hLP DH08TP NHM 2 Quy trnh sn xut c ngm du ng hp:

1. Gii thiu sn phm c ngm du ng hp:

Thnh phn chnh ca c ng ngm du: Tht c ng, du thc vt, nc, mui, m thc vt (VB75), cht iu v (Mononatri glutamat 621) C ng l loi hi sn c gi tr kinh t cao v c nhiu ngi yu thch v hng v v gi tr dinh dng ca n. C ng c cc qun n, nh hng cng nh trong mi gia nh. C ng l mt mn n ph bin, nhng i vi nhng ngi bn rn, nhng bui i xa th chun b mt mn c ng tht qu xa x. Hiu c nhu cu , c ng ngm du ng hp ra i p ng y nhng yu cu ca khch hng:

c ng c hp, loi b da, phil sau ng hp cng vi du nnh v mt s gia v khc. C ng ngm du ong hp gi nguyn hng vi thm ngon va thnh phn dinh dng nh c ng ti: protein, vitamin (A, B1, B2, PP), mt t lipid trong c, du thc vt v khong cht nh P, Ca, Fe Ch mt sn phm nhng n cha trong rt nhiu tnh nng nh tin dng v tit kim thi gian: ngi tiu dng c th ch bin nhiu mn n a thch vi c ng c ng hp sn m khng tn thi gian x l c sch ri em ch bin. Ngoi ra c ng ngm du cn c th ch bin cng vi cc mn n khc cn c du chin nh: chin, xo Hn na tht c ng ng hp vn gi c mi v v mu sc c trng nh khi ta ch bin trong gia nh. C ng c th c s dng ch bin mn n bt c khi no v vo thi im no m khng s mt thi gian v ngun nguyn liu. Sau y nhm xin gii thiu cng cc bn mt s mn n ch bin t c ng ngm du. Ch cn vi pht l c th thng thc nhng mn n tht tuyt vi khng km nh hng. Tht n gin, tht thm ngon, tht tit kim! Tht tuyt vi!

2.

Gii thiu chung v c ng:

2.1. Nguyn liu: C ng thuc h c thu ng (Scombridae) c gi tr kinh t quan trng nht bin Vit Nam. C ng phn b khp cc vng bin Vit Nam, kch thc c tng i ln (6 loi c kch thc t 20 70 cm, khi lng t 0,5 4 kg). Ring hai loi c ng vy vng v c ng mt to c kch thc ln (70 200 cm, khi lng 1,6 64 kg). Cn c vo tp tnh di c c th chia c ng Vit Nam thnh 2 nhm nh: 1) Nhm cc loi c knh thc nh, di c trong phm vi a l hp.

2) Nhm cc loi di c i dng. Ma v khai thc: Ma v khai thc c ng vng bin Vit Nam gm hai v, v chnh bt u t thng 4 n thng 8, v ph t thng 10 n thng 2 nm sau. C ng thng tp trung thnh n v di c, trong n thng bao gm mt s loi khc nhau. Ngh khai thc ch yu l li vy, r, cu v ng. Ngh cu vng mi c du nhp t nhng nm 1990 nhanh chng tr thnh mt ngh khai thc c ng quan trng. Th trng xut khu: M, Nht Bn, chu u v mt s nc chu Bng: Thnh phn dinh dng ca c ng: Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100 g thc phm n c Mui khong Nng Thnh phn chnh lng Nc Prtin Lipid Tro Calci Phospho St Kcal (g) (Mg) 87 77,5 21,0 0,3 1,2 44 206 1,0 2.2. Tiu chun cht lng v phng php kim tra: V nhit : nhit tm c (0 40C) i vi c ti v < -100C i vi c kho lnh ng ca cng ty. Kim tra nhit bng nhit k. V cm quan: thng qua cm quan bn ngoi ca c (vy, mang, mt, da, bng) phn loi c. Nu c nhiu th a vo kho cp ng gi lnh ch sn xut khi khng c c ti (c cp ng n -180C c th bo qun c 6 thng n 1 nm), nu c t th a vo ch bin V chng loi: ch nhn c ng b, c ng loi khc (c ng sc, c ng bng) c tch ring lm sn phm khc. Hm lng Histamine < 50 ppm (theo quy nh ca B Y T). Tiu chun cc loi c:

Vitamin A B1 (mcg) (mg) 5 0,02

B2 0,08

PP 4,0

Cc b Tiu chun phn kim Loi 1 tra Ngoi dng Sng, h sc t phn sc cu Da vng, khng bin mu. Dch nht trong sut Li, gic mc trong sut. Mt ng t en, sng.

Loi 2

Loi 3

H sc t trong qu trnh bin H sc t sng nhng khng mu v m c. Dch nht trng bng lng. Dch nht hi c c Li v hi lm, mt dt trng Dt, gic mc trng c, ng t c. ng t en, m c m nht Gim mu, hi c vt ca Tr nn bin mu, dch nht m Mang Mu sng, khng c dch nht dch nht Tht (ct t Xanh nht, trong m, nhn Mt nh nhung, sp m Hi m nht phn bng) sng. Khng bin i mu gc c. Mu hi bin i Mu (dc theo ct Khng mu Pht hng Hng sng) Thn v d lng ca cc c Thn v d lng ca cc c Cc c Thn v d lng ca cc c quan quan khc phi sng nh quan khc phi c, mu quan khc v mu phi m mu trong ng mch ch b bin mu iu kin Hi mm, t n hi. B mt m Tht Chc v n hi, b mt nhn t n hi hn c Ct sng Gy, thay v ri ra Dnh Hi dnh Mang bng Dnh hon ton vo tht Dnh Hi dnh Mi Mang, da, Khng c mi rong bin khoang Rong bin Hi chua hoc bt k mi kh chu no bng

2.3. Cc dng h hng: v H hng do enzyme c trong c:

S phn gii glycogen (qu trnh glycosis)

Glycogen b phn gii di tc dng ca men glycolysis trong iu kin khng c oxy bng con ng Embden Meyerhof, dn n s tch ly acid lactic lm gim pH ca c tht c. i vi c ng, pH c tht gim t 6,8 xung mc pH: 5,4 5,6. pH ca c tht c gim sau khi c cht c nh hng n tnh cht vt l ca c tht c. Khi pH gim, in tch b mt ca protein si c gim i, lm cho cc protein b bin tnh cc b v lm gim kh nng gi nc ca chng. M c trong giai on t cng s mt nc khi luc v c bit khng thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin c x l nhit, v s bin tnh do nhit cng lm tng s mt nc. S mt nc c nh hng xu n cu trc ca c tht c v Love (1975) cho thy gia dai c tht v pH c mi quan h t l nghch, dai mc khng th chp nhn c (mt nc khi luc) s xy ra c tht c pH thp.

S phn hy ATP

Sau khi cht, ATP b phn hy nhanh to thnh inosine monophosphate (IMP) bi enzym ni bo (s t phn). Tip theo s phn gii ca IMP to thnh inosine v hypoxanthine l chm hn nhiu v

c xc tc chnh bi enzym ni bo IMP phosphohydrolase v inosine ribohydrolase, cng vi s tham gia ca enzym c trong vi khun khi thi gian bo qun tng. S phn gii ATP c tm thy song song vi s mt ti ca c, c xc nh bng phn tch cm quan. Trong tt c cc loi c, cc giai on t phn xy ra ging nhau nhng tc t phn khc nhau, thay i ty theo loi.

S phn gii protein

Bin i t phn ca protein trong c t c ch . H enzym protease quan trng nht l men cathepsin, trong c chng hot ng rt thp, nhng ngc li hot ng mnh cc loi tm, cua v nhuyn th.

Cc enzym cathepsin

Cathepsin l enzym thy phn nm trong lysosome. Enzym quan trng nht l cathepsin D tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn protein ni ti ca t bo to thnh peptide pH = 2-7. Sau peptide tip tc b phn hy di tc dng ca men cathepsin A, B v C. Tuy nhin, qu trnh phn gii protein di tc dng enzym thy phn trong tht c rt t. Enzym cathepsin c vai tr chnh trong qu trnh t chn ca c pH thp v nng mui thp. Enzym cathepsin b c ch hot ng nng mui 5%.

Cc enzym calpain

Gn y, ngi ta tm thy mi lin h gia mt nhm enzym proteaza ni bo th hai c gi l calpain hay yu t c hot ha bi canxi (CAF) i vi qu trnh t phn gii c tht c c tm thy trong tht, cc loi c c vy v gip xc. Cc enzym calpain tham gia vo qu trnh lm gy v tiu hy protein trong si c.

Cc enzym collagenase

Enzym collagenase gip lm mm t bo m lin kt. Cc enzym ny gy ra cc vt nt hoc b gy cc myotome khi bo qun c bng trong mt thi gian di hoc khi bo qun ch trong thi gian ngn nhng nhit cao. S phn ct TMAO

Trimetylamin l mt amin d bay hi c mi kh chu c trng cho mi thy sn n hng. S c mt ca trimetylamin trong c n hng l do s kh TMAO di tc dng ca vi khun. S gia tng TMA trong thy sn ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng ca TMAO trong nguyn liu c. TMA c dng nh gi cht lng ca c bin. Tin trnh ny b c ch khi c c lm lnh. c lnh ng formaldehyde c th gy ra s bin tnh protein, lm thay i cu trc v mt kh nng gi nc ca sn phm. S to thnh DMA v formaldehyde l vn quan trng cn quan tm trong sut qu trnh bo qun lnh ng. Tc hnh thnh formaldehyde nhanh nht khi nhit lnh ng cao (lnh ng chm). Ngoi ra, nu c b tc ng c hc qu mc trong cc khu t khi nh bt n khi lm lnh ng v nu nhit trong qu trnh bo qun lnh ng b dao ng th lng formaldehyde hnh thnh s tng. Bng : Tm tt nhng bin i trong qu trnh t phn gii ca c p lnh Enzym C cht Enzym phn gii Glycogen glycogen Cc bin i xy ra Ngn chn/Km hm To ra acid lactic, lm gim pH Phi trnh gy cng thng cho ca m, lm mt kh nng gi c giai on trc khi xy nc trong c. Trn thc t, nu ra t cng. c th nn qu trnh t

cng ca c din ra nhit cng gn 00C cng tt. Nhit cao khi xy ra t cng c th dn n s nt c tht. Enzym gy ra t ATP, ADP, Mt mi c ti, dn dn xut Tng t nh trn. phn gii, lin AMP, IMP hin v ng do Hx ( nhng Bc d vn chuyn mnh tay quan n s ph giai on sau). hoc nn s lm tng s hy nucleotid ph hy Cathepsin Cc protein, cc M b mm ha gy kh khn Trnh mnh tay khi thao tc peptid hoc cn tr cho vic ch bin lc bo qun v bc d Chymotrypsin, Cc protein, cc T phn gii khoang bng ca Vn s gia tng khi ng lnh/r trypsin, peptid cc loi c tng ni (gy hin ng hoc bo qun lnh trong thi cacboxypeptidase tng v bng) gian di. Calpain Cc protein si Lm mm m c v gip xc lt Loi b canxi ngn chn c xc qu trnh hot ha Collagenase M lin kt Vt nt trn ming phil. S thoi ha ca m lin Gy mm ha kt lin quan n thi gian v nhit bo qun lnh TMAO TMAO To ra formaldehyt lm cng cBo qun c nhit <300C. demethylase Tc ng vt l qu mc v qu trnh ng lnh/r ng lm tng hin tng cng c do FA v H hng do vi sinh vt:

H vi khun c va mi nh bt

c tht v cc c quan bn trong ca c ti, vi khun hin din rt t. c ti vi khun ch c th tm thy trn da (102 107 cfu/cm2), mang (103 109 cfu/g) v ni tng (103 109 cfu/g) (Shewan, 1962). H vi sinh vt ca c va nh bt li ph thuc vo mi trng ni nh bt hn l vo loi c (Shewan, 1977). Vi khun c mi va nh bt ch yu gm vi khun hiu kh, k kh khng bt buc, vi khun G- nh Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Flavolacberium, Cytophaga and Vibrio. C sng trong vng nc m d b nhim bi vi khun G+ nh Micrococcus, Bacillus v Coryneform. Cc loi Aeromonas c trng cho c nc ngt, trong khi c mt s vi khun cn natri pht trin th c trng cho c bin. Cc loi ny bao gm Vibrio, Photobacterium v Shewanella. Vi khun hin din loi thn mm ging vi vi khun trong c bin nhng s lng vi khun G+ nh Bacillus, Micrococcus, Enterobacteriaceae v Streptococcus chim s lng ln hn. Hai loi vi khun gy bnh thng lm bin i mi v ca c v nhuyn th gm: Clostridium botulinum loi E, B, F v Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Clostridium botulinum l vi khun sinh bo t khng nhit. Vi khun ny khng c hi nu tn ti mt lng nh trong c ti. Vi khun s tr nn rt nguy him khi iu kin bo qun hoc ch bin khng tt to iu kin thun li cho bo t sinh sn, pht trin v sn sinh c t. Vi khun loi E, B, F c kh nng khng nhit thp. Vibrio parahaemolyticus l loi vi khun t chu nhit, a mui gy bnh vim ng rut vi cc triu chng bnh ging nh triu chng bnh gy ra do Salmonella. Bnh ch xy ra khi n vo lng ln t bo vi khun (khong 10 6 cfu/g), mc thng thng c th chp nhn c l 103 cfu/g. Loi vi khun ny rt nhy cm vi nhit (nng v lnh). Ngoi ra, mt s loi vi khun khc c tm thy trong c v cc loi hi sn khc nh Clostridium perfringen, Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella spp, Shigella spp. b ly nhim do qu trnh vn chuyn v ch bin khng m bo v sinh.

S xm nhp ca vi sinh vt

Tht ca c sng khe mnh hoc c va nh bt th khng c vi khun v h thng min dch ca c ngn chn s pht trin ca vi khun trong tht c. Khi c cht, h thng min dch b suy yu v vi khun c t do sinh si pht trin. Trn b mt da, vi khun phn ln nh c cc ti vy. Trong qu trnh bo qun, chng s xm nhp vo c tht bng cch i qua gia cc si c. Nhng nghin cu ca Murray v Shewan (1979) cho thy rng trong qu trnh bo qun bng ch c mt lng rt hn ch vi khun xm nhp vo c tht. C th dng knh hin vi pht hin c vi khun trong c tht mt khi lng vi sinh vt trn b mt da tng ln trn 106 cfu/cm2 (Ruskol v Bendsen, 1992). iu ny quan st thy c c hai trng hp khi bo qun c bng v nhit thng. Khng c s khc nhau v m hnh xm nhp ca vi khun gy h hng c trng (v d, S. putrefaciens) v vi khun khng gy h hng c. V thc s ch c mt lng gii hn vi sinh vt xm nhp c tht v s pht trin ca vi sinh vt ch yu din ra trn b mt c, nn s h hng ca c ch yu l do cc enzym ca vi khun khuch tn vo c tht v cc cht dinh dng khuch tn ra pha ngoi. S h hng ca c xy ra vi nhng tc khc nhau v iu c th gii thch bng s khc nhau v tnh cht ca b mt c. Da c c chc rt khc nhau. Do vy, nhng loi c nh c tuyt mc-lang (Merlangius merlangus) v c tuyt (Gadus morhua) c lp da rt mng manh th s h hng xy ra nhanh hn so vi mt s loi c thn dt nh c bn l loi c c lp biu b v h b rt chc chn. Hn th na, nhm c sau c lp cht nht rt dy m y li l ni c cha mt s thnh phn khng khun nh khng th v enzym phn gii c cc loi vi khun (Murray v Fletcher, 1976; Hjelmland v cng s, 1983).

Bin i ca vi sinh vt trong sut qu trnh bo qun v gy n hng:

i vi c n i, gn nh ngay lp tc sau khi c cht th cc vi khun bt u giai on sinh trng theo cp s nhn. iu ny cng ng vi c p , c l l do h vi sinh vt ca chng thch nghi vi nhit lnh. Trong qu trnh bo qun bng , lng vi sinh vt s tng gp i sau khong mt ngy v sau 2-3 tun s t 105-109 cfu trong mt gam tht hoc trn mt cm2 da. Khi bo qun nhit thng, sau 24 gi th lng vi sinh vt t gn vi mc 107-108 cfu/g. i vi c nhit i: Vi khun trong c nhit i thng tri qua giai on tim n (pha lag) t 1 n 2 tun nu c c bo qun bng , sau mi bt u giai on sinh trng theo cp s nhn. Ti thi im b h hng, lng vi khun trong c nhit i v c n i u nh nhau (Gram, 1990; Gram v cng s, 1990). Nu c p c bo qun trong iu kin ym kh hoc trong mi trng khng kh c cha CO 2, lng vi khun chu lnh thng thng nh S. putrefaciens v Pseudomonas thng thp hn nhiu (ngha l trong khong 106-107 cfu/g) so vi khi bo qun c trong iu kin hiu kh. Tuy nhin, lng vi khun a lnh c trng nh P. phosphoreum t n mc 107-108 cfu/g khi c h hng (Dalgaard v cng s, 1993).
2.4 . Cch thc bo qun:

Vi c tip nhn l c ti v a vo ch bin lin th c c cha vo cc thng ln (khong 300 kg c) v c p lnh bng vy (1 lp , 1 lp c, lp di cng v trn cng l ) n khi t nhit tm c theo yu cu (0 40C) th a vo ch bin. Vi c tip nhn l c ti v khng a vo ch bin lin th c c chuyn n phn xng lnh ng cp ng. C c cp ng -500C, nhit tm c t -180C. C bo qun nhit ny c th gi c t 6 thng n 1 nm. Tuy nhin, c gi cng lu th cht lng c cng gim. Thng thng, c ti tip nhn c phn thnh 3 loi theo cm quan bn ngoi: c ti, da sng, khng nht, mt trong, mang , tht n hi l c loi 1; t c ny lm tiu chun phn tip 2 loi sau. Vi c loi 3 (c b bng nhng vn cn ti) c a vo ch bin lin, cn c loi 1 v loi 2 ty vo tnh hnh sn xut v nguyn liu m ch bin lin hoc lnh ng bo qun. C ti vn chuyn n nh my cng phi c bo qun cn thn: c c gi 0 40C bng v h thng my lnh. C trn ng vn chuyn phi m bo gi ng nhit , khng i qua vng b nhim. Cc thng c khng c xp qu cao, trnh tnh trng ln nhau qu nhiu lm dp, nt c nh hng n cht lng c. Vic vn chuyn v di di phi cn

thn, trnh va p mnh lm c ra ngoi, khng c gim p ln c. Sau mi t vn chuyn c, xe phi c v sinh sch s, trnh tnh trng vi sinh vt pht trin trn xe, nh hng n l c tip theo. Tht c ng l loi thc phm cung cp ngun dinh dng c bit i vi sc khe con ngi. Ngy nay, c ng l mt ngun nguyn liu dng ch bin nhiu loi mn n, trong hp c ng ngm du l mt sn phm ph bin trn th trng trong nc v xut khu. 3. Quy trnh sn xut c ng ngm du: 3.1. S qui trnh:

3.2. Thuyt minh qui trnh:

3.2.1. Tip nhn nguyn liu:

Mc ch: Gip kim sot c ngun nguyn liu u vo, sn phm trnh c h hng do nguyn liu khng t cht lng, thu nhn nguyn liu thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin. Thao tc: C ng c a vo khu tip nhn nguyn liu kim tra ngun gc, nhit bo qun, trng thi ca c, hm lng histamin, v sinh dng c cha ng, giy cam kt ca i l v vic khng s dng ha cht bo qun, sau mi quyt nh nhn hay khng nhn l hng. Bo qun nguyn liu

- Mc ch: m bo tnh n nh cho nguyn liu. - Thao tc: nguyn liu em i ra sch, cho vo bao polime v chuyn n phn xng cp ng. C cp ng -500C, nhit tm -180C. Bo qun nhit ny c th c ch s hot ng pht trin ca vi sinh vt, ko di thi gian bo qun. 3.2.2. X l:

Mc ch: X l nhm mc ch phn loi phn n c v phn khng n c, to iu kin thun li cho cc cng on sau. Thao tc:

- i vi c ng ti: sau khi nhp liu th a ln bng chuyn ly ni tng v ra. - i vi c lnh ng: trc khi x l nh c ti cn tan gi. Dng nc thng, bm trc tip vo cc thng cha c, sau 1 2h thay nc mt ln. Qu trnh r ng kt thc khi nhit tm c t 0 40C. Bng cch ny, cng ty khng cn nhiu vn u t cho thit b, nhn lc m vn t c hiu qu cao. 3.2.3. Hp: - Mc ch: lm tht c d tch ra khi xng, loi b da v tht d dng, loi bt nc trong c, dit vi sinh vt c trong c nguyn liu, v hot enzyme c trong c, kh mi tanh, tng mi v, lm chn c v nh hnh. - Yu cu: c sau hp phi chn u, khng qu mm cng khng b sng, cn nguyn vn, khng b v nt. Nhit tm c sau hp t 69 720C, sau khi lm ngui s b nhit ni hp cn khong 45 500C. - Thit b: s dng ni hp bng hi nng, dng nm ngang, c vi nc phun sng bn trong ra c li trc khi hp v lm ngui s b c trc khi ly ra. Do nhit hp dao ng trong khong 93 970C < 1000C nn c th hp iu kin p sut kh quyn, khng cn tng p lc trong ni. C c xp trn cc khay v t ln xe y (xe y c nhiu tng xp cc khay ln.)

- Thc hin: c ng t bng chuyn ra c phn loi ln na xp vo cc khay hp v mi kch c c c mt ch hp khc nhau: vi c ng nng t 0.3 1kg hp trong 30, c ng nng t 1.1 1.9 kg hp trong 60, c ng nng t 2 kg tr ln hp trong 70 75 (c c x dc lng chn d hn), tt c u c hp 93 970C. Sau khi xp vo khay, cc khay c xp ln cc xe y v c y vo ni hp. Ti y, c c phun nc ra sch li mt ln na sau c nng ln ti nhit cn thit hp. Thi gian nng nhit 10 pht. 3.2.4. Lm ngui: - Mc ch: thun tin cho cng on co da, fillet, tht c sn cng li trnh lm v ming fillet khi tch xng, trnh hin tng chn tip. - Yu cu: c sau khi lm ngui vn phi m bo nguyn vn, nhit tm khong 400C, b mt khng b qu t (lm cho nc thm li vo c) cng khng qu kh (da bm cht vo c kh co da). Thi gian lm ngui khong 15 20 pht, trnh hin tng vi sinh vt bn ngoi nhim vo hoc vi sinh vt cn sng st tip tc pht trin. - Thc hin: c c a vo phng lm ngui. Ti y, cc vi phun sng phun trc tip ln c lm ngui n khong 400C. - Thit b: vi nc phun sng nm ngang.

3.2.5. Co da, fillet: - Mc ch: Loi b da ra khi tht c, loi b cc hp cht gy mi tanh trn da c to gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. - Thc hin: C c xp trn khay, dng dao co sch da. Trong khi co da c cn ch loi b u, vy cn st. Phn ph liu ny c tp hp vo mt ch lc li vn c ln na trc khi a vo kho ph liu. 3.2.6. Fillet: - Mc ch: Tch ring phn tht c v xng c, loi b phn tht ca c to iu kin d dng thao tc cho cc cng on tip theo. - Thc hin: C c tch ra lm 4 theo chiu dc, sau c co sch xng nh, xng gia, tht v tht c b chy lnh (nu c). Sau khi fillet xong, c c xp vo khay (c phn fillet v phn vn c) co tht , xng li mt ln na trc khi dng mt lau sch ming fillet. - Yu cu: m bo ming fillet sch v nguyn vn. Ph liu ca cng on ny c tp hp li la b xng v vn c ring, phn vn c c lc li ln na trc khi a vo kho ph liu. 3.2.7. Ct khc:

- Mc ch: to chiu di kch c tng i ng u v thch hp cho ming x ca c ng, gip thun tin, d dng thao tc trong cng on x v lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. - Thc hin: C sau khi fillet c xp ln bng ti v qua my ct c iu chnh tc dao ct thch hp. Sau khi qua my ct, c c kch thc 2.5 cm v ri vo khay inox. Khi y, khay c chuyn ln bn thc hin cng on tip theo. 3.2.8. X: - Mc ch: To hnh cho tht c ng c kch thc nh dng si theo th tht c, to nt c trng cho sn phm. Vic x cng gip du d ngm vo tht c. - Thc hin: Nhng ming c ng c t trong khay v cng nhn dng tay x nh ming tht c theo th tht thnh dng si c kch thc 2x2x25mm. Do tht c d gy khc trong qu trnh x nn cng nhn phi cn thn hn ch gy thnh nhng khc nh <2,5 mm (chiu di). Bn thnh phm c kch thc <2.5 mm theo chiu di gi l vn. Yu cu trong qu trnh x vn khng c qu 3%. i vi vn c thu c t cc cng on trc, nu tiu chun s c ng hp cng vi c x t ming fille. Nu khng chun th chuyn sang ng hp loi c vn. 3.2.9. V hp nh lng: - Mc ch: Phn phi tht c vo hp thc hin nhng cng on tip theo ( rt du, bi kh, ghp m..) hon thin sn phm ng hp, gip sn phm c khi lng ng u v chnh xc theo yu cu, thun tin cho qu trnh vn chuyn v d dng thc hin cc cng on tip theo, bc u cho s tch ly sn phm vi mi trng bn ngoi. - Thc hin: Hp sau khi ra sch c vn chuyn n phng v hp v nh lng sn phm. S dng hp 307 x 111, c in sn nhn trn hp. t hp ln cn in t c hiu chnh. Cng nhn ly tht c ng x cho vo hp, nh lng 124 g tht c/hp (2/3 khi lng tnh). Sai s trong qu trnh cn khng c vt qu 3% (1,72 g). 3.2.10. Rt st: - Mc ch: gp phn ngn c tip xc vi khng kh, bo v c vi mi trng bn ngoi, to v cho sn phm, rt nng cn gp phn bi kh mt phn. - Yu cu: do du to lp bao quanh c v sc cng b mt ln lm nh hng kh nng tip xc gia v, do nn rt st trc ri mi rt du. Nhit rt st 80-900C. - Thc hin: Cc hp c c a vo bng chuyn, i qua cc vi du v vi nc mui, lng du v nc mui rt vo c c c nh bng cch iu chnh vn tc cho ph hp. Du s dng l du nnh, du v nc mui ( lc sch) c un nng n 80-900C trc khi rt (rt nng). Trong qu trnh rt, nhit du v mui lun c gi n nh. C sau khi rt st c khi lng 185 g. - Thit b: cc hp c chy theo bng ti ti cc vi rt st v du theo lng quy nh. 3.2.11. Bi kh: - Mc ch:

Gim p sut bn trong hp khi thanh trng hp khi b bin dng, bt np nt cc mi hn. To cho hp c an ton vi tc ng ca mi trng xung quanh v khi va p c hc. Hn ch s n mn v hp, to chn khng trong hp khi lm ngui.

Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trong hp sau khi thanh trng. Ngn nga phn ng oxy ho ca oxy khng kh vi du nng v vi c tht c.

- Thc hin: Thc hin bi kh bng cch phun hi. Dng hi nc nng phun vo khong khng nh hp trc khi ghp m, hi nc s y khng kh ra ngoi, sau khi ghp kn v lm ngui, hi nc s ngng t v to chn khng cho hp. 3.2.12. Ghp m:
My ghp m:

- Mc ch: Ngn cch sn phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi. y l mt qu trnh quan trng, c nh hng ti thi gian bo qun lu di sn phm. - Thc hin: Cho hp vo bng chuyn ca my ghp. Sau khi qua my ghp, hp c ghp kn, xp hp vo cc xe y chun b cho qu trnh thanh trng tip theo. - Thit b: Ghp m t ng 120 hp/pht 3.2.13. Tit trng Lm ngui: - Mc ch: Tiu dit vi sinh vt v nha bo ca n n v trng thng phm. Nu chn thc phm ti mc c th n lin c, to mi v c trng cho c (nh x l nhit cao, thi gian di). - Yu cu: s lng vi sinh vt gy h hng c trng cn l 10 -4 (Cl.sporogenes, Cl.perfringens, Cl.putrificum), Cl. Botulinum sng st l 10-12. Sn phm sau khi tit trng gi c cm quan tt (mi thm, mu sc p, khng b chy, mm). - Thc hin: Sau khi xp y bn thnh phm vo cc xe y, cc xe y c y vo thit b tit trng kt hp lm ngui. pH sn phm > 4,5, chn ch tit trng tham kho . Sau khi tit trng hp s c lm ngui nhanh trong ni tit trng n nhit thit b t t 40 450C. - Thit b tit trng: tit trng bng hi nng qu bo ha, dng nm ngang. Thn thit b t nm ngang, bn trong khng c gi gi m c ng ry cho xe ng cc gi hp y vo. Trong thit b c h thng vi phun nc lm ngui hp.

Hnh v: Thit b tit trng hi dng nm ngang 3.2.14. ng m s Xp thng: Sau khi tit trng, sn phm c ng m s, xp thng v chuyn vo kho thnh phm. 3.2.15. Bo n: Sau khi hon tt cc cng on trn, sn phm c th s dng c ngay. Tuy nhin, theo nghin cu cho thy hp c ng ngm du s khng ngon nu em i s dng lin. Do nn tin hnh qu trnh bo n trong 3 thng du thm vo sn phm, mu c tr nn hng hn v dy c mi thm c trng ca sn phm. Ty theo th trng xut khu m thi gian bo n c th linh ng. i vi nhng l hng xut khu ra nc ngoi, bo n 1 thng ri xut theo ng bin. i vi sn phm tiu th trong nc, bo n 2 thng ri tung ra th trng tiu th. m bo tnh an ton cho ngi tiu dng v uy tn cho nh sn xut, cn phi c qu trnh kim tra vi sinh vt trong hp sau sn xut. Cch thc kim tra nh sau: Chn mu, bo qun hp trong iu kin nhit 370 C trong 7-10 ngy. Sau nng nhit ln 550C gi trong 10-15 ngy.Vic kim tra nh vy cho php ta pht hin ccc loi VSV cn li trong hp. Nu nh hp c hin tng khc thng, cn phi kim tra v x l li l hng trc khi xut ra th trng. .