LI CM N Sau mt thi gian nghin cu, tm ti, tnh ton di s ch dn tn tnh ca c Nguyn Th Luyn cng cc thy c trong khoa

in- in t, nhm sinh vin chng em hon thnh ti Thit k v ch to n t ng v bo thc . Trong qu trnh hon thnh, chng em hc hi c rt nhiu iu l th v b ch: + Chng em lm quen c vi phng php lm vic theo nhm. C th ni y l phng php lm vic khoa hc, hiu qu bi n luyn cho chng em tinh thn ng i, tnh on kt v tnh t giac rt cao. + Gip chng em c kh nng tm ti, sng to, t lp phng php tm kim ti liu t cc ngun khc nhau. + Qua vic thc hin ti ny, chng em c thm nhiu kinh nghim cho cc ln sau. c bit l phng php trnh by tng ca chnh mnh. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh hon thnh ti ny, chng em cng gp rt nhiu kh khn, th thch khng th khc phc. V vy, ti hon thnh cn nhiu thiu xt,khng c nh mong i. Mong cc thy c tip tc giup chng em hn na chng em hon thin hn k nng ca mnh. T p dng vo cc ti sau ny. Mt ln na, chng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c tn tnh ch bo, gip chng em hon thnh ti ny. V em mong rng cc thy c s tip tc gip chng em tr thnh nhng ngi c ch cho gia nh v x hi. Nhm sinh vin thc hin n O VN HIN NGUYN C HON PHM TH HON

GII THIU V MCH IN N THP SNG T NG CNG VI CHC NNG BO THC Mch in ny s t ng bt n khi tri ti, v n s t ng tt khi tri sng nh 1 b cm bin nh sng t nhin vo mi bui sng. V c b phn chung bo thc khi tri sng. Mch in c chia lm 4 khi : 1. Khi ngun 2. Khi iu khin 3. Khi n 4. Khi chung bo. Chc nng v cu to ca 4 khi : 1. Khi ngun : Cung cp ngun cho mch in . + Dng 1 bin p h p xung 12 V + Dng cu diode c in p 1 chiu . + Dng IC 7812 c in p ra la 12V. + Dng 1 t lc. 2. Khi iu khin :L khi chnh ca mch . iu khin hot ng ca mch . + Dng IC khuch i thut ton LM 324 + Dng Transitor C1815 + Dng cc in tr v t in. * Dng Rle chung cho c khi n v khi chung bo ng m n v chung 3. Khi n : Hin th u ra. Tri sng th n tt v tri ti th n sng. + Dng n 220V + Dng 1 cng tc tt n khi khng mun thp sng na.

4.

Khi chung bo : Hin th u ra. Tri sng th chung ku + Dng 1 chung bo v 1 cng tc tt chung.

NI DUNG PHN 1:L THUYT LIN QUAN, GII THIU TNG QUT V CC PHN T. A/ CC LINH LIN IN T TH NG. I/ IN TR. Ni dung cp : Khi nim v in tr, in tr trong thit b in t, Phn loi, Cch ghp v ng dng. 1. Khi nim v in tr. in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin - in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in, nu mt vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln, vt cch in th in tr l v cng ln. in tr ca dy dn : in tr ca dy dn ph thuc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca dy. c tnh theo cng thc sau: R = .L / S -Trong l in tr sut ph thuc vo cht liu -L l chiu di dy dn -S l tit din dy dn -R l in tr n v l Ohm 2. in tr trong thit b in t. a) Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit b in t in tr l mt linh kin quan trng, chng c lm t hp cht cacbon v kim loi tu theo t l pha trn m ngi ta to ra c cc loi in tr c tr s khc nhau. Hnh dng thc t ca in tr trong thit b in t.

in tr cng sut:

in tr thng:

Bin tr

K hiu trn s nguyn l : in tr Bin tr:

b) n v ca in tr -n v in tr l (Ohm) , K , M c) Cch ghi tr s ca in tr -Cc in tr c kch thc nh c ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo mt quy c chung ca th gii. -Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln thng c ghi tr s trc tip trn thn. V d nh cc in tr cng sut, in tr s. Tr s cng xut ln , tr s c ghi trc tip. 3. Phn loi : C 2 cch phn loi in tr. l: phn loi theo vt liu ch to v theo cng dng . a/.Phn loi theo vt liu ch to. in tr than :c cu to t bt than ch trn vi vt liu cch in theo t l thch hp c gi tr cn thit. Sau em p thnh tng thi,2 u epf vo si dy kim loi hn vo mch in. c im ca loi ny l:cng sut t 1/8 W n vi W,phm vi gi tr ca in tr ny khong 10 m n 22 Meega m. in tr mng kim loi: S dng vt liu Niken-Crom gn vo li s hoc thy tinh,cho tr s in tr n nh.Thng dung trong cc mch dao ng vifchungs c chnh xc v tui th cao,t ph thuc vo nhit . in tr dy qun:Dng cc dy hp kim,qun trn cc thanh cch in bng s hoc nha tng hp to ra in tr c gi tr

nh v chu c cng sut tiu tn ln.Thng c s dng trong cc mch cung cp in ca cc thit b in. in tr xi mng :Vt liu ch yu l xi mng.Chng c s dng chnh trong cc mch cung cp ngun in do cng sut cho php cao khng bc chy trong trng hp qu ti. in tr oxit kim loi :Cu to t vt liu oxit thic,loi ny chu c nhit cao v m cao,thng c cng sut 1/2 W. b/phn loi theo cng dng. Bin tr :l loi in tr c th thay i tr s theo yu cu,thng gi l chit p.C 2 loi bin tr :Bin tr dy qun v bin tr than. Cng dng :Bin tr c vai tr phn p,phn dng cho mch hay thay i m lng, sng ti. in tr nhit: l in tr c gi tr ph thuc vo nhit ,thng gi l thermistor.Thng dng trong mch khuch i n nh nhit v thng lm cm bin trong cc mch iu khin nhit t ng. Quang tr :L loi in tr c gi tr ph thuc vo cng nh sng chiu vo.Khi sng cng mnh th gi tr in tr cng nh v ngc li. c s dng trong cc mch in t nh mch iu khin thit b bng nh sang,mch m sn phm,mch t ng ng ngt n ng,mach bo ng,.. in tr thay i theo in p(VDR):L loi in tr thay i theo in p t vo 2 cc. Khi in p gia 2 cc ca VDR nh hn in p quy nh th VDR c in tr rt ln, xem nh h mch.Khi in p gia 2 cc tng cao qu mc quy nh th VDR c in tr rt nh, xem nh ni tt. in tr cu ch :L loi in tr c gi tr rt nh khong vi m.Thng c dung trn cc ng cung cp ngun ca cc mch in cho php th in tr cu ch s b t, bo v linh kin trong mch. Mng in tr :Trong mt s mch in ngi ta cn thit b gn nh,cc in tr ny c nht trong cng mt v,gi tr ca cc in tr ny l nh nhau

4 .Cc kiu ghp in tr Trong thc t , khi ta cn mt in tr c tr s bt k ta khng th c c , v in tr ch c sn xut khong trn 100 loi c cc gi tr thng dng, do c mt in tr bt k ta phi u in tr song song hoc ni tip. 4.1. in tr mc ni tip .

Ta c:

Rtd=R1+R2+R3

4.2. in tr mc song song.

Ta c: (1/Rtd)=(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3) 4.3. in tr mc hn hp

Ta c:

Rt=(R1.R2)/(R1+R2)+R3

5. ng dng ca in tr : in tr c mt mi ni trong thit b in t v nh vy in tr l linh kin quan trng khng th thiu c , trong mch in , in tr c nhng tc dng sau : 5.1.Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 8V, nhng ta ch c ngun 12V, ta c th u ni tip bng n vi in tr st p bt 4V trn in tr.

S mc in tr hn dng 5.2.Cu phn p : Mc in tr thnh cu phn p c c mt in p theo mun t mt in p cho trc.

5.3.Phn cc cho bng bn dn hot ng .thng hay dng trit p

5.4. Tham gia vo qu trnh to dao ng

Ngoi ra in tr cn c nhiu ng dng khc trong cc mch in.

II/ T IN Ni dung :- nh ngha - Cu to - in dung phn loi cch ghp t v

dng. 2.1. nh ngha : T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rt rn ri trong cc mch in t, chng c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, l nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao ng 2.2. Cu to ca t in : Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi. Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht in m v t in cng c phn loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T ho.

2.3 in dung - n v - K hiu ca T in * in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca t in in dung ca t in ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi khong cch gi hai bn cc theo cng thc C=.S/d Trong C : l in dung t in : L hng s in mi ca lp cch in. d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in. S : l din tch bn cc ca t in. * n v in dung ca t : n v l Fara (F) , 1Fara l rt ln do trong thc t thng dng cc n v nh hn nh MicroFara (F) , NanoFara (nF), PicoFara (pF). * K hiu : T in c k hiu l C (Capacitor)

K hiu trn bn mch v in T in trn mch - K hiu ca t in trn s nguyn l.

S phng np ca t in . Mt tnh cht quan trng ca t in l tnh cht phng np ca t , nh tnh cht ny m t c kh nng dn in xoay chiu. T in s phng in t dng cc sang m cc (Nhiu pc hiu nhm l n phng in xung t khng phi l n phng in qua ti sau v cc m ca t in). in dung ca t cng ln th thi gian tch in cng lu. 2.4. Phn loi t in. T in c nhiu loi nh T giy, T gm, T mi ca , T ho nhng v tnh cht th ta phn t l hai loi chnh l t khng phn cc v t phn cc. 2.4.1.T giy , t gm : T giy v t gm c tr s ghi bng k hiu

T gm khng phn cc Ngoi ra cn nhiu loi hnh dng khc nhau!

2.4.2. T ho ( T c phn cc ) T ho l t c phn cc m dng , t ho c tr s ln hn v gi tr t 0,47F n khong 4.700 F , t ho thng c s dng trong cc mch c tn s thp hoc dng lc ngun, t ho lun lun c hnh tr..

T ho - L t c phn cc m dng.

2.4.3. T xoay . T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi tr in dung, t ny thng c lp tro Radio thay i tn s cng hng khi ta d i.

2.5. Cch ghp t in. 2.5.1. T mc ni tip .

Cc t in mc ni tip c in dung tng ng C t c tnh bi cng thc : 1 / C t = (1 / C1 ) + ( 1 / C2 ) + ( 1 / C3 ) Mc t in mc song song th c in dung tng ng bng tng in dung ca cc t cng li . C = C1 + C2 + C3

T in mc ni tip

T in mc song song

2.6.ng dng - Cho in p xoay chiu i qua v ngn in p mt chiu li, do t s dng truyn tn hiu gia cc tng khuych i c chnh lch v in mt chiu. - Loc in p xoay chiu sau khi c chnh lu ( loi b pha m ) thnh in p mt chiu bng phng . l nguyn l ca cc t lc ngun . - Vi in AC ( xoay chiu ) th t dn in cn vi in DC( mt chiu ) th t li tr thnh t lc . t giy v t gm (tr s nh) thng lp trong cc mch cao tn cn t ho ( s ln) thng lp trong cc mch m tn hoc lc ngun in c tn s thp Ngoi ra t cn c ng dng nhiu trong thc t.

III. BIN P Ni dung : Cu to, T s vng/ vol, Cng sut, Phn loi bin p. 1. Cu to ca bin p. Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu, cu to bao gm mt cun s c ( a in p vo ) v mt hay nhiu cun th cp ( ly in p ra s dng) cng

qun trn mt li t c th l l thp hoc li ferit .

K hiu my bin p 2. T s vng / vol ca bin p . Gi n1 v n2 l s vng ca qun s cp v th cp. U1 v I1 l in p v dng in i vo cun s cp U2 v I2 l in p v dng in i ra t cun th cp. Ta c cc h thc nh sau : U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 in p trn hai cun dy s cp v th cp t l thun vi s vng dy qun. U1 / U2 = I2 / I1 Dng in trn hai u cun dy t l nghch vi in p, ngh l nu ta ly ra in p cng cao th cho dng cng nh.

3. Cng xut ca bin p . Cng xut ca bin p ph thuc tit din ca li t, v ph thuc vo tn s c dng in xoay chiu, bin p hot ng tn s cng cao th cho cng xut cng ln. 4. Phn loi bin p . * Bin p ngun v bin p m tn:

Bin p ngun

Bin p ngun hnh xuyn

* Bin p ngun thng gp trong Cassete, mply .. , bin p ny hot ng t s in li 50Hz , li bin p s dng cc l Tnsilic hnh ch E v I ghp li, bi p ny c t s vng / vol ln.

* Bin p m tn s dng lm bin p o pha v bin p ra loa trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn,bin p cng s dng l Tnsilic lm li t nh bin p ngun, nhng l tnsilic trong bin p m tn mng hn trnh tn hao, bin m tn hot ng tn s cao hn , v vy c s vng vol thp hn, khi thit k bi p m tn ngi ta thng ly gi tr tn s trung bnh khong 1KHz - n 3KHz. * Bin p xung & Cao p .

Bin p xung

Bin p cao p

Bin p xung l bin p hot ng tn s cao khong vi chc KHz nh bin trong cc b ngun xung , bin p cao p . li bin p xung lm bng ferit , do ho ng tn s cao nn bin p xung cho cng xut rt mnh, so vi bin p ngun thng thng c cng trng lng th bin p xung c th cho cng xut mnh gp hng chc ln. IV. RLE

Ni dung : Khi nim v ng dng, Cc b phn chnh, Phn loi, c tnh vo-r Thng s, Hnh nh thc t

1.Khi nim : Rle la mt loai thit bi in t ng ma tin hiu u ra thay i nhay cp khi tin hiu u vao at nhng gia tri xac inh. Rle la thit bi in dung ong ct mach in iu khin, bao v va iu khin s lam vic cua mach in ng lc. 2.Cac b phn (cac khi) chinh cua rle + C cu tip thu( khi tip thu) Co nhim vu tip nhn nhng tin hiu u vao va bin i no thanh ai lng cn thit cung cp tin hiu phu hp cho khi trung gian. + C cu trung gian( khi trung gian)

Lam nhim vu tip nhn nhng tin hiu a n t khi tip thu va bin i no thanh ai lng cn thit cho rle tac ng. + C cu chp hanh (khi chp hanh) Lam nhim vu phat tin hiu cho mach iu khin. Vi du cac khi trong c cu rle in t hinh 6-1. -C cu tip thu y la cun dy. -C cu trung gian la mach t nam chm in. -C cu chp hanh la h thng tip im. Hnh 1

3. Phn loai rle Co nhiu loai rle vi nguyn li va chc nng lam vic rt khac nhau. Do vy co nhiu cach phn loai rle: a) Phn loai theo nguyn li lam vic gm cac nhom + Rle in c (rle in t, rle t in, rle in t phn cc, rle cam ng,...). + Rle nhit. + Rle t. + Rle in t -ban dn, vi mach. + Rle s. b) Phn theo nguyn li tac ng cua c cu chp hanh + Rle co tip im: loai nay tac ng ln mach bng cach ong m cac tip im + Rle khng tip im (rle tinh): loai nay tac ng bng cach thay i t ngt cac tham s cua c cu chp hanh mc trong mach iu khin nh: in cam, in dung, in tr,... c) Phn loai theo c tinh tham s vao + Rle dong in. + Rle in ap. + Rle cng sut. + Rle tng tr,... d) Phn loai theo cach mc c cu

+ Rle s cp: loai nay c mc trc tip vao mach in cn bao v. + Rle th cp: loai nay mc vao mach thng qua bin ap o lng hay bin dong in. e) Phn theo gia tri va chiu cac ai lng i vao rle +Rle cc ai. +Rle cc tiu. +Rle cc ai-cc tiu. +Rle so lch. +Rle inh hng. ... 4. c tinh vao -ra cua rle Hnh 2

Quan h gia ai lng vao va ra cua rle nh hinh minh ha. Khi x bin thin t 0 n x2 thi y = y1 n khi x= x2 thi y tng t y = y1 n y = y (nhay bc). Nu x tng tip thi y khng i y = y2 . Khi x giam t x2 v lai x1 thi = y2 n x = x1 thi y giam t y2 v y = y1. Nu goi: + X = X2= Xt la gia tri tac ng rle. + X = X1 = Xnh la gia tri nha cua rle. Thi h s nha: K nh=X1 /X2 = X nh / X t 5. Cac thng s cua rle a) H s iu khin rle K k = P k / P t Vi : +Pk la cng sut iu khin inh mc cua rle, chinh la cng sut inh mc cua c cu chp hanh.

+Pt la cng sut tac ng, chinh la cng sut cn thit cung cp cho u vao rle tac ng. Vi rle in t Pk la cng sut tip im (nghia la cng sut tip im cho phep truyn qua). Pt la cng sut cun dy nam chm hut. Cac loai rle khac nhau thi Knh va Kk cung khac nhau. b) Thi gian tac ng La thi gian k t thi im cung cp tin hiu cho u vao, n luc c cu chp hanh lam vic. Vi rle in t la quang thi gian cun dy c cung cp dong (hay ap) cho n luc h thng tip im ong hoan toan (vi tip im thng m va m hoan toan (vi tip im thng ong). Cac loai rle khac nhau tt cung khac nhau. +tt < 1.10-3[s] : rle khng quan tinh. +tt = (1 . 50).10-3 [s]: rle tac ng nhanh. +tt > 150.10-3[s]: rle thi gian 6. Hnh nh thc t ca rle

R le cng sut

R le nhit

R le n trn B. CC LINH KIN IN T BN DN

R le cc Picenza

I. TRANSISTOR ( Bng bn dn ) Ni dung cp : Cu to, K hiu v hnh dng, Thng s k thut, Cp ngun v phn cc v 3 cch mc c bn. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1. Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn ) Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .

Cu to Transistor Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng tp cht thp. Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht ( Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector ) vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N hay P ) nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho nhau c. 1.2. K hiu & hnh dng Transistor .

K hiu ca Transistor Hnh nh thc t

Transistor cng sut nh

Transistor cng sut ln

1.3. Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor, Transistor s (Digital transistor), S cng xut . 1.3.1. Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor Dng in cc i : L dng in gii hn ca transistor, vt qua dng gii hn ny Transistor s b hng. in p cc i : L in p gii hn ca transistor t vo cc CE , vt qua in p gii hn ny Transistor s b nh thng. Tn s ct : L tn s gii hn m Transistor lm vic bnh thng, vt qu tn s ny th khuych i ca Transistor b gim . H s khuych i : L t l bin i ca dng ICE ln gp bao nhiu ln dng IBE Cng xut cc i : Khi hoat ng Transistor tiu tn mt cng xut P = UCE . ICE nu cng xut ny vt qu cng xut cc i ca Transistor th Transistor s b hng . 1.3.2. Mt s Transistor c bit . * Transistor s ( Digital Transistor ) : Transistor s c cu to nh Transistor thng nhng chn B c u thm mt in tr vi

chc K

Transistor s thng c s dng trong cc mch cng tc , mch logic, mch iu khin , khi hot ng ngi ta c th a trc tip p lnh 5V vo chn B iu khin n ngt m.

Minh ho ng dng ca Transistor Digital * Transistor cng xut dng ( cng xut ngang ) Transistor cng xut ln thng c gi l s. S dng, S ngun vv..cc s ny c thit k iu khin b cao p hoc bin p ngun xung hot ng , Chng thng c in p hot ng cao v cho dng chu ng ln. Cc s cng xut dng( Ti vi mu) thng c u thm cc diode m trong song song vi cc CE.

S cng xut dng trong Ti vi mu

1.4. Cp ngun v phn cc cho Transistor Ni dung : ng dng ca Transistor, Cp ngun cho Transistor, phn cc cho Transistor hot ng, Mch phn cc c hi tip. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.4.1. ng dng ca Transistor. Thc ra mt thit b khng c Transistor th cha phi l thit b in t, v vy Transistor c th xem l mt linh kin quan trng nht trong cc thit b in t, cc loi IC thc cht l cc mch tch hp nhiu Transistor trong mt linh kin duy nht, trong mch in , Transistor c dng khuych i tn hiu Analog, chuyn trng thi ca mch Digital, s dng lm cc cng tc in t, lm cc b to dao ng v v... 1.4.2. Cp in cho Transistor ( Vcc - in p cung cp ) s dng Transistor trong mch ta cn phi cp cho n mt ngun in, tu theo mc ch s dng m ngun in c cp trc tip vo Transistor hay i qua in tr, cun dy v v... ngun in Vcc cho Transistor c quy c l ngun cp cho cc CE.

Cp ngun Vcc cho Transistor ngc v thun Ta thy rng : Nu Transistor l ngc NPN th Vcc phi l ngun dng (+), nu Transistor l thun PNP th Vcc l ngun m (-) 1.4.3. Phn cc cho Transistor . * Phn cc : l cp mt ngun in vo chn B ( qua tr nh thin) t Transistor vo trng thi sn sng hot ng, sn sng khuych i cc tn hiu cho d rt nh.

* Ti sao phi nh thin cho Transistor n mi sn sng hot ng ? : hiu c iu ny ta hy xt hai s trn : - trn l hai mch s dng transistor khuych i tn hiu, mt

mch chn B khng c phn cc v mt mch chn B c phn cc thng qua Rt. -Cc ngun tn hiu a vo khuych i thng c bin rt nh ( t 0,05V n 0,5V ) khi a vo chn B( n cha phn cc) cc tn hiu ny khng to ra dng IBE ( c im mi P-N pha c 0,6V mi c dng chy qua ) => v vy cng khng c dng ICE => st p trn Rg = 0V v in p ra chn C = Vcc - s th 2 , Transistor c Rt phn cc => c dng IBE, khi a tn hiu nh vo chn B => lm cho dng IBE tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim , st p trn Rg cng thay i => v kt qu u ra ta thu c mt tn hiu tng t u vo nhng c bin ln hn. => Kt lun : phn cc ngha l to mt dng in IBE ban u, mt st p trn Rg ban u khi c mt ngun tn hiu yu i vo cc B , dng IBE s tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim => dn n st p trn Rg cng tng hoc gim => v st p ny chnh l tn hiu ta cn ly ra . 3. Mt s mch phn cc khc . * Mch phn cc dng hai ngun in khc nhau . * Mach phn cc c in tr phn p * Mch phn cc c hi tip . 1.5. Cch mc Transistor cn bn. 1.5.1. Transistor mc theo kiu E chung. Mch mc theo kiu E chung c cc E u trc tip xung mass hoc u qua t xung mass thot thnh phn xoay chiu, tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C, mch c s nh sau :

Mch khuych i in p mc kiu E chung ,Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C Rg : l in tr ghnh , Rt : L in tr nh thin, Rpa : L in tr phn p . c im ca mch khuych i E chung.

Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc. Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo nhiu ln, nh vy mch khuych i v in p. Dng in tn hiu ra ln hn dng tn hiu vo nhng khng ng k. Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo : v khi in p tn hiu vo tng => dng IBE tng => dng ICE tng => st p trn Rg tng => kt qu l in p chn C gim , v ngc li khi in p u vo gim th in p chn C li tng => v vy in p u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo. Mch mc theo kiu E chung nh trn c ng dng nhiu nht trong thit b in t.

1.5.2. Transistor mc theo kiu C chung.

Mch mc theo kiu C chung c chn C u vo mass hoc dng ngun ( Lu : v phng din xoay chiu th dng ngun tng ng vi mass ) , Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E , mch c s nh sau :

Mch mc kiu C chung , tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E c im ca mch khuych i C chung .

Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in p chn B tng bao nhiu th p chn C cng tng by nhiu => v vy bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo . Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng => th in p ra cng tng, in p vo gim th in p ra cng gim. Cng ca tn hiu ra mnh hn cng ca tn hiu vo nhiu ln : V khi tn hiu vo c bin tng => dng IBE s tng => dng ICE cng tng gp ln dng IBE v ICE = .IBE gi s Transistor c h s khuych i = 50 ln th khi dng IBE tng 1mA => dng ICE s tng 50mA, dng ICE chnh l dng ca tn hiu u ra, nh vy tn hiu u ra c cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tn hiu vo. Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm nhiu nhnh , ngi ta thng

dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn hiu kho hn . Ngoi ra mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc mch n p ngun ( ta s tm hiu trong phn sau ) 1.5.3. Transistor mc theo kiu B chung.

Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C , chn B c thot mass thng qua t. Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.

Mch khuych i kiu B chung , khuych i v in p v khng khuych i v dng in. II. DIODE BN DN. Ni dung : Cu to, Phn cc thun v phn cc ngc cho Diode bn dn,Cc loi Diode, ng dng ca Diode. 1. Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn. Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P - N ta c mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho v in => lp Ion ny to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.

Mi tip xc P - N => Cu to ca Diode . * hnh trn l mi tip xc P - N v cng chnh l cu to ca Diode bn dn.

K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn. 2. Phn cc thun cho Diode. Khi ta cp in p dng (+) vo Ant ( vng bn dn P ) v in p m (-) vo Katt ( vng bn dn N ) , khi di tc dng tng tc ca in p, min cch in thu hp li, khi in p chnh lch gi hai cc t 0,6V ( vi Diode loi Si ) hoc 0,2V ( vi Diode loi Ge ) th din tch min cch in gim bng khng => Diode bt u dn in. Nu tip tc tng in p ngun th dng qua Diode tng nhanh nhng chnh lch in p gia hai cc ca Diode khng tng (vn gi mc 0,6V )

Diode (Si) phn cc thun - Khi Dode dn in p thun c gim mc 0,6V

ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode * Kt lun : Khi Diode (loi Si) c phn cc thun, nu in p phn cc thun < 0,6V th cha c dng i qua Diode, Nu p phn cc thun t = 0,6V th c dng i qua Diode sau dng in qua Diode tng nhanh nhng st p thun vn gi gi tr 0,6V . 3. Phn cc ngc cho Diode. Khi phn cc ngc cho Diode tc l cp ngun (+) vo Katt (bn dn N), ngun (-) vo Ant (bn dn P), di s tng tc ca in p ngc, min cch in cng rng ra v ngn cn dng in i qua mi tip gip, Diode c th chiu c in p ngc rt ln khong 1000V th diode mi b nh thng.

Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ngc tng > = 1000V 4. Cc loi Diode v ng dng. 4.1.Diode cu : Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, cc mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng . trong mch chnh lu Diode c th c tch hp thnh Diode cu c dng .

Diode cu trong mch chnh lu in xoay chiu . 4.2. Diode Zener * Cu to : Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng nhng c hai lp bn dn P - N ghp vi nhau, Diode Zener c ng dng trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn cc thun Diode zener nh diode thng nhng khi phn cc ngc Diode zener s gim li mt mc in p c nh bng gi tr ghi trn diode.

Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz )

K hiu v ng dng ca Diode zener trong mch. 4.3.Diode thu quang ( Photo Diode ) Diode thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c mt ming thu tinh nh sng chiu vo mi P - N , dng in ngc qua

diode t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode.

K hiu ca Photo Diode 4.4. Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED ) Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc thun, in p lm vic ca LED khong 1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led khong t 5mA n 20mA Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo trng thi c in . vv...

Diode pht quang LED * Cn nhiu loi Diode khc nh : 4.5. Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung ) 4.6. Diode xung 4.7. Diode tch sng. 4.8. Diode nn in. C . IC KHUCH I THUT TON Ni dung : Gii thiu chung, Cu to, Mch khuch i thut ton l tng, Nguyn l hot ng, ng dng ( Mch khuch i o, Mch khuch i o, Mch khuch i m, Mch so snh ) 1.Gii thiu chung T khi mi ra i, mch khuch i thut ton c thit k thc hin cc php tnh bng cch s dng in p nh mt gi tr tng t m

phng cc i lng khc. Trong mch khuch i thut ton s thc hin cc thut ton nh Cng, Tr, Tch phn v Vi phn vv... Tuy nhin, mch khuch i thut ton li rt a nng, vi rt nhiu ng dng khc ngoi cc ng dng thut ton. Cc mch khuch i thut ton thc nghim, c lp rp bng cc transistor, cc n in t chn khng hoc nhng linh kin khuch i khc, c trnh by di dng nhng mch linh kin ri rc hoc cc mch tch hp tng hp vi nhng linh kin Cc mch khuch i thut ton thng c nhng thng s nm trong nhng gii hn nht nh, v c nhng v ngoi tiu chun, cng vi ngun in cung cp tiu chun. Chng c rt nhiu ng dng trong lnh vc in t; ch cn mt s t linh kin bn ngoi n c th thc hin c mt di rng x l tn hiu tng t. 2. Cu trc chn IC IC khuch i thut ton OP-AMPLY1

K hiu IC khuch i thut ton OP-Amply IC gm cc chn : _ Vcc : Chn in p cung cp. _ Mass : Chn tip t . _ IN 1 : Chn tn hiu vo o. _ IN 2 : Chn tn hiu vo khng o. _ OUT : Chn tn hiu ra.

Mc d cc thit k c th khc nhau gia cc sn phm v cc nh ch to, nhng tt c cc mch khuch i thut ton u c chung nhng cu trc bn trong, bao gm 3 tng: 1. Mch khuch i vi sai o Tng khuch i u vo to ra khuch i tp m thp, tng tr vo cao, thng c u ra vi sai 2. Mch khuch i in p o Tng khuch i in p, to ra h s khuch i in p ln, suy gim tn s n cc, v thng c ng ra n 3. Mch khuch i u ra: o Tng khuch i u ra, to ra kh nng ti dng ln, tng tr u ra thp, c gii hn dng v bo v ngn mch. 3. Mch khuch i thut ton l tng Vi mi gi tr in p u vo, mt mch khuch i thut ton "l tng" c:

li vng h v cng ln, Bng thng v cng ln, Tng tr u vo v cng ln, ( cho dng in u vo bng khng), in p b bng khng, Tc thay i in p v cng ln, Tng tr u ra bng khng v Tp nhiu ( n) bng khng.

Nh th, u vo ca mch khuch i thut ton l tng khi tnh ton trong vng hi tip c th m phng bng mt khu nullator, ng ra vi mt khu norato v kt hp c 2 ( mt mch khuch i thut ton l tng hon chnh) bng mt khu nullor 4. Nguyn l hot ng ca OP-Amply

OP-Amply hot ng theo nguyn tc: Khuch i s chnh lch gia hai in p u vo IN1 v IN2 - Khi chnh lch gia hai in p u vo bng 0 (tc IN2 IN1 = 0V) th in p ra c gi tr bng khong 45% in p Vcc - Khi in p u vo IN2 > IN1 => th in p u ra tng ln bng Vcc - Khi in p u vo IN2 < IN1 => th in p u ra gim xung bng 0V

S bn trong ca OP-Amply 5. ng dng ca OP-Amply 5.1 Mch khuch i o dng OP-Amply

- Nu ta cho tn hiu vo u vo o (cc m) v u vo khng o (cc dng) em chp xung mass ta s c mt mch khuch i o. - H s khuch i c th iu chnh c bng cch iu chnh gi tr cc in tr Rht v R1, h s khuch i bng t s gia hai in tr ny. K = - Rht / R1 trong K l h s khuch i ca mch 5.2 Mch khuch i khng o dng OP-Amply

y l s ca mch khuch i khng o, v h s khuch i th tng ng vi mch khuch i o nhng im khc l in p ra Vout cng pha vi in p u vo Vin

K = 1 + Rht / R1 5.3 Mch khuch i m (khuch i dng in) dng OP-Amply.

Khi em u ra u vi u vo m (hay u vo o) ri cho tn hiu vo cng khng o ta s thu c mt mach khuch i c h s khuch i in p bng 1, tuy nhin h s khuch i v dng li rt ln, v vy mch kiu ny thng c s dng trong cc mch khuch i v dng in. 5.4 Mch so snh dng OP-Amply

_ Khi V2 = V1 th in p ra Vout = Khong 45% Vcc & khng i

_ Khi V2 > V1 hay V2 V1 >0 th Vout > 45% Vcc _ Khi V2 < V1 hay V2 V1 <0 th Vout < 45% Vcc _ Khi V1 = const th Vout t l thun vi V2 _ Khi V2 = const th Vout t l nghch vi V1 II. IC LM 324 1.1. M t Lot LM324 bao gm bn ginh c c lp cao, ni b khuch i tn s hot ng n b m c thit k c bit hot ng t mt ngun cung cp nng lng duy nht trong mt lot cc hiu in th. Hot ng t ngun cung cp nng lng cng c th phn chia quyn lc v s cng thp cung cp hin nay l c lp vi ln ca in p cung cp in. Cc lnh vc ng dng bao gm bin nng khuch i, khi DC v t c tt c cc quy c mch op amp m by gi c th c thc hin d dng hn trong cc h thng cung cp in duy nht. V d, lot LM324 c th c gim gi trc tip iu hnh ca 5 tiu chun V in p cung cp nng lng c s dng trong cc h thng k thut s v d dng s cung cp cc thit b in t giao din bt buc m khng i hi cc ngun cung cp in 15 V b sung. 1.2. Hnh nh thc t v cu trc LM324

Hnh nh thc t Cu trc bn trong ca LM324 1.3. Nhng c tnh Tn s ni b t c s thng nht n b Ln in p DC t 100 dB Bng thng rng (t c s thng nht) 1 MHz (nhit n b) Phm vi cp in rng: cung cp 3V n 32V hoc ngun cung cp kp 1.5V n 16V Rt thp chy cp hin nay (700 )-bn cht c lp ca in p cung cp u vo thp biasing hin 45 nA (nhit n b) Thp, in p u vo b p 2 mV v b p hin ti: 5 nA u vo chung phm vi ch in p bao gm cc mt t Vi sai phm vi in p u vo bng in p cung cp in Ln sn lng in p swing 0V n V + - 1.5V 1.4.u im Cn thit phi loi b ngun cung cp kp. Bn ni b b amps op trong mt n package gi Cho php trc tip cm bin gn GND v V u ra ti GND Tng thch vi tt c cc hnh thc ca logic Cng thch hp cho hot ng ca pin PHN II : CC LINH KIN TRONG MCH Mch iu khin n Chung

I..Thit k - Chn cm bin : quang tr - Phn t iu khin : LM324 - ng ct : Role 12V DC 1. Quang tr Quang tr c gi tr khi tri sng v c gi tr khi tri ti. Nh vy ta s dng quang tr xc nh thi im hin ti l ban ngy hay ban m. 2. LM 324 Ta dng LM324 so snh gi tr ca cm bin vo v gi tri in th xc nh trc so snh. Nh vy ta s c u ra l 1(V) hay 0(0V) xc nh c l ban ngy hay ban m. 3. Role 12V DC Tip im Role s ng ct n v Chung. ch bnh thng, c 2 cp tip im thng ng, thng m. Khi role c in, cp tip im thng m ng li v cp tip im thng ng s m ra 4. IC 7812. Lun cho in p u ra l 12 v. 5.n 220V. C chc nng hin th u ra. 6. Transistor C1815 :Lm role ng ct 7. Rle : ng ct m n v chung bo 8. Chung bo :Pht ra m thanh, nh thc . 9. Cng tc : C 2 cng tc : 1 l cho n , 1 l cho chung . 10. Cc in tr hn dng cho cc IC, transitor v cho quang tr.

II :Thit k tnh ton Theo nguyn l ca cc linh kin trn ta thit k c mch nguyn l nh sau : S NGUYN L

X2 la quang tr,X3 va X4 la n v chung Gi tr quang tr khi ti l 50k , khi sng l 5k , ta s chn R3 = 10k. Khi in p ti u vo chn 3 LM324 khi ti l: Ut = 12V * 50/(50+10) = 10V Khi sng l : Us = 12V * 5/ (10+5) = 4V Vy ta s t in p vo chn 2 ca LM324 nm trong khong Ut ti Us . Ta dng mch phn p c th iu chnh bng cch mc ni tip in tr 5,6k v bin tr 100k. Cng gn Us th mch cng nhy vi bng ti, v ngc li, cng gn Ut th mch cng nhy vi nh sng. Tn hiu ra s l mc 1 khi tri sng , c a vo chn B ca Tranzistor C1815 lm vic ch ng ct ( chn B = 0 kha, chn B = 1 dn hon ton). Khi chn B mc 1 , Tran dn hon ton.

Cc C ca Tran mc ti l cun ht role, nh ni phn trc, ht tip im thng m ng li. m cc tip im thng ng. Nh tip im chung thng m ng li bo chung ku, tip im thng ng ca n m ra tt n. V ngc li khi tri ti, u ra cua LM324 l mc 0, Tran kha hon ton, cun ht mt in, ng li tip im thng ng, m ra tip im thng m bt n v tt chung. Ta dng nt nhn xc nh trng thi t trng thi cho Chung. Nu mun Chung sng hm sau bo thc th ti trc khi i ng nhn nt Chung. V khi chung ku mun tt chung ta cng dng nt n ny tt chung III : NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH. Ngun in cung cp cho mch ny c gi tr khong 12V, c ly ra t 1 my bin th. u vo l ngun in xoay chiu 220V_50Hz , sau n qua bin p gim p ngun(AC) . Ngun AC c chnh lu nh 1 b chnh lu cu, b chnh lu ny chuyn t dng AC thnh DC. u ra mch chnh lu ta lp thm 1 t in C1 nhm mc ch lc phng tn hiu DC va c chnh lu , v y l t ngun nn c gi tr kh ln IC 7812 iu chnh gi mc in p DC n nh khong 12V. Quang tr (LDR) gi chc nng cm nhn nh sng trong phng ca bn. in tr ca cc quang tr ny rt ln khi tri ti v in tr thay i kh nhanh,rt nh khi c chiu sng. Khi tri ti th gi tr ca quang tr ln nn in p cp vo LM324 ln. Kch vo chn B ca Transitor C1815, dn hon ton. Transitor cp in cho Rle t chn C lm Rle ng tip im thng m lm n sng v m tip im thng ng lm tt chung. Khi tri sng th gi tr ca quang tr nh nn in p cp vo LM324 nh. Transitor khng c cp in nn Rle nn ht tip im thng m ng li. m cc tip im thng ng. Nh tip im chung thng m ng li va chung ku, tip im thng ng ca n m ra tt n. Ta dng nt nhn xc nh trng thi t trng thi cho Chung.

Nu mun Chung sng hm sau bo thc th ti hm trc khi i ng nhn nt Chung. V khi chung ku mun tt chung ta cng dng nt n ny tt chung v c 1 cng tc tt n khi khng mun n sng na. IV : S BOARD MCH

PHN III : PHT TRIN TI

 ti ny khng ch l t ng thp sng v bo thc m n cn c ng dng khc trong thc t. Nh mch n ng. Chng ta s ngh sao khi cc ct in m li khng c bng in chiu sng. Nh vy th rt nguy him cho ngi tham gia giao thng vo nhng bui ti. n ng t ng sng khi tri ti v t ng tt khi tri sng. Nn khng cn ngi i bt n khi tri ti v khng cn ngi tt n khi tri sng. Nh vy s tit kim c rt nhiu tin ca cho nh nc. V mch n ng ny c th b phn bo thc ca mch. V mch n ng th khng cn n m thanh.

PHN IV : KT LUN Sau mt thi gian tm hiu v thc hin ti, chng em hon thnh v t c nhng kt qu sau : _ Ch to thnh cng mch iu khin n _chung. _ Sn phm c tnh m thut, m thut v tnh n nh cao _ Qua n ln ny, vi vic thit k, ch to sn phm thc t, chng em thu c nhiu kinh nghim trong vic tnh ton, ch to sn phm. Qua cng c thm nhng kin thc m chng em hc cng nh to ra c hi tm hiu su hn na v mn hc mi trong thi gian ti. Nhng hn ch ca mch n.