TNH KHNG ( SNYAT )

HT.Chn Thin ---o0o--Ngun http://thuvienhoasen.org Chuyn sang ebook 28-7-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
I. Khi qut 1. S tht ti hu 2. Mc ch ni Php ca Th Tn 3. S gic ng ti thng ca Th Tn 4. Nghe php II. Khi nim v Khng Tnh ( Tnh Khng ) III. V ng tnh, ng tng, ng tng IV. Tnh Khng v kinh ngn Khng Tnh ( Clasunnata - Suttam, Majjhima Nikya, Vol. III ) V. Kt lun

---o0o--I. Khi qut Trc khi i vo tm hiu Tnh Khng, tng cn i vo mt s nhn thc c bn v gio l Pht gio thy r tnh truyn thng, tnh rt ro v s tht, v tnh tc dng thit thc ca n (Tnh Khng), nh : - S gic ng ti hu ca c Pht. - S gic ng vt ln trn 62 Hc thuyt ng thi ca x n. - Mc ch ni Php ca c Pht. 1. S tht ti hu - Tng ng B Kinh II (Samyutta Nikya, Vol. II., PTS, London...), phm Tng ng Nhn duyn xc nhn by c Th Tn qu kh t Th Tn T

B Thi, Th Tn Thch Ca, v ch Th Tn v lai u chng ng V Thng B t s chng ng s tht Duyn khi. - Kinh Tng ng Nhn duyn, Kinh Pht T Thuyt (Udna, Khuddaka Nikya, Vol. I., PTS, London,...), Kinh i Duyn (Dgha Nikya), Kinh i Bn (Dgha Nikya) l cc kinh gii thiu r gio l Duyn Khi. - Trung B Kinh I (Majjhima Nikya, Vol.I, PTS, London,...), Tng ng B Kinh III (Samyutta Nikya, Vol.III, PTS, London,...) v Tiu B Kinh I (Khuddaka Nikya, Vol I, PTS, London... ) ghi li dy ca Th Tn rng:"Ai thy Duyn Khi l thy php. Ai thy php l thy Pht ". Thy Pht qu l thy s tht ti hu. V Duyn Khi tnh qu l Php tnh, Chn tnh, Khng tnh, hay Pht tnh. Duyn Khi tnh nh vy ng ngha vi V ng tnh, Khng tnh hay Trung o ngha. ---o0o--2. Mc ch ni Php ca Th Tn - Bi php u tin, S chuyn Php lun, c Th Tn ging ti vn Nai, Baransi, ni v Kh, nguyn nhn ca Kh, v con ng dit Kh. Th Tn, v sau nhiu ln xc nh Ngi ch ni v Kh v con ng dp tt Kh. y l mc ch ni Php ca Th Tn m v sau ch T, ch v Lun s trung thnh vi tinh thn ni Php ny. i s Long Th (Nagarjuna) cng th. - Tng ng B Kinh IV (Samyutta Nikya, Vol IV, PTS, London,...) ghi li dy ca Tn gi Sriputta, bc Tng qun Chnh php rng : " Nhng ai thuyt php on tn tham, nhng ai thuyt php on tn sn, nhng ai thuyt php on tn si, nhng v y l nhng v thuyt php i. ... Nhng ai thc hnh on tn tham, thc hnh on tn sn, thc hnh on tn si, nhng v y l nhng v kho thc hnh i ". - Tng Chi B Kinh III (Anguttara Nikya, Vol. III, PTS, London,...) ghi rng Th Tn dy cc v T kheo mt phn ca ngy dng hc php, tng

php, t duy v php, ni php, v mt phn ca ngy sng c c, chuyn tm tnh ch, th nh vy c ngha l sng theo php. Th Tn kt thc li dy bng li gio gii : " Ny cc T kheo, y l nhng gc cy, y l nhng cn nh trng. Ny cc T kheo, hy tu thin, ch c phng dt. Ch v sau hi tic. y l li gio gii ca Ta dnh cho cc ng ". Mc ch ca ni php r l ni v on tn tham, sn, si, v php hnh on tn tham, sn, si. ---o0o--3. S gic ng ti thng ca Th Tn Kinh Phm Vng, Trng B Kinh I (Brahmajlasuttam, Dgha-Nikya, Vol I, PTS, London,...) ghi li s kin gic ng ti thng ca Th Tn rng : Cc o s phi Pht gio do chp trc cm th, chp trc tri kin ca mnh, nn khng th vt qua c Phi tng, phi phi tng x nh ( khng th vt qua 5 th un ) vo Dit th tng nh, ni xut khi Chnh tr gii thot. c Th Tn do v thy r ci v thng, h vng ca cc cm th v tri kin, Ngi khng chp th chng, do i vo chng c Chnh ng Chnh Gic. Bn kinh cho thy r : tham i v chp th kin l nhn t ngn che tr tu gii thot cn c hiu r v loi tr. ---o0o--4. Nghe php Thnh chng nghe Th Tn thuyt ging nhiu cp nh,Tu khc nhau : - Tn gi Kiu Trn Nh va nghe Th Tn ni tng qut v T lin c Php nhn (thy r s tht ca php, d cha c kh nng an tr, th nhp). Bn ngy tip theo, nghe Ng un v V ng, th tn gi v bn huynh ng tu u c qu A-La-Hn ( dt sinh t kh au ) - Tn gi X Li Pht (Sriputta) v Mc Kin Lin (Moggallna) va nghe bi k tm tt v Duyn Khi lin c Php nhn.

Sau , sau bn tun l va hu qut Th Tn va nghe php th tn gi X Li Pht c i tu, i A-La-Hn, thu sut s tht ca php gii; tn gi Mc Kin Lin th hnh thin nh lin tc tm ngy, di s hng dn ca Th Tn, mi c i A-La-Hn ( nh tr tu, nht thn thng ). - Tn gi Pukkusati, nghe Th Tn ni Kinh Lc X - trong t cch ngi i ng cng tr ma - trong cn lu tr ma, lin c qu Thnh A-Na-Hm ( Bt Lai ) C nhiu thnh qu nghe php xy ra khc nhau: c trng hp c th liu ng ngay thc thng, tiu sch cc lu hoc; c trng hp ngay khi nghe lin bng ng thc tng, nhng tm thc cn vng cc lu hoc cn c thi gian tu tp, on tr ; c trng hp sau khi nghe th khi hoan h, tn tm, v cn mt thi gian di tu tp pht trin Vn hu, T hu v Tu hu. Nh th, khng th qu quyt rng ch nghe php thi th khng th liu hi, ng nhp Khng Tnh (Snyat) hay V ng tnh ca vn hu. Cng khng th qu quyt rng ch cn nghe php v trm t v php l c th ng nhp Khng Tnh. Vn cn ty thuc vo cn c, kh nng nh, Tu v thin hng tm l ca ngi nghe ( c ngi thuc Tn cn; c ngi thuc nh cn; c ngi thuc Tu cn ...) Vi vic nghe ging v Trung Lun v cc Lun khc cng th. ---o0o--II. Khi nim v Khng Tnh ( Tnh Khng ) Trung Qun Lun, phm XXIV, on 18 vit : " Chng nhn duyn sanh php Ng thuyt tc th Khng. Dic vi th gi danh Dic th Trung o ngha " ( Php do cc nhn duyn sinh Ta ni tc l Khng Cng gi l Gi danh Cng l ngha Trung o ) Cc hin hu l do cc nhn duyn phi hp m khi sinh, chng khng t c.V th cc hin hu khng thc c t ng, t tnh. Ni khc i, ci gi l ng tng, ng tnh ca cc hin hu l trng rng ( empty ), khng thc

hu. i lun s Long Th (Nagarjuna) gi n l Khng, l Tnh Khng (Snyat). Cng gi n l Gi danh (ch l tn gi - mere name); cng l ngha Trung o (Duyn sinh) Lun s li vit on 40, phm XXIV, Trung Qun Lun rng : " Th c kinh trung thuyt Nhc kin nhn duyn php Tt vi nng kin Pht Kin Kh, Tp, Dit, o " ( Th nn trong kinh ni Nu thy php nhn duyn Th c th thy Pht V thy Kh, Tp, Dit, o) Nh th, Khng Tnh ca Trung Qun Lun ng ngha vi Php tnh (Dharmat-Dhammat) v vi Pht tnh, Chn nh tnh (Buddhat), Duyn khi tnh (Paticcasamupadat). Tnh Khng y, do vy, ngoi tt c ng tnh nh thng, on; sinh, dit; kh, lai; nht, d; tt, xu; ton, bt ton; v.v... nh hai bi k u ca Trung Qun Lun ni : 1. " Bt sanh dic bt dit, Bt thng dic bt on, Bt nht dic bt d, Bt lai dic bt xut " 2. " Nng thuyt th nhn duyn Thin dit ch h lun Ng kh th l Pht Ch thuyt trung nht " ( Khng sanh cng khng dit, Khng thng cng khng on, Khng ng nht cng khng d bit, Khng n cng khng i. Ni r thuyt nhn duyn y, Kho dp tt cc h lun. Con ci u l Pht Bc thuyt ging nht trong cc bc thuyt ging )

Tnh Khng, tng t Chn Nh, Nit Bn, ngoi th gii khi nim ca ng tnh. Khng th nh ngha v Khng, m ch c th gi rng Khng khng th l i tng ca t duy ng tnh (nh duyn), m l thc ti nh thc ca s th nhp (Penetration). ---o0o--III. V ng tnh, ng tng, ng tng Kinh Kim Cng Bt Nh gii thiu php hnh cho cc v B Tt (Bodhisattv) on tr chp th (updna), dp tt cc ng tng: ng tng, nhn tng, chng sinh tng, th gi tng, php tng, phi php tng, tng v phi tng. Dp tt cc ng tng th nhn s tht v ng ca thc ti, th nhp thc ti nh kinh vit : " Nhc thng t v ng php gi, tc danh i B Tt " ( Nu thng r thc ti l v ng th gi l i B Tt, v t c tr tu bala-mt ) Chnh ng tng l nhn t ngn che thc ti nh thc. N ang ch ng t duy ng tnh ca con ngi, giam hm tm thc con ngi vo vng sinh dit ca su, bi, kh, u, no. Aristote, mt i trit gia Hy Lp, nu ra ba nguyn l c bn ca t duy, m nu mun bc b chng th t duy cng phi vn hnh trn chng. l : 1. Nguyn l ng nht (Principle of Identity): Mt vt c gi l A, th mi mi phi l A th t duy mi hot ng c ( k hiu A = A ) 2. Nguyn l phi mu thun ( Principle of non contradiction ): Mt vt l A hay B, m khng c khi th gi l A, khi th gi l B. 3. Nguyn l Trit tam ( Principle of Excluded Middle) : Mt vt l A hoc B, m khng c va A, va B. ( Spaulding, The New Rationalism, New York, Henry Holt & Company, 1918, p. 106-107 ) Ch trn ba nguyn l th t duy mi c th vn hnh, con ngi mi c th trao i, truyn t tng, kin thc.

Ba nguyn l y hm ng rng mi hin hu phi c ng tnh c nh, v th gii ca t duy l th gii ng im bt ng - t duy ngng hn s vn hnh ca th gii - , gia khi thc ti th tri chy khng ngng. Th gii tri chy c ngha l A A ( hay A A ). iu ny nu r rng t duy v thc ti th hon ton xa l vi thc ti. Chnh t duy hm n ng tnh y m ra cc dng vn ho, cc gi tr ca c l (convention), ko theo cc phn ng tm l ca con ngi (tham, sn, si, a ght, th hn, v.v...) to thnh cuc sng vi cc gi tr o y bng ti v kh au. Lun s Long Th xin dng Tnh Khng l nhm nh thc con ngi i ra khi th gii ca t duy ca cc ng tnh, ng tng o y. i ra khi th gii y l i ra khi tham, sn, si, su, bi, kh, u, no. Ty theo cn tnh nh, tu khc nhau m ngi hc v nghe v Tnh Khng c th trc ng, trc nhp, hoc thc tnh i vo cc cng phu hnh Gii, nh, Tu v T v lng tm hu c th trc ng, trc nhp Tnh Khng v sau. ---o0o--IV. Tnh Khng v kinh ngn Khng Tnh ( Clasunnata - Suttam, Majjhima Nikya, Vol. III ) Kinh ngn Khng Tnh, Trung B Kinh III, gii thiu " nh th no l an tr Khng " Th Tn dy cc i tng an tr ca v T Kheo thc hin an tr Khng Tnh l cc tng v Thn, Rng, a i, T Khng nh v V tng tm nh. Khi an tr mt i tng tng no th v T kheo nht nim an tr (vi tm thc T Sc nh) v nht nim gic tnh v s tht Duyn Khi ca i tng (thy r "ci ny c, ci kia c "). Vi an tr y, th i tng i vi v T kheo l tht c, khng in o, s thc hin hon ton thanh tnh, Khng Tnh. y l i tng an tr m Pht v cc bc Thnh sau khi hon ton gii thot vn tip tc an tr, gi l Pht tr, Thnh tr, hay Phm tr. Cho n khi i tng an tr l " v tng tm nh " (hay gi l tc V ng trong tt c tng) m hnh gi thc tnh rng "V tng tm nh" cng l hu vi, v thng v tm ri khi dc lu (ham mun ci Dc), hu lu (ham mun ci Sc), v v minh lu (ham mun ci V sc) th v T kheo thc s gii thot khi sinh t, kh au.

Nh th, c hai yu t tm thc quyt nh hnh gi s an tr vng vo Khng Tnh l : - Hnh gi c kh nng thin nh T Sc nh (ngha l x, v nht tm bt lon) - Gic tnh v s tht Duyn Khi ca i tng an tr. An tr Khng Tnh nh vy l an tr tht tnh, tm thc sch ht cc phin no, lu hoc. An tr y cng c gi l th nhp Khng Tnh. ---o0o--V. Kt lun Tnh Khng nh va c trnh by trn l Php tnh Duyn Khi tnh. Mc liu hi Tnh Khng ty thuc vo cp nh, Tu ca hnh gi thuc hng phm phu, Hu hc hay V hc. Vi cp phm phu, tm thc cn b rng buc bi Dc gii tm (thin,c ca Dc gii), nng tp kh chp ng, th rt kh liu hi Tnh Khng. Vi hng Thnh Hu hc, hnh gi d th nhn r Tnh Khng, nhng cha kh nng th nhp. Vi hng Thnh V hc, do lu hoc c sch tr, nn hnh gi cn iu kin th nhp Tnh Khng. Vi ai cha th nhp Tnh Khng, th cn tu thin ch v Thin qun (Samatha v Vipassana) i qua ba cp tu tp : 1. Loi tr cc tm l cu u, sn phm ca Ng ci (tro c, hn trm, dc, sn, nghi) 2. Hnh T Nim X vo T sc nh. 3. Hnh thin qun Duyn sinh - V ng t tm l T sc nh cho n khi tm thc la khi Dc lu, Hu lu v V minh lu. Cho n y, ta thy cng phu hnh Thin an tr, hay th nhp, Tnh Khng thc s dung thng gio l ca Thng ta b (Theravada) v i tha (Mahyana, hay Pht Gio Pht Trin). Tiu tha (hoc Nguyn Thy) hay i tha l kh nng thc hin nh, Tu m khng thuc phn gio l. Tnh Khng l s tht ca vn hu, v s tht ch c mt (khng c hai), l ni n vng mt ht mi phin no, kh au.

T kheo Thch Chn Thin

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