx
1
dv =
v=
(x + 1)2
x+1
3
R3
dx
3 1
3 + ln x 3 R
|1 +
= ln 3 +
Do I =
x+1
x(x + 1) 4 4
1

1

3 1
3 1
x 3
= ln 3 + ln
|1 = ln 3 + ln 3 ln 2 =
x + 1
4 4
4 4
11.5
!
1
1
dt
t1 t+1
!
1
1
dx
x x+1
3 3
+ ln 3 ln 2
4 4
ng dng ca tch phn
Cng thc c bn: S(D) =
Rb
f (x)dx
VOx (D) =
Rb
f 2 (x)dx
Vi D = {(x, y) |a x b, 0 y f (x) }
11.5.1
Tnh din tch
V d 11.12 (A-2007): Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng y = (e + 1)x

v y = (1 + ex )x
Trang 235
11.5. ng dng ca tch phn
Chng 11. Tch phn
x=0
ex = e x = 1
e+1
e1/2 + 1
1
cn y2 =
v y1 > y2 nn
Ch rng nu x = th y1 =
2
2
2
R1
R1
x2
S = [(e + 1)x (1 + ex )x] dx = (e.x x.ex ) dx = e. |10 I
2
0
0
1
R
I = x.ex dx
0

du = dx
u=x
t
x
v = ex
dv = e dx
R1
Do I = x.ex |10 ex dx = e ex |10 = e (e 1) = 1
Gii: Xt phng trnh: (e + 1)x = (1 + e )x
Tu
Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay
M
in
11.5.2
e
Vy S = 1 (vdt)
2
V d 11.13 (B-2007): Cho hnh phng (H) gii hn bi cc ng: y = x ln x, y = 0,

x = e.
Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi quay hnh (H) quanh trc Ox.
Th
.
Gii: Xt phng trnh x ln x = 0 x = 1 (v x > 0).

Re
Do V = x2 ln2 xdx = I
1
ln x

du = 2
dx
u = ln2 x
x
t
x3
dv = x2 dx
v=
3
x3 ln2 x e 2 Re 2
e3 2
Do I =
|1
x ln xdx = I1 .
3
31
3
3
Re 2
I1 = x ln xdx
1
dx

du =
u = ln x
x
dv = x2 dx
x
v=
3
x3 ln x e 1 Re 2
e3 1
2e3 + 1
I1 =
x dx = x3 |e1 =
|1
3
31
3
9
9
3
3
3
e
4e + 2 5e 2
Do I =
=
3
27
27
3
5e 2
Vy VOx (H) =
27
Trang 236
11.6. Bi tp
11.6
Chng 11. Tch phn
Bi tp
Tm nguyn hm
Bi 11.1: Xc nh a, b, c, d sao cho F (x) = (ax3 + bx2 + cx + d).ex l mt nguyn hm
ca hm s f (x) = (2x3 x2 + 1)ex .
Bi 11.2: Xc nh a, b, c sao cho F (x) = (ax2 + bx + c). 2x 3 l mt nguyn hm

2x2 x 1
ca hm s: f (x) =
Tm G(x) l nguyn hm ca f (x) tha mn G(2) = 1.
2x 3
Bi 11.4: Tm nguyn hm ca cc hm s:
x
2
M
in
a) f (x) = cos2
Tu
Bi 11.3: Xc nh a, b, c, d sao cho F (x) = (ax + b) sin x + (cx + d) cos x l nguyn hm

ca hm s f (x) = (x + 2) sin x + (2x 1) cos x
b) f (x) = sin3 2x.
b)
c)
d)
e)
R ex
dx
2x
Th
.
Bi 11.5: Tnh cc tch phn:

R
a) ex .(2 ex )dx.
R 2x .3x .5x
dx.
10x
R e25x + 1
dx.
ex
ex
dx
ex + 2

R
x4 + x4 + 2dx.
a)
Rp
3
b)
x 5 xdx.
R
c) (1 2x)2001 dx.
R
d) x x2 + 4dx.
R 5 4 ln x
e)
dx
x
Bi 11.7: Tm h nguyn hm ca cc hm s:
a) f (x) = (1 2x2 )3 .
2 x x3 .ex 3x2
.
b) f (x) =
x3
Trang 237
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
(2 + x)3
c) f (x) =
dx.
x
3x + 5
3x 1
x+1
.
x2 6x + 5
f) f (x) =
4x2 + 6x + 1
.
2x + 1
g) f (x) =
4x3 + 4x2 1
.
2x + 1
h) f (x) =
4x3 + 9x + 1
.
9 4x2
e) f (x) =
Tu
M
in
i) f (x) = (sin x + cos x)2 .

!
!
. cos 2x +
.
j) f (x) = cos 2x
3
4
d) f (x) =
Th
.
k) f (x) = cos3 x + cos4 x + sin4 x.

l) f (x) = sin6 2x + cos6 2x.
Bi 11.8: Tm h nguyn hm ca cc hm s sau:

a) f (x) = x2 (x 1)9 .
b) f (x) =
x4
.
x10 4
x2 x
.
c) f (x) =
(x 2)3
d) f (x) =
x2 1
.
x4 + 1
e) f (x) =
2x
.
x + x2 1
1
f) f (x) = p
(x2 + a2 )3
g) f (x) =
3
x2
(a > 0).
1
cos5 x
+
a) f (x) =
3
sin x cos x
Trang 238
11.6. Bi tp
b) f (x) =
Chng 11. Tch phn
cos3 x
1
.
+
sin x
sin4 x
sin x + cos x
c) f (x) =
.
3
sin x cos x
a) f (x) =
1 + e2x
dx.
x+1
.
x(1 + x.ex )
b) f (x) =
1
.
x ln x ln(ln x)
M
in
d) f (x) =
Tu
2x .3x
.
c) f (x) = x
9 4x
a) f (x) = ln x
Th
.
b) f (x) = (x2 + 1)e2x .
c) f (x) = x2 . sin x.
d) f (x) = e3x . sin 2x.
e) f (x) = x. cos x.
f) f (x) = ex .(1 + tan x + tan2 x).
Bi 11.12: Tm h nguyn hm ca hm s:
a) f (x) = e
b) f (x) =
ln x
x
!2
c) f (x) = (x + 1)2 cos2 x.

d) f (x) = e2x . cos 3x.
e) f (x) = sin(ln x).
f) f (x) = x2 + a vi a 6= 0.
a) f (x) = x3 . ln x
b) f (x) = (x2 + x 1). sin 2x
c) f (x) = x. sin x
Trang 239
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
Bi 11.14: Tnh cc tch phn sau:
e)
f)
g)
3x2
x2
dx
.
2x 1
2x 7
dx.
3x + 2
5x 7
dx.
x2 3x + 2
2x + 5
dx.
9x2 6x + 1
xdx
.
(x + 1)(2x + 1)
dx
.
6x3 7x2 3x
dx
.
7x + 10
Tu
d)
x2
2x + 7
dx.
x2 + 5x + 6
c)
dx
.
4x2 + 8x + 3
M
in
b)
a)
a)
b)
c)
Th
.
2x2 + 41x 91
dx.
(x 1)(x2 x 12)
R x3 1
d)
dx.
4x3 x
R (x3 3x + 2)dx
e)
.
x.(x2 + 2x + 1)
f)
(x + 2)2 dx
.
x(x2 2x + 1)
x4
x4

a)
b)
c)
xdx
.
3x2 + 2
x7 dx
.
(x4 + 1)2
xdx
.
2x2 1
Trang 240
11.6. Bi tp
h)
i)
x(x1 0
2dx
.
x(x2 + 1)
dx
.
+ 1)2
R x2 1
dx.
x4 + 1
x3 dx
.
(x2 + 1)2
g)
Tu
f)
x5 dx
.
x6 x3 2
x2 dx
(1 x)10
e)
m
n
p
+
+
.
(x 1)2 x 1 x + 2
Th
.
a) Tm m, n, p f (x) =
2x2 + 2x + 5
.
x3 3x + 2
Bi 11.17: Cho hm s: f (x) =
M
in
d)
Chng 11. Tch phn
b) Tm h nguyn hm ca f (x).
Bi 11.18: Tm h cc nguyn hm ca hm s:
x4 2
a) f (x) = 3
.
x x
b) f (x) =
x3
1
.
x
Bi 11.19: Cho hm s f (x) =
3x2 + 3x + 3
.
x3 3x + 2
a) Xc nh a, b, c sao cho f (x) =
a
c
b
+
.
+
2
(x 1)
x1 x+2
b) Tm h nguyn hm ca f (x).
Bi 11.20: Tm h nguyn hm ca hm s.
a) f (x) =
b) f (x) =
x2001
.
(1 + x2 )1002
x(x1999
1
.
+ 2000)
x2 1
.
c) f (x) = 2
(x + 5x + 1)(x2 3x + 1)
Trang 241
11.6. Bi tp
a) f (x) =
Chng 11. Tch phn
cos x. cos x +
4
b) f (x) =
1
2 + sin x cos x
cos2 x
c) f (x) =
.
sin x + 3 cos x
sin x
.
1 + sin 2x
e) f (x) = sin x sin 2x cos 5x.
M
in
f) f (x) = (sin 4x + cos 4x) . (sin 6x + cos 6x).

!
.(2 + sin 2x).

g) f (x) = sin x
4
Tu
d) f (x) =
Bi 11.22: Tm h cc nguyn hm sau:
Th
.
sin3 x
a) f (x) =
.
3 sin 4x sin 6x 3 sin 2x
b) f (x) = cos 5x tan x + cos 3x tan x.

c) f (x) =
d) f (x) =
e) f (x) =
1
.
sin 2x 2 sin x
x
sin2 x
cot x
.
1 + sin x
!
!
. cot x +
.
f) f (x) = tan x +
3
6
g) f (x) = (x2 x 3) sin 3x.
x+1
a)
.
3
3x + 1
b)
c)
x
2x + 1 + 1
x3
x+2
x3
.
d)
1 + 3 x4 + 1
Trang 242
11.6. Bi tp
e)
3
Chng 11. Tch phn
1
.
x+ x
1
f) p
3
(2x + 1)2 2x + 1
g) 10
x+1
h) tan x +
1
2x + 1 +
2x 1
c)
d)
e)
f)
Tu
1
x2 + 2x + 3
1
x2 + 6x + 8
1
x2 x 1
.
.
4x + 5
x2 + 6x + 1
M
in
9x2 6x
b)
Th
.
a)
2x
.
x + x2 1
x2 + 1
.
g)
|x| x4 + 1
x
h) q
.
p
1 + x2 + (1 + x2 )3
Bi 11.25: a) Bit rng:
dx
x2 + 3
= ln(x +
Tm nguyn hm ca hm F (x) =
R
b) Tnh
x2 4x + 8dx
x2 + 3) + C.
x2 + 3.
1
a) p
.
(x2 + 16)3
1
b) p
.
(1 x2 )3
Trang 243
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
c)
.
(x 1) 1 x2
d)
x1
.
(x + 1) x2 + 1
e)
(x 1) x2 + 2x + 3
h)
x2
x2 + x + 1
1+
1
x+
x2 + x + 1
.
1+x
Tu
g)
x+
M
in
f)
1
.
1 + ex
1+x
.
x.(1 + x.ex )
ln x
.
d)
x
c)
Th
.
b)
a) 2x .ex .
e) ex . sin(ex ).
e2x
.
f) 2x
e +2
g)
1
.
x ln x
h) x.ex .
2

a)
e2x 1
.
ex
b) (1 + e3x )2 .e3x .
c)
4
d)
e2x
ex + 1
1
1 + ex
Trang 244
11.6. Bi tp
e)
4
e2x
ex + 1
Chng 11. Tch phn
g)
sin x
.
ecos x
h)
1
.
ex (3 + ex )
Tu
a) x2 .e3x .
e x
f) .
x
b) e2x . cos 3x.
Th
.
e) xn . ln x. (n 6= 1).
M
in
c) ex . sin x.
!3
ln x
.
d)
x
x2 e x
a)
.
(x + 2)2
(1 + sin x)ex
.
1 + cos x
c) ex + ex + 2.
b)
1+x
1
ln
.
1 x2 1 x

e) ln x + x2 1 .
d)
f)
ln x
.
x. ln x + 1
x ln(x + 1 + x2 )
.
g)
x2 + 1
Tnh tch phn xc nh

Bi 11.31: Tnh cc tch phn
a)
b)
R4 dx
.
x
1
R1
x 1 xdx.
0
Trang 245
11.6. Bi tp
c)
d)
Chng 11. Tch phn
R1 x2 2x 3
dx.
2x
0
R2
dx
x+1+
x1
R2 4 sin3 xdx
.
a)
0 1 + cos x
b)
R8
tan2 2x(1 + tan2 2x)dx .
d)
Re3
1
Tu
ex dx
.
(ex + 1)2
ln
R2
dx
x 1 + ln x
M
in
c)
Bi 11.33: Tm cc gi tr ca a c ng thc:
Th
.
Z2
[a2 + (4 4a)x + 4x3 ]dx = 12
Bi 11.34: Cho 2 hm s f (x) = 4 cos x + 3 sin x v g(x) = cos x + 2 sin x.

a) Tm cc s A, B sao cho g(x) = Af (x) + Bf (x).
R4 g(x)dx
b) Tnh I =
.
f (x)
0
Bi 11.35: Tm cc hng s A, B hm s f (x) = A sin x + B tha mn ng thi

cc iu kin:
R2
f (1) = 2, f (x)dx = 4.
0
a)
R2
ex sin 3xdx.
b)
R1
(x + 1)2 ex dx.
c)
Re
(x. ln x)2 dx.
d)
R1
x ln(1 + x2 )dx.
e)
R2
cos x. ln(1 + cos x)dx.
Trang 246
11.6. Bi tp
f)
Chng 11. Tch phn
Re ln xdx
.
2
1 (1 + x)
e

R5
(|x + 2| |x 2|) dx.
R1
(|2x 1| |x|)2 dx.
d)
x2 6x + 9dx.
R1 p
e)
R1 p
R3
0
g)
4 |x|dx.
|x| xdx.
|2x 4|dx.
R3
0
x3 2x2 + xdx.
Th
.
f)
R4
Tu
c)
M
in
b)
a)
a)
R2
b)
| sin x|dx
1 + sin xdx.
c)
R
0
d)
1 sin 2xdx.
R2
1 + sin x.

a)
R2
max(x, x2 )dx.
b)
R2
max(1, x2 )dx
c)
R2
max(x, x3 )dx.
d)
R2
max(sin x, cos x)dx
Trang 247
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
R1 1 x2 dx
.
a)
1 + 2x
1
b)
R x + cos x
4 sin2 x
c)
dx.
x. sin3 xdx.
Tu
R sin2 xdx
d)
.
x
pi 3 + 1
R2 x2 | sin2 x|dx
e)
.
1 + 2x
g)
M
in
cos7 xdx
R2
sin7 x + cos7 x
R1 x4 + sin x
dx.
1 + x2
1
Th
.
f)

a)
b)
R3 x4 1
dx.
2
0 x +9
R1
xdx
.
(x + 2)3
c)
d)
R5 (2x2 + 18)dx
.
2
2
1 (x 6x + 13)
R2
0
e)
R2
0
f)
R1
x9 dx
.
(x5 + 1)3
x1 5dx
p
.
4
(x8 + 1)2
(1 + x)n dx.
g)
R1
0
x(1 x2 )n dx.

a)
R2 x3 dx
8
1 x +1
Trang 248
11.6. Bi tp
x3 dx
.
x2 3x + 2
R2
0
R2
dx
.
x(x4 + 1)
tan
Ra
cot
Ra
xdx
dx
+
vi tan a > 0.
1 + x2
x(1 + x2 )
1
1
e
f)
Rb (a x2 )dx
vi a, b > 0.
2 2
0 (a + x )
2+ 6
2
R
1
g)
1+ 5
2
R
1
e)
x2 + 1
dx.
x4 + 1
Tu
d)
1 + x2
dx.
x4 x2 + 1
c)
M
in
b)
Chng 11. Tch phn
a)
cos 2xdx
.
sin 2x + cos 2x
R4 4 sin3 xdx
.
b)
4
0 1 + cos x
c)
R4
dx
sin x + 2 sin x cos x 8 cos2 x
d)
Th
.
R8
R4
sin xdx
6
sin x + cos6 x
R4 sin6 x + cos6 x
e)
dx.
6x + 1
f)
R4
0
cos 2xdx
.
(sin x + cos x + 2)3
R2 sin x + 7 cos x + 6
g)
dx.
0 4 sin x + 3 cos x + 5
h)
R2
0
sin x cos xdx
a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
vi a, b 6= 0.
R2 cos3 xdx
a)
.
sin x
6
R4 cos x sin x
dx.
b)
2 + sin 2x
0
Trang 249
11.6. Bi tp
c)
R2 cot x
d)
Chng 11. Tch phn
p
3
sin3 x sin xdx
sin3 x
x. sin x. cos3 xdx.
R3 x sin xdx
e)
.
cos2 x
R
0
(x cos4 x) sin3 xdx.
cos x
cos x
+
B.
.
(2 + sin x)2
2 + sin x
R0
T tnh:
f (x)dx.
sin 2x
c th biu din di dng:
(2 + sin x)2
Tu
Bi 11.45: Tm 2 s A, B hm s f (x) =
f)
M
in
f (x) = A
a)
x2 . cos xdx.
b)
R2
cos2 ( x)dx.
Th
.
R2
2
4
c)
R3 xdx
sin2 x
d)
R4
x. tan2 xdx.
e)
R8
sin
xdx.
f)
R2
0
x
x2 . sin dx.
2

R2
a)
b)
R2
0
cos x
sin x dx.
cosn xdx
.
cosn x + sinn x
R2 5 cos x 4 sin x
dx.
c)
3
0 (cos x + sin x)
Trang 250
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
d)
R2 3 sin x + 4 cos x
3 sin2 x + 4 cos2 x
Bi 11.48: t I =
dx.
R6
0
a) Tnh I 3J, I + J.
R6
sin2 xdx
cos2 xdx
. v J =
sin x + 3 cos x
3 cos x
0 sin x +
5
b) T cc kt qu trn hy tnh cc gi tr ca I, J v K =
R3
3
2
cos x. cos 6xdx =
b) Tnh J =
R2
cos5 x. sin x. sin 6xdx.
Tu
R2
Bi 11.49: a) Chng minh rng
R2
cos 2xdx
cos x 3 sin x
cos5 x. cos 7xdx
M
in
Th
.

s
3
R 3 x 1 dx
a)
x + 1 (x 1)2
2
s
6
R x 4 dx
b)
.
x + 2x + 2
4
s
1
R
x
(x 2)dx.
c)
4x
0
s
1
2
R
1+x
dx.
d)
1x
0
e)
R1
(1 +
R4
dx
xm )
1 + xm
. (m N )

a)
x 16 x2
b)
c)
R6
2 3
R1
dx
dx
x x2 9
x3 . 1 + x2 dx.
d)
R2
e)
x2 . 4 x2 dx.
R2 p
x (x2 + 4)3 dx.
0
Trang 251
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
f)
3
R2
x2 .
(3 x2 )3 .
R4 4 x2
dx.
a)
x
4
3
d)
e)
Ra
0
f)
R1
1
4
dx
x x2
Tu
x2 dx
2x x2
x2 . a2 x2 dx.
c)
R2
M
in
1
2
1 x2 dx
.
x2
R2a
x 2ax x2 dx.
0
n a
R 2 xn1 dx
g)
.
a2 x2n
0
Th
.
b)
R1
a)
R2
0
b)
R1
d)
R2
x+3+
x+1
dx
.
1 + x + 1 + x2
c)
dx
dx
x2 .( x2 + 1 + x)
R8
(2x + 1)dx
x2 4x + x + 2

a)
ln
R 2
0
b)
ln
R 5 ex .
0
c)
1 e2x dx.
Re
1
ex 1dx
.
ex + 3
dx
p
.
x. 1 ln2 x
Trang 252
11.6. Bi tp
d)
Re
Chng 11. Tch phn
dx
.
x(1 + ln2 x)
p
Re 1 + ln2 xdx
.
e)
x
1
p
3
Re ln x. 1 + ln2 xdx
f)
.
x
1
1
d)
e)
n
M
in
Re3 ln(ln x)dx

.
x
e2
R1 ln(x + 1)dx
.
x+1
0
Re ln xdx
.
2
1 (x + 1)
c)
Tu
!
1
dx.
ln2 x ln x
Re2
b)
R2 ln xdx
.
x2
1
Th
.
a)
R3 ln(sin x)dx
.
f)
cos2 x
a)
R2
log2 (1 + tan x)dx.
b)
R4
ln(1 + tan x)dx.
c)
R2
0
d)
ln
(1 + sin x)1+cos x dx
.
1 + cos x
R1 x.ex .dx
.
x 3
0 (1 + e )
ng dng ca tch phn

Bi 11.57: Cho Parabol (P ) : y = x2 4x + 3 v ng thng (d) : y = x 1. Tnh
din tch gii hn bi:
a) (P ) v trc Ox.
b) (P ), trc Ox v trc Oy.
Trang 253
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
c) (P ), trc Ox, x = 2, x = 4.
d) (P ) v (d).
e) (P ), (d), x = 0, x = 2.
Bi 11.58: Tnh din tch gii hn bi cc ng:
a) (C) : y = x +
1
.
2x2
b) y = x(x + 1)5 , trc Ox, trc Oy v x = 1.
c) 2(y 1)2 = x v (y 1)2 = x 1.
x2
1
8
, y = , y = vi x > 0 .
8
x
x
M
in
e) y =
Tu
d) y = x2 2x + 2, y = x2 + 4x + 5, y = x2 4x + 3 v y = 1.
Bi 11.59: Tnh din tch gii hn bi:
a) (C) : y = x2 2x v tip tuyn vi (C) ti O(0, 0) v A(3, 3) trn (C).
Th
.
b) (C) : y = x3 2x2 + 4x 3, y = 0 v tip tuyn vi (C) ti im c honh x = 2.

Bi 11.60: Cho Parabol (P ) : y 2 = x v ng trn x2 + y 2 4x +
9
= 0.
4
a) Chng t (P ) v (C) tip xc nhau ti A v B.

b) Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi (P ) v cc tip tuyn chung ti A, B.
Bi 11.61: ng thng (d) : x 3y + 5 = 0 chia ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 = 5 thnh 2
phn. Tnh din tch mi phn.
Bi 11.62: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng:
a) y = x2 , y = x
b) x y 3 + 1 = 0, x + y 1 = 0.
c) x2 + y 2 = 8, y 2 = 2x.
d) y = 2 x2 , y 3 = x2 .
e) y =
1
, x = 0, x = .
1 x4
2

a) y = x.ex , y = 0, x = 1, x = 2.
b) y = x. ln2 x, y = 0, x = 1, x = e.
c) y = ex , y = ex , x = 1.
d) y = 5x2 , y = 0, x = 0, y = 3 x.
Trang 254
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
e) y = (x + 1)5 , y = ex , x = 1.

x2

a) y = + 2x v y = x + 4.

2
b) y = x2 + 2|x| + 3 v 3x + 5y 9 = 0.
c) y =
x
v y = 0, x = 1, x = 2.
|x| + 1
Tu
1
d) y = | ln x|, y = 0, x = , x = e.
e
M
in
a) y = sin x + cos2 x vi cc trc ta v x = .
b) y = sin2 x + sin x + 1, cc trc ta v x =

c) y = x + sin x, y = x, x = 0, x = 2.
Th
.
d) y = x + sin2 x, y = , x = 0, x = .
Bi 11.66: Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng thng x = 1, x = 2, y = 0 v
Parabol (P ) l 15. Tm phng trnh ca (P ), bit (P ) c nh l I(1, 2).
Bi 11.67: Cho (H) : y =
2x
.
x1
a) Chng minh rng hnh phng c gii hn bi (H), tim cn ngang v cc ng

thng x = a + 1, x = 2a + 1 c din tch khng ph thuc vo tham s a.
b) Lp phng trnh tip tuyn (d) ca (H) ti gc ta . Tnh din tch hnh phng
gii hn bi (H), (d) v ng thng x = 2.
Bi 11.68: Cho Parabol (P ) : y = x2 . Hai im A, B di ng trn (P ) sao cho AB = 2.
a) Tm tp hp trung im I ca AB.
b) Xc nh v tr ca A, B sao cho din tch ca phn mt phng gii hn bi (P ) v
ct tuyn AB t gi tr ln nht.
!
1
Bi 11.69: ng thng (d) i qua im M
; 1 v cc bn trc dng Ox, Oy lp
2
thnh mt tam gic. Xc nh (d) din tch tam gic nh nht v tnh gi tr .
Bi 11.70: Cho Parabol (P ) : y = x2 . Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua I(1, 3) sao
cho din tch hnh phng gii hn bi d v (P ) t gi tr nh nht.
Bi 11.71: Trn Parabol (P ) : y = x2 ly 2 im A(1; 1) v B(3; 3). Tm im M trn
d ca (P ) sao cho tam gic M AB c din tch ln nht.
cung AB
Trang 255
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
Bi 11.72: Xt hnh (H) gii hn bi Parabol (P ) : y = x2 + 1 v y = 0, x = 0, x = 1.

Tip tuyn no ca (P ) s ct t hnh (H) ra mt hnh thang c din tch ln nht.
Bi 11.73: Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi php quay xung quanh trc Ox
ca min (D) gii hn bi cc ng:
a) y = ln x, y = 0, x = 2.
b) x2 + y 5 = 0, x + y 3 = 0.
c) y = x2 , y = x.
d) y = x2 4x + 6, y = x2 2x + 6.
Tu
e) y = x(x 1)2 .
M
in
g) y = ex , y = x + 2, x = 0, x = 2.
p
h) y = x ln(1 + x3 ), x = 1.
f) y = x.ex , x = 1, y = 0, (0 x 1).
cos4 x + sin4 x, y = 0, x = , x = .
2
Th
.
j) y =
i) (P ) : y = x2 (x > 0), y = 3x + 10, y = 1 (min (D) ngoi (P )).
Bi 11.74: Tnh th tch khi trn xoay c to thnh do xoay quanh trc Oy hnh
phng gii hn bi cc ng:
a) y = x2 , y = 1, y = 2.
b) y = x2 , x = y 2 .
c) ng trn tm I(3, 0) bn knh R = 2.
Bi 11.75: Cho min (D) gii hn bi ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 = 8 v Parabol (P ) :
y 2 = 2x.
a) Tnh din tch (S) ca (D).
b) Tnh th tch V sinh bi (D) khi quay quanh Ox.
Bi 11.76: Tnh th tch vt th gii hn bi cc mt to nn khi quay cc ng:
!2/3
x
. (0 x a) quay quanh trc Ox.
a) y = b.
a
b) y = sin x, y = 0, 0 x trong 2 trng hp. 1. Quanh Ox

!2
x
x

, y = b . Khi quay quanh trc Ox v Oy.
c) y = b
a
a
2. Quanh Oy.
d) y = ex , y = 0 (0 x < +) quay quanh trc Ox, Oy

Bi tp tng hp
Trang 256
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn

a)
R2 p
2 + |x|dx.
x2 dx
.
4 x2
0
R2 x2 1dx
c)
.
x
1
R1
0
e)
dx
p
.
(1 + x2 )3
Tu
d)
R1
x2 dx
.
(x2 + 1)2
R1
0
b)
M
in
R4 xdx
.
f)
2
0 cos x
g)
R2
ex . cos xdx.
Th
.
R4 sin4 x + cos4 x
dx.
h)
3x + 1
i)
R
0
cos 2xdx
.
sin x + cos x + 2
j)
R12
12
dx
sin 2x + 2 3 cos2 x + 2
Bi 11.78: Bit f (x) =
.
3
Nu x 0
2x + 1
Nu x > 0
m(1 x2 )
Bi 11.79: a) Cho hm s f (x) =
eRx
. Tm m
R1
f (x)dx = 1.
t ln tdt. Tm honh im cc i.
ex
b) Tm x
3
0,
2
sao cho hm s f (x) =
R2x sin t
dt t cc i.
t
x
Rx
2t + 1
dt, 1 x 1.
2
0 t 2t + 2
Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s f (x).
Bi 11.80: Cho hm s f (x) =
Bi 11.81: ng thng (d) : x 3y + 5 = 0 chia ng trn (C) : x2 + y 2 = 5 thnh 2

phn. Tnh din tch mt phn.
Trang 257
11.6. Bi tp
Chng 11. Tch phn
1
, y = 0, x = 1,
x
x = 2. Tm ta im M trn (C) m tip tuyn ti M s ct t (H) ra mt hnh
thang c din tch ln nht.
Bi 11.82: Xt hnh phng (H) gii hn bi ng cong (C) : y =
Bi 11.83: Cho im A thuc (P ) : y = x2 , (A 6= O). Gi () l php tuyn ti A ca

(P ). Xc nh v tr ca A din tch gii hn bi () v (P ) l nh nht.
Bi 11.84: Cho hnh (H) gii hn bi
khi (H) quay quanh Oy.
x2 y 2
= 1 v x = 4 2. Tnh th tch sinh ra

16
4
M
in
Tu
Bi 11.85 (A-2002): Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi: y = |x2 4x+3|, y = x+3.
s
x2
Bi 11.86 (B-2002): Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng: y = 4
4
2
x
v y = .
4 2
Bi 11.87 (D-2002): Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi ng cong

3x 1
v 2 trc ta
(C) : y =
x1
Th
.
Bi 11.88 (A-2003): Tnh tch phn I =
2R 3
dx
x x2 + 4
R2 1 2 sin2 x
Bi 11.89 (B-2003): Tnh tch phn I =
dx.
0 1 + sin 2x
Bi 11.90 (D-2003): Tnh tch phn I =
R2
|x2 x|dx.
R3
ln(x2 x)dx
R2
xdx
.
x+1
1 1+
Re 1 + 3 ln x. ln xdx
Bi 11.92 (B-2004): Tnh tch phn I =
x
1
Bi 11.91 (A-2004): Tnh tch phn I =
Bi 11.93 (D-2004): Tnh tch phn I =
Trang 258
Chng 12. S phc
Chng 12
12.1.1
Cc kin thc chung
Kin thc c bn
M
in
12.1
Tu
S phc
Th
.
Gi i l s sao cho i2 = 1.
C = {a + b.i | a, b R } gi l tp s phc.
z = a + b.i gi l s phc, a gi l phn thc ca z k hiu Re z v b gi l phn o ca
z k hiu Im z
z = a b.i gi l s phc lin hp ca z.
Nu Re z = 0 th z gi l s thun o. Nu Im z = 0 th z l mt s thc. V z l s thc
khi v ch khi z = z.
r = |z| = a2 + b2 gi l m un ca s phc z.
b
a
v sin =
.
Gc = Arg(z) l gc sao cho cos =
2
2
2
a +b
a + b2
z = r(cos + i. sin ) gi l dng lng gic ca s phc.
12.1.2
Cc php ton trn s phc
+) Php cng, php nhn, php chia:

z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id.
th z1 z2 = (a c) + i(b d).
z1 .z2 = ac bd + i(ad + bc).
z1 z2 .z1
.
=
z2
|z2 |2
c bit nu z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) v z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) th
z 1 r1
= (cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 ))
z1 .z2 = r1 .r2 (cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )) v
z 2 r2
Ch rng i2 =
1 nn i3 = i, i4 = 1, ...
1
Nu n = 4k
i
Nu n = 4k + 1
Tng qut in =
1 Nu n = 4k + 2
i Nu n = 4k + 3
+) Php khai cn: gi l cn bc n ca z nu n = z.
Ch rng nu z 6= 0 th z c n cn bc n.
Trang 259
12.2. Cc dng bi tp
Chng 12. S phc
Nu z = r(cos + i. sin ) th k =
+ k2
+ k2
+ sin
r. cos
n
n
vi k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n 1 l n cn bc n ca z.
c bit gi l cn bc 2 ca z nu 2 = z.
C 2 cch tm cn bc 2 ca z:
-) Cch 1: Dng nh ngha, ng nht h s.
-) Cch 2: Chuyn z v dng
! lng gic v khai cn theo cng thc:
r = |z| v = Arg z.
1,2 = r cos + sin
2
2
M
in
Tu
Ngoi ra ta c th s dng my tnh in t (570 - ES) tm cn bc 2 ca z vi cch

lm nh cch 2 (S dng CMPLX v cc tnh nng tm m un, argument ca mt s
phc cng nh cch chuyn mt s phc t dng lng gic sang dng bnh thng v
ngc li).
+) Cng thc Moivre:
(cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n
Cc dng bi tp
12.2.1
Thc hin cc php ton
Th
.
12.2
V d 12.1: Thc hin cc php ton sau:

a) (1 + 2i).(2 i) +
1 3i
.
3 + 4i
b) (1 2i)3 .
c) (1 i 3)2010 .
Gii: a) (1+2i).(2i)+
(1 3i)(3 4i)
9 13i 91 62
1 3i
= 4+3i+
= 4+3i+
= + i
2
2
3 + 4i
3 +4
25
25 25
b) (1 2i)3 = 1 3.(2i) + 3.(2i)2 (2i)3 = 1 6i 12 + 8i = 11 + 2i.

!
c) z = 1 i 3 = 2. cos
+ i sin
3
3
!
2010
2010
= 22010
+ i sin
Do z 2010 = 22010 . cos
3
3
12.2.2
Khai cn bc 2
V d 12.2: Khai cn s phc

a) z = 1 i.
b) z = 5 + 12i
Trang 260
12.2. Cc dng bi tp
Chng 12. S phc
Gii: a) z = 1 i.
M
in
Tu
Cch 1: Gi = x + y.i l cn bc 2 ca z. Khi

2
x y2 = 1
2
2
2
(x + yi) = 1 i x y + 2xyi = 1 i
2xy = 1
2
x + (y 2 ) = 1
1 v xy < 0
x2 .(y 2 ) =
4
2
2
Do x , y l 2 nghim ca phng trnh:
1 2
1
2
.
X X =0X =
4
2
p
2
2
+
2
2
1
+
x=
x2 =
2
p 2
Do
2
1
y = 2 22
y 2 =
2
2
p
p
!
2+2 2
2 22
v ta c 1,2 =
i
2
2
Th
.
+ i sin
Cch 2: Vit s phc di dng lng gic z = 2. cos
4
4
p
p
!
!
2+2 2
2 22
4
+ i sin
i
1,2 = 2. cos
=
8
8
2
2
b) z = 5 + 12i.
Cch 1: Gi = x + yi l cn bc 2 ca s phc.
2
x y 2 = 5
Khi ta c h
2xy = 12
2
x + (y 2 ) = 5
v xy > 0
x2 .(y 2 ) = 36
Do x2 , y 2 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh:
X 2 + 5X 36 = 0 X = 9 hoc X = 4.
2

x =4
x = 2
Do ta c:
.
2
y = 9
y = 3
Vy cn bc 2 ca s phc z = 5 + 12i l 1,2 = (2 + 3i).

Cch 2: S dng my tnh 570 - ES ta tm c
= 2 + 3i.
Khi trnh by ta vit ngc li theo cc bc bin i sau:
(2 + 3i)2 = 4 + 12i + 9i2 = 4 + 12i 9 = 5 + 12i = z
do cn bc 2 ca z l (2 + 3i).
Cch 3: S dng dng lng gic.
Trang 261
12.2. Cc dng bi tp
Chng 12. S phc
12
5
z = 13. + i.
13
13
v l gc sao cho cos =
5
12
v sin =
do nm
13
13
nm gc phn t th I. V v th
2
2
sin
1 + cos
3
=
cos = . sin =
cos2 =
=
2
2
13
2
2 2 cos 2
13
13
!
3
2
= (2 + 3i)
v 1,2 = 13 + i
13
13
gc phn t th II v
Gii phng trnh i s v cc vn lin quan
Tu
12.2.3
V d 12.3 (A-2009): Gii phng trnh sau: z 2 2z + 10 = 0. Gi z1 , z2 l 2 nghim

ca phng trnh trn. Tnh A = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 .
M
in
Gii: = 1 10 = 9 = (3i)2 . Do
z1 = 1 3i v z2 = 1 + 3i.
A = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 = (12 + (3)2 ) + (12 + 32 ) = 20.
Th
.
a) z 2 (3 i)z + 8 + i = 0.
b) z 3 + z 2 3z 6 = 0.
c) 2z 4 8z 3 21z 2 17z 6 = 0.
Gii: a) = (3 i)2 4(8 + i) = 9 6i + i2 32 4i = 24 10i = 1 2.1.(5i) +
(5i)2 = (1 5i)2
Do z1 =
3 i + 1 5i
3 i 1 + 5i
= 1 + 2i v z =
= 2 3i.
2
2
b) Phng trnh tng ng (z 2)(z 2 + 3z + 3) = 0 z = 2 hoc z 2 + 3z + 3 = 0.
i
3
.
Gii z 2 + 3z + 3 = 0. = 9 3.4 = 3 = (i 3)2 do z =
2
c) Phng trnh tng ng vi (z + 1)(z 6)(2z 2 + 2z + 1) = 0
z = 1
z = 1
z=6
z=6
1i
2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0
z=
2
V d 12.5 (B-2009): Tm s phc z tha mn iu kin: |z (2+i)| =
10 v z.z = 25.
Gii: Gi s phc z = x + yi th ta c

(x 2)2 + (y 1)2 = 10
x2 + y 2 = 25
2
x + y 2 4x 2y 5 = 0 (1)
x2 + y 2 = 25 (2)
Trang 262
12.3. Bi tp
Chng 12. S phc
Th (2) vo (1) ta c 25 4x 2y 5 = 0 2x + y = 10 y = 10 2x

x=3y=4
2
2
2
Th vo (2) ta c : x + (10 2x) = 25 5x 40x + 75 = 0
x=5y=0
Kt lun: c 2 s phc tha mn l z1 = 3 + 4i v z2 = 5
12.2.4
Biu din s phc trn mt phng
V d 12.6 (D - 2009): Trn mt phng ta Oxy tm tp hp im biu din s phc

z tha mn: |z (3 4i)| = 2
12.2.5
Tu
Gii:
3) + i(y + 4)| = 2
p Gi s phc l z = x + yi ta2 c |(x
2
(x 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 2 (x 3) + (y + 4) = 4
Do tp hp im l ng trn tm I(3; 4) v bn knh r = 2.
Chng minh ng thc t hp
M
in
V d 12.7: Biu din dng lng gic ca s phc z = 1 i 3. T tnh:
0
2
4
2008
2010
+ 9C2010
+ 31004 C2010
31005 C2010
C2010
3C2010
!
Gii: z = 2 cos
+ i sin
3
3
Th
.
v z 2010 = 22010 . (cos(670) + i sin(670)) = 22010 .
0
1
2
2008
2009
Mt khc: z 2010 = C2010
C2010
(i 3)+C2010
(i 3)2 +C2010
(i 3)2008 C2010
(i 3)2009 +
0
2
4
2008
2010
1
2010
3C2010
+ 9C2010
+ 31004 C2010
31005 C2010
) i 3.(C2010
C2010
(i 3)2010 = (C2010
1004 2009
+ 3 C2010 )
0
2
4
2008
2010
Do C2010
3C2010
+ 9C2010
+ 31004 C2010
31005 C2010
= 22010
12.3
Bi tp
Bi 12.1: Thc hin cc php ton sau:
2+i
1+i 2
a)
+
3 2i 2 + i 3
b) 2i(3 + i)(2 + 4i) +
c) (1 + i)2010
(1 + i)2 (2i)3
.
2 + i
Bi 12.2: Tm s phc lin hp, phn thc, phn o ca s phc sau:

z = (1 + 3i)2 .(2 i)3
Bi 12.3: Tm s z tha mn iu kin.
a) (3 2i)z + (4 + 5i) = 7 + 3i
b) (1 + 3i)z (2 + 5i) = (2 + i)z
c) z(5 i) + (2 + 3i)z = 10 + i
Trang 263
12.3. Bi tp
Chng 12. S phc
Bi 12.4: Xc nh tp hp im trong mt phng phc biu din cc s phc tha

mn tng iu kin sau:
a) |z i + 2| = 3

zi+1

b)
= 1.
z + 2i 3
c) |z i| = |z 2 5i|.
Bi 12.5: Khai cn bc 2 s phc i, 4i, 4, 1 + 4 3i
Bi 12.6: Gii phng trnh :
a) z 2 = 2z 5
Tu
b) 2z 3 3z 2 + z 6 = 0
M
in
d) z 2 + (1 6i)z 11 3i = 0
c) 2z 2 + (3 + i)z + 1 + 7i = 0.
c)
Th
.
Bi 12.7: Vit cc s phc sau di dng lng gic:
1i 3
a) 1 i 3, 1 + i, (1 i 3).(1 + i),
.
1+i
b) 2i( 3 i).
1
2 + 2i
d) 1 + i tan vi 6=
+ k
2
e) sin + i cos .
f) 1 + cos i sin .
g) tan i.
Bi 12.8: Vit dng lng gic ca s phc z tha mn:
a) |z| = 2 v Arg(iz) =
b) |z| =
3 v Arg
2
.
3
!
3i
Bi 12.9: Gii cc phng trnh:

a) (z 2 + i)2 8(z + i 2) + 20 = 0.
!2
iz + 1
iz + 1
4
5 = 0.
b)
z 3i
z 3i
c) (z 2 + 3)2 + (z + 1)2 = 0
0
2
2008
2010
C2010
C2010
+ + C2010
C2010
Trang 264

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Tu

Th.s MINH TUN

TI LIU LUYN THI I HC

NAM NH, NM 2009

Trong nhng nm gn y, thi i hc tr nn c bn hn trc rt nhiu , khng

Chc cc bn thnh cng trong k thi i hc sp ti!

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

2 Phng trnh lng gic

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

Cc phng trnh lng gic c bn . . . . . .

3 Phng trnh cha cn v du gi tr tuyt i

Bin tp : Th.s Minh Tun

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

Bin tp : Th.s Minh Tun

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

10 Hnh khng gian ta

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

10.1.9 Mt s dng ton v mt phng

Bin tp : Th.s Minh Tun

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

Chng 1. Phng trnh i s

Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t

+) Nu P (x) l mt a thc bc 2 c 2 nghim x1 , x2 th P (x) = a.(x x1 ).(x2 ) (a l

P (x) = a(x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn )

Bin tp : Th.s Minh Tun

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

1.2. Phng trnh bc nht

Chng 1. Phng trnh i s

Tnh gi tr mt a thc, phn thc ti im l

Cch lm: Nhp hm, s dng tnh nng CALC ca my 570ES.

Phng trnh bc nht

Dng ca phng trnh: ax + b = 0

Vi a 6= 0 Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =

V d 1.3: Gii v bin lun phng trnh: (m2 1)x + m 1 = 0

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

1.3. Phng trnh bc hai

Chng 1. Phng trnh i s

V d 1.4: Tm im c nh ca h ng thng:(dm ) : y = (m 2)x + 2m 3

Phng trnh bc hai

Dng ca phng trnh: ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Nu a = 0: phng trnh bc nht

Nu a 6= 0: = b2 4ac hoc = b2 ac.

Nu a b + c = 0 th phng trnh c 2 nghim: x1 = 1, x2 =

Phn tch mt tam thc bc 2 thnh nhn t.

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

1.3. Phng trnh bc hai

Chng 1. Phng trnh i s

Pt c 2 nghim tri du: P < 0.

Pt c nghim dng tng

Phng trnh c nghim m ta lm tng t nh trn:

(x1 , x2 ) a.f () < 0.

Bin tp : Th.s Minh Tun

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

1.3. Phng trnh bc hai

Chng 1. Phng trnh i s

V d 1.5: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

a) a + b + c = 0 phng trnh c nghim x1 = 1, x =

V d 1.6: Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau: (m 1) x2 (2m + 1) x + m 5 = 0.

Gii: +) TH 1: Nu m 1 = 0 m = 1 thay vo phng trnh ta c:

V d 1.7: Cho phng trnh x2 (m 1) x + 2m 5 = 0

Bin tp : Th.s Minh Tun

Khoa T nhin - Trng CSP Nam nh

1.3. Phng trnh bc hai