TNH KHNG TNG HP TAM THA PHT GIO TRONG TINH THN BT B PHI THEO PHT GIO TY TNG

Khng Qun ---o0o--Ngun http://thuvienhoasen.org Chuyn sang ebook 28-7-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
Li Tc Gi 1. Nhp 2. Lch S Pht Gio Th Gii qua ba k Chuyn Php Lun 3. Lch S Pht Gio ca Ty Tng 4. Mc ch ti hu ca Pht Php 5. Tnh Khng l g? 6. Tinh Thn Bt B Phi 7. Tng Kt PHN PH LC

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Li Tc Gi
Trong hai thng by v thng tm nm 2008 va qua, tc gi c duyn may c mi lm thng dch vin Vit ng trong hai php hi ln do c t Lai Lt Ma thuyt ging: mt php hi t chc ti i hc Lehigh University trong thng by vi ti "B o Th Lun[1]" tiu bang Pensylvania v mt php hi t chc ti tnh Nantes, Php quc vi bn ti chnh[2] ni v "Tnh Khng" trong Pht gio. Sau hai php hi , tc gi tr v i sng ca mnh thng ngy vi mt tm t xc ng v bit n su xa.

Do li ku gi ca mt s thn hu, tc gi xin ghi li nhng iu hc hi v Tnh Khng do c t Lai Lt Ma ging dy, nhng trnh by di mt kinh nghim ring: l Tnh Khng theo quan im Tng Hp Tam Tha Pht Gio v Theo Tinh Thn Bt B Phi. Tc gi trn trng. Ghi Ch: (C) Hn ng, (S) Phn ng, (T) Tng ng, (E) Anh ng, (L) La-tinh. ---o0o---

1. Nhp
Khi nhn chung v tnh trng ca th gii ngy nay, chng ta u phi nhn thy l th gii i v mt tnh trng ton cu ha. iu c ngha l nn kinh t, s phn thnh t trn quan im thc dn, khai thc cc nc nhc tiu ca nhng th k trc li thi. Ngy nay, mun tn ti, mun sng cn, cc cng quc u phi hng v nn k ngh ton cu, a cc cng ngh v ngay c cc cao k[3] v cc nc m ngy xa coi nh l nhc tiu, cng tc v s dng nhn lc, b c, cht xm khng l ny trong cng cuc pht trin k thut v kinh t ton cu. Cng do chnh s pht trin nn cao k ny m s truyn thng v cc phng tin di chuyn tr thnh cc k nhanh chng, tin ch vi gi tin tht r, mang gn cc i lc li vi nhau v giao thoa cc nn vn ha khc nhau. Th gii i v mt im chung, mt "Giao Ha im[4]", trong tt c mi vn ha u c m rng ra v c n nhn khng phn bit. Hai cng quc mu mc v tin tin ca nn a nguyn, a vn ha ny chnh l Hp Chng Quc (Hoa K) v Gia N i. Cao im in hnh mi nht ca s m rng sc tc v a vn ha ny chnh l hin tng nhn dn Hoa K b a s phiu cho v ng c vin da en gc Phi chu, ng Barrack Obama, ngi tng hng hn tuyn b: "...l cng dn ca th gii[5]...." Cu ni ny chim trn tri tim ca nhng ai tng tranh u cho nhn quyn ca con ngi. S m rng ca th gii ngy nay mang li cho ton th nhn loi ni chung v cho nhng ngi Pht t ni ring nhng iu lnh.

Thc th, nhn loi thc r rng s tt p ca lng nhn i, ca s bt phn chng tc, v ca v p a vn ha, tuy khc nhau m chng ngn ngi, "mi bn mi v mi phn vn mi". Do chnh s m rng tm nhn ny m nhn loi bt lng phn bit v chp nhn nhau, thng yu nhau hn. l iu lnh chung cho nhn loi. i vi cc Pht t ni ring th nh chnh sch ton cu ho, m rng ny, lm cho chng ta cng c m rng tm nhn qua Pht gio ton th gii. u tin l ln sng ca Thin tng Nht bn tr thnh trng im vn ha ca ton th gii qua cc phong tro hnh tr thin nh ca cc Trung Tm Thin Nht Bn[6] m ra khp ni, khi xng t cc thp nin 60-70 v cho n hin ti. Trong cc v tn s c cng hong ha Thin tng Nht Bn, chng ta phi k n Thin s Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (C. , Linh Mc i Chuyt, 18701966) qua i tc phm Thin Lun[7]. Song song vi ln sng Thin tng Nht Bn th ti Vit Nam cng pht trin Thin tng, lm sng li nn Pht gio ca cc thi L, Trn m ch tn ch xng chnh yu l Thin s Thch Nht Hnh v Thin s Thch Thanh T. Nhng cng lc th c bit hn na, th gii m rng vng tay ra n nhn ln sng Pht gio Ty Tng, qua cc cng trnh hong php ca ch tn s Ty Tng vi bn i mn phi Mt tng: phi C Truyn (Nyingma), phi Khu Truyn (Kagyu), phi Tt Gi (Sakya) v phi Gii c (Gelug). Ni chung nh th nhn bit s mu nhim ca s tin ha ca nhn loi, chng ta i v mt s ton cu ha, s bt phn bit, mt tinh thn ci m ha ng, thng yu chung vi nhau, l con ngi th cng c mt tri tim, mt dng mu , v u l chng sinh hu tnh. Th nhng khi i vo ni b, chng ta cng nhn xt thy c mt s phn ha trong h tng ca nhn loi. S phn ha ny c th quy nguyn chnh t li gio dc phn tch, t tm chia ch phn bit. Bi v nng cao dn tr, tt c cc quc gia trn ton th gii u i v nn gio dc cng bch, trong t nng trn s hc hi v khoa hc v k thut, v bt dn s hc hi v vn ha cng nh o c. Nhng mn ton hc v lun l hc trong nn gio dc ca chng ta cng ngy cng tng h s v quan trng hn, trong khi cc mn hc v o c nh l "Cng dn gio dc" Vit Nam ni ring, hay l mn "Gio l cng gio" ca cc nc u M ni chung

u t t b xa b. D nhin l hc hi v khoa hc rt cn thit v l cn bn thit lp s hiu bit v lun l ca con ngi, nng cao nn dn tr. Nhng i vo hc hi khoa hc th phi hc v lun l phn tch. Phn tch th cn phi chia ch, phn bit. Nu hc lm cn bn i tm hiu su vo s vt th rt tt. Nhng nu ngng ti , m khng cn bng tm tr, hc v tng hp ton din tr li c ci nhn tng th, v nu c b mc kt trong ci nhn phn tch phin din th s to nguy c a n s phn ha, bt u bng phn ha chnh bn thn mnh qua ci nhn phn tch chia ch trn mi s vic, tr thnh tim nhim trong thi quen v s hun tp ca tm phn tch chia ch, ri mc kt vo tm phn bit, kt hp cht ch vi tm chp ng bm sinh, th s t m khi sinh tt c mi vn , k c cc vn ca th gii. c t Lai Lt Ma tng nhn mnh trong nhng ln thuyt php: "...Tt c mi tranh chp trn th gii u khi ra t ci tm chp ng, phn bit..." v Ngi ni rng tuy Ngi l v lnh o tng phi Gii c, nhng Ngi cng l mt thnh vin tranh u cho tinh thn Bt B Phi[8] (xem thm phn 6, Tinh Thn Bt B Phi). S phn ha trong Pht gio c thy qua cc tranh ci bt tn v Tiu Tha[9], i Tha, v Tnh Tng, Thin Tng, v Mt Tng v.v....Tt c cc tranh ci u khi ra t nhng s hc hi t nng trn lun l phn tch, v b qun s chng ng tng hp[10] ca ton Pht php. Nht l v s chng ng ny vn cc k vi t, bt kh thuyt. Khi hc hi, ci hc c d dng l tm phn tch, nhng khi lt vo mng li ngot ngoo ca tm phn tch thch th ny ri m khng thot ra c, khng chng ng c tm tng hp, vin dung bt kh t ngh th mi ri rm ca vn s khi ra t . Do , ta thng thy cc tranh ci lun lun c khi ra qua cc cu i loi nh "Thy ti ging l.... hay l Php mn xyz ti ging ny l cao nht, d nht v.v...", trong khi tht s ra, cc iu ch tn s ging ch c mt v l Gii Thot Gic Ng V Phn Bit, v tt c nhng g ch v dy cng ch thu tm li thnh mt iu: on dc, chng Tnh Khng ph chp ng v hnh B tt o. S nguy hi ca li hc hi v tm phn tch chia ch khng ch nm trong Tam Tha Pht Gio, trong cc Tng phi m cng phi thai trong chnh nn Pht Gio Ty Tng. Chnh v thy r nguy c phn ha ny m ch tn trong cc dng truyn tha Ty Tng xng tinh thn Bt B Phi. Theo , chng ta dit tr

tn gc tm phn bit chia ch ny, i vo mt con mt nhn tng hp, vin dung 84 000 php mn, ch cng mt v duy nht : dt tr tham i, chng ng Tnh Khng v hnh tr B tt o. l im ti hu: gom tt c v mt c xe duy nht ca Pht tha. Bi v c Pht ch phng tin m gi lp ra cc c xe gip chng ta vt qua cc giai on tu hnh ty theo cn c ca mi chng sinh (trch Kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa, phm Th Hai Phng Tin): X-Li-Pht! Nay ta cng li nh th, r bit cc chng sanh c nhng iu a mun, thn tm m chp, ta ty theo bn tnh kia dng cc mn nhn duyn, li l th d cng sc phng tin m v ni php. X-Li-Pht! Nh th u v chng c mt Pht tha "Nht thit chng tr". Nht Thit Chng Tr chng th no t c qua tm phn tch chia ch. Nht thit chng tr ch c th t c qua tm tng hp, vin dung bt kh thuyt, bt kh t ngh, v do s chng ng Nht Thit Php Khng, t m khi tm i Bi, i vo con ng B tt o. Trch kinh Lng Gi Tm n: Th gian la sanh dit Nh hoa m h khng, Tr chng thy c, khng M khi tm i bi. Tt c php nh huyn Xa la ni tm thc, Tr chng thy c, khng M khi tm i bi. Xa la chp on thng Th gian hng nh mng, Tr chng thy c, khng M khi tm i bi. c kinh n y th khi r trong tm con ng chng ng Nht Thit Php Khng, khi tm i Bi. Con ng m T Long Th xng Tnh Khng ca Trung Qun Tng trong Trung Qun Cn Bn Lun Tng[11].

Nh th th c th hiu r l trn con ng t n Gic Ng, chng ta khng th no khng kinh qua giai on tu tp v chng ng Tnh Khng, bi v c chng ng Tnh Khng th ng chp mi c tiu tr, v ch khi no ng c tiu tr th con ng B tt o mi thc hnh c n vin mn. B tt o dn n chng ng Pht qu cao tt nht, Tam Miu Tam B , trong l tm v lng t v v lng bi. Nu chng ta cn cht gc gc no ca s chp ng th t nhiu g, chng ta cng vn cn b sai s bi tm chp ng ny, do m B tt o cha c thnh tu vin mn. Trong ln thuyt php ti php hi i hc Lehigh, Pensylvania, Hoa K, c t Lai Lt Ma sau khi ging cn k v Tnh Khng cho mt th d in hnh rt ng nghnh. Ngi ni: "...khi u hc Tnh Khng cng ging nh mt ngi gi c, rng mm ht c, m li phi n mn b bt-tt, cho nn chng th no nhai cho ni, ch c th nut chng m thi...". Ni xong th d d dm , Ngi ci tht thoi mi. l v, mun i trn ng o t n Gic Ng, khng th no khng c gng t t nut tri mn hc kh thc hnh l Tnh Khng ny. Nh a ra trn, thc chng Tnh Khng l phi vt ln trn tm phn tch chia ch, t n tm tng hp, vin dung bt kh thuyt, trong chm dt mi tm khi nim lun l phn bit ta v ngi, mi chp ng v ng s[12], khng cn hin hnh, t trnh dung nhip, hp nht bt phn gia ch th v i tng, ngha l khng cn khi tm y ra na. Tm tng hp vin dung y trong Pht gio cn c gi bng nhiu t ng khc nh l tm bt nh, tm v phn bit...T Long Th trong Cn Bn Trung Qun Lun Tng vit: Ch php thc tng gi Tm hnh ngn ng on V sinh dic v dit Tch dit nh Nit Bn. C th din gii l: Chng ng tht tng ca cc php l khi c kh nng chm dt c hai iu: 1. tm hnh (tm suy t vng tng) v 2. ngn ng, cng nh chng ng mi php u khng sanh cng khng dit, v sau cng l tr trong nim vui tch dit (ngha chm dt, tt ngm mi tm tham dc) nh Nit Bn. Ni theo cch khc th tm bao trm ln tt c, cho nn Duy Thc tng c ni: "Tam gii duy tm, vn php duy thc". Chng c mt php no ngoi

tm ra. Mun vo c thc tng ca vn php, ch c thin nh, lm theo li dy ca Ngi Tu Trung Thng S : "Phn quan t k bn phn s, bt tng tha c." Thin nh phn quan t k cho n khi no "Tm hnh ngn ng on" th vo c thc tnh ch php, chng th no t c iu qua ngi khc Mi php mn u phi kinh qua cc hnh tr on dc, chng Tnh Khng v hnh B tt o trong tinh thn tng hp, vin dung v phn bit, bt kh thuyt . Cc tng phi ca chng ta u n t cng mt gio php, cng mt gc r l gio l ca c Bn S Thch ca, v php mn no ri cng phi i n vin mn B tt o. Nh th th chng c g khc nhau, cho nn t bn tnh l Bt B Phi. ---o0o---

2. Lch S Pht Gio Th Gii qua ba k Chuyn Php Lun

c th hiu c Tnh Khng v vai tr ca n trong qu trnh tu tp t Gic Ng, chng ta hy tm hiu, xem li ngun gc v lch s Pht Gio n . Trc ht, chng ta u bit l c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni n sanh trong th gii ca nhn loi vi hnh nguyn cao c gip chng sinh gii quyt vn ca sinh t. Thi by gi nc n nm trong ch qun ch, v i sng vt cht th ngi dn sng kh s trong mt x hi t nn tng trn s phn chia giai cp, bt cng v p bc, bao gm nhng giai cp chnh sau y: 1. B-la-mn (Brahman) l nhng Gio-s, ph-trch v l-nghi, cng bi. H t c quyn u-tin, c tn-knh, v an-hng cuc i sung-sng nht. 2. St--li (Kastrya) l hng vua cha qu-phi, nm gi quyn-hnh thng-tr dn-chng. 3. V-x (Vaishya) l nhng hng thng-gia in ch.

4. Th--la ( Shudra) l hng dn n l bn tin, nn an phn lm ti i sut i cho cc giai-cp trn. Ngoi ra cn c mt hng tin dn gi l Chin La (S. Candala), khng thuc v giai cp no c, b coi nh sng ngoi l x-hi loi ngi, t hn c sc vt, ai cng kinh tm khng dm ng n ngi, sng mt kip tht l kh nhc. Cn v phng-din tm linh, x-hi n lc by gi cng sng trong mt tnh cnh hn lon. Cc tro lu tn-gio, cc h thng trit-hc, ttng cng trong mt hon cnh v cng hn n. loi tn ngng, loi trit thuyt ra i. T th phng cc v thn th gian cho n cc v tri nh Phm Thin, th thn la, thn sng, thn ni, cho n tu la th, hoc tn th nhng loi vt. Cc trit-hc loi, t c-th n tru tng, lp thuyt trn thi gian, trn khng gian, ch-trng nht nguyn, nh nguyn, a nguyn...Hng trm h phi khc nhau, lun lun tranh lun, h lun khng ngng, kch chng bng nhau. Cc v lun s thi ai ai cng cho mnh l gii nht, bin ti nht, trong khi thc t th cc tng lp dn chng kh s di ch thng tr ca giai cp, bt cng v p bc, cn h lun ca h chng h cu g c nhng ngi dn ngho kh. Tt c x hi lc by gi ang in o trong kh au vt cht ln tinh thn, qua nhng t thuyt ri lon. Trong tnh trng , c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni n sanh v khai th cho con ngi theo v chnh o. gio ho, dn dt chng sinh tu o thnh cng, Ngi thc hnh ng s v li hnh qua hnh trnh t mnh i tm v thc nghim ra con ng chnh o. Bt u t a v tn qu ca mt v hong t, Ngi t b gia nh, "ct i t s thn", xut gia theo con ng Phm hnh v chuyn tu kh hnh cho n khi nhn chn ra l khng th no i theo con ng m t ton gic[13]. T , Ngi chuyn tm thin nh dc gc cy B , pht trin tr tu Bt Nh trong 7 tun l. Vo ngy th 49, trc khi tri sng, Ngi chng ng ton gic vin mn. Sau khi chng ng tr Bt Nh ti thng v s ton gic vin mn y, Ngi tip tc thin nh bn b sng Ni Lin Thin v v tri Phm thin Sahampati xut hin tn thn Ngi c qu ng Cng, Chnh Bin Tri, Chnh ng Chnh Gic Tam Miu Tam B . Ngi thin nh v qun tng n cc chng sinh cn ang trm lun trong i dc ng trn, v pht sinh t tng, thy rng s chng ng ti thng

vin mn ny qu tht thm su huyn diu, kh nhn thc, kh lnh hi, vng lng, cao siu, khng nm trong phm vi lun l, t nh, ch c cc bc thin tr mi thu hiu. Nht Thit Chng Tr bt kh thuyt, bt kh t ngh y kh c th ging, o l cao siu mu nhim y kh c th dy cho cc chng sinh hu tnh ang m chm trong i dc v trong nhng t thuyt h lun. L Nhn Qu v Duyn Khi, Tnh Khng l nhng iu rt kh lnh hi, cng nh Nit Bn chm dt mi nhn duyn qu bo, tt ngm mi i dc, tch tnh an vui cng l nhng iu rt kh lnh hi. Nu Nh Lai truyn dy Gio Php y, ngi i t khng th hiu c. Ch ph cng v ch. Ri c Pht li suy t tip: "Phi kh khn lm Nh Lai mi chng ng c Php B ti thng ny. Nhng lng ngi cn ang chm m trong tham i v sn hn, khng d g hiu c. K tham i m m nh i trong m ti, nh trong m my en bao ph, chng th thy c Php ny, thm su, kh nhn bit v ton trit." Lc y v tri Phm Thin Sahampati lo s Ngi khng truyn b Gio Php v th gian s khng c nghe Php t phi lc vo no tn cng, nn cung thnh c Pht ba ln xin Ngi chuyn Php Lun. Nh vy m c Th Tn chp nhn dng phng tin gio ha chng sinh: "...Hy cho nhng k no mun nghe Gio Php ti thng ny c c hi..." Ngay lc y, ch thin vui mng tn thn Ngi t bi tr th, chuyn php lun v dng phng tin thin xo gio ha chng sinh ang trm lun trong b kh lun hi. Ri y nh li, Ngi tr th trong sut 49 nm, th hin trong khp ba ci hong ha Gio Php ti thng. Do m c Th Tn chuyn php lun ba ln trong ci ta b ca chng ta. Ngi bit l cn c ca chng sinh vn khc nhau, k sng ngi ti khng ng u. Cho nn ch c cch gio ha qua cc phng tin thin xo, i tng trnh khc nhau, t bc mt, d cho n kh ch khng th i thng vo chnh . Nh th, c Th Tn v chng sinh hong php trong 49 (theo Tiu Tha l 45) nm tr th, khi th Ngi thuyt v Hu Ng, khi th Ngi thuyt V Ng, tu chung cng ch l phng tin ty bnh cho thuc m gio ha theo cn c v giai on ca chng sinh. Theo Hin gio (cn theo quan im ca Mt gio th hi khc, s cp n trong cc phn sau),

Ngi c ba ln chuyn php lun, t t dn dt chng sinh. Hai ln chuyn php lun u, c Th Tn thuyt v phng tin php v bt liu ngha php ( kh l, kh c vi tm ca chng sinh). Ln chuyn php lun th ba, c Th Tn thuyt v liu ngha php (thng ngha gio), cc gio l c bn l Bt Nh Tr, Tnh Khng, Trung o, Tam T Tnh v Tam V Tnh. 1. Ln chuyn php lun th nht: c Th Tn thuyt v Hu gio qua cc gio l c bn l T Diu v Thp Nh Nhn Duyn. Thi k ny l nn tng to thnh cc tng phi Nguyn Thy (cng cn gi l Tiu Tha) v Hu B. Cc b kinh in chnh ghi li trong thi k ny bao gm bn b A Hm v Trng B Kinh [14]. 2. Ln chuyn php lun th hai: c Th Tn thuyt v V (Bt Nh, Tnh Khng, Nh V Ng). l nhng gio l sa son m ng vo i tha, v chnh nhng gio l i tha, qua cc ln thuyt ging c bn v "Nht thit php khng" (Khng Tng). Cc b kinh in ghi li trong thi k ny bao gm cc b kinh nh Bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a kinh, Bt-nhba-la-mt-a tm kinh, Bt thin tng bt-nh kinh, i phm bt-nh kinh, Kim cng bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a kinh[15] 3. Ln chuyn php lun th ba: c Th Tn thuyt v Trung o. Thi k ny thuc v i tha v hu i tha. Cc b kinh in ghi li bao gm cc kinh Gii Thm Mt, cc b i Phng Qung nh Hoa Nghim Kinh, b Nh Lai Tng Kinh, v i Bt Nit Bn Kinh[16], v.v Phi ni r rng trong thi k c Pht Thch Ca cn ti th th khng c s phn bit v t tn gi l Tiu Tha hay i Tha. Tt c lc y ch l nhng li ging dy ca Ngi dn dt hnh tr i t bi php u tin cho n bi php cui trc khi Ngi Bt Nit Bn. V nh vy, ta c th xem li ton th gio l ca c Th Tn li cho chng ta, kt hp v tng hp nhng php mn m Ngi ging dy theo mt trnh t hp l, bao gm trong hai loi quyn gio v tht gio[17], bn mn v tch mn[18] thy r nhng trnh t m c Bn S Thch Ca Mu Ni phi ra cng dn dt v khuyn gio chng ta, nm tay chng ta dn dt i tng bc trn o l, t d n kh hn, cho n khi c th t chn vo con ng ti thng ca Pht Tha m tu chung l chng ta, tt c t ca Ngi, phi n lc hng n. Nh c Th Tn hun d s

tu tp qua hnh nh ca ngi ngh s s dng n, nu ln dy n cng qu th s t, m dy chng qu th khng ra ting n. Do , hnh gi phi bit ty theo trnh m chn php mn hnh tr. Khi u Ngi ging v T Diu , V Thng, Nhn Qu, Thp Nh Nhn Duyn, Duyn Khi, sau qua cc php tu hnh tr thin nh phn tch tm thc tiu tr mi t kin si m, ph chp ng, ri sau dung hp trong tinh thn bt nh a vo thin nh chng ng Tnh Khng v t qu A La Hn, tt ngm mi tham dc v t an nhin tch tnh, nhng khng chp trc, tr trong Nit Bn tch tnh ny m nhp th cu mi chng sinh hu tnh. l tinh thn t gic, gic tha, gic hnh vin mn ca B tt o. Mi giai on tu tp l mt chng ng lin h n mc v hnh tr thin qun trn mc , tun t vt ln trn, do m phng tin gi lp ra mc ch tm thi v cc qu v tm thi ca T Hng v T Thnh Qu, i t giai on thin qun T Nim X tiu tr bn tm in o, nhun nhuyn T Diu , gi lp con ng ca Thanh Vn, Duyn Gic cho n B-Tt, gip cho chng sinh d dng i trn o l trng k m khng nn ch tm o. Mi mi chng ng ca mt mc chng phi lm cho chng ta t mn, thy l , m li gip chng ta to dng nn tng v tm hoan h pht lng tu thm cc php mn sau cho n php mn ti thng v t n Pht Qu Ti Thng, nh chnh Ngi tng tu tp qua cc giai on v t n Qu ng Cng, Chnh Bin Tri, Chnh ng Chnh Gic, Tam Miu Tam B . Xem xt qu trnh lch s nh th hiu ra c l nu mc kt vo tm phn tch chia ch cc b th thy o l c phn ra giai on, phn ra php mn v dnh mc tranh ci v cc php mn Nhng nu nhn thu sut c tin trnh c Th Tn hong o trong sut 49 nm th s pht khi tr tu tng hp, vin dung v nhn ra rng tt c chng qua ch ty giai on m hnh tr, ty trnh ca tm m tu tp, ri rt cc cng s hi t, i v mt im chung v duy nht trnh by tm gn trc l "on dc, chng Tnh Khng ph chp ng v hnh B-Tt o". l xt trn phng din tng hp ca Hin Gio. T s khi ra tm nhn tng hp ca Tnh Khng, l hp nht trong Tam Tha Pht Gio, v cng t tr li cu hi: Nh vy Tnh Khng trn quan im tng hp, vin dung l g ?. Cu ny s c cp n trong phn 5.

---o0o---

3. Lch S Pht Gio ca Ty Tng

Nc Ty Tng vn l do Trung Quc t tn sau ny, khi sp nhp n tr thnh mt trong nhng vng ca mnh. Khi t tn , Trung Quc mun n mang ngha l ging dn Tsang hay l kho tng pha ty ca Trung Quc. Nhng ngy xa, nc ny vn l mt quc gia ring bit mang tn l Th Phn Quc[19]. T ng Th bao gm hai m, mt m l khu, cn m kia l b th ngha l vng t, vy ngha l ting ni ca vng t. Cn m Phn (ng m vi t ng "phin" ngha l mt loi c) th c l l do Trung Hoa phin m ca ch P (c hai chm trn u). V ngi dn Ty Tng t gi mnh l ging dn P (nguyn t Ty Tng gi l P Pe, ch P c theo m Vit l Ph, dch m ra n n nh m Phn, cn t ng Pe trong ting Ty Tng ngha l dn tc). Nh vy, Th Phn c l c ngha l vng t ni ting ca dn tc P. Trong lch s c ni n a th c bit v cng him tr ca quc gia ny, nm trn mt vng cao nguyn rng ln v rt kh i n, to cho n thnh mt th ng ring bit v c lp, bi v khi s giao thng cn rt l th s. Mun i n Th Phn, t n hay t Trung Quc, phi dng nga v i b, tro ngang qua ni Hy M Lp Sn. Hnh trnh nh vy rt cheo leo v nguy him, c th mt mng d dng, li cn cha k n thy th kh hu khc nghit v rt khc bit gia hai vng cao (rt lnh, long dng kh) v thp (nng) khc nhau, c th lm cho k du hnh mc cc chng bnh thi kh nguy him nu khng c sc khe hn ngi. Chnh v do thy th v ng i kh khn cho nn Th Phn quc gi vng a v ca mnh, khng b xm chim v khng b th gii bn ngoi nh hng nhiu. V th m o Pht phi mi n sau ny, sang th k th tm mi thc s truyn vo c Th Phn. Nhng cng chnh v vy m Th Phn gi li c tinh ty v cc kinh sch ca Pht Php rt lu, khng b mt mt. Phi ni rng im quan trng ca lch s Pht Gio Ty Tng nm trong im, ngoi a th him tr gip gn gi bo tn Pht Php, cn phi k n lng tinh thnh cu o ca cc v minh qun ca Th Phn quc thi xa y. Do chnh lng tinh thnh hy sinh tnh mng cu o ca cc v vua ny m mt tng phi kh c th ca Pht Gio c ch t n mang v truyn sang bn , c gn gi cho n ngy nay. l Mt tng, hay ni

r hn l Tng Mt, ch v qun tng du gi bn s. Tng phi ny hi khc so vi ng Mt[20], l tng phi Mt tha c ban truyn thng t n sang cc vng ng Nam , bao gm Trung Hoa, Vit Nam v Nht Bn. Tiu biu l cc cu chuyn truyn li v T o Hnh trong cc thi L Trn. Lch s Ty Tng c ghi chp li r rt nhng tm lng m o tinh thnh ca cc v vua m tiu biu nht l cu chuyn ca vua Lhalama Oe chu hy sinh tnh mng mnh trong tay k th l b tc trng Garlog Khan, v bo chu rut l vua Jangchup Oe, thay v dng vng chuc mng mnh ra, th hy gom gp tt c vng trong nc i thnh i s Atisha (9821054), t n sang Ty Tng hong ha Pht Php[21]. Do lng tinh thnh m cm ng c n T Atisha, v ri T Atisha m thm b trn sang Ty Tng gip nh vua thip lp li chnh php Mt Tng, gi l dng truyn tha Kadam. Hin gi tng phi Gii c (T. Gelug, Hong Mo tc l m vng) ca c t Lai Lt Ma chnh l dng truyn tha ca tng phi Kadam, v k t i ca T Tng Khch Ba (1357-1419), gi l Tn Kadam[22] (E. New Kadam) Lch s Pht Gio Ty Tng c phn lm hai thi k chnh. Thi k u tin bt y khong th k th tm do T Lin Hoa Sanh (C. , S. Padmasambhava 732 - ?) sang Ty Tng khai sng ra dng truyn tha C Mt (T. Nyingma). Trong thi k ny khi ln phong tro dch kinh sch sang Tng ng ln th nht. Sau thi ny, Pht Gio b mai mt i v ti khai sinh tr li trong ln th hai gi l Tn Mt vo khong cui th k th 11 t Marpa (1012-1097), v i dch gi ca thi Tn Mt v cng l Thy ca v i thnh tu gi (S. MahaSiddha) Milarepa (1040-1123).

Bn tn s Lin Hoa Sanh v hng quang thn[23].

Hnh 3: Chng t Ty Tng "AH", biu tng ca s qun tng tu tp Hng Quang Thn. S lc v lch s Pht Gio Ty Tng cho thy rng k t th k th tm, Mt Tng ca Pht Gio c truyn qua Ty Tng vi tt c cc tinh ty ca tng phi ny, v nh a th him tr ca Ty Tng m dng truyn tha Mt Tng c gn gi n ngy nay. Theo Mt Tng, c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni, ngoi ba ln chuyn php lun chnh thc truyn b Hin Gio, phn thn i nhng ni khc thuyt php. Th d nh l c Thch Ca thng nhp thin nh vo ma

ma vo thi an c kit ha. Ch t ch thy Ngi ngi thin nh, nhng thc ra trong lc c khi Ngi phn thn i ni khc hong o. Trong cc kinh in c ghi li l Ngi thi trin thn thng i ln trn cung tri u Sut Thin v ti 3 thng thuyt php cho Hong Hu Ma Gia (Phn ng l Mayadevi, tc l m sinh ra Ngi v b t th by ngy sau khi Ngi h sinh, v ti sinh vo thn ca mt v Thin Nam trn cung tri u Sut). Cng theo Mt Tng th c Th Tn thng phn thn v vng Nam n truyn b Mt Tng, v v l php mn b mt nn thng khng c ghi chp chnh thc li, v cc php mn ca Mt Tng c lu truyn qua Ty Tng n ngy nay. Tm li, k t th k th tm, dng truyn tha ca Mt Tng c T S Lin Hoa Sanh v ch tn a v Ty Tng, nh a th him tr v lng tinh thnh cu o ca cc v minh qun thi y m c pht trin hong b tr thnh quc gio ca Ty Tng. dng truyn tha ny c lu truyn, bo tn khng t on cho n ngy nay qua bn i tng phi: C Mt (Nyingma), Khu Truyn (Kagyu), Tt Gi (Sakya) v Gii c (Gelug). Nhng cho d l Mt Tng chuyn tu v php mn chnh yu l "Du Gi Bn S" (Guru Yoga), mt php mn tng i mi l vi cc truyn thng tu tp chnh ca vng ng Nam , th tu chung li, cng khng qua nhng li dy ca c Bn S Thch Ca Mu Ni: Kh, V Thng, Khng, V Ng, v t trn cn bn ca chnh php. Mt Tng dy hnh tr ngay trong giy pht hin ti "T khi mnh thnh v H Pht" (E. Self Generation into the Deity), qun Thn Khu ca v H Pht ha nhp bt phn ly vi Thn Khu ca chnh mnh ngay trong hin ti ha thnh Tam Thn Gic Ng ca ch Pht. Nh vy, ngay ti y, chm dt chy theo tam c, tham sn si, ha nhp vo thn ca v H Pht. Ngay c thn Pht ny cng phi qun l Khng, thin nh th nhp vo Tnh Khng v Tm i Bi. iu ny chng ta c th nhn ra trong ton th cc chng trnh gio l m c t Lai Lt Ma thit lp trong truyn thng tu hc ti cc Tu Vin i Hc ca tng phi Gii c. Chng trnh o to cp bc Geshe ca ch tng Gii c bao gm nm lun chnh gi l Ng i Lun nh sau:

1. A t m (Tib. wylie: mdzod, E. Higher Knowledge): bao gm cc b lun sau: 1.1 A t m Cu x lun (S. Abhidharmakosa, E. Treasury of Higher Knowledge, The Buddhist Metaphysics, t ng metaphysics ca ting Hy lp c ngha l meta=siu, physics=hnh hc) vit bi T Th Thn (S. Vasubandhu), bao gm cc phn: V tr lun (cosmology) v Hin tng lun (ontology). 1.2 A T m Tp Lun (S. Abhidharma Samuccaya, E. Compendium of Higher Knowledge) vit bi T V Trc (S. Asanga). 2. Bt nh ba la mt (T. wylie: ph.ar-phyin, S. Prajnaparmitas, E. Perfection of Wisdom) bao gm cc b lun: 2.1 Hin Qun Trang Nghim Lun (S. Abhisamaya Alankara, E. Ornament of Clear Realization) vit bi T Di Lc (S. Maitreya) v T V Trc. 2.2 Hnh B Tt Hnh (Tib. wylie: sPyod-jug, S. Bodhicharyavatara, E. The Way of the Bodhisattva) vit bi T Tch Thin (S. Shantideva). 3. Trung qun v Tnh Khng (S. Madhyamika, Sunyatavada), bao gm cc b lun: 3.1 Cn Bn Trung Qun Lun Tng (T. wylie: rTsa dbu-ma, E. Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way (Mulamadhyamakakarika) vit bi T Long Th (S. Nagarjuna). 3.2 T Bch Lun (S. Catuhsataka, E. Four Hundred Verses on the Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas) vit bi T Thnh Thin (S. Aryadeva). 3.3 Nhp Trung Qun Lun (T. wylie: dBu-ma-la Jug-pa, S. Madhyamakavatara, E. Introduction to the Middle Way) vit bi T Nguyt Xng (S. Chandrakirti). 3.4 Trung Qun Trang Nghim Lun (S. Madhyamakalamkara, E. Ornament of the Middle Way) vit bi T Tch H (S. Shantarakshita). 3.5 Nhp B Tt Hnh (Tib. wylie: sPyod-jug, S. Bodhicharyavatara, E. The Way of the Bodhisattva) vit bi T Tch Thin (S. Shantideva).

4. Lng hc (T. wylie: tshad-ma, S. Pramana, E. Valid Cognition, the Buddhist logic and epistemology), bao gm cc b lun: 4.1 Lng Thch Lun (S. Pramanavarttika, E. Treatise on Valid Cognition) vit bi T Php Xng (S. Dharmakirti). 4.2 Lng Tp Lun (S. Pramanasamuccaya, E. Compendium on Valid Cognition) vit bi T Trn Na (S.Dignaga). 5. Lut (T. wylie 'dul-ba, S. Vinaya, E. Vowed Morality) vi b lun: Cn Bn Gii Lut Tng (Dlwa Do Tsawa, T. wylie 'dul-ba mdo rtsa-ba, S. Vinayamula, E. The Root of the Vinaya ) vit bi T c Quang (T. Ynten , T. wylie yon tan 'od, S. Pandita Gunaprabha), l mt v i t ca T Th Thn. Ch tng tu hc c th tham d cc k thi ly cc cp bc Geshe t thp n cao nh sau: 1. Bc Tiu Hc S (Geshe Do-ram, T. wylie rdo rams). 2. Bc Trung Hc S (Geshe Ling-se, T. wylie Gling bsre). 3. Bc i Hc S (Geshe Tsok-ram, T. wylie Tshogs ram). 4. Bc Thnh Gi (Geshe Lha-ram, T. wylie Lha rams ). y l cp bc cao nht v kh nht ca chng trnh tu hc, tng ng vi cp bc Tin S ca cc i hc Ty phng, trung bnh i hi khong 25 nm tu hc v phi tri qua nhiu k thi, trong c k thi do c t Lai Lt Ma lm chnh ch kho). Mt ln na, d l Mt gio hay Hin gio, iu cn bn vn l dt tham i, chng Tnh Khng, v pht B , Tm i Bi, t vo c xe duy nht l Pht Tha, t n Chnh ng Chnh Gic Tam Miu Tam B . Tt c mi con ng cng ch nhm a n mc ch ti hu ny. Nh vy, chng ta cn thu tm li, mc ch ti hu ca Pht Php l g? ---o0o---

4. Mc ch ti hu ca Pht Php
Gio l Pht Gio thng phn lm hai loi: quyn gio v tht gio. Quyn gio l nhng iu c Th Tn tm thi phng tin s dng dn dt chng sinh i ln n mt trnh cao hn v sn sng hn thu nhn nhng iu hc mi. Cn tht gio l nhng iu c Th Tn ging dy lun lun ng cho bt c mi thi v mi trng hp. Ti sao li phi nh vy? l v cn c khc nhau ca chng sinh. Ch tn vn thng dng th d gii thch. Gi d nh l c mt ngi mc bnh lu i, sc kho bc nhc, nay mun cha dt cho ht bnh th phi dng mt liu thuc cc mnh, nhng vi thn th bc nhc qu th liu thuc cc mnh c th lm ngi bnh kit sc m cht. Do , thy thuc gii s tm thi cho ngi bnh ung thuc bi b sc khe v ng thi ngn chn khng cho bnh tng trng. n khi bnh nhn tm ly li sc lc mi dm cho liu thuc cc mnh dit tr cn bnh gc kia i. Tng t nh th, quyn gio v tht gio chng qua ch cng i n mt mc ch l Gic Ng ti thng, nhng v tm chng sinh vn t v th ln ln trong lun hi v tam c, cho nn bnh nng qu. Nu nht nh dng thng ngha gio m ging cho nghe th t c th lm cho chng sinh phi s hi m b o. V th, c Th Tn t t dng cc phng tin dn dt tng bc cho n khi sn sng nghe hc gio php ti thng. Trong cun Pht Hc Tinh Hoa, c vit: Do , Kinh Vn Th chp li c Pht (khng nh): Sut 49 nm Nh Lai cha tng ni mt li. Mt li, l php chn thc thng nhin, khng th din ni c, v Nh Lai trong trng thi v sinh, khng t u n v khng i v u ng trn lp trng bn th xc nh: Nh Lai cha ni mt li. Nhng ng v hin tng gii, ta thy c Pht Thch Ca, bng thn hnh loi ngi, i tu, c o v ni php, gio ha chng sinh trong 49 nm (Kinh in Tiu Tha ni c Pht thuyt php 45 nm), tr th 80 nm, ri nhp Nit Bn. Ni khc, l con ngi, h c sinh ra l c cht i. Th ng thn Thch Ca bng thn hnh loi ngi cng cht, cch nay 2515 1971. Nhng Php thn Pht (Nh Lai) khng cht v, Nh Lai khng t u n v khng i v u ( v s tng lai, dic v s kh, c danh Nh Lai - c Pht, t bn th hin ra hin tng nhng vn khng ri bn th, siu xut c hai mt mi gi l Nh Lai.)[24]".

Cng trn ngha ny, xin nhc li li c Th Tn thuyt ging trong kinh Kim Cang: "Tu B ! ng ng cho l Nh Lai ngh nh vy: Ta C Thuyt Php. Ti sao vy? Nu ngi ta ni: Nh Lai c thuyt php, tc l ph bng Pht, v khng th hiu ni li ta ni. Tu B ! Thuyt php l khng c php g thuyt. gi l thuyt php". Cn trong Kinh Lng Gi Tm n, c Th Tn cng thuyt ging: "Ta t m c ti thng chnh gic, cho n m vo Nit bn, trong khong gia khng ni mt ch, cng chng ni, s ni". Thng ngha ca gio l th bt kh thuyt. Tt c cn li th ch l, c Th Tn s dng phng tin, ty bnh m cho thuc chng sinhV l ty bnh cho thuc th mi php mn cng ch l mt php mn, mi tng phi cng ch l mt tng phi, ly ci g m nm gi, m chp trc ? Cho nn ch tn xng tinh thn Bt B Phi. Nh th, khi nhn li v tng hp ton b lch s 49 nm hong php ca c Th Tn th chng ta c th rt ra iu cn bn ca con ng o Gic Ng l: 1. Nhn ra chn l l ba ci, su no lun hi nh nh la[25], khng u trong ba ci m khng c kh (kh trong T Diu ). 2. Nh vy iu cn bn l lm th no dit kh. 3. Mun dit kh th phi on dc (v i dc cng ung cng kht, cng kh) 4. Mun on dc th phi pht tr tu hiu r gc r ca kh (Tp ), gic ng l V Thng, cht t V Minh, chng ng Lut Nhn Qu, Thp Nh Nhn Duyn v l Duyn Khi. 5. T i vo o l thin nh chng ng Tnh Khng, tn dit chp ng ng V Ng, V Sinh, tt ngm mi i dc, chng Nit Bn tch tnh v hnh B Tt o cu v lng v s chng sinh hu tnh. Tm li, y l mc ch ti hu ca Pht Php. V nh th, chng ta thy r l i trn o l Gic Ng, chng ta khng th no khng i vo cnh ca Khng Mn.

---o0o---

5. Tnh Khng l g?
Nhn tng hp tt c cc tin trnh thuyt php ca c Th Tn, kt hp v tng hp cc bi php li lin lc nh mt xu chui B vi 108 ht gn lin lc vi nhau th ta s thy sut 49 nm hong php c Th Tn b sc lc v thi gian dn dt chng sinh i t t vo Tnh Khng. Nh khi ln chui, ta phi ln t ht trc ri mi sang n ht sau. Cho n khi ln qua ht 108 ht th mt bin ca xu chui tng hon thnh xong. Khi p dng ci nhn lin lc nh mt xu chui vo Pht Php, chng ta s thy bi v Tnh Khng vn kh thuyt, kh hiu, cho nn c Th Tn phi phn gii thnh cc giai on tu hc qua, nh khi ln chui i tng ht, tm lp Tam Tha Pht Gio bao gm Thanh Vn Tha, Duyn Gic Tha, B Tt Tha v tu chung li l ti thng tha, tc l Pht Tha. Ch v Thanh Vn nghe php, hiu php v vo qu Nhp Lu (vn, t v tu). Nhng Nhp Lu xong chng phi l ngng m nh thu thp cn c tr tu mi c th tip tc i su vo thin nh v c cc qu v dn n A La Hn, Nit Bn. Cng nh ch v Duyn Gic nhn hoa ri m chng ng l V Sinh, v ch v c cn c cao dy, c th t mnh chng Tnh Khng V Ng. V khi t gic th sau cng l nhp vo B tt hnh, gic tha, v c Pht qu, gic hnh vin mn. Tam Tha nh vy tng hp li cng ch l Nht Tha. Cn khi xt theo tin trnh hnh tr qua tam hc vn t tu, th ty theo cn tnh bm sinh m mnh chn la php mn thch hp. Ngi quen vi tnh lng th tu Thin Tng. K quen tr hng danh th tu Tnh . Ngi thch hp vi qun tng th tu theo Mt Tng Du Gi. Cn c mi mi tuy c khc nhau m mc ch lm hin l Pht tnh th ng nh nhau. Khi vo su trong php mn ca mnh th cng s chng ng Tnh Khng, V Sinh, V Ng nh nhau, hoc trc tip i thng vo thin nh tnh Khng, hoc gin tip, nng qua tr hng danh Nht Tm Bt Lon, hay l thin qun Du Gi Bn S t khi mnh thnh v H Pht, tt c ng i chung n mt tnh Pht. Thi c Th Tn cn ti th c mt cu chuyn v hnh tr v cn c nh sau. Mt hm c Th Tn thu nhn mt ngi vo trong tng on v giao cho mt v trng lo trng nom gio ha. Sau mt thi gian thc hnh thin nh, v tng s mi ny khng h c du hiu tng tin g c m ch thy mt

mi. Trng Lo bn tha vi c Pht, xin Ngi ch dy. c Th Tn bn nhp thin nh qun v cc i trc ca v tng s mi . Qun xong, Ngi bo vi v Trng Lo tr v dy tng s thin nh trong t th nm. Sau mt thi gian th qu l v tng s c tinh tn thy r. Trng Lo ly lm l, n tha thnh c Pht v iu v Ngi tr li l v v tng s c nhiu kip ha thn lm b cho nn ta thin khng c kt qu m phi thin trong t th nm mi tinh tn c. Vy, Tnh Khng l g ? Cu hi ny thc s khng th tr li c. Bi v Tnh Khng vn bt kh thuyt v ch c th chng ng qua thin nh. Nhng cn c mt khi nim v Tnh Khng v t s hiu bit trn khi nim m ta c th vo thin nh chng ng Tnh Khng ny. c t Lai Lt Ma thuyt ging tin trnh hnh tr v Tnh Khng ti i hc Lehigh, tiu bang Pensylvania Hoa K nh sau. Mun hnh tr thin nh trc ng vo Tnh Khng, chng ta phi tu tp cc giai on nh sau: 1. Trc ht phi tm hc thuc v gio l v Tnh Khng (Vn). 2. Sau th phi dng thin qun, phn tch su xa vo trong Tnh Khng (T). 3. n khi qun nhun nhuyn th chuyn qua hnh thin ch, thin nh nht im[26], v gi tm yn lng, trong sut, vo trong Tnh Khng v nh thin ch m s trc ng vo trong Tnh Khng (Tu). y l giai on tng hp v vin dung[27], t an vui tch tnh. D nhin lc u th hnh gi phi hnh tr cn bng gia ch v qun, ngha l khi no tm qun tro c nhiu qu th phi chuyn sang thin ch, v khi no tm ch tr nn hn trm, bun ng, lm lu m i tng ca qun tng (l Tnh Khng) th quay tr li thin qun, phn tch. Hnh tr nh vy mt thi gian th tm ch cng ngy cng gia tng cho n khi t trc ng vo Tnh Khng. Th th ch c giai on u tin, l giai on tm hc v gio l ca Tnh Khng, m chng ta c din gii c. V do m chng ta ch c th tr li cu hi Tnh Khng l g trn ng cnh ca giai on ny, bi v cc giai on sau l s hnh tr khng th din gii, m l cc giai on ca s t tu, t chng. Trc khi thuyt ging v Tnh Khng, c t Lai Lt Ma bao gi cng khi u bng thuyt ging v T Diu , ri chuyn qua Thp Nh Nhn

Duyn, Nhn Qu v l Duyn Khi. Ti sao li nh th ? Cng nh c Pht Thch Ca ngy xa khi u bng bui thuyt php u tin cho nm anh em Kiu Trn Nh ti vn Lc-uyn vi bi php T Diu , ri theo mt th t i qua cc bi php sau. Tng t nh th d ln chui phi i t ht, chng ta thy rng khng th no hiu v Tnh Khng (ch mi ni l hiu, ch cha ni v chng ng) m khng hiu cn bn ca kip ti sinh l g. V nh vy Kh dy cho chng ta ci nn tng ca su ci l kh, nhng khng phi v vy m khng thot kh c. Ngc li, Ngi ging v Tp , vch r cho chng ta bit nguyn nhn ca kh, khi hiu r ngun gc ca kh ri th Dit l chm dt kh v o l con ng thot kh. T Diu nh th mi ch l ci dn bi, v c Th Tn t t i su vo hn khi thuyt ging Tp , Ngi ch r ngun gc ca kh cho chng ta qua Thp Nh Nhn Duyn v hng hn xc nhn: khi V Minh dit th Hnh dit, khi Hnh dit th Thc dit cho n Lo T dit v ph v vng lun hi, thot kh Ngun gc ca kh chnh l V Minh, V Minh ngha l m m si m khng hiu r. Nhng V Minh khng hiu r ci g ? c t Lai Lt Ma nhn mnh: c nhiu loi v ngha ca V Minh, nhng trong bi cnh ni v Thp Nh Nhn Duyn th gio l ni rt r rng: V Minh v chp ng, cho rng thn ny, ci ng ca ta c thc, c t tnh v trng tn c lp, t m mi kh au pht khi, bi v b thc y do lng ch k chp ng v ta hnh ng to tc nghip di s kim ch ca bn ng, ca tam c tham sn si v cng v th m phi i lun hi kip kip v chu kh. Ging v s to tc nghip cng l ging v Nhn Qu, gieo nhn no th th qu . Th nhng lm th no dit V Minh. V im ny, c Th Tn cng vch rt r, V Minh ch c th b dit tr qua hnh tr pht tr tu, v khng phi l pht bt k tr tu no. Ch c tr tu chng ng Tnh Khng mi dit tr c V Minh m thi. V c t Lai Lt Ma nhn mnh, ngay c tm t bi cng khng khng th dit tr V Minh, phi pht tr tu chng ng Tnh Khng th V Minh mi b tiu tr tn gc r. V o chnh l con ng hnh tr chng ng Tnh Khng, dit tr chp ng. Ng dit th cng on dit tham i, tiu tr mi i dc v nhp vo trng thi tt ngm (mi i dc) t Nit Bn tch tnh, khng cn b sai s bi ng v lng dc tc l tch tnh an nhin t ti. T Long Th[28] vit trong Cn Bn Trung Qun Lun Tng, phm 18, Qun Ng v Cc Php, k s 4:

4. Khi qun xt trong, ngoi, Nim ng, ng s ngng, Chp th cng dit, Chp dit, chng ti sinh[29]. Cu hi cn li l lm th no hiu c Tnh Khng ? Chnh tr li cu hi ny m c Th Tn v c t Lai Lt Ma thuyt ging v l Duyn Khi. Ch c th hiu Tnh Khng ng n khi hiu v Duyn Khi. Bi v khi xa, thi T Long Th, cc ngoi o v nhng k chng bng Tnh Khng l lun rng, nu thc s l khng, th khng c ci ta, v do m cng khng c ngi tu tp, khng c c con ng tu tp, ch n khng c c Tam Bo. Do m ging v Tnh Khng l hy bng Pht Php. (Ti liu dn, Phm 24, Qun T Thnh , k 1 n k 6): 1. [B phi khc tranh ci] Nu tt c u khng, Khng sanh cng khng dit. Vy, theo [Trung Qun Tng] T khng hin hu. 2. V T khng tht, Tr tu cng on tp, Thin nh v chng ng*: Tt c u khng c. 3. Nu tt c khng c, T thnh qu cng khng. V khng c bn qu, c, Hng cng u khng[30]. 4. Nu Tm Bc Hin Thnh Thy u ni khng c, Th chng c Tng Bo. V khng c T , Nn Php Bo cng khng. 5. Php, Tng Bo u khng, Lm sao c Pht Bo ? Ging tnh khng nh vy, L hy bng Tam Bo --

6. V nh th hy bng Chng ng [ca o] qu, Cng chi b thin, c. Nht thit th gian php -u b hy bng c. T Long Th tr li hng hn, chnh cc v mi l k hy bng Pht Php v cc v khng hiu Tnh Khng v chng hiu Duyn Khi. T Long Th hng hn ni: Duyn Khi chnh l Tnh Khng, bi v Tnh Khng chng phi l ni s vt (ch php) khng c hin hu, m ni rng chnh v s vt hin hu ty thuc vo nhng nhn duyn iu kin, ngha l ty thuc vo cc th ngoi n m sinh ra, cho nn khng th hin hu c lp, khng tn ti thc s v khng c t tnh. Hiu Tnh Khng tc l hiu Duyn Khi, l ty duyn m sinh ra, v hiu Duyn Khi tc l hiu Nhn Qu. (Ti liu dn, Phm 24, Qun T Thnh , k 7 n k 40): 7. Tr li k vn nn: ng khng hiu c, Bn tnh ca tnh khng, Chng hiu ngha l khng, Nn hy bng php y. 8. Gio php ch Pht thuyt, Ton t trn nh : Tc ca th gian. Nht thit tng th V sau l chn [31]. 9. Ngi no cha chng ng, Phn t hai ny, Khng th t chn nh Ch Th Tn thuyt. 10.Nu khng nng tc , Chng th hiu chn . Chng chng nht ngha, Nn chng c Nit-bn. 1. Do t kin tnh khng, K n cn t hi.

Nh k ngu bt rn, Ngi ngc lm ch thut. 12.V bit r kh khn Ngi km kh nhp vo, Php thm thm vi diu, Nn tm Th Tn ngi, Chng mun thuyt php ny 13.Kt lun v tnh khng Ca ng sai, v l. Lun c bc tnh khng, Theo ti, chng hu l. 14. Nn hiu khng l nhn To thnh nht thit php[32]. Cn ph nhn tnh khng, L ph nhn cc php. 15. ng quy li cho ti, Tht ra, t ng li. Nh k nhn ci nga, M qun nga ang ci. 16. Nu ng thy ch php, Hin hu bi t tnh, Tc l thy cc php, Chng c nhn v duyn. 17. Ch v thy nh th, ng bc b tt c, Nhn, qu, cng tc gi, Hnh ng v mc tiu. Sinh, dit ca vn vt. 18. Cc php do duyn sinh[33], Ti ni chnh l khng[34], Cng gi l gi danh[35], Cng l Trung o ngha[36].

19. Cha h c php no, Chng do nhn duyn sinh. Nn chng c php no, M chng phi l Khng. (v.v... cho n ht k s 40). Hai cu k ni ting ca T Long Th s 18 v 19, c Ngi Cu Ma La Thp[37] dch sang Hn vn rt l gn v hay: 18. Chng nhn duyn sinh php Ng thuyt tc th khng Th danh vi gi danh Dic danh Trung o ngha 19. V tng hu nht php Bt tng nhn duyn sinh Th c nht thit php V bt th khng gi. Khi hiu c Duyn Khi th hiu c Tnh Khng v hiu c Tnh Khng th cng tun th theo lut Nhn Qu. K hiu sai Tnh Khng th cho l khng c ta th khng c nghip, v thy l khng c nhn v khng c qu, v do m hnh ng phng tng, to nghip ba bi ri a xung cc no c do si m t kin, hiu sai Tnh Khng v Nhn Qu. Do m trong kinh L Cng Dng c Bn S[38] ca Mt Tng Ti Thng, chng ta cu xin c ban cho tr tu thu hiu Trung Qun Lun ca T Long Th, qua cu k s 108 nh sau: Lun hi v Nit Bn cng cn thiu mt vi trn ca t tnh Khi m thuyt Nhn Qu v Tng Tc Duyn Khi khng bao gi sai Chng con xin c s h tr ca c Bn S nhn thc r rng ngha trong t tng Trung Qun Lun ca B Tt Long Th l hai thuyt trn b sung, kh hp nhau m khng h i nghch. Mt Tng Ty Tng thng thin qun Cng c in (ngha l rung cng c, i khi cn c dch l T S Th[39],) tc l hnh v ca tng chi

ca ch T S (xem hnh 3). Trong cun Gii Thot Trong Lng Tay[40] (bn Anh ng, trang 300), c gii thch cn k v cch qun tng Cng c in. Nh trong hnh v, c Bn S (c th qun l c Th Tn Thch Ca Mu Ni) ngi chnh gia, bn tay phi ca Ngi l c Di Lc v bn tay tri ca Ngi l c Vn Th S Li bao quanh bi ton ch Pht, B Tt v ch T. Hai v B Tt Vn Th S Li v Di Lc tng trng cho hai dng truyn tha chnh l Tri Kin Thm Diu v Hnh Tr Qung i[41], ngha l hai cnh chim Tr v Bi, gip ta c th bay bng trn vm tri ca Gii Thot Gic Ng. Tt c mi tng phi mang chnh php ca Tng Mt u phi i xung t hai dng truyn tha ny mi c gi tr.

Cng c in trong truyn thng Tng Mt. B Tt Vn Th S Li truyn xung cho T Long Th (S. Ngrjuna), v B Tt Di Lc truyn xung cho T V Trc (S. Asaga). Nh vy T Long Th l v T trong dng truyn tha Tri Kin Thm Diu ban cho chng ta tr tu v T V Trc l v T trong dng truyn tha Hnh Tr Qung i ban cho chng ta t bi.

Tm li, Trung qun tng (C. , hay Trung lun tng, C. , S. Mdhyamika, T. Dbu ma pa), c sng lp ra bi T Long Th (C. , S. Ngrjuna) v Thnh Thin (C. , S. ryadeva), truyn tha lin tc ti n qua Lc i Php Vng[42]. Ch t i din xut sc ca tng phi ny l Pht H (S. Buddhapalita, th k th 5), Thanh Bin (S. Bhvaviveka, th k th 6), Nguyt Xng (S. Candrakrti, th k th 8), Tch Thin Santideva (th k 7-8), Tch H (C. , S. ntarakita, 750-802, th k th 8) v Lin Hoa Gii (S. Kamalala, th k th 8). T Long Th sng lp tng Trung Qun qua cc bi i lun trn cc h kinh in Bt Nh. Ngi khng a ra l lun g m ch dng bin chng php ph nh[43], cn gi l Quy Mu Lun Chng (L. Reductio ad absurdum) ph t hin chnh, ngha l da trn chnh l lun ca nhng k vn nn m dn dt, a h t i n nghch l. Phng php ph nh Phn ng gi l Prasaga ngha l h qu (E. Consequence, dn l lun ca k vn nn i n nghch l). T Pht H da trn cc bi lun m vit cun Pht H Cn Bn Trung Qun Lun Thch (S. Buddhaplitamlamadhyamaka-vtti). Phng php ph nh Prasaga ch dng s ph nh khng bao hm xc nh[44], ngha l ph nh m khng a n mt hm xc nh no, th d nh cu tam on lun[45] sau, T suy ra rng tt c mi php u bt sinh, bi v cc php u do duyn khi m c. S ph nh ny ch thun cht ph nh, cc php u bt sinh, chm ht, khng c thm mt hm xc nh no bn trong. Th k th 6 sau , T Thanh Bin vit bi lun da trn cun Pht H Cn Bn Trung Qun Lun Thch a ra nhng lun c xng ph nh bao hm xc nh[46], th d nh cu T suy ra rng tt c mi php u t bn tnh bt sinh, bi v cc php u do duyn khi m c, cu ny tuy ph nh t tnh sinh khi, nhng ng thi cng m ch l trn phng din tc ca th gian quy c, cc php c sinh dit (bi v ni rng bt sinh trn phng din chn , l thng ngha ). l li l lun dng phng php suy lun bin chng da trn c s Nhn minh hc (S. Hetuvidy) v Lng hc (S. Pramavda). S khc bit vi phng php ph nh Prasaga bn trn l ch, c thm cc ch t bn tnh vo trong cu, nh vy bao hm thm s xc nh bn trong s ph nh. Th k th 8, T Nguyt Xng li bc b cc lun c ca T Thanh Bin bin h i tr v Phng php ph nh khng xc nh Prasaga, v t truyn thng Gii c (Gelug) do T Tng Khch Ba i theo st n ngy nay.

Nh vy, sau T Nguyt Xng v th k th 8 th Trung Qun Tng phn lm hai chi l Trung Qun C Duyn Tng ( , S. Prasagika, cng gi l Trung Qun ng Thnh Tng, C. , E. The Consequence School) v chi kia l Trung Qun T Lp Tng (C. , hay Trung qun-Y t khi tng, C. , S. Svtantrika, E. The SelfEstablished School, cng dch l The Autonomy School). Trong khi , cng vo th k th 8, T Tch H (C. , S. ntarakita) th li kt hp Du Gi Hnh Tng (S. Yogcra, ca T V Trc, cn gi l Duy Thc Tng) v tng phi ca T Thanh Bin thnh lp tng phi Trung Qun Du Gi Hnh Tng (mdhyamika-yogcra, hay cn gi l Trung Qun Duy Thc Tng). Trung Qun C Duyn Tng (hay Trung Qun ng Thnh Tng) mang tn l do phn ng prasaga (v ngi theo Prasaga gi l Prasagika) c ngha H Qu, bi v chuyn dng chnh l lun ca i phng a h n mt h qu (prasaga) nghch l sau . Tng phi ny l truyn tha thng xung t T Nguyt Xng, v xng Tnh Khng, v t tnh ca tt c mi php, khng a thm lun c no v Chn tnh (hay Pht tnh, E. Ultimate nature) ca Thng ngha (hay Chn , E. Ultimate truth). Trung Qun T Lp Tng (hay Trung qun-Y t Khi tng) th kt hp l lun ca Duy thc tng v Nhn minh hc ca Trn-na (C. , S. Dignga) t lp (self-established), to thnh mt tam on lun c o ca chnh mnh m trong , c ba mnh (Tin , Trung v Kt lun) a ra mt lun im t lp, t khi, v sau i n bc b lp lun i phng. T hai tng phi ny m sau chuyn thnh hai trng phi T Tnh Khng (T. Rang-tong) v Tha Tnh Khng (Shen-tong), s bn qua phn sau. Mt Tng c a sang Ty Tng vi ton b gio l Tnh Khng qua T Lin Hoa Sanh (Padmasambhava 732 - ?) v i xung qua cc i php vng Marpa (thy ca T Milarepa), Sakya Pandita, Dolpopa, Longchenpa, Tsongkhapa, Tangtong Gyalpo, Taranatha, Jigme Lingpa, v cc ch v khc, ri chuyn thnh bn i tng phi hin gi l C Mt (Nyingma), Khu Truyn (Kagyu), Tt Gi (Sakya) v Gii c (Gelug). n y th Tnh Khng tc l Trung Qun Tng li phn ra lm hai trng phi ca Ty Tng l T Tnh Khng (T. Rang-tong, E. Self-empty) v Tha Tnh Khng (Shen-tong, E. Other-empty).

T Tnh Khng n t cc gio thuyt ca T Long Th v Nguyt Xng, cng chnh l truyn tha t Trung Qun C Duyn Tng (Prasagika). Tha Tnh Khng thot thai t Trung Qun Du Gi Hnh Tng (S. Yogacara Madhyamaka) ca T V Trc v T Tch H. Sau ny, do chnh v T S Dolpopa Sherab Gyeltsen (1292-1361) sng lp ra tng phi Gic Nang (C. , T. Jonang) xng. Gn y hn na vo th k th 16, Tha Tnh Khng do i s Taranatha (tn ny mang ngha l v chuyn tu hnh tr php mn Pht Ph Mu, S. Tara), c sy. S lc th T Tnh Khng xng l nht thit ch php u hon ton trng rng, khng c t tnh v ngoi ra khng tha nhn iu g khc[47]. Bi v Chn Tnh hay Pht tnh l iu khng th dng khi nim m din t, v trng thi ca Chn Tnh vn bt kh thuyt, bt kh t ngh. Cho nn T Tnh Khng xng "Nht Thit Php Khng", tt c mi s vt u trng rng, khng c t tnh. Cn Chn Tnh th v ngn. V im ny, c iu tng ng vi Thin Tng, v ta cn nh li nhng giai thoi trong Thin mn, vi cc th d ni ting nht l "Vn Mn cn th quyt", hay l "Triu Chu nh tin bch th t"[48]. Cn Tha Tnh Khng xng: bn tnh ca tm trng rng cc th khc (ngha l trng rng tt c mi tnh cht ngoi ci t tnh bt kh thuyt[49]). Theo Tha Tnh Khng th Chn Tnh Ti Hu cng c c im ca Tnh Khng, nhng Tnh Khng ca Chn Tnh Ti Hu khng th no c cng c tnh vi Tnh Khng ca cc php hu tng, hu vi. Chng ta hy c nhng iu c t lai Lt Ma ging v Tha Tnh Khng v T Tnh Khng nh sau (trch t bi ging Duyn Khi[50]): Bi v c mt s nhn mnh ln trong h gio l i Vin Mn trn tu tp v bn tm Tnh Quang bm sinh, nn c s trnh by khc thng v nh . V th nn gi l nh c bit. iu ny c th gii thch s lc nh sau, ci gi l tnh cn bn v bm sinh chnh l chn , v bt c ci g lin h n nhng th ngoi lai, u l tc . Trn quan im ny, bn tm Tnh Quang bm sinh trng rng khng c tt c nhng g ca tc , khng c nhng php ngoi lai, nh th c ngha l Tha-Tnh-Khng[51], l Tnh Khng ca nhng th khc (ngoi n). Tuy vy cn ni thm l ci bn tm Tnh Quang bm sinh ny c mt bn tnh thun thanh tnh, nh th, tm y khng vt khi bn cht ca Tnh Khng, khng c hin hu t tnh, c ra trong k chuyn php lun th hai[52] ca Pht gio.

V Tha-Tnh-Khng ny c ra trong hng ph hp vi Tnh Khng, khng c hin hu t tnh trong k chuyn php lun th hai, nh trong Trung Qun, c mt s hc gi gi l Tha-Tnh-Khng ng. Trong khi ch v hc gi gi "ci gio l v Pht tnh, hay l bn tm Tnh Quang, trong nhn h thp k chuyn php lun th hai xung, bin lun rng ci bn tm Tnh Quang c t tnh", l loi tha-tnh khng sai lm. Rt nhiu ch v trong cc h phi ca Pht gio Ty Tng, C Mt (Nying-ma), Khu Truyn (Ka-gyu), Tt Gi (Sa-kya), Gii c (Ge-lug) c bit bc b li trnh by ca mt vi cch nhn cho rng chn l c t tnh. Ch v cng bc b li trnh by ca mt s ngi cho rng: Tnh Khng, khng c hin hu t tnh ging dy trong h Trung Qun l mt loi gio l thp, v gi l mt T-Tnh Khng thp km. Loi ging dy nh th l khng ng. V nh th th c hai Tha Tnh Khng hay T Tnh Khng cng cng mt tnh, ch l ng trn quan im tu tp v hnh tr khc nhau m gii thch, cn ngha ti hu cng ng y nh nhau. ---o0o---

6. Tinh Thn Bt B Phi

Bt B Phi dch t ch Ris-med (c l ri-m) ca Ty Tang. "Ris" ngha l theo mt phe nhm hay theo mt bn, cn "med" c ngha l khng, l bt. Nh vy Bt B Phi ngha en l khng theo mt phe nhm no. Thc s ra, tinh thn Bt B Phi chng phi khi xng t ch v tn s Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo v Jamgon Kongtrul i th nht, Lodro Thaye. Ngay t thi c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni, Ngi nghim cm t khng c ch trch cc gio php v cc v tn s trong cc tn gio v vn ha khc. V li rn dy ny mnh m n T Nguyt Xng phi bin h cho bi lun v Trung Qun ca t Long Th v ni rng: "Nu trong khi tm hiu v chn l, ta ph tan t kin ca mt s ngi v do ng thi lm cho mt s hc thuyt b sp , th khng th no gi l ch trch cc tng gio khc[53]. Mt ngi Pht t chn chnh nn c tinh thn Bt B Phi v hnh x theo phong cch ca Bt B Phi. Ngi ta thng hay nhm ln, cho rng Bt B Phi ngha l mang tt c cc truyn thng tu tp khc nhau trn li, ha li thnh mt qua cc im

tng t ca cc tng phi . Ngc li, Bt B Phi ngha l nhn bit cc s khc bit ca tng truyn thng, gn gi v bo tn tinh ty ca tng truyn thng ca cc tng phi khc nhau . Bt B Phi khng c ngha l khng gn gi truyn thng tu tp ca mnh, im quan trng nht l khng c trn ln cc tu tp ca truyn thng ny sang truyn thng khc. iu ny c t Lai Lt Ma nhiu ln dn d ch tng, l c th tu theo cc php mn ca cc truyn thng khc nhau, nhng tuyt i khng ly ru ng n m cm cm b kia, ngha l phi gi gn tng cc php mn y nguyn cht v nguyn thy. Cc phn hnh tr v cc giai on hnh tr ca Php mn ca tng phi khi hc th no th phi gi y nguyn tinh cht nh th. Vy Bt B Phi l g ? Ni mt cch n gin th l khng c si m m qung ch trch cc truyn thng khc l sai lm v nu c s hiu lm do v minh no th phi gii ta nh nhng s hiu lm ngay lp tc. V tn s Jamgon Kongtrul c tm tt quan im ca Ngi v Bt B Phi nh sau: "Ch tn s v ch v i thnh tu gi ca cc tng phi khc nhau trnh by Pht Php theo tng quan im ca ch v. Mi tng phi u c y nhng im c th tinh ty ring v c h tr bi cc lun c vng chc. Nu ta hc k cng truyn thng ca mnh v nm vng h gio l truyn tha ca mnh cng nh c nn tng vng chc trn cc gio php ca dng truyn tha th khng c g m phi tr thnh b phi si m m qung. Ngc li, nu ta ln ln gia cc h tng phi khc nhau v kt trong t ng th c ngha l chnh ta cha nm vng c truyn thng ca dng truyn tha ca chnh mnh. Nh th, ta s c s dng ln ln cc truyn thng khc nhau minh nh cho s hiu bit ca mnh, v nh th cng ngy cng ri rm trm trng trong cc gio l, trong cc hnh tr thin nh, trong cc gii hnh v kt qu tu tp, y nh mt ngi th dt vi vng v. Tr phi c mt s hiu bit chc chn trong truyn thng mnh tu tp, nu khng ta s khng th dng l lun h tr cho kinh in, v s khng th bn lun v iu m nhng ngi khc khng nh. L lun ca chng ta s tr thnh h lun di mt nhn ca cc ch tn. V th, tt hn l phi hc hi k cng truyn thng gio l ca chnh dng truyn tha ca mnh trc .

Sau cng im tm li l ta phi thy r tt c mi gio php u khng c g i nghch nhau, v phi xem tt c kinh in l nhng gio php hnh tr. Lm c nh th th gc r ca u c b phi v cc nh kin s b nh bt ra khi tm thc v gip cho ta ng vng chc trong nn tng ca gio l o Pht. t n ch ny th hng trm ca ng dn vo 84 000 php mn s m rng cng mt lt cho chng ta. ---o0o---

7. Tng Kt
Khi nhn li ton b gio php di quan im Tng Hp v theo tinh thn Bt B Phi th chng thy c phn bit trn cc gio php, tt c gio php cng u a n cnh ca Khng Mn. Pht tnh ch c mt, cho d l Thanh Vn, Duyn Gic hay B Tt, cho d l Tha Tnh Khng hay T Tnh Khng, ngn t c khc bit trn v tr ng nhn v trn gio php phng tin ca s hnh tr kh l v kh hp vi tng cn c ca mi chng sinh, nhng ngha ch l mt v duy nht: Duyn Khi v Tnh Khng. V l Duyn Khi v Tnh Khng l ct tr ca Pht Php, cho nn c t Lai Lt Ma thuyt ging K Tn Thn Thuyt Duyn Khi[54] ca T Tng Khch Ba, ti San Francisco vo thng 04, 2007. Xin trch cc k s 4 v 5: 4. V v l nh th, i, tha c Sinh, Ai ngi c th tm, Cu tn thn diu k Hn l [tn thn Ngi], dy rng sinh khi Vn ty thuc nhn duyn. 5. Chng nhn duyn sinh php, Ng thuyt tc th khng. Cn c gio l no, V song v k diu Hn c c hai cu, tuyn thuyt trn ? V tm li, Tnh Khng khi nhn di con mt tng hp, ton din th chnh l T Diu , chnh l Thp Nh Nhn Duyn, chnh l Nhn Qu v nht l, chnh l Duyn Khi. V Tnh Khng nh th cng chnh l tm i Bi, v t Tnh Khng m khi tm i Bi.

Khng Qun Php danh Sonam Nyima Chn Gic Thng 12 nm 2008.

---o0o---

PHN PH LC
Tm lc cc trc tc chnh ca ch T trong Trung Qun. (trch t T in Pht Hc ca Chn Nguyn ) T Long Th (C. , S. Ngrjuna, 150-250 ): 1. Cn bn trung qun lun tng (S. [mla-] madhyamaka-krik), cng c gi l Trung qun lun tng, hoc Trung qun lun (S. madhyamakastra), Cu-ma-la-thp dch Hn vn. Cn Phn bn, E. The Root of Wisdom; 2. Cn bn trung qun lun thch v u ch (S. mlamdhyamikavttiakutobhay), c gi tt l V u ch, ch cn bn Tng ng; 3. i tr lun (S. mahprajpramit-stra, mahprajpramitopadea), 100 quyn, Cu-ma-la-thp dch; 4. Thp nh mn lun (S. dvdaanikya-stra, dvdaadvra-stra), Cu-ma-la-thp dch; 5. Nhn duyn tm lun tng (S. prattyasamutpda-hdaya-krik), khng bit ngi dch; cn Phn bn; 6. i tha nh thp tng (S. mahyna-viik), Th H dch;

7. Bo hnh vng chnh lun (S. rjaparikath-ratnval, cng c gi l ratnval, hay Vng bo chu), 1 quyn, Chn (S. paramrtha) dch, cn Phn bn; 8. Tht thp khng tnh lun (S. nyat-saptati), bn Tng ng vn cn; cn Phn bn

9. Tht thp khng tnh lun thch (S. nyat-saptativtti), ch gii Tht thp khng tnh lun, Nguyt Xng (S. Candrakrti) v Parahita cng c son mt tc phm di tn ny; 10. Phng tin tm lun (S. upya-hdaya), mt tc phm v Lun l hc (nhn minh) c xem l ca S, bn dch Hn vn cn do Ct-ca-d dch; 11. Tp kinh lun (S. strasamuccaya); c hai tp di tn ny: mt tc phm c l tht truyn ca Tch Thin (S. ntideva) v mt tc phm c xem l ca S; 12. Hi trnh lun (S. vigraha-vyvartan, vigrahavyvartankrik), T-mc Tr Tin v C-m Lu-chi dch chung; cn Phn bn; 13. Hi trnh lun thch (S. vigraha-vyvartan-vtti); 14. Long Th B Tt khuyn gii vng tng (S. ryangrjunabodhisattva-suhllekha), Ngha Tnh dch, cn Phn bn; 15. Qung ph kinh (vaidalya-stra?), Qung ph lun (vaidalyaprakaraa?), bn dch Hn v Tng ng vn cn; 16. Lc thp tng nh l lun (S. yukti-ahik), Th H dch, cng c bn Tng ng; 17. Thp tr t-b-sa lun (S. daabhmi-vibh-stra), 17 quyn, Cuma-la-thp dch; 18. B- tm ly tng lun (S. lakaavimukta-bodhihdaya-stra), 1 quyn, Th H dch; 19. i tha ph hu lun (S. mahyna-bhavabheda-stra), 1 quyn, tma-cp-a (S. dharmagupta) dch; 20. Tn Php gii tng (S. dharmadhtu-stotra), 1 quyn, Th H dch; 21. B- t lng lun (S. bodhisabhraka), 6 quyn, t-ma-cp-a (S. dharmagupta) dch. T Thnh Thin (C. , S. ryadeva, khong th k th 3) 1. T bch lun (S. catuataka);

2.

Bch t lun (S. akaraataka);

3. Chng trung lun (S. tlntaraka-stra hoc hastavlaprakaraa), Ngha Tnh dch. (C nghi vn l quyn ny do T Trn-na vit). T Trn-na (C. , S. Mah-Dignga, Dinga, 480-540) 1. Pht mu bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a vin tp yu ngha lun (S. buddhamatk-prajpramitmahrthasagtistra, c ngi xem l tc phm ca Tam Bo Tn, S. triratnadsa), Th H dch; 2. V tng t trn lun, 1 quyn, Chn (S. paramrtha) dch; 3. Chng trung lun (S. tlntaraka-stra hoc hastavlaprakaraa), 1 quyn, Ngha Tnh dch; 4. Th nhn gi thuyt lun (S. prajaptihetu-sagraha), 1 quyn, Ngha Tnh dch; 5. Qun tng tng lun tng (S. sarvalakaadhyna-stra-krik), 1 quyn, Ngha Tnh dch; 6. Qun s duyn duyn lun (S. lambanapark, lambanapark-vtti), ch gii V tng t trn lun; 7. A-t-t-ma-cu-x lun ch yu ngha ng (S. abhidharmakoamarmapradpa[-nma]), cn bn Tng ng; 8. Nhp du-gi lun (S. yogvatra), cn bn Tng ng; 9. Nhn minh chnh l mn lun bn (S. nyyamukha, nyyadvra, nyyadvratarka-stra), 1 quyn, Huyn Trang dch; 10. Nhn minh chnh l mn lun (S. nyyadvratarka-stra), 1 quyn, Ngha Tnh dch; 11. Tp lng lun (S. pramasamuccaya [-nma-prakaraa]), tc phm Nhn minh quan trng nht ca S; 12. Tp lng lun thch (S. pramasamuccaya-vtti), ch gii Tp lng lun, ch c bn Tng ng.

T Thanh Bin (C. , S. Bhvaviveka, 500578) 1. i tha chng trn lun (S. mahynatlaratnastra), Huyn Trang dch; 2. Bt-nh ng lun thch (S. prajpradpa, cng c tn prajpradpamlamadhyamaka-vtti), Ba-la-ph Mt-a dch; 3. Trung qun tm lun tng (S. madhyamakahdayakrik), Tng ng; 4. Trung qun tm quang minh bin lun (S. madhyamakahdayavttitarkajvl), ch gii Trung qun tm lun tng (S. madhyamakahdayakrik), Tng ng; 5. Trung qun nhn duyn lun (S. madhyamikaprattyasamutpda-stra), Tng ng; 6. Nhp trung qun ng lun (S. madhyamakvatrapradpa), Tng ng; 7. Nhip trung qun ngha lun (S. madhyamrtha-sagraha), bn Tng ng v Phn ng; 8. D b tng tinh thch (S. nikyabheda-vibhagavykhyna), ch cn lu li trong Tng ng, ni v cc tng phi Pht gio sau khi Pht dit n thi Thanh Bin, rt ging D b tng lun lun (S. samayabhedavyhacakrastra) ca Th Hu (S. Vasumitra). T Tch H (C. , S. ntarakita, 750-802) 1. Trung qun trang nghim lun (C. , S. madhyamaklakra) 2. Nhip chn tht lun (C. , S. tattvasagraha) 3. Nh thp lut nghi ch (C. , S. savara-vimaka-vtti) 4. Th Tn tn ct tng chp kim cng ca qung thch (C. , S. r-vajradharasagtibhagavatstotra-ik) 5. Bt Nh Lai tn (C. , S. aatathgata-stotra) 6. Nh phn bit nan ng thch (C. , S. satyadvayavibhaga-pajik)

T Nguyt Xng (C. , S. Candrakrti, th k th 8) Minh c lun (S. prasannapad), gi l Trung qun minh c lun (S. madhyamakavtti-prasannapad), tc phm ch gii Trung qun lun (S. madhyamaka-stra) ca Long Th (S. Ngrjuna) duy nht bng nguyn vn Phn ng, cn bn Tng ng; Nhp trung qun lun (S. madhyamakvatra), ch cn bn Tng ng; Nhp trung lun thch (S. madhyamakvatra-bhya), ch cn bn Tng ng; Nhn duyn tm lun thch (S. prattyasamutpda-hdaya-vtti), mt tc phm ch gii Nhn duyn tm lun tng (S. prattyasamutpda-hdayakrik), c xem l ca Long Th, ch cn bn Tng ng; Tht thp khng tnh lun thch (S. nyat-saptativtti), ch gii Tht thp khng tnh lun (S. nyat-saptati) ca Long Th. Long Th (v Parahita) cng c son mt tc phm di tn ny. Ch cn bn Tng ng; Lc thp tng nh l lun thch (S. yukti-ahik-vtti), lun gii Lc thp tng nh l lun (S. yukti-ahik), mt tc phm c xem l ca Long Th, ch cn bn Tng ng; B Tt du-gi hnh t bch lun thch (S. bodhisattvayogcra-catuatakak), ch thch b T bch lun (S. catuataka) ca Thnh Thin (S. ryadeva), ch cn bn Tng ng; Trung qun lun tng (S. madhyamaka-stra-stuti). T Tch Thin (C. , S. ntideva, th k th 8) 1. (i tha) Tp B Tt hc lun (S. iksamuccaya) Nhp b- hnh lun (S. bodhicaryvatra); 2. Tp kinh lun (S. strasamuccaya) tht truyn (theo Thnh Nghim th c dch ra Hn ng di tn i tha tht yu ngha lun); 3. Phin dch danh ngha i tp (C. , S. mahvyutpatti).

[1] Tng ng l Lam Rim Chen Mo [2] Bn ti chnh l: 1. Cn bn Trung Qun Lun, 2. Thch B Tm Lun, 3. Bo Hnh Vng Chnh Lun, 4. Trng Hoa Tri Kin Lun. [3] E. High-tech, C. , Cao Khoa K, Cao K Thut. [4] E. Melting pot. [5] Barrack Obama: I come to Berlin as so many of my countrymen have come before, although tonight, I speak to you not as a candidate for president, but as a citizen, a proud citizen of the United States, and a fellow citizen of the world...., 24 july 2008 speech in Berlin. [6] E. Zen Center. [7] Thin Lun, D.T Suzuki, gm 3 quyn: quyn thng do Trc Thin dch., quyn trung v h do thy Tu S dch. [8] Bt B Phi, T. , Rim (c l Ri-M), E. Non-sectarian, ngha l trnh khng b mc vo tnh thn chp trc vo trong tng phi, b phi ca mnh v si m kch nhng b phi khc, hoc vi t hn l tinh thn cao thy, b phi ca mnh mt cch l liu v ng thi gin tip cho rng cch thy, b phi khc khng th cao bng thy, b phi ca mnh. Phong tro Rim c khi xng khong th k 19 bi ch tn s Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820-1892), thuc v b phi Drikung Kagyu v Jamgon Kongtrul i th nht, Lodro Thaye (1813-1899), thuc v b phi Karma Kagyu. [9] Nm 1950, Hi Pht T Thn Hu Th Gii (World Fellowship Buddhists) hp ti Colombo (Tch Lan) quyt ngh loi b danh t Tiu Tha khi ni n Nam tng Pht gio. Trong khun kh ca bi vit ny, vi tinh thn tng hp v bt b phi, t ng Tiu Tha ch c tm s dng c th ni v nhng vn lin h, ch khng c phn bit cao thp, bi v thc ra ch c mt tha duy nht chung cho tt c: l Pht Tha, bi v tt c mi o l u a ta chung v mt mc ch l Gic Ng ti thng, hnh thc hnh tr khc nhau ch l ty giai on, v bnh m s dng phng php i tr.

[10] Xin gii thch thm, y, bi vit dng ch Tng Hp v l do: 1. Khi mi tu th phi nghe hc , mi c th to hiu bit (qu trnh tu "vn"), 2. T mi thin nh phn tch thu hiu (qu trnh tu "t") 3. T mi thin nh thm nhp vo (qu trnh tu "tu"), giai on tng hp v vin dung, t an vui tch tnh. Do m dng ch tng hp (l ni v giai on sau khi thin nh phn tch), nng theo thin ch thm nhp vo, ni n s chuyn i ci nhn ca giai on phn tch, t m t vo tm trng tng hp v "vin dung". [11] S. Nagarjuna, Mula-Madhyamika-Karika. [12] E. I and mine. [13] Hy tham kho thm v ti: Mi Hai Cng Hnh ca c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni. [14] A Hm (S. Agama) dch l Php quy hay V t php, bao gm 4 b: 1. Trng A Hm (S. Dirghagama), 2. Trung A Hm (S. Madhyamagama), 3. Tp A Hm (S. Samyukta-agama) v 4. Tng Nht A Hm (S. Ekottaraagama). Trng B Kinh (S. Nikya) gm 5 quyn: 1. Trng b kinh (S. DghaNikya), 2. Trung b kinh (S. Majhima-Nikya), 3. Tng ng b kinh (S. Samyutta-Nikya), 4. Tng chi b kinh (S. Angttara-Nikya), 5. Tiu b kinh (S. Khuddaka-Nikya). [15] Bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a kinh (S. Prajpramit stra), Bt-nh-ba-lamt-a tm kinh (S. Prajpramit-hdaya-stra), Bt thin tng bt-nh (S. Aashasrik stra), cng c gi l Tiu phm bt-nh, i phm bt-nh kinh (S. Pacaviatishasrik stra), Kim cng bt-nh-ba-lamt-a kinh (S. Vajracchedikprajpramit stra). [16] Gii Thm Mt Kinh (S. Samdhinirmocana sutra), Hoa Nghim Kinh (S. Avatamsaka sutra) Nh Lai Tng Kinh (S. Tathagatagarbha sutra), i Bt Nit Bn Kinh (S. Mahparinirva Stra). [17] Quyn gio l nhng gio php s dng phng tin, gi lp, tm dng, khng thc, dn dt chng sinh vo o, cha phi l thng ngha gio. Tht gio l nhng gio php ti hu, rt ro, bn chc, ng cho mi thi, mi lc, l thng ngha gio.

[18] Bn mn v Tch mn do i s Tr Khi, s t tng Thin Thai xng ra. ngha nh sau. Bn: bn a, ngha l thnh tu t lu, ch cho Pht tnh c t khi thy. Tch: thy tch, ngha l mi thnh tu, ch cho du vt ca Pht tnh. [19] Th Phn Quc, C. . [20] ng Mt thng chuyn hnh tr v ch ca c Pht Chun . Pht Chun l mt trong nhng v ho thn ca c Pht Qun Th m. Danh xng y l Tht Cu-Chi Pht Mu Chun . [21] Sch tham kho ca cun Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand, Pabongka Rinpoche, trang 59-72. Bn Vit ng l Gii Thot Trong Lng Tay, trang 100-126, ni s Thch N Tr Hi dch. [22] Xin ng nhm ln vi mn phi New Kadampa t xng sau ny ca s Kelsang Gyatso, tu tp theo v thn Shugden Dorje. [23] Hng quang thn c. , cn gi l Quang un thn c.. l thn bng nh sng cu vng by sc. Khi tu tp php mn i Vin Mn (T. Dzogchen) thnh tu vin mn, hnh gi chuyn ha thn phm thnh thn vu vng by sc. [24] Trch t "Pht Hc Tinh Hoa" ca Ha Thng Thch c Nhun. [25] Kinh Php Hoa, trong phm Phng tin, c Th Tn dng th d ba ci Dc gii, Sc gii v V sc gii u bt an nh nh la (Tam gii bt an. Do nh ho trch). [26] Ngha l thin nh tr nht im: E. Single-pointed meditation. [27] y bi vit dng ch Tng Hp v qu trnh hnh tr theo tam hc Vn T v Tu ni trn t vo giai on thin nh thm nhp Tnh Khng: t phn tch thu hiu (qu trnh tu "t") ri vo thin nh thm nhp (qu trnh tu "tu"), i n giai on tng hp v vin dung, t an vui tch tnh. Do m dng ch tng hp (ni v giai on sau khi thin nh phn tch), nng theo thin ch, chuyn i ci nhn ca giai on phn tch, t m t vo tm trng "tng hp v vin dung". Xin k li cu chuyn thin sau: Mt v s sau 30 nm tu hnh ni: "Si ti ba mi nm trc, khi cha i tu, thy ni l ni, thy sng l sng; sau nhn theo bc thin tri thc ch cho ch vo th thy ni chng phi ni, thy sng

chng phi sng; ri nay th nhp chn yn vui tch tnh, li thy ni l ni, thy sng l sng." [28] Nagarjuna (150-250), t Long Th vi bin ti v ngi chuyn s dng Quy Mu Lun Chng, (L. Reductio ad absurdum) ph t hin chnh. [29] Tham kho ti liu c t Lai Lt Ma ging ti Nantes, Php quc: Cn Bn Trung Qun Lun Tng (Mulamadhyamika-karika - Dbu ma rtsa ba'i shes rab), bn dch Vit ng do Sonam Nyima Chn Gic v Diu Hnh Giao Trinh, bn Anh ng ca dch gi Wulstan Fletcher. Xin xem trn mng: http://www.quangduc.com/mattong/305canbantrungluan.html [30] c tc l t qu v hng tc l t hng, l tm bc Hin Thnh trong Thanh vn. T qu gm: qu Tu hon, qu Tu hm, qu A na hm, qu A la hn. T hng gm: Tu hon hng, Tu hm hng, A na hm hng, A la hn hng. [31] nht ngha . [32] Ngha l tt c mi s vt. Nguyn cu Hn Vit l: D hu khng ngha c, nht thit php c thnh. [33] S. Prattya-samutpda. [34] S. Snyat. [35] S. Updya-prajnapti. [36] S. Madhyam-pratipat [37] C. ; S. Kumrajva; dch ngha l ng Th (344-413), l mt dch gi Pht hc ni ting, chuyn dch kinh sch t ting Phn sang ting Hn. [38] Tham kho: L Cng Dng c Bn S The Guru Puja Sonam Nyima Chn Gic v Diu Hnh dch. Bm vo mng sau y thnh: http://www.vietnalanda.org/Flyers/Le_Cung_Duong_Duc_Bon_Su_Flyer_L Bui_Book%20order_2008.pdf.

[39] T S Th, E. Guru Tree, t ng ny dch khng c chun cho lm, nhng c dng theo thi quen. Ch nguyn gc Ty Tng l Tsog Shing, tsog ngha l cng c, cn ch shing ngha in a. Nh vy Cng c in l t ng dch chnh xc ca hnh v cy tng chi ca ch T S trong truyn tha Tng Mt. [40] Sd Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand, Pabongka Rinpoche, Gii Thot Trong Lng Tay, trang 300, ni s Thch N Tr Hi dch. [41] Tri Kin Thm Diu (E. Profound View) l truyn tha ca dng i Tr Vn Th S Li, truyn xung qua T Long Th (S. Nagajuna). Cn Hnh Tr Qung i (E. Vast and Extensive Deeds) l l truyn tha ca dng i Bi t B Tt Di Lc, truyn xung qua T V Trc (S. Asanga). [42] Lc Bo Trang ca n , cng gi l Lc i Php Vng bao gm: Long Th (S. Ngrjuna), Thnh Thin (S. ryadeva), V Trc (S. Asanga), Th Thn (S. Vasubandhu), Trn Na (S. Dignaga), v Php Xng (S. Dharmakirti). Truyn tha ny i xung sau na n T Nguyt Xng , S.Candrakrti (600-650). [43] Ph nh, E. Negations, nh l bt bt trong Trung Qun Lun. [44] The Prasagika approach limits oneself to the use of non-affirming negations. [45] Tam on lun, E. syllogism, gm ba phn Tin , Trung v Kt lun, th d nh: 1. Tin : mi ngi u phi cht, 2. Trung : anh A l ngi, 3. Kt lun: anh A phi cht. [46] The Svatantrika, however, may use affirming negations when discussing the ultimate, e.g. "It follows that the subject, all things, are not ultimately produced because they are dependently arisen" which negates ultimate production but also implies that they may be produced in a conventional sense or view. [47] The "Rangtong" view of Prasangika Madhyamaka holds that all phenomena are unequivocally empty of self-nature, without positing anything beyond that. Tham kho: http://www.yogacara.net/Shentong. [48] "Que ct kh" (Cn th quyt, C. , l mt cng n Thin). Mt tng s hi t Vn Mn: "Pht l g?" T p: "Que ct kh".

"Cy bch trc sn" (nh tin bch th t, C. l mt cng n Thin khc). Khi c ngi hi Nh h th T S ty lai ? ( ngha ti yu ca vic T S qua Trung Hoa l g ?), S Triu Chu tr li: "Cy bch trc sn". [49] Shentong (Empty of What is Other) view, also sometimes called "Yogacara Madhyamaka," is a philosophical sub-school found in Tibetan Buddhism, holding that the nature of mind is "empty of other" (i.e., empty of all qualities other than an inherent, ineffable nature). According to Shentong, the emptiness of ultimate reality should not be characterized in the same way as the emptiness of apparent phenomenon. Tham kho: http://www.yogacara.net/rangtong. [50] Tham kho bi Duyn Khi do Sonam Nyima Chn Gic dch t nguyn bn Anh ng, Dependant Arising Tenzin Gyatso, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, London, 1984, dch bi Jeffrey Hopkins. [51] Tha-Tnh-Khng, t. Shen-Tong, e. other-emptinness, i vi li T Tnh Khng, t. Rang-Tong, e. Self-emptiness. [52] Cng cn gi l ln chuyn php lun gia v c Pht c ba k chuyn php lun. [53] Trch t "Nhp Trung Qun Lun" (S. Madhyamika-avatara) ca T Nguyt Xng. [54] T. Tendrel Todpa Zhug So, E. Tsongkhapa's Praise on Dependent Origination. Bn dch Anh ng ca Geshe Thupten Jinpa, bn dch Vit ng ca Sonam Nyima Chn Gic v Diu Hnh Giao Trinh. Tham kho ti liu ti: http://www.quangduc.com/mattong/44ketanduyenkhoi.html (http://www.phusa.info/) ---o0o--HT