GII THIU I CNG V DUY THC HC (Tm l hc Pht gio) Tu Hnh ---o0o--Ngun http://www.thuvienhoasen.

org Chuyn sang ebook 25-7-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
DN NHP I. CC LUN S DUY THC II. S LC V DUY THC NH THP TNG V DUY THC TAM THP TNG III. HC THUYT Ph lc

---o0o--Duy thc hc (Tm l hc Pht gio Pht trin) l mt trong nhng h thng t tng ln ca Pht gio gy s kinh ngc i vi khoa Tm l hc phng Ty hin i, c bit l chuyn ngnh Tm l hc tr liu. Tuy nhin, khc vi Tm l hc thng thng, Duy thc hc khng phi l mt nhn thc lun n thun, cng khng nhm xin dng cho mt trit l no , m trong mc tiu cu knh ca Pht gio, Duy thc hc khai sng mt nhn thc mi v s gic ng qua hnh trnh tm hiu Tm. y l mt vn Pht hc quan trng v rng, nhng trong gii hn dung lng ca chng trnh Pht hc hm th, Ban Hng dn trn trng gii thiu bi ging: "i cng v Duy thc hc" ca tc gi Tu Hnh, Ph.D.; ngoi bi ging ny, trong iu kin cho php, hc vin cn tham kho thm cc ti liu c gii thiu cui bi. BAN HNG DN CHNG TRNH PHHT ---o0o---

DN NHP
Duy thc v Trung qun l hai trng phi ln, trin khai t tng i tha n cc im ca trit hc Pht gio vo nhng th k II n th k VI ti n . Duy thc c bit qua Phn ng bng 3 t: 1) Cittamtra, ch trng tt c u do tm, duy tm; 2) Yogacra, gm 2 t Du-gi v hnh, xng hnh tr du-gi, qun tng thin nh pht huy hnh nguyn B tt; 3) Vijnanaptivda, hc thuyt cho rng tt c vn vt u do thc hin khi, duy thc. C ba t ny c dng cng ngha vi nhau, tuy rng v sau, do cc b lun chuyn v "duy thc" ca Th Thn, Vijnanaptivda c ph bin hn v chp nhn nh l tn gi cho trit thuyt ca tng ny (Vijnanaptimatrtavda). Trong khi , Cittamtra hu nh khng cn c nhc ti, cn Yogcra c dng xen ln vi Vijnanaptivda nh l ng ngha. Trong khi Trung qun ch trng v bin chng bng tr tu th Du-gi t trng tm vo vic hnh tr thin nh; c hai u nhm mc ch nhn chn thc tnh ca hin hu. Tuy rng s ra i ca trng phi Duy thc c xem l xin dng v pht huy trit l i tha n cc im, nhng cn bn t tng ca n, cng nh ca Trung qun, bt ngun t truyn thng sm nht ca Pht gio, tc ngay vo thi c Pht ti th, khi Ngi dy trong kinh Php C, rng "Tm lm ch, Tm dn u, Tm to tc tt c cc php", rng Thc vn c bn tnh thanh tnh, v.v... Tm do rt quan trng trong Pht gio ngay t thi nguyn thy. C th ni rng tt c cc hc phi ca Pht gio, ti n cng nh ti Trung Hoa, cng u xy dng trit thuyt trn vn hin hu hay khng hin hu ca Tm. Du-gi [1] thc ra khng phi l mt phng php thc hnh thin qun c bit no, m l mt phng tin din t dng tm hiu ni trng ca hnh gi khi hnh ng v ngh ca hnh gi khi thc hin hnh ng . Mc ch l chuyn bin thc thnh tr (tu). S ra i ca trit thuyt Duy thc, theo vy, khng phi l xin dng mt trit l, m l khai sng mt nhn thc mi v s gic ng qua hnh trnh tm hiu Tm thc bng thuyt Ba t tnh (trisvabhava) ri thit lp mt con ng thc hnh (B tt o), to nn mt trit thuyt a ni dung t tng i tha n ch ton vn. ---o0o---

I. CC LUN S DUY THC Th Thn (Vasubandhu) v ngi anh l V Trc (Asanga), sng khong th k IV, c xem l hai khun mt v i, ch xng, h thng ha v xin dng trit l Duy thc khin ch trong mt thi gian ngn, hc phi ny c ph bin rng ri v li cun mt s lun s ti danh khc, ng thi cng nh cc th k sau, nhp cuc v khi u cho mt s lun s, s gii, v.v..., hoc tn thnh v trin khai thm, hoc bin bc, ph quyt, v.v... vi hc thuyt ny. Th Thn (315-395 sdl) [2] ni ting qua hai quyn lun ngn, lun thuyt rng tt c u duy ch l thc [3] (Duy thc Nh thp tng v Duy thc Tam thp tng, Vimsatik- v Trimsik-vijnapti-krik) [4], cng mt quyn nh khc, ni v ba tnh ca hin hu, tc tam t tnh (Trisvabhva-nirdesa), hay cn gi l Tam v t tnh lun (Trinisvabhva-sstra) [5]. Truyn thuyt cho rng sau khi c ngi anh khc m l V Trc thuyt phc theo i tha, Th Thn mi vit cc lun trn by t quan im mi v ph nhn hng Tiu tha c bit qua b A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun (Abhidharmakosa-bhsya) cng v cng ni ting ca ngi. Tht ra, l mt trit gia li lc, cng ln tui th kinh nghim tm linh cng thm su v t tng trit l cng cao rng, cho nn cc b lun trn ch l thnh qu trin khai ng nhin ca nh lun s ti ba ny m thi. V Trc l tc gi ca B tt a (Bodhisattvabhmi), A-t-t-ma Tp tp lun (Abhidharmasamuccya), v Du-gi s a lun (Yogcry-bhmisstra) [6], vit theo quan nim Duy thc. Thy ca V Trc l lun s Di Lc (Maitreyantha) [7], mt nhn vt lch s, m cc hc gi ngy nay nh gio s Giuseppe Tucci c kin rng ngi mi chnh l ngi xin dng v l sng t ca Duy thc tng; ti nng ca ngi khng km Long Th, tuy rng tn tui v nin i ca ngi li t ngi bit n [8]. Theo truyn thng Ty Tng, ngi l tc gi 5 b lun, m ni ting nht l Bin trung bin lun tng (Madhynta-vibhgakrika) [9], lun gii v s phn bit gia trung o i vi cc cc oan [10]; cng vi i tha trang nghim (Mahynastra-lankra), Hin chng trang nghim (Abhisamaylamkra) v.v... i din trng phi Duy thc ti n c Sthiramti (An Hu, sng khong th k VI), vn l i t ca Gunamti, c Hu, ngi sng lp trung tm Valabh, trong khi Dharmapla, Php H (530-591), ngi c

cng xc lp v tr ca trung tm i hc Nland vi khuynh hng xin dng Duy thc, l hai trung tm hc thut Pht gio ni ting ng thi. Php H ch trng Duy thc tuyt i, trong khi An Hu c mun dung ha quan im "thc tng" ca Nagarjuna (Long Th) vi quan nim "nht thit duy tm to" ca Duy thc [11]. Ngoi ra cn c t Th Thn l Dignga (Trn Na), v t Trn Na l Dharmakrti (Php Xng); c hai da trn quan im ni hm lun l hc ca Th Thn v tng lin gia nhn thc v i tng xin dng Nhn minh hc (Hetuvidy), mt phng php tranh lun bng l lun, logic. Ti Trung Hoa, Duy thc c xin dng bi ngi Huyn Trng v t l Khuy C (K'uei-chi, 632-685), ngi c xem nh l sng t Duy thc hay Php Tng tng (Fa-hsiang), mt trong 8 tng phi ln ca Pht gio Trung Hoa. Ngi Huyn Trng (Hsuan-tsang, 596-664) sau khi dch Duy thc Nh thp tng v nht l Duy thc Tam thp tng, bn hi tt c mi bn lun gii ca cc lun s n v Duy thc Tam thp tng vit Thnh Duy thc lun (Vijnapti-mtrat-siddhi), lm cn bn trit thuyt cho Php Tng tng Trung Hoa [12]. Ngoi ra cn c i Tha ng, mt i s ngi Vit Nam, cng vi Khuy C c xem nh l hai i t cng tc vi Huyn Trng trong cng trnh dch thut cc b lun v Duy thc ny, cho thy ti nng ca mt i s Vit Nam m tn tui cha c gii hc thut Pht gio Vit Nam trc y ch [13]. ---o0o--II. S LC V DUY THC NH THP TNG V DUY THC TAM THP TNG (Nh thp tng v Tam thp tng) Vasubandhu vit Nh thp tng v t vit thm phn ch gii, trong khi Tam thp tng th c phn ch gii ca Sthiramati (An Hu). Theo hai bn lun cn bn ca Duy thc tng ny [14], th tt c mi hin tng u l s bin hin ca thc trong hnh vi v hot ng ni ti ca chng; nhng nhn thc ca chng ta khng phi l do t i tng ngoi ti to thnh, nhng i tng m ta tng l hin hu bn ngoi v to thnh ngh ca chng ta. Cng ging nh trong gic mng, chng ta c nhng kinh nghim v thin hnh vn trng, ngi ta, cnh vt, thi im, cm gic, v.v..., tt c u y nh tht trong gic mng . n khi tnh gic, ta cn vn cn c nhng cm gic nh tht khi tip xc v phn ng vi nhng g trong mng [15].

y th m khi tnh gic, th chng c g. Cng vy, tt c cc i tng ngoi ti chng qua ch l do thc hin khi m thi. Do m Th Thn mi kt lun rng nhng chng c bng nhn thc v s hin hu ca th gii i tng khng th tin c. D nh, ta c th t vn , l nhng i tng ca nhn thc qua i mt, nhn thc, ch hon ton l mt hin th trn vn, hay nhiu thnh t nh nguyn t hp li. Chng khng th hon ton l mt, bi v nu l mt trn vn th phi bao gm nhiu thnh phn trong chng; chng cng khng th c c tnh ca nhng nguyn t, l nhng thnh t khng cn c th chia ch phn tch ra na c [16]; bi l do n gin l nu chng c th phi hp c th chng khng th c xem l nguyn t. phi hp, mt thnh t phi c 6 cnh, Nam Bc ng Ty trn di [17], nh vy c ngha l nguyn t khng cn phi l nguyn t na. Li na, nu nhng i tng ca nhn thc hon ton l mt, th s tip din v kt qu ca n khng th gii thch c v nhn thc ca ta v s vt khc bit nhau cng khng th no k n c. Do th m tuy chng khng c mt hin hu tht s l i th, nhn thc li dn dt ta n vic tin tng l chng hin hu tht s bn ngoi. Nh trong gic mng, chng ta to dng mt th gii khch th m ch khi no ta t c tr tu siu vit i i, nh nguyn, ta v khng-ta (lokottaranirvikalpa- jnanalabhat prabuddho bhavati), khi y chng ta mi bit rng th gii cng gi t nh gic mng gi t vi thin hnh vn trng m thi. Theo quan im ny, th khng c mt th gii khch th bn ngoi, v nhn thc ca chng ta khng phi b nh hng bi nhng i tng ngoi ti. Trong Tam thp tng ca Vasubandhu v ch gii ca Sthiramati, quan im Duy thc c qung din r rng hn. Ch th tri nhn v nhng g c tri nhn nh l tng ch th hay i tng khch th u ch l s hin hnh ca thc (vijnnnaparinma) tng tr thanh tnh. S hin hnh hay chuyn bin (parinma) ca thc l s hnh thnh ca mt kt qu khc bit vi s hnh thnh ca mt gian k nhn-qu m cng lc, gian k nhn-qu cng chm dt. ni thc ny, khng c ngoi ti cng khng c ch th, nhng chng b lm tng l c; m v b tng lm nh th cho nn phi c mt tn th no hin hu nhng b tng lm l mt ci g khc. Tn th , Th Thn nh ngha l Thc (Thc a-li-da ni trng thi thanh tnh, vijnanaptimatrta), m Th Thn v c An Hu u cho l thc ti chn tht ti hu. Trong khi , kinh Lng Gi cng mt s lun s cc oan khc li ph nh lun c thc ti ca thc ny (asat).

Thc ti hu vn hm cha tt c mi bin thi do hai thc trc gi vo, gi l layavijnanana (thc A-li-da) trong dng thc b bin thi, bi v n l ci kho cha ng (hun tp) tt c kinh nghim nhn thc. Khi tm ca bc gic ng nh tnh (pratisthita) trn thc thanh tnh ny, th khuynh hng suy ngh nh nguyn v ch th v khch th (grahyagrahakaanusaya) chm dt v tr v phn bit (nirvikalpa) v siu vit th gian (lokottara) hin khi. Tr ny ty sch ht tt c phin no (klesa), khng cn mt khuynh hng i i no na c, nn c gi l tr v lu (ansrava), c ngha l khng cn ri lt vo vng nh nguyn na. N khng th ngh bn c (bt kh t ngh), khng th din t c (bt kh thuyt) v l tr t chng (pratyatmavedya) ng thi bit tt c, nht thit tr tri (sarvajnanata; omniscience), v khng cn g c th hn cuc, khng g c th chng ngi (varana) c n na. Alayavijnnana trong trng thi trong sch thun ty c gi l php gii (dharmadhtu) ca mi c tnh, v cng l ni m tt c nhng tm thc nh mt tt c nhng phin no hn cuc v c gi l Php thn (dharmakya) ca Pht (klesajneyavarana-prahanat [...] sarvadharma-vibhutualabhata's dharmakaya ity ucyate). y l giai on chuyn thc thnh tr. ---o0o--III. HC THUYT 1. Bn im quan yu ca hc thuyt Duy thc: l a. tt c hin hu ch l do thc, duy thc (vijnanapti-mtrat); b. tt c do v tng thc (layavijnanana) hin khi; c. thc c ba t tnh (tri-svabhva), m sau khi phn tch, tht ra li l ba v t tnh; d. tng lin gia ba t tnh v ba thn Pht (trikya). Theo Duy thc, a-li-da hun tp cc ht ging (chng t, bja) trong qu kh, t sinh khi cc hin tng tm thc do v chng t chn mui theo tc ng ca nghip (nghip qu). Chng tc ng nhau to nn o nh m chng ta cho l tht. Cm nhn ca con ngi do b nhim , khin pht sinh ra n tng v mt ci "ta". n tng ny l sai lm, v ch c s cm nhn (thc), ch khng c "ngi" cm nhn; do v sai lm bm vu vo ci ng cho nn phi au kh. S cm nhn, hay nhn thc ngoi cnh, c phn tch l vn khng c t tnh (ba t tnh). khng cn b thc chuyn hin, ta phi hnh tr Du-gi chuyn thc thnh tr, chuyn ba t tnh thnh ba thn Pht. ca

2. A. Th no l tt c hin hu ch duy thc? Duy thc hc hay Duy thc tng ch trng mi hin tng u ch l thc, l cm nhn ca tm, ngoi thc ang cm nhn th khng c g hin hu, khng c mt i tng khch th, c lp. Th gian ch l o nh (my), hay t cnh, bi v tt c hin th u khng bn vng, khng c t th (v ng), v khng tn ti (v thng). Tm thc, b nh hng ca v minh (avidy), tin vo nhng g m n tip xc, trong c hai trng thi tnh gic v ng m, cho rng i tng tht s hin hu bn ngoi n, trong khi tht ra, ch v ci tm thc phng th, hay l hin ra (tp khi), cho nn thy nh l th gian nh l hin hu, vy thi. Ch th, ci ta, do khng c tht; v khch th, th gii bn ngoi, cng khng c tht. KHI NIM V THC Thc, hay thc, l s nhn bit v mt "ci ng", "ci ta". Nguyn l cn bn ca Duy thc hc l "tt c mt hin hu u do thc to tc" (nht thit duy tm to). Thc l nn tng ca tt c mi hin hnh, t khi sinh ra cho n khi t gic ng; "tt c u t trn tin trnh sinh khi v dit tn ca thc, tc l s phn bit t bn trong ca tm. Thc l hnh vi, hot ng to tc phn bit ca tm, va to tc (tp khi tm) va sinh khi phn bit (t lng tm), khng ch trong trng thi tnh thc m ngay c trong trng thi v thc hay tim thc na. thc, trong khi phn bit ci ta v tt c nhng g khng phi l ta, tr thnh ch th v xem tt c nhng hin tng bn ngoi ci ng l i tng, l khch th. thc, t n, l tht. N hin hu nh l mt trng tip ni lin tc nhau ca tng gian k (moment) nhn bit v nhng hin tng din bin bn ngoi n (duyn l tm); mii mt gian k nh th va hin khi ln th lin c thay th bi gian k k tip lin tc nhau, khng gin on (tng tc thc). thc do , khng c thc cht, n sinh khi nh nng da vo thc ca gian k hin khi trc. Do v tt c, cho n khi hnh gi t n giy pht gic ng, u l do thc, cho nn tt c mi i tng ca th gii ngoi ti u ch l nhng biu hin, nhng "i din", nhng biu hin ca thc (hin thc) m thi. Do v tt c u ch l biu hin ca thc, cho nn mii mt hin tng sinh khi u khng c t tnh ni ti ca chng. Cho nn ci m ta tng l "ci ta", ci ng ca ta, ch l mt o tng, khng c ci "Ng" chn tht; mi vt u ch l hin tng do thc to thnh. Cui cng, khi thc dnh mc vo nhng biu hin ri pht sinh ra phn bit nh nguyn c nhn din, v chuyn thnh tr tu, th tt c mi chp trc vo ci ng v nhng hin tng ngoi ng u b dit tn, v gic ng hin tin.

Khi cho rng "th gian ch do tm hin khi", trit thuyt Duy thc ph quyt rng th gian khng phi l mt th hin hay to c ca mt ng ti cao v bin hay tuyt i no . Thng , cha tri, hay thin ch, v.v..., ch l mt i tng sn xut do bi tm thc m thi. Khng c g c th hin hu c lp hay bn ngoi thc. Th gian ch l s cu to bng nhn thc ca chng ta, v nu ta phn tch ci tm cha gic ng s khm ph ra c nhiu cp nhn thc khc nhau da trn thc tng tr, tng thc hay a-li-da thc, thc th 8, ni cha ng cc ht ging, chng t (bja), nghip lc ca cc hnh vi, hot ng thuc qu kh. 2. B. Tm thc Tm l hc phng Ty thng thng gii thch c cu ca s nhn thc bng 6 thc, da trn 6 cn (indriyas), tc l 6 gic quan: mt (nhn, caksu-), tai (nh, srotra-), mi (t, ghrna-), li (thit, jihva-), thn (kya-) v cn (mana-indriyas). Mt, khi tip nhn i tng ca n l cnh vt bn ngoi (trn cnh), th thy; cng vy, tai nghe, mi ngi, li nm, thn xc chm v ngh suy. Nhng nu nhn thc ca chng ta ch da trn cc cn, th ch l mt m nhn thc rt ri rc, khng th gii thch c nhng hin tng tm l tng quan v thm su. Th d, t thu nh, ta quen bit mt ngi bn, cch xa nhau ba mi my nm, tnh c gp li, ta nhn c ngay l ngi bn c thu xa. Trong hn 30 nm , ta khng h ngh nh n ngi y, m nay bng nhin gp, vn nhn ra ngay, vy th trong sut thi gian ny, hnh nh ca ngi c gi u trong 6 gic quan trn khi va gp li nhn bit ra ngay? Vn ny Tm l hc phng Ty khng gii thch c. Trong khi , ngi Th Thn tin xa mt bc, v ng gp mt thnh qu ln lao cho t tng th gii, l ngh mt c cu thc gm 4 thnh t: i. 5 thc trc; ii. thc th 6; iii. thc th 7, gi l mt-na thc; v iv. thc th 8, tc a-li-da thc, hay tng thc. Hai thnh t sau, mt-na v a-li-da thc l ng gp v i ca Th Thn i vi lch s trit l ca nhn loi. Thc th 8, nh tn gi, l tng thc, tc tng tr tt c nhng nhn thc ca chng ta, c th v nh b nh (memory) ca my vi tnh. Chnh ni tng thc ny m hnh nh ca ngi quen 30 nm trc c ct gi; khi gp li, th thc th 7, va tip nhn hnh nh ngi mi va gp li, va tm kim trong tn cng su thm ca thc th 8 hnh nh ngi quen c trc 30 nm, phi hp li, trong nhy mt cho ta bit ngay y l ngi quen. Thc th 7 ny l b x l (DOS) ca vi tnh.

2. B. i. A-li-da thc (laya-vijnanana) Nh vy, phn chnh yu ca nhn thc ca chng ta l thc th 8, a-li-da thc, hay thc tng tr (tng thc, nng tng) lm c s cho 7 thc kia. Ali-da thc cn gi l "cha ng mi nh tng" (s tng); t ni a-li-da ny m tt c nhng nim v ci ta (ng chp), v nhng hnh vi hot ng ca n trong th gii ngoi ti (php chp) sinh khi. Nu ta c th ly v d a-li-da thc ny nh l mt bin nc rng ln mnh mng, th 7 thc kia chnh l nhng t sng nhp nh, hay o t, trn mt nc . Theo , 7 thc trc khng th tch ri khi thc th 8 ny, cng khng lm quy ng s yn tnh ni y su ca bin; nc v sng l mt, th c 8 thc ny cn bn cng khng hai. Ta cng tm thy t d v nc v sng ny trong hc thuyt Tnh Khng. Thc th 8 ny siu vit "nh nguyn ca ch th v khch th, ca hin hu v khng hin hu"; n khng c mt ch no trong hot trnh ca n, khng h nhn bit n i tng, khng phn bit, khng b ngn che (v ph), khng tt cng khng xu (v k). A-li-da thc l ni tng tr cc ht ging (chng t) do hnh ng to tc bt u t nguyn nhn a n kt qu (nghip), do v nhng hnh ng m mui ca chng ta. Thc ny khng to nn nghip chng, nhng n gi vai tr nh l ch th ca qu bo i vi nhng hnh hot c trong qu kh, dn n kt qu ni hin ti, v nh hng n nhng hot ng v chp trc vo tng lai, khin chng sinh phi lun hi trong 3 ci (tam gii) v 9 vng (cu a). Tin trnh chn mui ca cc chng t, nhng suy t, nhng nhn thc v i th, tt c u l ch quan; cho nn tin trnh v kt qu ca n u khng c tht. Gii thot khi vng lun hi khi tt c nhng ht ging phin no c thay th bi cc chng t thanh tnh do nhng tnh nghip to thnh. A-lida thc cng hun cha cc ht ging thanh tnh ni ti, l ngun gc cho ch hng v gic ng. Khi t c gic ng, th thc th 8 ny khng cn nhng ht ging cha chn mui (d thc chng) na, v chuyn thnh Tr ca tm gng trn ln (i vin cnh tr, Great mirror wisdom). A-li-da thc c 2 phn: phn ch th v phn i tng c nhn thc. Phn trc th tng duyn vi thc th 7, phn sau duyn vi thc th 6 v 5 thc trc, th hin qua cc trng thi tr thc, o c v tm linh, nh tham i, tnh ton, phn tch, thin nh, tin tng, h thn, tr tu, v.v... Khi phn sau chuyn bin trong lc gic ng, th n tr thnh Hu c tr

(subsequently-attained wisdom). Tuy A-li-da thc phi duyn vi tt c 3 loi bin chuyn (parinma) chuyn thc thnh tr, nhng bn trong n cn c mt c s thng tn tr gi t tng trong sch, bt bin v vnh cu. l thc th 9, a-mt-na hay a-m-na thc (amna-vijnanana) do Pht gio Ty Tng ch trng nhng cha c bn rng su, bi v n , ch cn trng thi t nhn m thi, khng cn phi nng theo nhng loi hnh ngn ng thng thng. B. ii. Thc th 7 (Mt-na thc, mano-vijnanana) Thc th 7 che lp chn tnh ca con ngi bi quan nim v ci ng, ci ti (ng chp). y cng gi l thc truyn thng (defiling-transmitter consciousness), bi v n l ni cht cha, hun tp nhng hin hu ca th gii khng tht bn ngoi, bin chng thnh nhng ht ging o tng, t cho rng c mt ci ng c bit bn trong, lm cho nhim 6 thc trc. Thc th 7 ny cng lm nhim thc th 8 bng cch lin tc cung cp cho thc A-li-da mt ci ng tng rng c tht (chp ni ng, ng tht tng), trong khng gian v thi gian. Tri nhn ca thc th 7 ny l sai lm (phi lng) do v bn tnh chp trc ca n, to nn 4 loi o nh: ng kin, ng i, ng si v ng mn. N cng duyn vi 8 i ty phin no, nh gii i, bt tn, v.v... B. iii. Thc th 6 (manaskra) Tri kin v nhn thc hin hnh ni thc th 6, thc. Thc ny, cng 5 thc trc, "nhn thy" th gii hin tng bn ngoi. Thc ny chp mc vo nhng hin hnh ca 5 un nh l i tng v ny sinh nhng nim khng ngng ngh v ci ta nh l ch th, trong tin trnh tng duyn 51 php vi tm. Thc ny l thc phn bit nh nguyn, phi tri, trng en, lnh nng, v.v..., v t chuyn ph phn, phn bit, tnh ton, so lng trn cn bn o c (duyn l tm) nhng g m 5 thc trc thu nhp vo. Phn bit (vikalpavasana), gm c 3: i. t tnh phn bit; ii. k phn bit, phn bit do tnh ton khin to nghip trong tng lai; iii. tu nim phn bit, phn bit do hi tng nhng kinh nghim qu kh. Thc ny cng duyn vi cc tm s cn bn v ty phin no ng thi vi tam tnh v tam tr khi cc tnh tr ny xm nhp vo ba trng hung bn ngoi (tam cnh). Trong tin trnh , thc th 6 to nn nghip bi do phn bit, suy on, v quyt nh a n th hin nhng hnh ng c th bng

thn v khu, hoc bng hnh ng tm linh nh tnh ton, ngh ngi, hoc bng hnh ng tnh cm nh yu, ght, tham mun, v.v... Khi hnh gi t n a th 8, th nhng dnh mc chp trc vo ci ng ca thc th 6 ny on dt, ch cn chp mc vo php. B. iv. Nm thc trc (panca-parijnananas) Nm thc trc c gi l thc tip nhn, do 5 gic quan (cn) cm nhn, gm c nhn, nh, t, thit, thn thc. Nhng cm nhn ny sinh khi t ni thc th 8. Mi cn thc gm c 2 phn: a. Phn cht th, tc 5 cn, mt, tai, mi, li, thn; v b. Phn nhn thc; v nhng thn kinh dn a 5 cn vo phn nhn thc ca a-li-da. Chng c th hin sinh cng mt lc nhng khng nht thit phi theo th t nh lit k, hoc ch 1 hay 2 cn hin sinh m thi, ty theo hon cnh. Nm cn thc ny duyn vi 31 tm s (5 bin hnh, 5 bit cnh, 11 thin, 10 ty phin no), v ng thi duyn vi thc th 6 khi thc ny tip nhn nhng g m 5 cn thc thu nhp vo, to nn mt hnh nh trong tm thc v thc ti. Sau khi nhng nhn thc ca 5 cn thc ny c thc th 6 tip thu, chng c chuyn qua thc th 7, t nhng tri nhn ny c gi vo thc th 8 l ni tng tr tt c nhng g m 5 cn nhn thc xuyn qua qu trnh tip nhn ca thc th 6 v 7. Tin trnh ny tng tc tip din khng ngng, v to nn nhng ht ging nghip ni thc th 8. Tt c 5 thc tip nhn ny u khng c kh nng phn bit o c, cho nn chng thuc tnh trung dung (v k tnh). C 5 cn thc u c mt ni ci dc gii, trong khi nhn, nh v thn thc cn c mt ni a th nht ca ci sc gii. Qua n a th hai (nh thin nh, sinh h lc a) ca sc gii th 5 cn thc ny khng cn sinh khi. B. v. Tin trnh phn bit ca thc a. Ba loi tr phn bit (Tam lng) S phn bit, l thy c ta c ngi, c ch th v khch th, c ci ng ni ti v th gii ngoi ti. Ch th c 3 loi tr phn bit (tam lng): i. Nhn thc trc tip ngay tc thi hin tng ang xy ra (hin lng, direct veridical perception), duyn vi 5 thc trc, cho thy hnh nh chn tht ca thc ti. Th d: Qu cam mu xanh. ii. Da trn nhn thc , ny sinh suy on (t lng). Th d: Tri cam ny chc s ngt/chua.

iii. Nhn thc tng tng, o gic, khng ph hp vi gi tr chn tht ca thc ti (phi lng). Th d: Qu cam ny chc s c nhiu ngi ginh mua. b. Ba cnh (Tam cnh) Ba tr phn bit th duyn vi ch th, n phn hai ca s phn bit th duyn vi i tng hay khch th ca nhn thc. i. Khi nhng phng din ca cnh gii t nhin bn ngoi (tnh cnh) c thc tip nhn, chng cha b mo m bi dnh mc vo ng v php. Tnh cnh ny cha b iu kin ca nhn qu chen vo, tng ng vi nhn thc a/i. ca tam tr k trn. Th d: ta thy mt a hoa mc bn v ng. ii. Nhng n tng do tr suy on v tng tng a/ii. & a/iii. ca thc th 6 to thnh (i cht cnh) khin ta li suy on. Th d: a hoa ny p qu. iii. Quan nim v ci ng khin ta suy ngh sai lc v bp mo thc cht ca i tng, to nn mt nh tng khng c tht (c nh cnh). Th d: a hoa ny chc chn l v ta m n y. c. Ba loi cm th (Tam th) Tt c nhng kinh nghim tnh cm hay tm linh ca chng ta, do 6 cn duyn hp vi 6 trn, sinh ra 6 thc, c phn tch thnh 3 loi: i. vui v (lc), ii. khng c nh (kh), iii. khng kh khng vui (v k). Mi mt kinh nghim u phi thuc mt trong 3 loi ny. d. Ba [c] tnh phn bit vi Tam t tnh l 3 c thi thuc v hin tng ca thc, ta gi c thi thuc v o c l 3 c tnh, phn tch theo hnh hot nhn qu ca thc m din t. Ba tnh ny, theo khi nim o c, thay i tng giy pht mt, v gm 3 loi: i. Tt, thin (wholesome); khi mt hnh ng mang li li ch, l kt qu ca nhng nghip chng t nhng hnh hot thin trong qu kh. Hnh hot thin ny duyn vi 11 thin php.

ii. Khng tt, bt thin (unwholesome); hnh ng tri vi thin l bt thin, to thnh nhng nghip chng xu. Tnh ny duyn vi cc tm s ty phin no. iii. V k, nhng hnh ng khng thin khng c. Tnh ny duyn vi 5 thc trc. B. vi. Php Duy thc tng, cng nh cc tng phi khc trong o Pht, c mc ch ti hu l dit tn ci tm thc nh nguyn (pratisamkhy-nirodha) , bng phng php phn tch tm hay thc, a n kt lun rng chng vn ch l thnh t ca cc php (bch php) cho nn v ng, v ch l mt phi hp ca ng un. Do vy khng c mt bn th (dravya) c th tm thy c; cho nn khi ni rng mt ci tm hay mt ngi c ngh l v tm thc (vijnanana) ch l mt dng lu chuyn ca nhng ngh (vijnanapti) m thi. Php l nhng yu t ti hu cng c v duy tr s hin hu ca vn vt. Trong truyn thng trit hc n , trong c Pht gio, quan nim tt c mi hin hu u l php. Con ngi l mt php; con ngi gm c u, thn, tay chn, v.v..., th u l mt php; u gm c mt, mi, ming, tc, chn my, v.v., th mt l mt php, tai l mt php; mt gm c vnh mi, trng trng, trng en, lng nheo, v.v..., th trng trng, lng nheo, v.v..., li cng l php, v.v... V c th m chia ch ra cho n tn cng, n ch khng cn c th chia ch c na, m khoa hc gi l nguyn t. Nhng nguyn t ny l nhng thc th hin hu lin i nhau, to nn bn tnh ca thc ti. Do m Th Thn nu ln vn , ngay c nguyn t cng khng phi l khng chia ch c, bi v chng phi lin hp nhau, m khi c lin hp th phi c cht th, gm 6 mt, ng, Ty, Nam, Bc, trn, di, khng phi l khng c g ht khng cn chia ch c na. Cho nn, mi mt php l do tm thc to thnh theo mt chui cc s c lin hp theo gian k. T , nhng g hin hu cng ch l s dnh mc chp trc vo mt thc ti huyn ha do thc to tc m thi. Trong tin trnh cc s c hin hnh, th cc php u nh hng v b nh hng (tng tc) bi 8 thc. Duy thc hc k 100 php thuc v tm thc, vn c th xp lm nhiu loi da trn 3 tnh (thin, bt thin v v k, k trn) ca chng, bi v cc php u khng hin hu thc s. C 5 loi php (ng v):

a. Tm php, gm c 8, th hin 8 thc; b. Tm s hu php, gm 51, lin i hin hnh (tng ng) vi 8 tm php. 51 tm s hu php ny li c chia lm 6 loi ph: i. lin i hot ng ph qut, c 5 (5 tm s bin hnh); ii. 5 trng thi c bit ( 5 bit cnh); iii. 11 php hon ton tt (11 tm s thin: tin tng, bit h thn, v.v.); iv. 6 cn bn phin no: tham, sn, si, mn, nghi, c kin; v. 20 tm s ty phin no: tro c, hn trm, bt tn, gii i, phng dt, tht nim, bt chnh tri, v tm, v qu, v.v...; v vi. 4 tm s bt nh (hi, min, v.v...). c. Sc php, gm c 11: 5 cn (mt, tai, mi, li, thn) v 6 trn (sc, thanh, hng, v, xc, php); cc php ny l hnh bng ca hai loi trn; d. Bt tng ng hnh php, gm c 24 php khng tng ng vi 3 loi trn, d nh thi gian, sinh dit, phn bit, v.v...; e. V vi php, gm c 6, l nhng php khng b iu kin, nh h khng, s suy ngh, v.v..., do 4 loi trn hin by. Nhn din c ng v trm php ny khi chng tng ng hay cu sinh vi cc thc, l bc u cn bn trn ng gic ng, cho n khi t n i vin cnh tr, khi hnh gi khng cn phn bit v ng v ng s na. 2. C. Ba t tnh hay ba v t tnh Lun Trisvabhavanirdesa c bit xin dng ba t tnh, phn tch tng tn cc c thi ca chng v s lin h gia 3 tnh ny vi nhau. Trong Nh thp tng, ngi Th Thn bo v thuyt Duy thc v kch cc ch trng chng i bi bc Duy thc, nhng cha ni r vai tr v cu trc ca ba tnh trong hc thuyt Duy thc ca mnh. Trong Tam thp tng, ngi Th Thn bn n s lin h gia ba tnh vn tr thnh l ba "v t tnh", khi phn tch theo c tnh v tng trng ca chng (laksana-nihsvabhavata), khi phn tch v s to tc ca chng (utpatti-nihsvabhavat), v cui cng l v t tnh chn tht ca chng (paramartha-nihsvabhavata). Kinh Gii Thm Mt (Samdhinirmocana -stra) c bn n Ba t tnh ny, nhng khng cp n lin h ca chng vi quan im Duy thc, cng khng i su vo nhng lin h gia chng vi nhau. Duy ch c ngi Th Thn trong lun Tam t tnh ny mi phn tch t m v trit l Duy thc khi bn n ba t tnh v gii thch chng tng lin s vn hnh v hot ng cng nhau nh th no. An Hu, khi ch gii Tam

thp tng (Trimsik-krika), ng nht Ba t tnh vi ba v t tnh theo trong kinh Gii Thm Mt. Quan im ny ca An Hu c cc lun s Ty Tng nh Tsong-Khapa v MKhas Grub tuyt i chp nhn khng tranh ci thm. Bi v: a. Mt i tng khi hin hu, mang nhiu ngha cho nhiu ch th khi nhn thy i tng . Th d: i. Mt c gi p c th khin nhiu thanh nin ham mun nhc dc, m cng l ming mi ngon cho con cp trong rng, hay ch l mt y tht thi i vi v La hn gic ng; ii. mt ly ru, i vi ngi ghin l "nc cam l", vi ngi bnh gan l thuc c, v.v... b. Duy thc thng dng th d v gic mng ch s khng c tht c thc ti. iu thch th l, ngy nay, khoa hc nht l phn tm hc, cng tin n trnh chng minh nhng sai lm v thiu st ca cc cn thc. Th d nh mt ngi, sau khi dng cc ngn tay bt kn i mt v i tai, sau mt lc s thy mt chi la v tai lng bng, tip n s sinh ra nhng o gic nh t bay c ln my, ln tri, vo thin nh nghe Ngc hong Thng sai phn, v.v... Ngi t to mt th gian y ba chiu (3 dimensions) y nh tht. T d vi nhng hin tng xy ra trong gic mng cng th, i vi phn tm hc v tm l hc phng Ty ngy cng c c s chng thc v c chp nhn hc tp cng nh ng dng tr bnh [18]. c. Duy thc ph bc s hin hu c lp ca cc i tng bng dn chng l ngay c nguyn t cng vn cn c th b chia ch n v cng v tn. Thuyt ny nay cng c tn vt l hc phng Ty chp nhn, khi khm ph ra rng, cng nh ngi Th Thn xng gn hai ngn nm v trc, l nguyn t (atom) - mt n v cht th khng cn b chia ch ra c na- l bt kh th. Bi v sau atom cn c thm mt lot nhng n v chi li hn atom na, no l proton, neutron, negatron, v.v... Sau khi ph bc s hin hu chn tht ca i tng vt cht, cc lun s Duy thc bn xng lp thuyt tng i gia ch th v khch th, ni ng v ngoi ti, nhn din i tng ca thc trong tng lin vi chnh cc thc t n/chng. Thuyt ny rt quan trng trong Duy thc hc, tc l thuyt ba t tnh ca thc ti. Ni cch khc, ba t tnh l 3 c tnh ca mt php, c nhn din qua kinh nghim ca hnh gi. C ba tnh ny u trc tip c mt khi nhn thc hin khi.

a. Tnh bin k s chp, l tnh chp trc vo nhng bin hin bn ngoi m cho l thc (bin k s chp tnh, parikalpita). Tht ra, tt c nhng hin hu trong th gian u ch l o nh (my), hay t cnh, bi v chng khng bn vng, khng chc tht c khng t th (v ng), v khng tn ti (v thng). y l tnh tng tng do phn bit ch th-khch th to thnh; l tnh chp nhn thc ti ca "ci ng", chp nhn gi tr ca s tng tng cho l tht. Th d, khi i trn sa mc kh khan v nng bng, ta thy c nc lp lnh, th lin cho l c nc tht, nhng tht ra ch l o nh, l bng nc m thi. b. Tnh y tha khi, l tnh nng da vo nhng yu t khc c th sinh khi c (y tha khi tnh, paratantra). Tnh ny l c s cho tnh bin k pht sinh, v cho tnh vin thnh tht xut hin. Tnh ny da theo cc nguyn nhn v iu kin bn ngoi m to hnh thnh, cho nn nhng hnh nh m ta nhn thc u b mo m theo nhng nguyn nhn v iu kin kia. T , ta au kh, bi v nhng hnh nh khng duyn hp vi thc ti c nhn thc. Th d: Thy bng nc, ng l s c ht kht; n chng khm ph ra bng nc khng c, ta tht vng, au kh. Tnh y tha khi ny, t n cng chnh l mt bng nc m thi. c. Tnh vin thnh tht, l tnh trn y, chn tht (vin thnh tht tnh, parinispanna). y l tnh y , chn tht v hon ton, l tnh ti hu, tnh duy nht c tht. Tnh ny khng cn phn bit nh nguyn, nhn th gii nh l nhng biu hin m thi. Do v lc no tnh ny cng nh th, khng b nh hng bi iu kin, cho nn tnh ny l nh vy, l "nh tht" ca tt c. Tnh ny khi nhn thy bng nc, bit l ang nhn thy bng nc. Khi ta kinh nghim s tng duyn trong tin trnh ca tm, bit l thc y tha hin khi khng c nhng c tnh i th ngoi ti ca thc bin k s chp, khi ta cn c thc vin thnh tht; mi khi nim v "ci ta", v "i tng" u on dit, th kt qu l "s vt nh l t n", l gic ng. T ng Pha din t kinh nghim ny qua hai cu sau vit v L Sn: "... i ri v li khng g l, L Sn m ta khi triu dng". (L Sn yn ta Trit giang triu V o bnh sinh hn bt tiu o c hon lai v bit s L Sn yn ta Trit giang triu). Trong 3 tnh trn, Y tha khi tnh gi vai tr ht sc quan trng, lm trng tm cho trit thuyt Duy thc, bi v tnh ny, mt mt c th to nn o

gic lm ta phi ln ln trong sinh t lun hi; mt khc, cng tnh ny, c kh nng a ta n gic ng, Nit bn. Khi tm thc phn bit mt i tng ngoi ti, khin tnh y tha khi ny nhn thc l c ch th v khch th, to nn tnh bin k s chp, ri ta chp mc vo , th l lun hi. Nhng cng tnh y tha khi ny, mt khi thanh tnh, siu vit nhng ngh c tnh cch phn bit, khi Tnh Khng ca ch th v khch th c nhn din, th cng c th duyn vi tng thc (thc th 8, hay cn bn thc, theo Ty Tng), khin thc ny thanh tnh, siu vit nh nguyn, th hnh gi t gii thot. Nh th, tnh y tha khi ny ng gia hai l trnh ca tm thc, hoc to tc o tng khin i vo sinh t lun hi, hoc duyn vi tnh chn tht trn y do tr tu bt nh iu hnh, th l Nit bn. D. Ba thn Pht Tuy rng tm gic ng th bt nh, nhng cn bn Duy thc th li l mt phng php din t v phn tch, cho nn ta cn bit n s phn loi hot trnh ca tm thc trong tng quan vi 4 bc tm gic ng (c gi l tr, tc tr tu). l s chuyn bin 8 thc thnh 4 tr, khi tnh Y tha khi duyn vi tnh chn tht trn y, khi hnh gi t gic ng. i. Nm thc trc (tin ng thc: mt, tai, mi, li, thn) tr thnh tr thnh cng trong hnh hot, tc Thnh s tc tr (wisdom of successful performance). c tnh ca tr ny l thanh tnh v khng cn b vng mc khi tip xc vi cc cn v i tng ca chng, tc cc trn. ii. Thc th 6, tr thnh tr qun st tuyt vi, tc Diu quan st tr (wonderful contemplation wisdom). c tnh ca tr ny l bit tng tn v ci hon ton khng ca ng (ci ta) v ca php (vn vt bn ngoi), tc ng khng v php khng. Vi tr ny, c Pht bit r cc php nh tht khng b bp mo, khng b ngn tr, t , Ngi bit r tt c cc iu kin thuc tm v thn ca vn vt, hu tnh cng nh v tnh, cho nn c th ty phng tin gio ha chng. iii. Thc th 7 tr thnh tr c tnh bnh ng, Bnh ng tnh tr (wisom of equality), vi c tnh l nhn bit tn tng bn tnh bnh ng gia ci tng l ta v nhng hin hu khng phi ta. iv. Thc th 8 tr nn tr sng soi nh tm gng trn ln, tc i vin cnh tr (Great mirror wisdom), phn chiu ton th v tr mt cch nh tht, khng sai tri, mo m.

Tuy rng 4 tr ny ch hin hnh sau khi con ngi t c gic ng, nhng mt vi kha cnh ca Diu quan st tr v i vin cnh tr cng bt u hot ng trong mt cng yu km hn trc khi bc n cnh gii gic ng. Trc khi gic ng, s hiu bit ca chng ta ch l m kin thc thu thp qua kinh nghim, c sch, hc hi khi giao tip vi th gii hng ngy ca chng ta m tp thnh. Mt khi tri kin tp trung vo ni gic ng, th tri kin ny bt u chun b tip nhn tr cn bn (Cn bn tr). Cn nhc li, tr tu l s hiu bit nht nguyn, nhn bit s vt l nh tht, nh l chnh n, khng c phn bit ch th v i th, khng ph phn, khng c nhn thc nh nguyn chen vo. Tr tu ny siu vit ngn t, vn c, khi nim; hon ton l s bit thanh tnh rng Chn nh l cn bn ca thc ti. Tr cn bn ny ny sinh Tr hu c (Hu c tr: subsequently-attained wisdom) l mt hnh thc thanh tnh ca tr tu pht sinh khi khng cn phn bit, nhng cha t n gic ng gii thot, cho nn gi l "tr th gian thanh tnh". y l tr cn thit phi c c th phn bit tt c cc php, m khng vng mc dnh chp vo chng hay bi chng, nn c th loi b mi m lm v hin tng gi t do thc to thnh. c Pht dng tr hu c ny thuyt php sinh m khng thy c ngi c , cho nn thong dong t ti, i li khng cn buc rng, l bc Nh Lai. Tr hu c ny gii thch hnh vi, hot ng ca bc sau khi gic ng, vn c th i din vi tt c nhng hnh danh sc tng ca ngoi ti trong th gian huyn ha ny. Pht c ba thn: Php thn, Bo thn v Ha (hay ng) thn. Ch c thn th 3, Php thn (Dharmakya) l chn tht. Bo thn (Sambhogakya, Enjoyment body) v Ha thn (Nirmnakya, Transformation body) ch l nhng biu hin ca Php thn, v l nhng hin th dng lm phng tin tng i tng ng vi thc cn m mui, cha gic ng. a. Ha thn, ni n thn th vt cht trong th gii hin tng ny. Ha thn ny cn thit c Pht gio ha chng sinh, a h n con ng gic ng. Thnh s tc tr hin hu ni Ha thn ny c Pht c th hnh vi, hot ng bng nhn thc, nh ngi bnh thng trong chng ta. l c Pht lch s, c Thch Ca Mu Ni, th hin ni ci Ta b ny thuyt ging gio l vn php duy thc. b. Bo thn l mt hin th v hn, diu dng m c Pht dng gio ha bc B tt, nhng ng hu tnh trc giai on cui cng ca gic ng. C

rt nhiu Bo thn, mi Bo thn c mt ci tri, hay mt tnh ring, siu vit ngoi h thng mt tri ca th gii chng ta, ni rt d dng c nghe v thc tp php. Bnh ng tnh tr tng ng vi Bo thn ny. c. Php thn Pht c 2 tng: i. Tng tng, l ci Nht siu vit c mt v nhiu, l chn th tuyt i, l bn tnh ni ti m tt c ch Pht u c, th hin nh l tr vn ton, hon ho, tuyt nh; l bn tnh ti thng ca thc ti, ca chn nh, nh th, khng; ii. Bit tng, l Sai bit, l hot trnh hin tng, l hnh thc c th ca Php; l thc th 8, tng thc, hay a-li-da thc chuyn bin v l Php thn c trc nhn th hin ngay khi t gic ng. Php thn ny tng ng vi i vin cnh tr. L tng v mc ch ca con ngi theo Pht gio l t n gic ng. Duy thc quan nim gic ng l thc trng ca Chn nh (True Suchness, hoc Thusness), l bn tnh ti thng ca vn vt. Chn nh l trng thi hin hu duy nht ca thc ti. Khi khng cn phn bit gia ni ti v ngoi gii, th hnh gi t gic ng, trc nhn mt s tht bt nh tuyt i, siu vit thc v mt "ci ta" phn bit, chp trc, dnh mc. Trong ngha ny, ta thy Duy thc hc khng phi l thun ty mt trit l dng bin lun sung. Khi gic ng, tin trnh i tm kim i tng bn ngoi ca tm chm dt, cng nh tin trnh lin tc phng th nng lc ca thc vo th gii ngoi ti vn b iu kin rng buc cng on dit. Khi , tm thc trong trng thi nh tnh, tip thu nng lc ngoi ti cng c v tng trng tm thc khng cn phn bit , ging nh cnh hoa cc tip nhn nng lng nh sng mt tri rng r. E. Phn ca Ba thn Pht on trn, ta ni n chuyn thc thnh tr, do t ni tnh y tha khi. Cng tnh ny, khi tm thc phn bit mt i tng ngoi ti, khin tnh y tha khi nhn thc l c ch th v khch th, to nn tnh bin k s chp, ri ta chp mc vo , to nhn a n qu, gy thnh nghip, th l lun hi. a. Nghip

Kt qu ca nhng hnh ng to tc, c hay v tnh, ca chng ta, gi l nghip. Hu qu ca nhng hnh ng li du vt hay l ht ging gieo trng trong tng thc. Nhng ht ging ny ny mm theo thi gian v ny sinh thm nhng ht ging mi. T , nhng cuc i ca chng ta, trong qu kh, hin ti cng nh tng lai, u b dn dt bi nhng hnh ng trong qu kh kt thnh ni hin ti (d thc, vipaka) v a y n nhng hnh ng trong tng lai. Nghip chu trch nhim cho s tip din lin tc ca c tnh mi hin th, thng qua s cht hoc v thc. Sau khi mt ht ging kt tri, th n xong trch v. Tuy nhin, nhng ht ging mi cng theo m sinh khi ngay, trong mi gian k nhanh hn nhy mt. V c th m chng ta c b dn dt mi trong vng o nh ca hin tng ngoi ti, vn c mi tin tng vo s tht b bp mo trong khun kh ca nhn thc nh nguyn, cho n khi no m ta t n giy pht gic ng mi thi. Bi v gia cc chng t ca nghip v nhng o tng m chng to tc ging nhau, cho nn s nhn thc ca mi ngi v th gian bn ngoi u tng t vi nhau. Cho nn, chng ta thng ng vi mi ngi v ci th gii ngoi ti m chng ta ang m chm trong vng sinh t lun hi trong . ng thi, chng ta cng kinh nghim nhng nh hng t bn ngoi theo dng hin tng tm thc, bi v nhng th hin ca ring mnh cng nh hng n th gii bn ngoi, trong c nhng ngi khc. Tin trnh ca nghip c 3 giai on: i. o tng hin khi bt ngun t ni thc th 6, l thc to tc nn hnh ng dn a n nghip (dn nghip); ii. Nghip to tc do v gy ging (chng t) ni thc th 8, l ni cha ng tt c mi tm thc (tng thc). Vng sinh t v lun hi trong tng lai dn a tng thc ny ti sinh vo trong 6 ci (lc o lun hi, 6 levels of existence); iii. Cui cng, th nhn nghip bo l s ny n ca cc ht ging nghip (mn nghip); chng ta gt hi nhng g chng ta gieo trng, gieo gi gt bo. b. Nghip bo lun hi dn dt chng ta trong 3 ci (tam gii: dc, sc v v sc gii). Ba ci ny, bc pht tm B tt hnh tr Du-gi, ln lt kinh nghim qua, tri qua 9 vng (cu a), trc khi gic ng vin mn, bi v,

tuy ni l t gic ng, nhng y ch l mt kinh nghim chp nhong, l mt "satori", ch cha phi thc chng Nit bn. Cu a trong tam gii gm c: b-1. Dc gii : a th nht, th gii ca i dc, ni ca 6 no lun hi, ni 5 loi chng sinh ng sng ln ln chung nhau (ng th tp c a); b-2. Sc gii: 4 tng thin: i. S thin ly sinh, h lc a (Joyful stage of leaving production); ii. Nh thin nh, sinh h lc a (Joyful stage of the arising of samdhi); iii. Tam thin ly h, diu lc a (Stage of wonderful bliss of being apart from joy); iv. T thin x nim, thanh tnh a (Stage of renouncing thought); b-3. V sc gii: 4 bc thin: i. Khng v bin x a (Infinite Space); ii. Thc v bin x a (Infinite Consciousness); bc thin ny, thc th 7 khng cn cu sinh vi thc th 8, ph chp ng v tr thnh Bnh ng tnh tr; iii. V s hu x a (Unmoving Ground or Nothing Whatsoever); tt c thc th 6 v 7 u dit tn, tr thnh Diu quan st tr; iv. Phi tng phi phi tng x a (Neither Cognition nor Non-cognition). ---o0o--KT LUN Mt ln na, cn nhn nh rng Duy thc hay Du-gi khng phi l mt trng phi nhn thc lun, thit lp c cu thc 4 nhnh ch bin lun sung. Trong khi Duy thc, nh tn gi, ch trng n lun l suy din v thc, th Du-gi, cng theo tn gi, ch trng n s thc hnh tm linh chuyn thc thnh tr. Ta cng nn ghi nhn y nhng im tng t gia hai trit l Tnh Khng v Duy thc. Quan nim v lun hi v Nit bn ca Duy thc tng lin vi quan nim Tc v Chn ca Trung qun. Nhn duyn (prattyasamutpda, interdependent origination) l nguyn l ni lin Tc v Chn , ni lin lun hi v Nit bn, sinh t v gic ng. Nh Long Th xng, nu ta xem nhn duyn nh l mc ni gia nhn v qu, ta c lun hi (samsara), nhng nu ta dng nhn duyn nh Tnh Khng, ta

c Nit bn. iu lm mc ni gia nhn v qu, gia nghip v nhng hu qu ca nghip lc, l khi nim, l nhn thc, l tng tng. Tc ca Trung qun nh th tng hp vi tnh bin k s chp ca Duy thc, bi v c hai u lun v nhn v qu, v ch-khch, v ni-ngoi; trong lc Chn cng l tnh vin thnh tht, v c hai l thc tnh, l khng, bt nh, v-nhn (duyn). Nguyn l v nhn duyn ca Trung qun l nguyn l v tnh y tha khi ca Duy thc. C s cho c hai thuyt ny l Tm (hay Thc); tm rt quan yu trong c hai, nhn duyn v y tha khi. Gia hai trit thuyt, ta c mt bn l tng i, thc ti gi t, i i nh nguyn; mt bn l tuyt i, chn nh, tnh vin thnh tht; v mc ni gia hai cc oan l nguyn l tng i (ca Trung qun), hay nguyn l y tha khi (ca Duy thc), vn l cn bn ca Tm. Tm li, tt c cc trit thuyt ca Pht gio u xoay quanh vn Tm (Thc) v, bng bin lun hay bng hnh tr, cng u t c s trn Tm t gic ng. Gic ng l mc ch ti hu ca hnh gi; ngoi gii thot v gic ng, khng cn mc ch no khc. B tt phi t gic ng xong mi c th hong ha m khng phi b trm lun trong lun hi sinh t. ---o0o---

Ph lc
CC TC PHM CHNH TRONG DUY THC TNG 1. Kinh: i. Lankvatra-stra: Lng gi kinh; Suzuki Daisetz Taitero dch ra Anh vn, mt nguyn bn kinh v mt tp lun gii, gi l Studies in the Lankavatarastra; ii. Mahvaipulya-Buddha-Avatamsaka-stra: i phng qung Pht Hoa Nghim kinh, cn gi l Bt thp [chng] Hoa Nghim; Anh dch: Flower Ornament stra. Ngoi ra cn c Gandavyuha-stra, Lc thp Hoa Nghim, Garland stra; iii. Sandhinirmocana-stra: Gii thm mt kinh;

iv. Mahyna-Abhidharma-stra, i tha A-t-t-ma, thng c cc bn vn Nhip i tha lun, Dugi s a lun..., nhc n, nhng nay khng cn tn bn no. 2. Lun: i. Vimsika-vijnaptimtrat-krika: Duy thc Nh thp tng. Th Thn son, Huyn Trng dch, 1q.; ii. Trimsika-vijnaptimtrat-krika: Duy thc Tam thp tng. Th Thn son, Huyn Trng dch, 1q.; iii. Yogcryabhmi-sstra; Du Gi s a lun. V Trc son, Huyn Trng dch, 100q.; iv. Trisvabhva-nirdesa: Tam t tnh hay Trinisvabhva-sstra: Tam v t tnh lun. Th Thn son, Chn dch, 2 q.; v. Mahynasatadharma-vidyvra-sstra: i tha Bch php minh mn lun. Th Thn son, Huyn Trng dch, 1q.; vi. Abhisamaylankra: Hin chng trang nghim. vii. Mahyna-samparigraha-sstra: Nhip i tha lun. V Trc son; Chn (Paramrtha) dch, 3q.; Huyn Trng trng dch, 3q.; viii. Abhidharma-samuccaya-sstra: A-t-t-ma Tp tp lun. V Trc son; Simhabodhi (S T Tr) ch thch, Sthiramati (An Hu) tp; Huyn Trng dch, 16q.; ix. Madhynta-vibhga-krika-sstra: Bin trung bin lun. Di Lc i s, Maitreyanrtha, thuyt; Huyn Trng dch, 3q.; x. Mahyna-pancaskandhakaprakarana: i tha ng un lun. Th Thn son, Huyn Trng dch, 1q.; xi. rya-ssana-prakarana-sstra: Hin dng thnh gio lun. V Trc son, Huyn Trng dch; 20q.; xii. Mahynastra-alankra-sstra: i tha trang nghim kinh lun. V Trc son, Ba-la-ph Mt-a (Prabhkrnamitra) dch, 13 q.;

3. Cc lun khc: do An Hu (Sthiramati, th k VI) v cc lun s khc, vit: i. Abhidharmakosa-bhsya-tk-tattvrtha-nma: A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun thut ngha s; ii. Vijnptimtratsiddhi-trimsik-bhsya: Duy thc Tam thp tng thch lun; iii. Abhidharmasamuccaya-bhsya-trka: A-t-t-ma Tp tp lun thch; iv. Mahynastralankrawrtti-bhsya-trka: i tha Trang nghim lun ngha thch; v. Mahynaratnakta-dharma-paryya: i bo tch kinh lun; 3. Th mc v Duy thc tng (Anh ng) Vasubandhu. Basic Teachings of Consciusness (Yogacara) Only; compiled by Ron Epstein. New Delhi: Karmasiddhiprakarana, 1992. Vasubandhu's 'Treatise on the Three Natures' translated from the Tibetan edition with a commentary by Garfield, Jay L. Asian Philosophy 6 No.2, July 1997. Vasubandhu. A Buddhist Doctrine of Experience : a New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin, by Thomas A. Kochumutt. Boston: Shambala, 1996. Vasubandhu. The Trisvabhvanirdesa of Vasubandhu. Tr. and edited by S. Mukhopadhyaya. New Delhi: Visvabharati, 1939. Madhyanta-vibhga : discourse on discrimination between middle and extremes ascribed to Boddhisattve Maitreya and commented by Vasubandhu and Sthiramati. Benares: Motilal Banarsidass, 1948. Ch'eng Wei-Shih Lun; the Doctrine of Mere-Consciousness by Hsuan Tsang. Tr. by Wei Tat. Hongkong: The Ch'eng Wei-Shih Lun Publication Committee, 1973. Dch Thnh Duy thc lun ca Huyn Trng.

La Siddhi de Hiuan-Tsang; Louis de la Valle-Poussin dch gii Thnh Duy thc lun ca Huyn Trang. Bruselles: Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 1928-1948. Deux traits de Vasubandhu: Vimsatika et Trimsik. Sylvain Lvi dch Nh thp v Tam thp tng. Paris: 1925. Madhyntavibhga-krik-bhsya. Theodore Stcherbatsky dch Bin trung bin bin lun tng. St. Petersburg: Academie, 1936. The Seven Works of Vasubandhu. Stefan Anacker dch v ph bnh 7 tc phm ca Th Thn., trong c Nh thp v Tam thp tng. Delhi: M. Banarsidass, 1984. The Tattvasangraha of Sntaraksita, with the Commentary of Kamalasla. Tr. into English by Ganganatha Jha. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1986. 2 vols. Anacker, Stefan. Vasubandhu: Three Aspects; a Study of a Buddhist Philosopher. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1970. Beyer, Steven. The Twenty Verses by Vasubandhu with an anonymous commentary. Typescript. Chatterjee, A. K. The Yogcra Idealism. New rev. ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975. Clark, Joseph and Paul Panish. Remarks on Vasubandhu's "Thirty Verses Proving the Doctrine of Mind Only. Typescript. 1974. Das Gupta, Surendra Nath. Philosophy of Vasubandhu in Vimsatika and Trimsika, in The Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. 4:1 (March, 1928): 36-43. de Silva, M. W. Buddhist and Freudian Psychology. Colombo: Lake House, 1973. Dch Trimsika t Phn ng v so snh vi Duy thc Tam thp tng do Huyn Trng dch vi ch gii ca Dharmapla (Php H). Epstein, Ronald. General Pathways of Discrimination/Differentiation;

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