1.

Khi nim vn n ng bin Vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading, Ocean Bill of Lading) l chng t chuyn ch hng ha do ngi chuyn ch hay i din ca ngi chuyn ch cp pht cho ngi gi hng sau khi hng ho c xp ln tu hay sau khi nhn hng ch. Ngi cp vn n l ngi chuyn ch, ch tu, ngi thu li tu kinh doanh v khai thc tu, thuyn trng hay i l ca ngi chuyn ch. Thi im cp vn n l sau khi hng ho c xp ln tu (Shipping on board) hay sau khi nhn hng xp ln tu (Received for Shipment). Ch k trn vn n: Khi cp vn n, ngi chuyn ch, ch tu hay ngi i din ca h phi k vo vn n v ghi r t cch php l. Hnh thc vn n truyn thng: Vn n thng c pht hnh theo cc bn gc (Original) v cc bn sao (Copy). Mt b vn n bao gm t mt n ba vn n gc ging nhau v s lng bn sao ph thuc vo mc ch s dng ca ngi gi hng. Mun nhn c hng, ngi nhn hng phi xut trnh vn n gc. 2. Chc nng vn n ng bin Vn n ng bin c 3 chc nng quan trng sau: L bng chng xc nhn hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin c k kt. L bin lai nhn hng ch ca ngi chuyn ch. L chng t xc nhn quyn s hu hng ho ghi trn vn n 3. Phn loi vn n ng bin Da vo c Im ca hnh trnh, tnh trng hng ho, ghi ch nhn xt ghi trn vn n. c th phn loi nh sau: Cn c vo kh nng lu thng: Vn n ch danh (Straight B/L), vn n v danh (Bearer B/L) v vn n theo lnh (To order B/L) Cn c vo vic ghi ch trn vn n: Vn n hon ho (Clean B/L) v vn n khng hon ho (Unclean B/L) Cn c vo vic xp hng: Vn n xp hng (Shipped on board B/L) v vn n nhn hng xp (Received for Shipment). Cn c vo qui trnh vn ti: Vn n i thng (Direct B/L), vn n ch sut (Through B/L) v vn n chuyn ti lin hp (Combined Transport B/L) Cn c vo vic n gin ho chng t: Vn n ng bin (Ocean B/L) v Giy gi hng ng bin (Sea waybill) 4. Ni dung vn n ng bin Vn n thng thng bao gm hai mt: Mt th nht bao gm cc ct, cc mc trng ngi gi hng v ngi chuyn ch in cc chi tit lin quan ti: thng tin v ngi gi hng,

ngi nhn hng, a ch thng bo, tu v hnh trnh tu, chi tit v hng ho, tn vn n, s lng vn n, ni v ngy cp vn n, ch l ca ngi cp vn n v.v Mt th hai bao gm: cc nh ngha, khi nim; qui nh v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch; cc ph; nhng qui nh lin quan ti vic xp, d, bo qun hng ho; qui nh v tn tht chung v.v. Mt ny c in sn mi t vn n. 5. Ngun lut iu chnh vn n ng bin a) Cc Cng c quc t Mc d mi hng tu u pht hnh mu vn n ca ring mnh, song v mt php l, tt c cc vn n ng bin c pht hnh lin quan ti vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin u do cc Cng c quc t v vn n ng bin v vn ti bin. Cho n nay cc Cng c ny bao gm: Cng c quc t thng nht mt s qui tc v vn n ng bin, k kt ti Brussel nm 1924 (The international Convention for Reunification of Certain Rules Relating to Bill of Lading), gi tt l Cng c Brussel 1924. Cng c ny cn c tn gi l Qui tc Hague, c hiu lc t nm 1931 v cho ti nay c gn 90 nc tham gia. Ngh nh th sa i nm 1968, sa i Cng c Brussel 1924, c hiu lc t ngy 23/6/1977, cng vi Quy tc Hague to thnh Quy tc HagueVisby. Ngh nh th SDR nm 1979 sa i Cng c Brussel. Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin, k kt ti Hamburg nm 1978 (The UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea), gi tt l Cng c Hamburg hay Quy tc Hamburg. Cng c ny c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/1992, sau khi c 20 nc ph chun v gia nhp. b) B lut Hng hi Vit Nam. Ti Vit Nam, ngun lut iu chnh vn n ng bin l Lut Hng hi Vit Nam c ban hnh vo ngy 30 thng 06 nm 1990 v c hiu lc vo ngy 01 thng 01 nm 1991. V c bn, Lut Hng hi ging Qui tc HagueVisby 6. Nhc im ca vn n ng bin Tc gi vn n gc chm hn hng ha : Ngy nay, do s tin b v khoa hc k thut trong ngnh vn ti bin, c bit l s pht trin mnh m ca vn ti container nn tc chuyn ch hng ho trong thng mi quc t rt nhanh chng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, hnh trnh ca vn n theo ng hng khng hay ng bu in chm hn rt nhiu so vi hnh trnh trn bin ca hng ha. Do , ngi nhn hng khng c vn n

nhn hng, ng thi phi mt thm chi phi lu kho, lu bi. Trong mt s trng hp ngi nhn hng mun nhanh chng ly hng do tnh thi v ca hng ho th h phi n ngn hng xin bo lnh c nhn hng. c th c bo lnh, ngi nhn hng phi t cc hay vay ngn hng tin, do vy, h li phi chu thm chi ph vay tin bo lnh. Nh vy, i khi, vn n li cn tr, lm chm li s pht trin ca thng mi quc t. S dng vn n ng bin rt tn km. Th nht, chi ph in n v pht hnh vn n khng nh bi vn n c in thnh nhiu bn gc v bn sao, v mi ln gi hng l mt ln pht hnh vn n. Th hai, do vn n c tnh tiu chun khng cao, mi hng tu u pht hnh mt loi vn n khc nhau, do vy, s dng vn n li phi mt thm chi ph lu tr. Theo s liu ca WTO, tng gi tr kim ngch xut nhp khu nm 1996 t 10.380 t la M, trong chi ph cho vn n l gn 7 %. S dng vn n phi s dng bn gc, do khng p dng c nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh tin hc, trong khi vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin li chim hn 80% s lng hng ha trong thng mi quc t. Do vy, vn n ng bin cng mt lot cc chng t khc trong thng mi quc t tr thnh tr ngi v tn km trong xu th nn thng mi quc t khng cn chng t. 7. S dng vn n truyn thng trong thanh ton quc t Trong thng mi truyn thng, nh chng ta bit thng thng ngi gi hng s nhn c bn vn n bng giy do ngi chuyn ch pht hnh sau khi hng ho c xp ln tu hoc hng ho c nhn ch. thu tin theo phng thc th tn dng (L/C), ngi gi hng s k hu vn n cho ngn hng nc ca ngi xut khu (ngn hng thng bo, ngn hng xut trnh). Ngn hng ny thng thng l do ngn hng pht hnh tn dng th (ngn hng ca ngi nhp khu) ch nh. Sau khi kim tra vn n, ngn hng nc ngi xut khu s k hu cho ngn hng pht hnh ng thi vi vic nhn tin hng, v ngn hng pht hnh cui cng s chuyn vn n cho ngi mua. V vn n l mt chng t c th chuyn nhng c nn ngn hng c th gi chng t ny nh mt s bo m cho cc khon tn dng cp cho nh nhp khu. Khi hng ho ti cng n, ngi mua xut trnh vn n gc cho ngi chuyn ch nhn hng. Mc tiu ca vic thay th h thng vn hnh vn n vn t lu i vo quy c ny l phi gi c nhng chc nng truyn thng ca vn n m thay th hnh thc tn ti trn giy t ca n. Mt s chc nng ca vn n truyn thng c th d dng c thay th bi vn n in t v ch n gin l s thay i hnh thc trao i thng tin t giy t sang d liu in t. Tuy nhin, thc hin c chc nng l chng t s hu hng ho, vn n in t phi c xy dng trn mt c s k thut kh thi v ng

tin cy. 3.2.2.1. Khi nim Vn n in t 3.2.2.1. Khi nim Vn n ng bin in t l mt thng ip in t c ni dung v cu trc theo nhng tiu chun thng nht c chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc thng qua h thng in t vin thng m khng c s can thip ca phng thc lu chuyn c hc thay th cho vn n giy trong hot ng vn ti. Trn th gii tng c 3 loi vn n ng bin in t: SEADOCS- Seaborne trade Documentation System- h thng chng t thng mi hng hi; vn n ng bin in t theo qui tc ca CMI (Comit Maritime International: U ban hng hi quc t); v vn n Bolero. Tuy nhin hin nay hu ht cc vn n ng bin in t c s dng l vn n Bolero do hai loi vn n trn c mt s nhc im vn cha c khc phc. Vn n Bolero ban u hnh thnh l s dng gia cc nc Chu u vi nhau, song hin ti c Bc M v Nht Bn. 3.2.2.2. c im ca vn n ng bin in t Chng t vn ti iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi gi hng v ngi chuyn ch trong phng thc thu tu ch truyn thng l vn n ng bin. Khi thc hin phng thc thu tu ch trong thng mi in t th ngi gi hng c cp mt vn n ng bin in t thng qua mng. Vn n ng bin in t c gi tr php l v chc nng nh vn n truyn thng. Tuy nhin, vn n ng bin in t c mt s im khc bit v hnh thc, ni dung v ngun lut iu chnh so vi vn n truyn thng nh sau: So snh vn n truyn thng v vn n ng bin in t Vn n truyn thng (VTT) Vn n ng bin in t (V T) Hnh thc VTT thng c cc cng ty vn ti in sn theo mu ring gm hai mt. Mt b vn n thng thng bao gm 3 bn vn n gc v cc bn copy V T l mt thng ip in t, do vy n khng c khi nim mt trc, mt sau. V T ch c mt bn ch khng pht hnh 3 bn gc nh VTT

Ni dung Mt th nht ca VTT ghi cc thng tin v ngi gi hng, ngi chuyn ch, tu chuyn ch v hng ha c chuyn ch. Mt th hai in cc iu khon chung qui nh quyn v ngha v ca cc bn lin quan V T c y ni dung ca mt vn n ng bin mc d n khng chia thnh mt trc, mt sau. Nhng qui nh chung v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn c qui nh ring ti mc iu khon v iu kin tch ri bn ghi ni dung ca V T Ngoi ra, V T cn c mt s yu t khc nh mt khu, m kho v.v nhm m bo an ton v tnh bo mt ca V T Ngun lut iu chnh Hin nay tn ti 3 ngun lut iu chnh VTT: 1. Cng c Brussel 1924 v 2 ngh nh th sa i vo nm 11968 v vo nm 1979 2. Cng c Hamburg 1978 3. Quy tc Hage-Visby 4. Lut iu chnh hot ng chuyn ch hng ho ca cc nc. Tu thuc vo loi V T m c ngun lut iu chnh, tuy nhin trn thc t c 3 ngun lut iu chnh: 5. Incoterms 2000 6. Qui tc CMI 7. Qui tc v vn n Belero 8. Lut iu chnh hot ng chuyn ch hng ho ca cc nc. + Ni dung ca Vn n Bolero (B.B/L): c ni dung c bn ging nh vn n truyn thng do ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi gi hng. B.B/L c th b ghi ch sch hay khng sch (clean or unclean), hng xp ln tu hay nhn xp ph hp vi tp qun hng hi quc t. B.B/L c th bao gm cc iu khon v iu kin chung ca ngi chuyn ch. + im khc bit so vi vn n truyn thng l B.B/L khng c phn ghi tn ngi chuyn ch, ngi gi hng, nhng ngi c chuyn nhng khc, ng thi ngi chuyn ch khng trc tip k vo B.B/L m k bng ch k k thut s vo bc thng ip trong c cha B.B/L khi ngi chuyn ch gi n trung tm x l B.B/L. Mt s u im ca Vn n in t + Tit kim thi gian : Phng thc lu chuyn vn n truyn thng thng ko di nhiu ngy thm ch l nhiu tun, tu thuc vo khong cch a l gia cc bn v tc kim tra chng t ca cc ngn hng. Trong nhiu trng hp khi qung ng chuyn ch hng ho khng di cng thm vic tc chuyn ch ngy cng nhanh chng, hng ho n cng trc khi vn n c chuyn cho ngi nhn hng, do ngi

nhn hng khng c vn n nhn hng t ngi chuyn ch. Vi vn n ng bin in t, vic lu chuyn ch mt vi gi, do vy, ngi nhn hng lun c m bo vn n n trc hng ho. Trong thi i ngy nay, vic tit kim thi gian l v cng quan trng, nht l i vi cc mt hng mang tnh ma v nn vic s dng vn n ng bin in t c ngha rt quan trng. + Tit kim chi ph: Vn n ng bin in t l cc bn ghi in t do , vic to lp, s dng, lu chuyn hay xut trnh u c tin hnh thng qua h thng in t vin thng. iu ny gip ngi s dng vn n cng nh nhng ngi lin quan khc tit kim c chi ph in n, pht hnh v lu tr vn n. + Bo mt: Khi to lp vn n ng bin in t, ngi lp s c cp m kho kp m ch c ngi ch s hu vn n, ngi chuyn ch v cc c quan trung gian trong vic lu chuyn vn n ng bin in t l nm c m kho cng nh ni dung ca vn n, do vy m bo c tnh bo mt ca vn n. Trong khi , nhng thng tin ca vn n truyn thng d b l hn na khi b tht lc, iu ny khng bao gi c th xy ra i vi vn n ng bin in t. + Ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca khoa hc k thut: Cuc cch mng khoa hc cng ngh ang bng n trn khp th gii c bit l cuc cch mng v cng ngh thng tin vi cc phng tin in t nh Internet, Fax, trao i d liu in t EDI. v ang tc ng v lm thay i cuc sng ca con ngi theo hng ngy cng nng cao iu kin sng v sinh hot. Trong khi nu s dng vn n truyn thng s khng ng dng c nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh tin hc. Do vy, vn n ng bin in t ra i p ng c yu cu ca thc tin v ph hp vi xu th pht trin khch quan ca thi i. 3.2.2.3.. Ngun lut iu chnh vn n ng bin in t i. Incoterms2000 ICC tin liu s pht trin ca EDI v a ra cc qui tc din gii mi. iu 8A v 8B Incoterms 2000 cp ti gi tr hiu lc ca thng tin in t: ni no ngi mua v ngi bn tho thun lin lc bng in t th c th dng tho thun trao i d liu in t (electronic data interchange agreement) c gi tr tng ng thay cho chng t thng thng. V th cc bn cn phi tho thun s s dng cc thng ip in t thay th cc chng t vn ti thng thng trong bao gm c vn n truyn thng. ii. Qui tc ca CMI i vi vn n ng bin in t im ng ch ca qui tc ny l p dng i vi vn n phi c kim tra. Nhng qui tc ny c t chc CMI son tho ti Paris vo thng 6/

1990. V cc qui tc ca CMI khng mang tnh cht bt buc. Do vy, cc bn phi tho thun cc qui tc ny v trn c s thng nht vi hp ng chuyn ch. iu 1 nu r: Qui tc ny p dng bt k lc no cc bn chp nhn. Nu cc bn quyt nh chuyn t vn n CMI sang vn n giy t th m kho ring s mt hiu lc. im mu cht ca qui tc CMI chnh l s ra i ca vn n ng bin in t. Cc qui tc ny khng nhm mc ch iu chnh v EDI ni chung v vn n ni ring trn c s ton din. Do , cc qui tc ny khng nhm thay th lut thc cht p dng cho vn n. iii. Quy tc Bolero. Tu thuc vo loi vn n ng bin in t m c ngun lut iu chnh nh khi s dng vn n Bolero th s phi theo cc qui tc do Bolero International Limited a ra (Bolero rulebook - ch yu cng da trn qui tc ca CMI). 3.2.2. Quy trnh s dng Vn n in t Thng thng, quy trnh x dng h thng in t thu tu c tin hnh nh sau: i. ng k khch hng (Customer Registry) Trc khi tin hnh ng k thu khoang tu th ngi gi hng phi ng k m ti khon khch hng (Customer ID) vi hng tu. Sau khi vo trang web ca mt hng tu m ngi gi hng mun thu lu cc, chn nt Registry. Sau , trn trang ch s hin ra trang ng k khch hng. Ngi gi hng in cc thng tin c nhn vo mu ng k v gi n bng cch nhn chut vo nt OK. Sau khi kim tra li cc thng tin in, nhn chut vo nt Submit hon thnh vic ng k. Sau 48 ting, hng tu s thng bo kt qu ng k cng vi hng dn ti (download) chng ch k thut s (digital certificate). ii. ng k thu lu cc tu trc tuyn (Online booking) Sau khi nhp m ti khon khch hng (Customer ID), nhn chut vo nt Bookings. Sau , ngi gi hng tin hnh to mt t khai thu lu cc mi thng qua nt Create Booking. - Trang Create Booking bao gm 4 mc: + Booking homepage + Booking Details (Thng tin trn t lu cc) + Cargo Details (Chi tit v hng ho) + Finish (Hon thnh vic ng k) - Ngi gi hng s dng cc mc: Booking Details, Cargo Details v Finish hon thnh vic gi giy thu lu cc. Ngoi nhng chi tit cn in ging nh giy lu cc trong phng thc thu tu ch truyn thng, th nhng chi tit trong phng thc ny cn bao gm:

+ a ch e-mail ca cc bn + Nhng s tham chiu (Reference Numbers) do hng tu p cho tng ngi gi hng v tng ln gi hng. + M con tu - Sau khi in y thng tin hai mc Booking Details v Cargo Details, ngi gi hng nhn chut vo nt Finish hon thnh. Sau khi kim tra li cc thng tin in, nhn chut vo nt Send gi giy thu lu cc. iii. Hng tu s tr li yu cu thu lu cc trong vng 48 gi lm vic, cng cc chi tit hng dn vic vn chuyn hng ra cng. iv. Ngi gi hng theo ng hng dn ca hng tu, vn chuyn hng ra cng v giao cho ngi chuyn ch. v. Ngi chuyn ch nhn hng, kim tra. Sau gi bc thng ip ti h thng Bolero yu cu to lp vn n ng bin in t. Ngi gi hng s nhn c vn n in t thng qua h thng Bolero. 3.2.3. Nhng vn cn lu khi p dng thng mi in t trong vn ti, giao nhn + Ch k trong vn n ng bin in t Vn n ng bin in t c k bi i din ca ngi chuyn ch ti cng xp hng. Khi xc nhn c s lng v tnh trng ca hng ho xp ln tu, ch tu hoc i din ca ch tu cng c t cch php l k vn n. Mt vn n i khi cng c k hu cho bn th ba trong qu trnh chuyn ch. V vy khi s dng vn n in t, tt yu chng ta phi s dng ch k in t. Khi s dng vn n in t, ngi gi hng s c m kho kp m bo tnh bo mt. Khi , ngi gi hng s dng m kho ring (Private key) ca mnh m ho bc thng ip. Chic cha kho ny l duy nht v ch c ngi gi hng mi bit; sau ngi gi hng s dng chic cha kho chung (Public key) ca ngi chuyn ch m ho li bc thng ip. Bc thng ip ny s c gi n ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch ch c th gii m bc thng ip vi chic cha kho ring ca mnh. iu ny s xc nhn rng ngi chuyn ch s nhn c bc thng ip gc t ngi gi hng. Chic cha kho chung c ng k ti mt bn th ba c uy tn (t chc Bolero). T chc ny s xc nhn cc thng tin v bn thn ngi mun ng k ch k in t. iu ny khuyn khch ngi s nhn bc thng ip c m ho tip cn vi cha kho chung. Mt u im na ca h thng m ho kp l h thng ny cho php bc thng ip ny c truy cu li ngun gc m i vi ch k c qui c th ngi nhn s kh c th xc nhn c ch k c k bng tay hay khng. Mun c c ch k in t ca ngi k theo phng php ny, ngi

c phi tm ng phn m kho cng khai ca ngi gi, ngoi cch gp g v trao i trc tip m kho cng khai cho nhau, nh mt bn trung gian chuyn kho cng khai, th cch ch yu l s dng cc trung tm phn phi m kha kp (key distribution center) nh cc trung tm cung cp ch k in t: Humin, SignOnline, Interlink Electronics Ti cc trung tm ny c lu gi cc cun danh b cng khai ch yu- ging nh mt cun danh b in thoi, trong c ghi r tn doanh nghip, tn ngi k, quc gia, thnh ph ng k ch k, thi hn hiu lc ca ch k v m kho cng khai tng ng ca ch k . Khi cn s dng, ngi dng c th ti xung phn kho cng khai cn thit t mng Internet v my tnh ca mnh v s dng. Ngc li, h cng c th ng k v gi phn m kho cng khai ca mnh vo trung tm ny cho mt hoc nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau c th c c ch k ca mnh. + Mt s o lut ring v ch k in t ca cc nc: - Khung php l v CKT 13/12/1999 ca EU; - Lut giao dch in t 2000 (Electronic Communications Act 2000) c hiu lc ngy 25/7/2000 ca Anh; - Lut ch k in t thng mi quc gia v thng mi ton cu (Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce, gi tt l E-sign Act) ngy 30/6/2000, c hiu lc t ngy 1/10/2000 - Lut giao dch in t thng nht (UETA) ca Hoa K; - Lut CKT (Electronic Signature Bill) 7/1997 c hiu lc vo nm 2000 ca c; - Lut bo v thng tin c nhn v ti liu in t 1999 ca Canada; - Lut giao dch in t (Electronic Transaction Act 1998) ca Singapore; Sc lnh giao dch TMT (E-transaction Ordiance) c hiu lc t 7/1/2000 ca Hng Kng; - Lut giao dch in t 1999 ca Australia; v mt s nc khc nh Thi Lan, Nht Bn cng thng qua cc o lut v thng mi in t. - Vit Nam c d tho Lut giao dch in t, Ngh nh v ch k in t v dch v chng thc in t. + Cc quy tc v vn n in t ca U ban hng hi quc t (CMI) C s php l u tin iu chnh vn n in t l do U ban hng hi quc t (International Maritime Committee - CMI) a ra nm 1990. Cc quy tc v vn n in t ( Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading) ca CMI l mt tp hp cc iu khon m cc bn c th t nguyn coi l mt phn khng tch ri ca hp ng mua bn (incorperate into a sales contract) trn c s s tho thun ca cc bn. Quy tc 1 nu ra phm vi p dng ca cc quy tc ny: Cc quy tc ny c p dng trn c s s tho thun ca cc bn.

Trong trng hp hai bn quyt nh chuyn vn n CMI thnh vn n giy th kho b mt (Private Key) ca bn vn n s tr nn v hiu. Tnh hung ny xy ra trong mt s trng hp, v d nh ngi cm vn n mi (new holder) khng c cc phng tin in t cn thit nhn mt vn n in t. Cc quy tc ca CMI lng trc c iu ny v a ra mt bin php gii quyt linh hot l chuyn vn n in t thnh vn n giy. 1.1. c trng chnh ca cc quy tc ny Mc ch chnh ca cc quy tc ca CMI l vic to lp vn n in t. Do , cc quy tc ny khng iu chnh vic x l cc thng ip d liu ni chung, v vn n ni ring. iu ny c chng minh bi vic nhng ngi son tho ra cc quy tc ny khng nh dng chng thay th cc ngun lut vn iu chnh vn n, Trong i a s cc trng hp trong thc tin hng hi hin nay, Quy tc Hague hoc Hague Visby vn l ngun lut ch yu iu chnh vn n. Quy tc 6 quy nh: Hp ng chuyn ch s chu s iu chnh ca bt k cng c quc t hoc ngun lut quc gia no m nu mt vn n trn giy c pht hnh th vn n bt buc phi chu s iu chnh ca cng c quc t hay lut quc gia . 1.2. To lp vn n in t theo cc quy tc ca CMI Ngi gi hng giao hng ho cho ngi chuyn ch. Khi theo quy tc s 4 ngi chuyn ch s thng bo v vic nhn hng cho ngi gi hng. Vic ny c thc hin bng mt thng ip c gi ti a ch in t (electronic adress) ca ngi gi hng. Thng ip nhn hng (receipt message) phi p ng mt s cc yu cu c nu trong quy tc 4 (b). C th v mt ni dung thng ip ny phi th hin nhng thng tin ging nh vn n truyn thng, bao gm: tn ngi gi hng; m t hng ho; ngy v a im nhn hng; dn chiu n cc iu kin chuyn ch ca ngi chuyn ch ; v kho b mt ( Private Key). iu 4(d) quy nh thng ip xc nhn nhn hng s c hiu lc nh th thng ip nhn hng ny c th hin trn vn n giy. iu ny cng c ngha thng ip xc nhn nhn hng ny tng ng vi mt vn n giy. Sau khi nhn c thng ip xc nhn nhn hng, ngi gi hng phi xc nhn vic nhn c thng ip cho ngi chuyn ch. Trong thng mi truyn thng, ngi cm vn n c quyn s hu hng ho v

c quyn k hu vn n cho mt bn th ba chuyn nhng quyn s hu i vi hng ho. Cc quy tc ca CMI s dng cng c l kho b mt (Private Key) thc hin vic k hu v chuyn quyn s hu i vi vn n in t. Kho b mt c nh ngha trong Quy tc 2 l bt c hnh thc in t thch hp no m cc bn tho thun m bo s chn thc v nguyn vn ca mt cuc truyn tin. Cch quy nh nh vy to iu kin cho vic p dng cc tin b k thut mi ang v s din ra trong lnh vc m ho v gii m cc d liu in t. Ngi nm gi kho b mt do c th ra lnh giao hng, chuyn quyn kim sot hng ha cho mt bn th ba bt k v ch nh hoc thay th ngi nhn hng c ch nh. Ngi nm gi kho b mt nh vy l c y cc quyn m ngi nm gi vn n giy c c. Khi ngi nm gi kho b mt ng thi l ngi thc t nm gi vn n mun chuyn quyn s hu vn n cho mt ngi khc, anh ta s phi thng bo cho ngi chuyn ch nh ca anh ta. Kho b mt (mi ngi nm gi vn n c mt kho b mt ring) s c s dng xc nhn tnh chn thc ca d liu. Tuy nhin vn cn c nhng bin php an ninh m bo tnh b mt ca vic truyn tin. Sau , ngi chuyn ch phi xc nhn nhn c thng ip ca ngi nm gi kho b mt v chuyn xc nhn nhn hng (vn n) cho ngi ch mi ca hng ho. Kho b mt lc s b thu li ch s chp thun ca ngi ch mi ca hng ha v vic chuyn quyn s hu. Khi ngi nm gi vn n mi chp thun vic chuyn quyn s hu hng ho, ngi chuyn ch s cp cho ngi ny mt kho b mt mi va kho b mt trc s b hu b. Ngi chuyn ch trc tip thc hin chc nng c quan ng k s hu v iu ny s lm pht sinh mt s vn s c cp di y. Vic giao hng s c thc hin nu ngi nhn hng chng minh c t cch ca mnh vi ngi chuyn ch. Do , khng cn thit phi xut trnh vn n gc nhn c hng. ngn nga cc tr ngi v mt php l c th pht sinh do lut ca cc quc gia khc nhau c cc quy nh khc nhau v vic chng t phi c lp di dng vn bn vit (in writing), CMI a ra Quy tc s 11. Quy tc ny ni rng cc bn tho thun rng bt k mt o lut quc gia hay tp qun no yu cu hp ng chuyn ch phi c bng chng di dng vn bn s c p ng bng cc d liu in t c truyn ti v xc nhn (transmitted and confirmed data). Ngoi ra, cc bn tho thun s khng dng lun im l hp ng khng c lp bng vn bn trong trng hp xy ra tranh chp. Tuy nhin, quy tc ny cha xo b c hon ton nhng hoi nghi v kh cc tr ngi php l i vi vn n in

t. 1.3. Nhng vn cn lu Liu c ch kho b mt c th thay th c vn n c th chuyn nhng truyn thng hay khng? Bng vic chp nhn thng ip xc nhn gi hng ngi mua nhn c cc quyn c php lut bo h. Tuy nhin, iu ny c thc hin trn gi thit l thng ip xc nhn vic nhn hng l chn thc. Nu ngi nhn nhn c mt thng ip gi mo, rc ri thc s ny sinh. Nhng vn ny khng th khc phc c ch bng mt tuyn b rng kho b mt v thng ip xc nhn vic nhn hng tng ng vi mt vn n bng giy. Cc rc ri cng c th ny sinh t vic ngi chuyn ch phi ng vai tr ca c quan ng k s hu. y l trch nhim qu nng n i vi ngi chuyn ch. Ngi chuyn ch phi m bo b mt cho mi giao dch chuyn nhng quyn s hu. Tuy nhin khng c iu khon no trong bn quy tc quy nh r gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch nu khng m bo c vic . Do ngi chuyn ch c l s khng tham gia vo cc giao dch m gii hn trch nhim ca mnh khng c quy nh r rng. Quy tc khng quy nh r thi gian v a im vn n c k kt. Trong trng hp ny cc bn li phi da vo T php quc t (Private International Law) xc nh thi gian, a im hnh thnh hp ng. Cc ngn hng cng khng my tin tng vo an ton ca h thng kho b mt. Giao dch cng phc tp, cng c nhiu bn tham gia th an ninh ca h thng cng kh m bo. Cc quy tc ca CMI cng khng a ra c ch chng thc vn n in t. Nhiu kin cho rng bn cnh quy nh v kho b mt, CMI phi c cc quy nh v h thng m s cng cng (public key system) chng thc vn n. (The Impact of EDI on Bills of Lading A Global Pespective on the Dynamics Involved by Erik Muthow). Yu cu v vn bn (writing or document) Yu cu v vic cc chng t phi c lp bng vn bn l yu cu ph bin ca hu ht cc lut quc gia. V d, c, o lut chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin nm 1991 (Cwlth) nh ngha thut ng hp ng chuyn ch l hp ng c th hin bng mt vn n hoc bt k chng t s hu no khc. V chng t c lit k gm: a. bt k giy t hoc cht liu no c ch vit trn . b. Bt k giy t hoc cht liu no c cc k hiu, cac hnh nhc ngha m mt ngi c nng lc c th hiu c chng; v c. Bt k vt hoc cht liu no pht ra hnh nh hoc ch vit m c th

ti to li c nh vo hoc khng cn nh vo s tr gip ca bt k vt hay thit b no khc. Mc d theo quy nh trn th r rng chng t khng ch c hiu l chng t di hnh thc giy t nhng ring i vi vn n ng bin, trn thc t, cc to n c cng ch chp nhn cc vn n lp trn giy v vn n theo lut bt buc phi c ch k. Ti Anh c n l m c s d liu trn my tnh c chp thun l vn bn (document). Tuy nhin iu ny c l vn cha tho mn cc yu cu i vi vn bn vit (writing). Lut din gii (Interpretation Act) nm 1978 ca Anh nh ngha writing bao gm nh my, in, in thch bn, chp nh v cc cch thc th hin v m phng cc t ng di dng c th nhn thy c. Do , nu mt vn bn phi p ng yu cu c th hin di dng vit, mt thng ip d liu s khng phi l mt vn bn. Tuy nhin, do vic lin lc bng cc phng tin in t ngy cng tr nn ph bin th thut ng vn bn cng phi c hiu theo ngha rng hn. Theo Lut mu, hiu lc php l ca cc d liu in t hon ton tng ng vi vn bn vit. iu 6 ca Lut mu quy nh trng hp php lut (lut quc gia) i hi thng tin phi th hin bng vn bn vit th mt thng ip d liu c coi l tho mn i hi y nu thng tin hm cha trong l c th truy cp c s dng cho mc ch tham chiu sau ny tr mt s trng hp c th c lit k. Ch k v cc phng php chng thc khc: Phng php chng thc ph bin nht m lut php quc gia v quc t thng yu cu l ch k bng tay. Ch k c vai tr quan trng khng ch bi n chng thc cc bn ca hp ng m cn l bng chng th hin ch ca cc bn sn sng chu cc trch nhim php l. Vic chng thc mt thng ip in t bng ch k l cho ngi nhn thng ip cng nh cc bn th ba bit ngun gc ca thng ip cng nh ch ca bn a ra thng ip . Cng c Hamburg quy nh vic k c th c thc hin bng tay, bng fax, c l, ng du, bng cc biu tng hoc bng bt k phng tin my mc hoc in t no, nu khng mu thun vi lut quc gia ni vn n c pht hnh. Tuy nhin i vi hu ht cc to n, thut ng ch k vn ch c gii hn ch k bng tay. Theo quy nh ca Lut mu, cc gii php k thut thch hp s c hiu lc php l nh ch k truyn thng v cc bn c ton quyn tho thun gii php k thut c th. iu 7 ca Lut mu quy nh: Trong trng hp php lut i hi phi c ch k ca mt ngi no , th mt thng ip d liu c coi l p ng i hi y nu: (a) c s dng mt phng php no xc minh c ngi y v chng t c s

chp thun ca ngi y vi thng tin hm cha trong thng ip d liu ; v (b) phng php y l tin cy vi ngha l thch hp cho mc ch m theo thng ip d liu y c to ra v truyn i, tnh n tt c cc tnh hung, bao gm c cc tho thun bt k c lin quan. Theo iu khon ny, Lut mu khng quy nh mt phng php k thut c th i vi ch k, bt k cng ngh ch k in t no cng c th c ng dng trong tng lai m khng cn phi sa i lut. Chng t s hu v kh nng chuyn nhng Chng t s hu l chc nng quan trng nht ca vn n. Mt cu hi lin quan n chng t s hu v kh nng chuyn nhng trong bi cnh vn n in t ang tng bc thay th vn n truyn thng l liu kh nng chuyn nhng vn n v theo l chuyn quyn s hu hng ho c th thc hin c bng vn n in t hay khng. Nhm cng tc ca UNCITRAL v EDI cha kt thc cuc nghin cu v vn ny. Theo k hoch, UNCITRAL s phi t chc thm cc cuc hi tho v kh nng chuyn nhng vn n v chuyn quyn s hu i vi hng ho ca vn n ng bin. Nghin cu ny s xem xt cc gi v kin ngh ca nhiu quc gia cng nh t chc quc t. Mt gi th v thu ht c s ch ca nhm cng tc l gi ca cc chuyn gia M: Cn phi lu mt im l ci c chuyn nhng khng phi l t giy hay mt thng ip in t ( ch l phng tin), m l cc quyn v/ hoc quyn s hu i vi i tng ca giao dch Kt qu ca vn cui cng v cng l vn quan trng nht vn n in t c th m ng c cc chc nng ca vn n truyn thng do vn ang pha trc v s c a vo bn cui cng ca Lut mu. (Electronic Bills of Lading and Functional Equivalance ca John Livermore and Krailerk Euarjai/elj.warwich.ac.uk/jilt/ecomm/98_2liv/) H THNG BOLERO.NET Khi qut qu trnh ra i v pht trin ca cc chng t vn ti in t Vi nt v s ra i, pht trin, mc tiu v cc b phn ch yu ca h thng Bolero Bolero l vit tt ca Bill of Lading Electronic Registry Organization. D n Bolero c s ng h ca U ban Chu u v c thc hin trn c s s hp tc gia Society for Worldwide Interbank Finance Transaction (SWIFT) v Thorough Transport Mutual Insurance Association Ltd. (TT club). tng ca cc bn khi tin hnh d n ny l nu mt t chc chuyn thc hin vic thanh ton cc giao dch thng mi quc t v mt t chc c chc nng gim thiu ri ro cho cc nh chuyn ch trong cc giao dch ny m hp tc vi nhau xy dng v vn hnh mt h thng in t th h thng d c th trng chp nhn hn l mt h thng do nhng

ngi chng c cht lin quan no n thng mi quc t to lp nn. H thng Bolero c chnh thc a vo hot ng t ngy 27 thng 9 nm 1999. Bolero bao gm hai cng ty ring bit, do i tng khc nhau s hu nhng c mi quan h ht sc mt thit vi nhau trong vic duy tr hot ng ca c h thng. Bolero Association Limited (BAL) do cc thnh vin ca n s hu. BAL c thnh lp nm 1995 v bao gm tt c cc thnh vin ca Bolero.net cng nh cc t chc ngnh ngh (cross-industry bodies) ng h mc tiu to ra mt nn thng mi in t thay th cho nn thng mi da trn giy t t trc ti nay. Bolero International Limited l mt cng ty lin doanh gia SWIFT v TT Club v l ngi cung cp cc dch v ca h thng Bolero.net. (The Bills of Lading Electronic Registry Organization The Bolero Project ca Simon Taylor/ www.elbornes.com) Cc mc tiu chnh m d n Bolero theo ui bao gm: 1. m bo cc dch v do Bolero cung cp p ng c cc yu cu ca cc thnh vin; v cc dch v thng mi khc c lin quan c pht trin ng b vi cc dch v trn; 2. Hot ng nh mt din n lin ngnh gii quyt cc vn lin quan n thc tin thng mi in t trong thng mi quc t, tp trung vo cc vn lin quan n cc chng t c kh nng chuyn nhng v cc chng t in t tng ng; 3. To lp v ph bin cc chun mc trong thng mi in t; 4. Thit lp mt khun kh php l m bo rng cc yu cu i vi cc chng t vn ti truyn thng c th c p ng bng cc chng t in t tng ng m khng lm thay i s cn bng v ri ro c thit lp gia cc bn; 5. Lm u mi lin lc vi cc c quan qun l quc gia v quc t m bo rng cc nhu cu ca doanh nghip c cn nhc n mt cch y trong qu trnh hon thin c s php l v c s k thut phc v cho s pht trin ca thng mi. The Companies Act 1985 to 1989/www.bolero.net Cu trc k thut ca h thng Bolero (Slides) 1. Core Messaging Platform: y l mt h thng dng gi cc thng ip in t (trong c vn n Bolero) gia cc thnh vin ca Bolero vi nhau, vi Bolero International v Bolero Association. H thng ny cn cung cp cc thng bo v vic tip nhn cc thng ip v theo di cc thng ip sau khi chng c gi i. ng thi Core Messaging Platform cng gi cc thng tin sang cho mt b phn khc ca Bolero l H thng ng k s hu (The Title Registry). Tu theo nhu cu ca ngi gi, cc thng ip cn c th bao gm cc ti liu gi km (attachments). Cch cc

thng ip c gi v nhn trong h thng cng nh cch m cc thng ip ny c bo mt s c trnh by chi tit trong phn ... 2. H thng ng k s hu (The Title Registry): y l mt c s d liu c xy dng trn c s cc ch dn c bit ca ngi s dng. Ni dung ca c s d liu ny quyt nh quyn li v ngha v ca cc thnh vin c lin quan n mt vn n Bolero. Cc thng tin lin quan n mt vn n c th c th thay i nhiu ln sau khi vn n c pht hnh. Mc ch chnh ca h thng ny l to cho vn n in t chc nng l chng t s hu hng ho c m t trn vn n, chc nng quan trng nht ca vn n truyn thng. 3. C s d liu v ngi s dng (User Database) : y l h thng lu gi cc thng tin v cc thnh vin ca h thng Bolero. H thng ny c s dng nhn din cc thnh vin hp l, gii hn s tip cn vi h thng Bolero, v quyt nh tnh chn thc ca cc thng ip do cc thnh vin gi n cng nh lin lc vi cc thnh vin, gi ho n i tin dch v v cc mc ch tng t. Mc d thng c nhc n nh mt c s d liu thng nht, h thng ny thc cht l mt tp hp cc thng tin c lin quan cht ch c qun l v s dng mt phn bi Bolero Association v mt phn bi Bolero International. 4. User Support Resources: H thng ny bao gm (1) mt giao din kt ni vi Core Messaging Platform cho php ngi s dng gim st cc thng ip ca mnh, (2) mt giao din kt ni vi c s d liu ca ngi s dng cho php nhn vin qun tr ca ngi s dng (Users administrator) qun l ti khon (account) m Bolero cp cho tng thnh vin, (3) mt tp hp cc thng tin chung c a trn mng Internet v tt c cc thnh vin ca h thng Bolero, mc tr gip hng dn cch s dng h thng Bolero, cc bn tin, cnh bo v cc thng tin tng t v mt bn tr gip gii p cc thc mc ca cc thnh vin trc tip qua in thoi hoc e-mail. Trong tng lai Bolero c th s b sung nhiu hnh thc h tr cc thnh vin hn na vo h thng ny. H thng User Support Resouces trc tuyn c th hin di hnh thc mt trang web. Ni dung ca cc thng ip c gi ti Core Messaging Platform v H thng ng k s hu s c m bo khng c s thay i khi c a vo h thng User Support Resources 5. H thng ca ngi s dng (User Systems): l cc phng tin k thut cho php cc thnh vin s dng h thng Bolero, bao gm mt knh lin lc (communications link) ti mt mng li kt ni vi Core Messaging Flatform, phn cng ca my tnh c th kt ni vi knh lin lc trn v phn mm to, gi, nhn cc thng ip qua Core Messaging Flatform v hin th User Support Resources.

Bn thnh phn u tin l cc dch v ch yu m Bolero s cung cp cho cc thnh vin. Thnh phn th nm s c cung cp bi mt bn th ba (cc cng ty hoc cc c quan nh nc chuyn cung cp cc dch v ny) v phi ph hp vi m t ca Bolero m bo c th tng thch vi Core Messaging Platform. 3. C s php l ca h thng Bolero c h thng Bolero c th hot ng tri chy cn c cc tho thun gia (i) nhng ngi s dng h thng vi Bolero v (ii) nhng ngi s dng h thng vi nhau. Vn ny c gii quyt thng qua vic ban hnh Bolero Rulebook. Tt c cc thnh vin khi gia nhp h thng Bolero s b rng buc bi Bolero Rulebook. Tuy nhin cng cn lu rng Bolero Association v Bolero International khng m bo cng nh khng chu trch nhim v bt k ngha v no m mt thnh vin phi c vi bn kia theo cc quy nh ca Bolero Rulebook hoc cc ngun lut khc. V bn cht, Bolero Rulebook quy nh cch thc cc cng ty s dng h thng Bolero pht hnh vn n in t. Bolero Rulebook chu s iu chnh ca lut Anh, v cc to n Anh s c thm quyn cc gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh c lin quan n cc quy tc ny. Ni dung ca Bolero Rulebook kh y , chi tit, bao gm ba phn chnh l: Phn 1: Cc nh ngha v gii thch Phn 2: Cc iu khon chung Phn 3: H thng ng k s hu Mt b phn khng th tch ri ca Rulebook l Ph lc quy nh c th v cc th tc vn hnh (operational procedures) ca h thng. Mc d bn quy tc ny bao qut nhiu ni dung, iu khon ct li ca n l cc thnh vin ca h thng Bolero chp nhn cc thng ip in t c gi qua h thng Bolero nh th chng c th hin trn giy v tha nhn hiu lc ca ch k in t trong h thng Bolero. 4. C ch kt np thnh vin ca Bolero Mt trong nhng u im ca h thng Bolero l mi i tng tham gia h thng u c th yn tm rng cc i tc lm n trong cng h thng l nhng ngi m Bolero c nhng hiu bit nht nh v u chu s iu chnh ca Bolero Rulebook. Do mt ngi s dng c th tin tng rng cc thng ip m mnh nhn c l chn thc. H thng Bolero gim thiu kh nng cc cng ty gp phi cc i tc o. Thm vo , do tt c ngi s dng u tun th mt khun kh php l chung nn h thng Bolero cn gim thiu s khng chc chn v vic lut no s c p dng i vi thng mi in t v ri ro v vic cc o lut vn iu chnh hot

ng thng mi khng p dng c cho cc giao dch in t. m bo cc thnh vin tham gia h thng u c xc nh mt cch r rng v u chu s rng buc v mt php l bi cc quy tc ca Bolero, h thng Bolero p dng mt h thng kim sot cht ch ngay khu kt np thnh vin. Quy trnh kt np thnh vin phi tin cy t nn mng cho vic nhn din thnh vin v chng thc cc dng thng ip sau ny. Gia nhp l qu trnh thng qua mt thnh vin mi gia nhp cng ng Bolero v c th s dng h thng Bolero. H thng Bolero bao gm c cc thnh phn php l v k thut an xen vo nhau do vic gia nhp h thng Bolero lin quan n c kha cnh php l v kha cnh k thut. Do tnh cht ny cc i tng mun gia nhp Bolero nn tm cho mnh mt c vn php lut v mt k thut vin h tr cho qu trnh gia nhp Gia nhp ch l mt phn ca qu trnh bt u s dng h thng Bolero. Ngoi vic ng nhp, mt thnh vin mi phi mua sm v th nghim h thng ca chnh mnh, thit lp mt kt ni k thut s vi Bolero, o to nhn vin, xy dng quy ch s dng v kim sot ni b, v cc hot ng k thut khc cn thit cho vic p dng bt k mt quy trnh kinh doanh mi no. Quy trnh ng nhp h thng Bolero gm 3 bc chnh sau y: Hnh thnh hp ng: tr thnh thnh vin ca h thng Bolero, mt thnh vin phi k kt ba hp ng sau y: (1) Hp ng dch v BAL (BAL Service Contract) tr thnh thnh vin ca Hip hi Bolero (Bolero Association), (2) hp ng vi tng thnh vin khc ca h thng cam kt tun th Bolero RuleBook v (3) Hp ng tin hnh dch v (Operational Service Contract) k kt vi Bolero International s dng cc dch v ca h thng Bolero. Cung cp thng tin v cc ti liu chng minh (Providing information and supporting documentation): c th cung cp cc dch v mt cch hiu qu nht, Bolero International v Bolero Association u cn c nhng thng tin nht nh v ngi s dng nh tn cng ty, a chMt s thng tin v mt thnh vin cn cn phi c s xc nhn tin cy v tnh chnh xc cc thnh vin khc c th nhn bit c thnh vin v tin cy vo tnh chn thc ca cc thng ip m thnh vin gi i. Ngi xc nhn cc thng tin (hin ti l Bolero International) do phi c y chng c khng nh tnh chnh xc ca thng tin. i tng ng nhp phi cung cp cc ti liu cn thit h tr cho vic xc nhn ca Bolero International. Thit lp ti khon k thut (Technical account set-up): Khi ngi s dng tim nng k v cung cp cc thng tin cn thit xc nhn tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin, Bolero International s m mt ti khon cho ngi s dng mi, pht hnh cc chng nhn (Certificates) s c s dng

nhn din cc ch k in t, v nhp thng tin ca ngi s dng ny vo c s d liu ca ngi s dng (User Database). Bc ny ch c th c thc hin trn c s ngi s dng c s chun b y v mt k thut. Nhng cng vic lin quan n k thut cn phi hon thnh l: Thit lp h thng ca ngi s dng: Ngi s dng phi ci t v vn hnh mt h thng ni b tip cn v s dng h thng Bolero. Bolero International khng cung cp h thng ny nhng ngi s dng c th mua ca cc nh cung cp c lit k ti a ch www.boleroassociation.org/dow_soft.htm. Chn m nhn din ca ngi s dng (RID): M ny dng nhn din ngi s dng vi t cch mt cng ty trong h thng Bolero. Ngi s dng c th chn chnh tn thng mi ca cng ty mnh, min l tn ny khng qu ging vi RID ca mt ngi s dng khc. Cung cp m kho cng cng (public key): m kho cng cng ny s c in vo chng nhn m Bolero cp cho mi ngi s dng. cung cp c m kho cng cng, h thng ca ngi s dng phi to ra n cng vi m kho b mt (private key) tng ng. C CH TRAO I V BO MT THNG TIN CA H THNG BOLERO 1. Dng dch chuyn ca cc thng ip (messages) Hu ht cc giao dch m ngi s dng thc hin trong h thng Bolero u c tin hnh thng qua the Core Massaging Platform. gi mt thng ip hay mt vn bn ti mt thnh vin khc ca h thng, ng k mt vn n Bolero hay thay i cc quyn lin quan n mt vn n Bolero vi H thng ng k s hu, cc thnh vin ca Bolero s phi gi cc thng ip n the Core Messaging Platform. Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt thng ip Bolero bao gm: Tiu ca thng ip (Message headers): l nhng dng vn bn u tin u thng ip th hin cc thng tin nh ai gi, gi cho ai, c truyn qua nhng u trc khi ti ni nhn, gi cch thc x l thng ip (v d nh ghi ch v loi ni dung thng ip cha ng) v cc mc ch tng t. Tiu ca tng phn thng ip (Message part headers): Phn thn ca mt thng ip c chia ra lm nhiu phn ph hp vi quy nh ca Multipurpose Internet Mail Extentions (MIME). Tiu ca tng phn nu loi ni dung ca phn v m dng truyn ti phn qua email. Tiu Bolero (Bolero Header): Mi mt thng ip gi qua Bolero u

c mt tiu Bolero. Tiu ny th hin loi v chc nng ca thng ip trong h thng Bolero, dng phn loi v x l cc thng ip trong h thng. Tiu Bolero mang tnh c th v ch p dng cho h thng Bolero. Cc vn bn (Document parts): Sau tiu Bolero, thng ip c th c mt hoc nhiu phn khc, mi phn li c th gm mt vn bn c gii thiu bng tiu ca tng phn thng ip. Phn vn bn ny i khi cn c gi l ti liu gi km (attachments). Phn vn bn l b phn khng bt buc nhng l b phn thng gp trong tt c cc thng ip gi qua h thng Bolero. Hnh thc ca cc phn vn bn khng mang tnh c th ca Bolero m ph hp vi cc tiu chun MIME. Ch dn kt thc thng ip: L dng vn bn ch gm c mt du chm th hin thng ip kt thc theo ng chun mc v th in t (ch yu l RFC 822 ca the Internet Engineering Task Force). Cc phn nh tiu ca thng ip, tiu ca tng phn thng ip, v tiu Bolero l cc thnh phn k thut c s dng truyn v lu cc thng ip. Tiu ca thng ip s khng c k hay m ho mc d ni dung thng ip (bao gm c tiu Bolero) phi c k v c th c m ho. Cc thng ip trong Core Messaging Platform thc hin rt nhiu chc nng. Mi chc nng ny li tng ng vi mt tiu Bolero khc nhau. Cc hnh thc a dng ca tiu Bolero c mt ngha rt quan trng i vi ngi s dng. Mi thng ip vi tiu khc nhau s ko theo cc hot ng khc nhau ca h thng, thng thng l s lm ny sinh mt thng ip khc vi mt tiu Bolero tng ng. S sau y tm tt dng dch chuyn ca cc thng ip trong mt thng ip ny s lm ny sinh mt thng ip khc. Bng sau tm tt cc tiu Bolero vi s th t tng t nh s trn: Loi thng ip Gi t Gi n Th hin 1. SMsg (thng ip gi i) Ngi gi thng ip ban u Core Messaging Platform Bt c ni dung no m thng ip cha ng. 2. BAck (xc nhn ca Bolero) Bnak (Bc b ca Bolero) Core Messaging Platform Core Messaging Platform Ngi gi thng ip ban u Ngi gi thng ip ban u Core Messaging Platform nhn c thng ip gi i, thng ip c k v p ng cc yu cu v k thut. H thng Bolero nhn c thng ip nhng thng ip khng p ng yu cu k thut. (thng ip ny khng s khng c chuyn tip n ngi nhn. 3. FMsg (thng ip chuyn tip) Core Messaging Platform Ngi nhn d

tnh ca thng ip gi i Tt c nhng ni dung m SMsg cha ng, nhng mang ch k ca Bolero (thay v ch k ca ngi gi thng ip ban u v c mt tiu Bolero khc. Tiu Bolero ca FMsg c ghi RID ca ngi gi thng ip ban u. 4. Uack (xc nhn ca ngi nhn) Ngi nhn FMsg Core Messaging Platform SMsg (nh c chuyn tip di hnh thc FMsg) m ngi nhn nhn c c ch k c th xc nhn c v p ng cc yu cu k thut. 5. Dnot (thng bo gi) hoc Fnot ( thng bo gi khng thnh cng) Core Messaging Platform

Core Messaging Platform Ngi gi thng ip ban u

Ngi gi thng ip ban u Thng ip gi i (nh c Bolero chuyn tip di hnh thc mt thng ip FMsg) c gi thnh cng n ngi nhn nh nu trong xc nhn ca ngi nhn Khng c xc nhn v vic nhn thng ip gi i (nh c chuyn tip di hnh thc mt thng ip FMsg) trong thi gian quy nh (cn ch thch) 6. SBRf (t chi ngh giao dch) Ngi nhn thng ip FMsg Core Messaging Platform Ngi nhn quyt nh khng chp nhn ngh giao dch trong thng ip FMsg m ngi nhn nhn c v xc nhn 7. FBRf (chuyn tip t chi ngh giao dch) Core Messaging Platform Ngi gi thng ip ban u Ngi nhn quyt nh khng chp nhn ngh giao dch trong thng ip FMsg nh nu trong thng ip SBRf gi cho Core Messaging Platform Ngun: Appendix to Bolero Rulebook-Operating Procedures / www.bolero.net 2. Nhn din thnh vin v chng nhn cc thng ip Gi mt thng ip hay thc hin mt hot ng quan trng no khc thng qua h thng Bolero i hi ngi gi phi ghi r m nhn din (RID) ca mnh. RID l tn gi ca ngi s dng (cng ty gi thng ip) v tu theo s la chn ca ngi s dng cn c th th hin cc phng ban v c nhn

trong ni b cng ty. Khi nhn c mt thng ip, h thng Bolero s kim tra RID ca ngi gi v kim tra ch k tng ng vi RID v vi chng nhn kho cng cng c lin quan (Public Key Certificate). Qu trnh ny nhm ngn chn vic thnh vin ny gi mo l thnh vin khc m khng b pht gic. N cng ng thi m bo vi mi thnh vin ca h thng rng ch c nhng thnh vin gia nhp v chu s iu chnh ca Bolero Rulebook c th gi v nhn cc thng ip thng qua Core Messaging Platform. V vy, ngi s dng nht thit phi cung cp mt RID c hiu lc v k cc thng ip th mi c th tin hnh giao dch qua Bolero c. 2.1. Nhn din cc thnh vin trong h thng Bolero Mt m nhn din (RID) bao gm hai phn chnh v mt phn m rng ty chn. Hai phn chnh bao gm m nhn din gc (Root Indentifier), phn bt buc phi c trong mi RID v m nhn din chi tit (khng bt buc nhng thng c s dng th hin chi nhnh, phng, ban v c nhn trong ni b mt thnh vin phc v cho mc ch qun l ni b ca thnh vin ). V d mt ngi s dng c RID: XYZcompany.CanadaDivision.Purchasing.SJ0131 IJones Trong : XYZcompany l phn m nhn din gc. CanadaDivision.Purchasing.SJ0131l phn m nhn din chi tit IJones: l phn m rng tu chn M nhn din gc chnh l tn ca mt thnh vin trong h thng Bolero. Tt c cc thnh vin u l cc cng ty ch khng phi cc nhn vin hay ngi i din cho cng ty. Mt cng ty thnh vin ca Bolero c th c mt s m nhn din gc nhng mt m nhn din gc th ch th hin mt thnh vin m thi. Bolero s n nh cho mi thnh vin mt m nhn din trong qu trnh ng nhp. Vic sa i RID sau him khi xy ra tr phi cng ty thnh vin c s thay i ln v t chc nh chia tch hay st nhp M nhn din gc thng l rt ngn gn v khng nu c y , r rng tn cng ty thnh vin cho mc ch giao dch hay php l. M nhn din gc thng khng ging nh tn php l chnh thc ca cng ty d c th ly mt phn tn . Thm vo , ngi s dng c th tu la chn m nhn din gc nn m nhn din gc c th hon ton khng lin quan g n tn thng mi thc s ca thnh vin Bolero. Chng nhn do Bolero cp ch nhn din ngi ng k theo m nhn din gc v mt hay mt s m nhn din chi tit tu ngi ng k ch khng phi theo tn chnh thc hay tn php l. c c thng tin v tn php l chnh xc, ngi s dng phi tham kho bn ng k RID ca i tc.

Bn cnh m nhn din gc, ngi s dng cng c th thm vo phn nhn din chi tit xc nh phng ban, hoc c nhn giao dch. M nhn din gc v bt k phn nhn din chi tit no khc to thnh m nhn din (RID). Ngoi ra sau phn RID ngi s dng cn c th thm mt phn m rng vi ni dung tu . C phn m nhn din chi tit v phn m rng u do ngi s dng tu chn sao cho thun li cho vic giao dch v khng c gi tr php l i vi mi quan h gia cc thnh vin. Ngi chu trch nhim duy nht v cc thng ip l cng ty thnh vin cho d sau phn m nhn din gc c phn m nhn din chi tit v phn m rng. Vic s dng RID l cch rt thun tin nhn din ngi gi mt thng ip hay vn bn nhng m bo tnh chn thc ca thng ip v vn bn th vn khng th thiu c ch k. 2.2. Ch k trong h thng Bolero Trong h thng Bolero ch k in t c ng dng nh sau: Mi thng ip phi c k bng m kho b mt c chng nhn cho tng thnh vin Bolero khi ng nhp. Nu khng c k, h thng Bolero s loi b thng ip . Ch k in t trn mi thng ip ca ngi s dng c xc nhn bng cch dn chiu n mt giy chng nhn c lu trong c s d liu ca h thng Bolero. Thng ip sau c gi chuyn tip v c k bi Bolero International. H thng ca ngi s dng s xc nhn ch k ca Bolero International, v coi y l mt s xc nhn rng Bolero International kim tra ch k trn thng ip ban u. Tt c cc thng ip v cc ch dn ng k s hu gi u c gi km trong cc thng ip c k v xc nhn. Tnh chn thc ca mi thng ip, vn bn hay ch dn ng k s hu trong h thng ng k s hu do c th chng minh c v rt ng tin cy. H THNG NG K S HU CA BOLERO (BOLERO TITLE REGISTRY) H thng ng k s hu ca Bolero l c s d liu in t trung tm lu gi cc thng tin v cc vn n Bolero. H thng ny cho php vn n Bolero c kh nng thay th c vn n trn giy truyn thng, do y nhanh dc tc ca cc giao dch. 1. Tnh cht ca vn n Bolero Nh chng ta bit, vn n l mt chng t do ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vi cc chc nng (1) bin lai nhn hng ch, (2) bng chng ca hp ng chuyn ch v (3) chng t s hu hng ho, cho php ngi nm gi hp php chng t c th nhn hng t ngi chuyn ch. Thng thng vn n s c ngi chuyn ch cp cho ngi gi hng v ngi cui cng nm gi vn n l ngi mua hng sau khi vn n c th

c chuyn qua rt nhiu i tng khc v d nh cc ngn hng. Nhng ngi s hu vn n s c nhng quyn li v ngha v lin quan n vn n. Vn n Bolero vn bo m nhng chc nng ca vn n truyn thng nhng thay th hnh thc th hin trn giy t bng cc bn ghi in t (electronic records). Mt vn n Bolero bao gm cc bn ghi sau y: Vn bn vn n (BBL Text): l mt vn bn cha phn ni dung chnh ca vn n. Vn bn ny c ch k in t ca ngi chuyn ch v m nhn din vn bn (document ID) v phi m bo cc yu cu i vi vn bn ca Bolero. Vn bn vn n s c gi ti h thng Bolero thng qua Core Messaging Platform v s c lu vi m nhn din vn bn v loi vn bn l 705. Ni dung ca vn bn vn n Bolero tng t nh mt vn n truyn thng. Vn bn vn n c th l sch hoc bo lu, c th th hin l hng bc hoc c nhn xp Ngoi ra, ngi chuyn ch cng c th dn chiu n cc iu kin chuyn ch. Bn ng k s hu (Title Registry Record): H thng ng k s hu s duy tr mt bng c s d liu (database table) cho mi vn n Bolero. Bng c s d liu ny c gi l Bn ng k s hu. Bng ny s lit k RID ca cc thnh vin c vai tr nht nh lin quan n vn n cng nh mt s cc d liu khc. Cc thnh vin c th thay i thng tin trn Bn ng k s hu (tng ng vi vic ghi nhn cc giao dch lin quan n vn n) bng cch gi cc ch th n H thng ng k s hu thng qua Core Messaging Platform. Nh vy hiu mt cch n gin, vn n Bolero bao gm (1) BBL Text, mt vn bn vi nhng ni dung tng t nh vn n truyn thng v (2) mt bn ghi c s d liu c tn l Bn ghi ng k s hu trong ghi nhn cc giao dch c lin quan c lin quan n BBL Text. Thng qua cc giao dch ny m cc thnh vin ca Bolero s pht sinh cc quyn v ngha v lin quan n vn n Bolero theo quy nh ca Bolero Rulebook. 2. Cc bn lin quan n vn n Bolero Cc bn lin quan n mt vn n Bolero s c ghi li trn cc trng d liu (data fields) ca Bn ng k s hu (Title Registry Record). Thng qua hot ng ca H thng ng k s hu m vn n Bolero thc hin c cc chc nng truyn thng ca vn n. Trong cc trng d liu ca mt Bn ng k s hu, h thng s hu lu gi cc thng tin v trng thi ca vn n Bolero v cc quyn v ngha v ca cc thnh vin c lin quan n vn n . S sau m t mt cch n gin cu trc ca mt Bn ng k s hu: S 5: M hnh gin lc mt Bn ng k s hu (Ngun: Appendix to Bolero Rulebook-Operating Procedures/www.bolero.net)

Mi bn lin quan n mt vn n Bolero s c th hin trn mt trng d liu bng m nhn din (RID) ca thnh vin , bao gm c cc phn m nhn din chi tit (specific identifiers) nhng khng bao gm phn m rng ca ca m nhn din. Mc d mt m nhn din c ghi trong Bn ng k s hu, bt c ai c ti khon ph (sub- account) cng s dng mt m nhn din gc (Root Indentifier) u c th gi cc ch dn n H thng ng k s hu thay i Bn ng k s hu ca vn n tr phi b gii hn bi h thng ca chnh ngi s dng . 2.1. Ngi chuyn ch (Originator/Carrier): Ngi chuyn ch l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng. y chnh l ngi pht hnh vn n Bolero theo tho thun vi ngi gi hng. Vai tr ca Ngi chuyn ch trong H thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi V l thuyt, bt k thnh vin no cng c th c ghi tn trong trng d liu Ngi chuyn ch. Tuy nhin trn thc t ch mt s thnh vin ca Bolero c kh nng hot ng nh nhng ngi chuyn ch. S lng Ch c mt thnh vin c ghi nhn vi vai tr l ngi chuyn ch ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Tt c cc vn n Bolero u phi c mt ngi chuyn ch c ch nh bi Ngi chuyn ch t ch nh chnh mnh khi pht hnh vn n. Tnh c nh Khi mt vn n Bolero c pht hnh, khng mt ngi s dng no c th ch nh mt ngi chuyn ch mi hay thay i m nhn din ca ngi chuyn ch ghi trn Bn ng k s hu. Quyn hn Ngi chuyn ch c th: 1. Pht hnh mt vn n Bolero cng c ngha l c quyn ch nh ngi gi hng, ngi nm gi ban u (initial Holder, bn theo lnh ban u (initial To Order Party), ngi nhn hng v cc bn khc c lin quan. 2. Chp thun hoc t chi ngh sa i vn n, v nu chp thun th tin hnh qu trnh sa i. 2.2. Bn xut trnh (Surrender Party): L mt ngi do ngi chuyn ch ch nh hon thnh vic thc hin ngha v ca ngi chuyn ch khi vn n Bolero c xut trnh (l ngi m vn n phi c xut trnh cho ngi nhn hng). Vai tr ca bn xut trnh. Vai tr ca bn xut trnh c th c tm tt nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l bn xut trnh (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Bn xut trnh S lng Mi vn n Bolero ch c th c mt bn xut trnh c ch

nh. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh bn xut trnh l tu thuc vo ngi chuyn ch. Nu ngi chuyn ch khng ch nh bn xut trnh, ngi chuyn ch s t nhn vn n Bolero c xut trnh. c ch nh bi Ch c ngi chuyn ch ca mt vn n Bolero mi c th ch nh bn xut trnh ca vn n . Tnh c nh Mt khi c ch nh, H thng ng k s hu khng th thay i bn xut trnh, tuy nhin bn xut trnh c th c thay i thng qua vic ngi chuyn ch sa i vn n Quyn hn Bn xut trnh khng th thc hin bt c chc nng no thng qua H thng ng k s hu, tuy nhin bn xut trnh vn c thng bo cc thng tin lin quan n vn n nhm to iu kin cho vic thc hin ngha v giao hng khi vn n c xut trnh. 2.3. Ngi gi hng (Shipper) L ngi k hp ng vi ngi chuyn ch chuyn ch hng ho. Thng thng, ngi gi hng l ngi bn hay ngi xut khu. Vai tr ca ngi gi hng trong h thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi gi hng (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi gi hng). S lng Mi vn n Bolero ch c th c mt ngi gi hng. Tnh bt buc Mi vn n Bolero c pht hnh u c mt ngi gi hng c ch nh. c ch nh bi Ngi chuyn ch pht hnh vn n ch nh ngi gi hng theo nh tho thun vi ngi gi hng. Tnh c nh Mt khi c ch nh, khng th thay i ngi gi hng thng qua h thng ng k s hu, tuy nhin ngi gi hng c th c thay i thng qua vic ngi chuyn ch sa i vn n. Quyn hn Ngi gi hng khng th thc hin bt c chc nng no thng qua H thng ng k s hu nu ch c vai tr l ngi gi hng. Cc quyn ca ngi chuyn ch pht sinh t cc vai tr khc bn cnh vai tr ngi gi hng. Vi mt s vai tr khc, ngi gi hng c th: 1. Ch nh ngi cm vn n hoc ngi cm c vn n lm ti sn th chp (Pledgee Holder), nu ngi gi hng ng thi l ngi cm vn n. 2. Ch nh ngi nhn hng hoc bn theo lnh k tip hoc k hu b trng (v danh) vn n, nu ngi gi hng ng thi l ngi cm vn n theo lnh (Holder-To-Order) hoc ngi cm vn n v danh (Bearer Holder). 3. Xut trnh vn n nu ngi gi hng ng thi l ngi cm vn n

theo lnh hoc va l ngi cm vn n va l ngi nhn hng (Trng hp ngi gi hng ng thi l ngi gi hng rt him gp trn thc t). 4. Yu cu sa i vn n Bolero hoc a ra ch th v vic chuyn vn n thnh vn n trn giy nu ngi gi hng ng thi l ngi cm vn n. Ngi gi hng nu khng cn l ngi cm vn n s khng thc hin c bt k chc nng no lin quan n vn n na. 2.4. Ngi nhn hng (Consignee) L ngi mua hoc ngi nhp khu hng ho, l ngi s nhn hng ho c chuyn ch theo mt vn n Bolero khng th chuyn nhng. Khi mt ngi nhn hng c ch nh cho mt vn n Bolero c th chuyn nhng, vn n s tr thnh mt vn n khng th chuyn nhng. Vai tr ca ngi nhn hng trong h thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi nhn hng (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi nhn hng. S lng Ch c mt RID duy nht c ch nh l ngi nhn hng ca mt vn n. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh ngi nhn hng l khng bt buc c ch nh bi Trong qu trnh pht hnh vn n, ngi chuyn ch c th ch nh ngi nhn hng ca vn n, nu ngi c huyn ch khng ch nh bn theo lnh ca vn n. Sau khi bn theo lnh ca vn n c ch nh, bn theo lnh hoc ngi cm vn n v danh c th ch nh ngi nhn hng. Tnh c nh Mt khi c ch nh, khng th thay i ngi nhn hng thng qua h thng ng k s hu, tuy nhin ngi nhn hng c th c thay i thng qua vic ngi chuyn ch sa i vn n. Quyn hn Ngi nhn hng ng thi l ngi cm vn n c th: 1. Yu cu sa i vn n Bolero. 2. Xut trnh vn n cho ngi chuyn ch hoc bn xut trnh c ch nh. 3. a ra ch th v vic chuyn vn n thnh vn n giy. Ngi nhn hng nu khng ng thi l ngi cm vn n s khng th thc hin bt c hot ng no thng qua h thng ng k s hu. 5. Bn theo lnh (To Order Party) L ngi c k hu (endorsee) mt vn n Bolero c th chuyn nhng. Vai tr ca bn theo lnh trong h thng ng k s hu nh sau:

C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l bn theo lnh (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Bn theo lnh). S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt RID c th c ch nh l bn theo lnh ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh bn theo lnh l khng bt buc. c ch nh bi Khi pht hnh vn n, ngi chuyn ch c th ch nh bn theo lnh ban u (initial To Order Party) (theo cc ch dn ca ngi gi hng). Ngi cm vn n v danh (Bearer Holder) cng c th ch nh bn theo lnh bng mt ch th hu b trng thi k hu b trng ca vn n v in RID ca mt thnh vin vo trng Bn theo lnh. Sau khi c ch nh, mt bn theo lnh cng c th ch nh mt bn theo lnh tip theo thng qua mt th tc tng t nh th tc k hu i vi vn n truyn thng (s c m t c th mc di y). Tnh c nh Khi mt bn theo lnh c ch nh, bn ny c b thay th theo th tc c m t trong mc di y. Quyn hn Mt ngi s dng va l bn theo lnh hin ti ng thi l ngi cm vn n (v d: Holder To Order) ca mt vn n Bolero c th: 1. Ch nh bn theo lnh tip theo ca vn n. 2. Ch nh mt ngi nhn hng v do chuyn vn n sang trng thi khng th chuyn nhng. 3. K hu trng vn n (do khin cho bn thn bn theo lnh tr thnh ngi cm vn n v danh) v sau ch nh mt ngi cm vn n mi, ngi s tr thnh ngi cm vn n v danh k tip. 4. Dng vn n lm vt th chp bng cch ch nh mt ngi cm vn n lm ti sn th chp (Pledgee Holder). 5. Xut trnh vn n cho ngi chuyn ch hoc bn xut trnh c ch nh nhn hng. 6. a ra ch th chuyn t vn n Bolero thnh vn n trn giy. Bn theo lnh khng th thc hin bt c chc nng no thng qua H thng ng k s hu nu bn theo lnh khng ng thi l ngi cm vn n. 6. Ngi cm vn n v danh (Bearer Holder) Ngi cm vn n v danh trong h thng Bolero cng tng t nh ngi nm gi mt vn n v danh truyn thng, loi vn n c th c chuyn nhng mt cch n gin bng cch trao tay. Mt ngi cm vn n v danh mi c ch nh thng qua th tc k hu b trng vn n v sau tu chn ch nh mt ngi cm vn n nh m t trong mc

sau y. Do , ngi nm gi vn n v danh c th c hiu n gin l ngi cm vn n Bolero c k hu b trng. Vai tr ca ngi cm vn n v danh c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n v danh (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi cm vn n v danh). S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt thnh vin c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n (bao gm c ngi cm vn n v danh) ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Ngi cm vn n v danh ch tn ti nu vn n Bolero c k hu trng. Vic k hu trng l tu chn. c ch nh bi Ngi chuyn ch trong qu trnh pht hnh vn n hoc ngi cm vn n theo lnh hin thi (current Holder To Order) u c th k hu b trng vn n. Nhng ngi cm vn n tip theo s c ch nh nh m t trong mc. Nh cp trn, khi mt vn n Bolero c k hu trng, vic ch nh mt ngi cm vn n tng ng vi vic ch nh mt ngi cm vn n v danh.s Tnh c nh Ngi cm vn n v danh hin ti c th ch nh ngi k tip bng cch ch nh mt ngi s dng khc l ngi cm gi vn n v gi nguyn trng thi k hu b trng ca vn n. Ngi cm vn n v danh cng c th t hu b vai tr ca mnh bng cch thay i trng thi k hu b trng ca vn n v ch nh mt bn theo lnh hoc ngi gi hng. Quyn hn Ngi cm vn n v danh c th: 1. Ch nh mt ngi cm vn n mi (bng cch ch nh mt ngi cm vn n mi ca mt vn n c k hu b trng). Tuy nhin, ngi cm vn n khng th k hu b trng vn n v vn n trng thi k hu b trng. 2. Ch nh mt bn theo lnh v do hu b trng thi k hu b trng ca vn n v a vn n v trng thi c th chuyn nhng. 3. Ch nh mt ngi gi hng, v do chuyn vn n sang trng thi khng th chuyn nhng. 4. Dng vn n lm vt th chp bng cch ch nh mt ngi cm vn n lm ti sn th chp (Pledgee Holder). 5. Yu cu sa i vn n. 6. a ra ch th chuyn vn n Bolero thnh vn n giy. 7. Ngi nhn th chp (Pledgee) L mt t chc ti chnh (hoc t chc khc) c li ch lin quan n mt

vn n Bolero trn c s cung cp ti chnh hoc m bo thanh ton cho l hng c chuyn ch. Vai tr ca ngi nhn th chp trong h thng ng k s hu c th hin nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Hin ti, bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi nhn th chp (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi nhn th chp) S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt thnh vin c th c ch nh l ngi nhn th chp ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Vic ch nh ngi nhn th chp l tu chn. c ch nh bi Ngi cm vn n theo lnh hoc ngi cm vn n v danh c th ch nh mt ngi nhn th chp. Mt ngi nhn th chp cng c th ch nh mt ngi khc lm ngi nhn th chp k tip. Khi mt ngi nhn th chp c ch nh, ngi nhn th chp s t ng c ch nh l ngi cm vn n Bolero b th chp (pledged Bolero Bill of Lading). Min l ngi nhn th chp vn gi vai tr nhn th chp, anh ta s vn l ngi cm vn n. Ngi nhn th chp ng thi l ngi cm vn n c gi l ngi cm vn n lm ti sn th chp (Pledgee Holder). Tnh c nh Ngi nhn th chp c th ch nh mt ngi nhn th chp k tip, hoc mt ngi cm vn n mi, trong trng hp ny RID ca ngi nhn th chp trong trng ngi nhn th chp s b xo i. Quyn hn Ngi nhn th chp vn n ng thi l ngi cm vn n c th: 1. Gii chp bng cch ch nh ngi cm vn n theo lnh hoc cm vn n v danh c trc khi vn n b th chp lm ngi cm vn n. 2. Thc hin vic nhn th chp bng cch ch nh chnh mnh hoc mt ngi s dng khc l ngi cm vn n, vi h qu tip theo xy ra l RID ca ngi nhn th chp b xo khi trng ngi nhn th chp. Nu vn n khng trng thi k hu b trng, ngi nhn th chp ng thi ch nh chnh mnh hoc mt ngi s dng khc tr thnh bn theo lnh. 3. a ra ch th chuyn t vn n Bolero sang vn n trn giy. 4. Ch nh ngi nhn th chp k tip. Nh cp trn y, vic ngi nhn th chp khng phi l ngi cm vn n ch xy ra trn l thuyt. H thng ng k s hu t ng ch nh ngi nhn th chp l ngi cm vn n v khng cho php ngi nhn th chp ch nh mt ngi cm vn n khc m vn gi nguyn vai tr l ngi th chp. 8. Ngi cm vn n (Holder)

L ngi c quyn nm gi vn n nu vn n Bolero c chuyn thnh vn n giy. Ngi cn vn n c vai tr nh sau: C th c m nhn bi Bt k thnh vin no ca h thng cng u c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n (RID ca thnh vin c ghi trong trng Ngi cm vn n ). S lng Ti mt thi im ch c mt thnh vin c th c ch nh l ngi cm vn n ca mt vn n Bolero. Tnh bt buc Mi vn n Bolero mi thi im k t khi c to ra cho n khi c xut trnh u phi c ngi cm vn n. Ngi cm vn n khng th xo RID ca anh ta trong trng ngi cm vn n. c ch nh bi Ngi cm vn n hin ti c th ch nh mt thnh vin khac ca h thng l ngi cm vn n tip theo. Tnh c nh Ngi cm vn n c th thay i min l vn n cn hiu lc (t khi vn n c to ra cho dn khi n c xut trnh hoc chuyn thnh vn n trn giy). Quyn hn Ngi cm vn n c th: 1. Ch nh mt ngi cm vn n. 2. Ch nh mt ngi cm vn n lm ti sn th chp. 3. a ra ch th v vic chuyn vn n Bolero sang vn n giy. 4. Yu cu sa i vn n Bolero. 2.9. S kt hp cc vai tr Trong nhiu trng hp, mt ngi s dng cng lc phi ng vai tr ca ngi cm vn n va mt vai tr khc c th thc hin c cc quyn thng qua h thng ng k s hu. Mt s vai tr kp nh vy c gi bng cc tn ring v c lit k trong bng di y. Thng thng, thut ng dng ch mt vai tr kp l do kt hp tn gi ca hai vai tr (ngi cm vn n v mt vai tr khc). Thut ng Ngi s dng m nhn cng lc cc vai tr ca Consignee Holder Ngi nhn hng v ngi cm vn n Holdertoorder Bn theo lnh v ngi cm vn n Pledgee Holder Ngi nhn th chp v ngi cm vn n Shipper Holder Ngi gi hng v ngi cm vn n