NGUN GC v TIN TRNH HNH THNH KINH I BT NH

HNH C Ngun www.quangduc.com Chuyn sang ebook 20 8 - 2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
A) DN NHP B) NGUN GC KINH BT NH C) TIN TRNH HNH THNH KINH I BT NH TI LIU THAM KHO

A) DN NHP
Bt Nh l ting phin m ca ch Phn Prajna, c ngha l tr tu, l tr sng sut c th thng hiu mi vic i. Nhng, trong Pht hc, khi ni n tr tu, chng ta phi phn bit c bn loi, khc nhau rt xa: 1. Tr tu ca phm phu: Mi ngi th gian u c tr hiu bit bnh thng. Khi ci tr hiu bit y qu thp km, khng bit suy ngh , khng bit g nhiu ngoi nhng hot ng bnh thng, ngi ta gi l hng ngi ngu si, hay t hn na l n n. i vi ngi c ci tr hiu bit trn mc bnh thng, nghe mt hiu mi, t mnh bit suy ngh mt cch chn chn, thy r nhng vic phi tri, tt xu, v.v, ngi ta gi l hng ngi khn ngoan, lanh li, thng minh. Trn na l hng ngi thng thi vt tri hn tt c, c kh nng tm hiu, khm ph, sng to, pht minh; c gi l hng ngi c tr tu. Mt mu chc hay, mt hnh ng tt ca hng ngi ny c th em li li ch, an vui cho nhn qun x hi, v h tr thnh nhng bc anh hng, v nhn; nhng mt mu m thm c, mt hnh ng bo c ca h li s em kh au, tang thng n cho c nhn loi, v h tr thnh nhng hung thn, c qu. Nh vy, tr tu ca ngi th gian tht ging nh con dao hai li, c th gip i m cng c th hi ngi. V theo nh kinh nghim m mi ngi trong chng ta u c

c, ai cng thy r, ci tr tu ca th gian, gip ch th t, m ph hoi th nhiu khng th k xit! Bi vy, trong gio l o Pht, th tr uc coi l mt trong tm tai nn ln (bt nn) ca con ngi. V th tr chnh l loi tr tu ca hng ngi phm phu, tc l hng ngi khng tu hc theo thnh o, khng t ng chn l, khng tin nhn qu, ti phc bo ng 2. Tr tu ca Nhn v Thin tha: Cng thuc trong vng th gian, nhng c nhng ngi c tr sng sut, nhn r nhng hon cnh kh au trong th gian l do chnh mnh gy ra, v do chnh con ngi gy ra cho nhau. H pht tm quay v nng ta ni Ba Ngi Bu, tu hc theo chnh php, hnh tr nm gii cm trong i sng hng ngy; ct tu tp, rn kuyn bn thn tr thnh mt con ngi ng vi phm gi mt con ngi chn chnh. H tin nhn qu nn quyt nh khng to nghip c, khng gy au kh cho ngi khc khi phi chu nhng qu bo au kh v sau; ng thi quyt tm to nghip lnh hng c phc bo an vui mi mi. l nhng ngi c tr tu ca hng Nhn tha, tc l hng ngi c tr sng sut hn hng phm phu, bit vt ln trn ci t cch phm phu, sng xng ng vi phm cch ca mt con ngi chn chnh, ton thin, cao thng. Nu pht tm mnh m hn mt bc, nhng ngi ny c th tu tp trn vn mi nghip lnh, hon ton khng gy bt c mt ni kh au (hoc do thn th hnh ng, hoc do ming li ni nng, hoc do tm suy ngh) no cho chnh mnh v cho ngi khc, bit tu to phc c trong mi c hi, khng t b mt vic thin nh no m khng lm. l h to nghip lnh hng c phc bo ca ch thin, khng au kh nh loi ngi, sung sng v sng lu hn loi ngi rt nhiu. c nh vy l v hng ngi ny c c loi tr tu ca hng Thin tha, v bit tu tp nhng php mn ca hng Thin tha. Tuy cng thuc trong phm vi th gian, nhng nhng ngi hng Nhn tha v Thin tha khng coi trng loi th trr ca hng phm phu; v h thy r rng, th tr ch mang li tnh cnh au kh trin min cho chng sinh m thi. 3. Tr tu ca hng Nh tha: Nh tha l hai tha Thanh-vn v Guyn-gic. Con ngi th gian, d c hay khng c th tr, i vi gio l o Pht, h vn l phm phu, vn phi au kh trin min, v i sng lun lun to nghip bt thin, m khng thy bit c mt con ng chnh i theo. Nhng nu c nhng ngi no , nh duyn lnh gp c Pht php, pht tm tu hc theo chnh o, th bit rng nhng ngi ny c tr tu -loi tr tu cao hn, sng sut hn, ng n hn loi th tr ca phm phu; l tr tu ca hng Nhn v Thin tha. D vy, Nhn v Thin tha cng vn cn thuc trong vng th gian, vn cn chu au kh trong bin

sinh t lun hi. Nu c duyn lnh ln hn, tr tu cao tri hn, h s pht tm mnh m hn, nguyn tng bc thot dng phm phu tng bc nhp vo dng thnh -- di thp l tha Thanh-vn, ln trn l tha Duyngic. Nhng hnh gi tu tp hai tha ny u c tr tu cao hn, sng sut hn, thanh tnh hn cc loi tr tu ca th gian. Bng tr tu y, h qun st thy r th gian l bin kh au; v kh au l kt qu ca bao nhiu phin no, v minh c hi. H qun st thy r mi s vt trong th gian u do nhn duyn gi hp m thnh, chng lun lun bin i, khng c g trng tn chc tht, khng c t ng tn ti c lp, khng c nim vui chn tht; chng sinh do nghip bo m c ln qun chm m trong vng sinh t lun hi Do , h sinh tm nhm chn, xa lnh th gian, pht tm tu tp theo chnh o dt tr phin no v minh, gii thot khi chn th gian kh au, ct t vng sinh t lun hi, an tr trong cnh gii nit bn tch tnh. V do thnh qu ny, tr tu ca hng Nh tha cng c gi l tr tu xut th gian. 4. Tr tu ln ca B-tt tha: Tuy tr tu ca hng Nh tha c lit vo loi tr tu xut th gian, nhng vn cha phi l loi tr tu cao tt. Cc bc A-la-hn hay Bch-chi Pht, tuy dt sinh t lun hi, chng c nit bn tch tnh, nhng ch l thnh qu ca cng phu dt tr ht kin t hoc, cn i vi bn th hay tht tng ca vn php th vn cha thu r trn vn; qu ngi tuy gic ng, nhng thnh qu gic ng cha rt ro -chng t, hng Nh tha vn cn tn ti phn v minh vi t. Ch khi no t n qu v Pht- th thnh qu gic ng mi rt ro trn vn, v minh hon ton dt tuyt, c gi l bc V Thng Chnh ng Chnh Gic. Nhng, mun tin n qu v Pht, hnh gi phi tu tp hnh B-tt; l iu tt yu, khng c cch no khc. Vy nn, hnh gi tu tp B-tt hnh l ct lm Pht; v h c lit vo hng B-tt tha. Tr tu ca nhng hnh gi B-tt bui ban s mi pht tm tu tp, d nhin l cn rt cn ct, nhng sau khi tri qua thi gian di tu tp tinh chuyn, khi bc ln hng Thp-a, vi tm nguyn rng ln, th tr tu ca h cng rng ln v cng. Tr tu ca hng B-tt thy r c tht tng ca vn php, cho nn B-tt khng cn chp trc, in o; hon ton t ti v ngi, pht nguyn sinh, t li li tha, cho n khi gic hnh vin mn. Bt nh chnh thc l loi tr tu ny; hay ni cch khc, tr tu ca hng B-tt mi thc s c gi l Bt Nh (hoc cng gi l Tr Bt Nh, hay Tr Tu Bt Nh). Tr tu ca B-tt rt rng ln, cho nn cng gi l i bt nh. Trong rt nhiu php hi, c Pht tng dy nhiu php mn vi diu gip cho hng B-tt pht huy loi tr tu rng ln ny. Nhng li dy y, v sau c cc bc thnh tng kt tp, lm thnh kinh i Bt Nh -- hoc

gi y l kinh Ma Ha (i) Bt Nh Ba La Mt a (Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra). Ch ba-la-mt-a c ngha l n b gii thot, ni, nh c tr tu rng ln m B-tt vt thot sng m, t c qu v Pht-. V vy, ton th tn kinh, Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt a, c th c dch ngn gn l i Tr , hay Tu Gic Siu Vit.

B) NGUN GC KINH BT NH
Kinh i Bt Nh c chnh c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni ging ni, tri qua nhiu php hi, ti bn o trng ln: ni Linh-thu, tu vin K-vin, cung tri Tha-ha-t-ti, v tu vin Trc-lm. i s Tr Khi ca tng Thin Thai (Trung-quc) y c vo ni dung kinh in m phn loi v h thng ha cc thi ging php ca c Pht. Ngi phn chia thi gian b gio ca c Pht (theo thuyt c l 49 hay 50 nm) lm nm giai on, trong , kinh h Bt Nh thuc giai on th t -- gi l Bt Nh Thi -chim mt thi gian di n 22 nm. Nhng, v nguyn do g m c Pht ni kinh ny? Trong b lun i Tr , B-tt Long Th a ra nhng nguyn do sau y: - V mun ch dy y v B-tt hnh m c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun gip cho cc v B-tt c tng thm li ch trong cng phu tu tp php mn Nim Pht Tam Mui, m c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - Sau khi thnh o di gc cy b , v chun ha s n cn khuyn thnh ca ch thin, v cng v nh n tm nguyn i t i bi ca mnh, nn c Pht quay bnh xe php; v chnh v Bt nh ba la mt l php su xa nht trong cc php, cho nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V trong th gian c k hoi nghi, cho rng Pht khng chng c nht thit tr, ha gii mi nghi ng ny, c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - C nhiu chng sinh b t s m hoc, tm m chm trong t php, khng vo c chnh o; c Pht mun ch by tht tng ca vn php on tr tt c mi nghi kt ca chng sinh, cho nn ni kinh i Bt Nh.

- C nhiu ngi tm y t c, tt , ph bng c Pht l ngi c tr tu khng ra khi tr tu ca loi ngi, ch kho dng huyn thut m hoc ngi i. ha gii nhng li ph bng y, v ng thi gip mi ngi tin nhn chnh php, vt thot li t kin, dit tr kit s, c an vui t ti, cho nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - Cng c ngi ngh rng, Pht cng nh mi ngi, cng c sinh t, cng c lc chu i kht, cng b lnh b nng, cng phi gi bnh, v.v dt tr nhng ngh , c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - C rt nhiu ngi mang kin chp cc oan, hoc chuyn cu khoi lc, hoc chuyn kh hnh hnh xc; Pht v ha cho nhng hng ngi ny, a h vo Trung o, nn ni kinh i Bt Nh. - phn bit qu bo cng dng sinh thn v php thn, m c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun ging thuyt v nhng php nh bt thi chuyn, ma huyn, ma ngy, ma s; li mun th k cho hng Tam tha, nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun ging thuyt v nht ngha tt n (tt n trong ngha tuyt i), nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun hng phc cc nh i ngh lun (nh trng hp phm ch Trng Tro), m c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun ch r tht tng ca cc php, nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun ni nhng php khng c ch tranh ci, cng nh nhng php mn gm hai phn tng i nh: c tng -- khng tng; c vt -- khng vt; c y c -- khng y c; c trn khng trn; th gii chng phi th gii, v.v, nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun ch r tng cc php khng phi thin, khng phi bt thin, khng phi v k; cng nh cc php mn c ba phn nh: php hc php v hc php phi hc phi v hc; php do kin on php do t duy

on php khng on; php thng trung -- h; php tiu -- i v lng, v.v, nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh. - V mun ph b cc php phng tin ni cc kinh khc nh: Bn Nim X, Bn Chnh Cn, Bn Thin, Bn , Nm Un, v.v, nn c Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh.

C) TIN TRNH HNH THNH KINH I BT NH

Sau khi c Pht nhp dit, ton b nhng li dy ca c Pht c ch v thnh tng c tng li, kt tp nhiu ln, hnh thnh tng kinh in Pht gio hon chnh. Song song vi cng trnh kt tp ny, mt s vic khng may cng xy ra, l tnh trng phn phi trong gio on Pht gio. K t k kt tp kinh in ln th nh ti thnh ph T-x-li, mt trm nm sau ngy Pht nhp dit, do s bt ng kin gia ch tng v mt s im trong gii lut, m gio on b phn r thnh hai b phi ln l Theravada tc Thng Ta B (phi bo th), v Mahasanghika tc i Chng B (phi cp tin). Tip theo , trong sut my trm nm, t hai b phi ln kia li tip tc phn r thm n 18 hay 20 b phi nh na. S d xy ra tnh trng phn phi l v ch tng c nhng kin gii khc nhau v kinh lut, ri ny sinh nhng quan im, ch trng khc nhau trong ci nhn i vi v tr vn hu. Ni chung, ch trng ca Thng Ta B theo ng hng bo th, bm gi truyn thng, ch trng i sng kinh vin, tch ri qun chng x hi; trong khi , lp trng ca i Chng B rt t do phng khong, ch trng vic hnh o trong qun chng, nhn mnh t tng B-tt hnh gi khng nhng thc hnh gio php tng ch cho bn thn mnh, m cn v li ch cho mi ngi. Do , vic tch cc truyn b gio php trong qun chng l iu v cng quan trng i vi ch tng i Chng B. Chnh lp trng ny ca i Chng B l khi nguyn dn n s bin chuyn ln lao l cuc vn ng hnh thnh nn Pht Gio i Tha. Di thi i vua A Dc (th k th 3 tr. TL), i Chng B t cn c hnh o ti hai nuc Ma-kit- (Magadha) v ng-gi (Anga) vng Trung n; v sau tin dn xung min Nam n, t c im ti n-t-la (Andhara). n-t-la l mt vng lnh th rng ln ng Nam n-, nm cao nguyn Dekhan, gia hai con sng ln Godhavari ( pha Bc) v Krishna ( pha Nam). Thnh ph Amravati nm pha Bc ca n-t-la,

chnh l th ca nc n-t-la, cng tng c xem l th ca Pht gio i Chng b -- v sau l ca Pht gio i tha. Ti n-tla, mt chi phi ca i Chng B c thnh lp, gi l n t La Phi. T th k th 2 tr. TL, a v ca n t La Phi trong Gio hi Pht gio ni chung, v trong ni b i Chng B ni ring, tr nn rt quan trng. Vi lp trng t do phng khong, chng li ch trng khp kn ca cc b phi kinh vin (gn nh a Pht gio n con ng cng), n t La Phi c qun chng ng h nhit lit, v tr nn rt cng thnh. S phn phi v tranh ci nhau quyt lit gia cc b phi thi by gi, lm cho tnh hnh Pht gio ri bi; l cha ni n s vic Pht gio ang b tn cng dn dp bi B-la-mn gio (ang thi k phc hng mnh m) v cc gio phi khc, cng nh cc th lc chnh tr do ngoi gio lnh o. Trong tnh hnh , n t La Phi dng mnh t lnh trch nhim, bn ngoi th chng li s tn cng ca cc th lc ngoi gio; bn trong th ha gii ci khng kh cng thng nng n do tnh trng phn phi gy nn, khin cho tinh thn ca Pht gio Nguyn Th c phc hng, cuc vn ng cho nn Pht gio i tha dn dn c thc hin. a phng nt-la c phn ng cc nh nghin cu s Pht gio cng nhn l trung tm hnh thnh v pht trin ca Pht gio i tha. Chnh ti y, trong khong vi th k u TL, cc kinh in i tha trc sau xut hin, trong , kinh Bt Nh c kt tp sm nht -- ch yu ca gio l Bt Nh l t tng KHNG, vn l mt trong nhng t tng chnh yu v th gii quan ca i Chng B. Chnh trong kinh Tiu Phm Bt Nh xc nhn: Kinh Bt Nh Ba La Mt a ny bt u phng Nam; t phng Nam truyn qua phng Ty; t phng Ty truyn ti phng Bc; ri t m lan rng ra khp bn phng. B kinh i Bt Nh khng phi c kt tp mt ln, m c hnh thnh tri qua nhiu t kt tp khc nhau. V thi im kt tp, cho n nay vn cha c ti liu no xc nh nin i chnh xc, m ch bit rng, trong s cc kinh lm thnh h i Bt Nh, kinh o Hnh Bt Nh (tc Tiu Phm Bt Nh) xut hin sm nht; tip n l kinh i Phm Bt Nh; ri sau na l cc kinh khc trong h Bt Nh. - o Hnh Bt Nh l tn bn kinh Hn dch ca ngi Chi Lu Ca Sm, dch t bn Phn vn l kinh Astasahasrika-prajnaparamita (Bt Thin Tng Bt Nh). Kinh ny xut hin vo khong u th k th 2 TL, c ngi Trc Pht Sc (?-?), ngi n-, mang n Lc-dng (Trung-quc) vo

cui i vua Hn Hon (147-167), v c ngi Chi Lu Ca Sm (Locasema 147-?, ngi nc i-nhc-chi, n Trung-quc nm 167) dch ra Hn vn vo nm 179. y l bn Hn dch xa nht ca kinh Bt Thin Tng Bt Nh, m cng l bn kinh u tin trong h thng i Bt Nh ti Trung-quc. Nm 257, kinh o Hnh Bt Nh ny c ngi Chu S Hnh (203-282 -- ngi Hn u tin c xut gia lm tng, v cng l v tng Trung-quc u tin sang Ty-vc cu php) ging thuyt ln u tin ti Lc-dng. n i Tam-quc (220-280), c s Chi Khim (?-?, ngi nc Nhc-chi, n Trung-quc nm 220), hnh o ti nc ng Ng (222-280), li dch kinh ny vi tn mi l i Minh V Cc Kinh. n i Tin Tn (351-394), kinh ny li c hai ngi m Ma B (Dharma-priya -- ngi nc K-tn), v Trc Pht Nim (ngi Cam-tc, Trung-quc) cng dch vi tn mi l Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Sao Kinh. n i Hu Tn (384-417), ngi Cu Ma La Thp (Kumarajiva 334-413 - ngi nc Qui-t) li dch kinh ny vi tn mi l Tiu Phm Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh. Sang i ng (618-907), ngi Huyn Trang, khi dch ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a (gm c thy 16 hi, 600 quyn), dch li c kinh Bt Thin Tng Bt Nh ny, v t thnh Hi (hay Phn) Th Bn ( T Hi, hay T Phn), gm t quyn 538 n quyn 555. n i Bc Tng (960-1279), kinh ny li c ngi Php Hin (?-1001, ngi Trung n, n Trung-quc nm 973) dch vi tn mi l Pht Mu Bo c Tng Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh; k , ngi Thi H (?-? -- ngi Bc n, n Trung-quc nm 980) li dch vi tn mi l Pht Mu Xut Sinh Tam Php Tng Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Kinh. Li na, khi vit v s nghip hnh o ca ngi Khng Tng Hi (mt v cao tng ca Pht gio Vit-nam sng vo th k th 3 TL), ha thng Nht Hnh cho bit: Theo Khai Nguyn Thch Gio Lc, ng cng dch Ng Phm (tc Bt Thin Tng Bt Nh hay o Hnh Bt Nh) l kinh bn xut hin sm nht trong s cc kinh Bt Nh. Nh th, Pht Gio Vit Nam vo u th k th ba hon ton l Pht Gio i tha, Theo sch Cao Tng Truyn (ca Pht gio Trung-quc) th ngi Khng Tng Hi t Giao-chu (tn nc Vit-nam thi xa) sang ng Ng vo nm Xch- th 10 (tc nm 247, hay gia th k th ba). Vy, ngi dch kinh Bt Thin Tng Bt Nh ra Hn vn (vi tn l Ng Phm) vo u th k 3 ti Giao-chu, trc khi sang ng Ng hnh o; rt tic l bn kinh Ng Phm ny ngy nay tht truyn. - i Phm Bt Nh l tn bn kinh Hn dch ca nguyn bn ting Phn Pancavimsati-sahasrika-prajnaparamita (Nh Vn Ng Thin Tng Bt Nh), do ngi Cu Ma La Thp dch; cng gi l Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh.

Xt v lai lch kinh ny, tht c iu l th. Nguyn l, khong thp k th ba ca th k 3 TL, sau khi bn kinh Hn dch i Minh (tc tn khc ca kinh o Hnh Bt Nh ni trn) ca c s Chi Khim xut hin ng Ng, th phong tro nghin cu Bt Nh Hc n r Trung-quc (lc l thi i Tam-quc, gm ba nc Ty Thc, Bc Ngy v ng Ng). Nm 260, ngi Chu S Hnh (203-282, ngi Bc Ngy), khi ch sang Tyvc tm cu cc bn kinh Phn ng. Ngi n v ti nc Vu-in (Kustana, nay l t Ha-in, nm Ty b x Tn-cng), ng thi l ni lu hnh rt nhiu kinh in ting Phn. Ti y, ngi sao li c bn kinh Pancavimsati-sahasrika-prajnaparamita (Nh Vn Ng Thin Tng Bt Nh). Nm 282, trc khi vin tch, ngi sai t l Pht Nh n mang bn kinh y v Lc-dng. Nm 291, i Ty Tn (265-316), ngi V La Xoa (ngi nc Vu-in) v c s Trc Thc Lan (ngi gc Thin-trc, sinh ti Trung-quc) em bn kinh Phn ng (do Chu S Hnh sao chp v do Pht Nh n mang v) ny dch ra Hn vn, gi tn l Phng Quang Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh; n nm 303, Trc Thc Lan cng vi Trc Thc Tch hiu khm li, kinh ny mi c hon chnh v lu hnh. Sau Pht Nh n, nm 286, ngi K a Mt, cng ngi Vu-in, li mang vo Trung-quc Phn bn ca kinh Nh Vn Ng Thin Tng Bt Nh; gp c duyn, ngi Trc Php H (Dharmaraksa - ngi gc Nhc-chi, sinh nhong, n Trng-an nm 265) dch bn kinh Phn ng ny ra Hn vn ngay nm (286), vi tn l Quang Tn Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh. V vy, bn Phn ng ca Chu S Hnh vo Trung-quc trc m bn Hn dch (Phng Quang Bt Nh) li ra i sau; cn bn Phn ng ca K a Mt ti Trung-quc sau m bn Hn dch (Quang Tn Bt Nh) li ra i trc. i Phm Bt Nh (hay Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh) ca ngi La Thp l bn Hn dch th ba (vo i Hu Tn 384-417) ca kinh ny. n i ng (618-907), ngi Huyn Trang li dch kinh ny, v t thnh Hi Th Hai ( Nh Hi) trong ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a. - Kinh Thng Thin Vng Bt Nh Ba La Mt (Pravara-deva-rajapariprccha) c ngi Cu Na Bt (ngi Vu-in) mang vo Trungquc nm 548, v n nm 565 th c ngi Nguyt B Th Na (Upasunya -- ngi Trung Thin-trc, hong t ca vua nc u-thin-ni) dch ra Hn vn vi tn nh trn. n i ng, ngi Huyn Trang dch li kinh ny, v t thnh Hi Th Su ( Lc Hi) trong ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a. - Bn kinh Phn ng Saptasatika-prajnaparamita (tc Tht Bch Tng Bt Nh) c ngi Mn La Tin (Mandra -- ngi nc Ph-nam, tc nc

Cao-min ngy nay) mang n Trung-quc nm 502 i Lng V (502549), v qua nm sau (503) th dch ra Hn vn vi tn l Vn Th S Li S Thuyt Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh. Ngi Tng Gi B La (Sanghapala 460-524), cng ngi nc Ph-nam, n Trung-quc trc vo thi Nam T (479-502), khi ngi Mn La Tin sang th hai v cng cng tc dch kinh. Trong lc ngi Mn La Tin dch kinh Vn Th S Li S Thuyt Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh (2 quyn), th ngi Tng Gi B La cng dch kinh ny vi tn Vn Th S Li S Thuyt Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh (1 quyn). n i ng, kinh ny li c ngi Huyn Trang dch li, t thnh Hi Th By ( Tht Hi), gi l Mn Th Tht Li Phn, trong ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a. - i Lu Tng (420-4479), ngi Tng Cng qun Nam-hi (Qungchu) dch kinh Nhu Th B Tt V Thng Thanh Tnh Phn V (Phn ng c 400 bi tng); n i ng, ngi Huyn Trang dch li, t thnh Hi Th Tm ( Bt Hi), gi l Na Gi Tht Li Phn, trong ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a. - Bn Phn ng kinh Vajracchedika-prajnaparamita (Kim Cang Nng on Bt Nh Ba La Mt a), khng bit c mang vo Trung-quc t nm no, ch bit bn Hn dch xut hin u tin vo u th k 5, vi tn Kim Cang Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh, l ca ngi Cu Ma La Thp (334-413). Bn dch th hai, cng cng tn Kim Cang Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh, l ca ngi B Lu Chi (Bodhiruci -- ngi Bc Thin-trc, n Lc-dng nm 508), i Nguyn Ngy (471-550). Bn dch th ba cng cng tn, c dch vo i Trn (557-589), do ngi Chn (Paramartha 449-569, ngi Bc Thin-trc, n Trung-quc nm 546). Bn dch th t c tn Kim Cang Nng on Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh, do ngi t Ma Cp a (Dharmagupta -- ?-619, ngi Nam n, n Trng-an nm 590) dch vo i Ty (581-619). n i ng, ngi Huyn Trang (602?-664) dch li kinh ny, t thnh Hi Th Chn ( C Hi), gi l Nng on Kim Cang Phn, trong ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a. Sau , ngi Ngha Tnh (635-713) li dch kinh ny vi tn Pht Thuyt Nng on Kim Cang Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Kinh. - Bn kinh Phn ng Prajnaparamita-naya-satapancasatika (Nht Bch Ng Thp Tng Bt Nh) c ngi Huyn Trang (i ng) dch v t thnh Hi Th Mi ( Thp Hi), gi l Bt Nh L Th Phn, trong ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La mt a. Sau , cng vo i ng, ngi B Lu Ch (Bodhiruci 562-727, ngi Nam n, n Trng-an nm

693) cng dch kinh ny vi tn Tht Tng Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh. K , kinh ny li c ngi Kim Cang Tr (Vajrabodhi 671?-741, ngi Nam n, n Trung-quc nm 719) dch vi tn Kim Cang nh Du Gi L Th Bt Nh Kinh; ri ngi Bt Khng (Amoghavajra 705-774, ngi Nam n, theo thy l Kim Cang Tr n Trung-quc nm 719) cng dch kinh ny vi tn i Lc Kim Cang Bt Khng Chn Tht Tam Ma Da Kinh. Sang i Bc Tng (960-1279), ngi Php Hin cng dch kinh ny vi tn Ti Thng Cn Bn Kim Cang Bt Khng Tam Mui i Gio Vng Kinh; ri ngi Thi H li dch kinh ny vi tn Bin Chiu Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh. Nguyn bn ting Phn ca tt c 7 bn kinh va nu trn, ngoi tr bn kinh sau cng, 6 bn kinh trc u c a vo Trung-quc v c dch ra Hn vn trc thi i ngi Huyn Trang. Bn ch Phn ca bn kinh sau cng va nu trn (tc Hi Th Mi trong ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a), c th on chc rng, n c chnh ngi Huyn Trang mang t n- v. Cng vy, nguyn bn ting Phn ca nhng kinh cn li m ngi Huyn Trang dch hnh thnh ton b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a (tc cc kinh c xp vo cc Hi 1, 3, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, v 16), cng c chnh ngi mang v t t n. C th ngh rng, sau khi t n- v nc, c bao nhiu loi kinh thuc h Bt Nh hin c mt Trung-quc, ngi Huyn Trang u thu thp li, nhng kinh no ngi mi mang v th dch mi, nhng kinh no c cc v tin bi dch t trc th dch li, ri sp xp lm thnh b kinh i Bt Nh Ba La Mt a, gm 16 hi, 600 quyn. Nh vy, b kinh ny ca ngi Huyn Trang dch l mt tp i thnh ca Bt Nh cn bn v Bt Nh tp b -cn bn l kinh i Phm Bt Nh; tp b l cc kinh cn li. Tuy nhin, thuc kinh h Bt Nh trong Hn Tng, c kinh Pht Thuyt Nhn Vng Bt Nh Ba La Mt, do ngi La Thp dch t trc vo i Hu Tn, nhng khng thy ngi Huyn Trang nhc ti. Kinh ny, sang th k 8, ngi Bt Khng dch li vi tn Nhn Vng H Quc Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Kinh. Bn kinh Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Tm Kinh (Prajnaparamita-hrdayasutra) do chnh ngi Huyn Trang dch cng khng thy a vo b kinh i Bt Nh. C l, v l bn kinh tot yu ca ton b t tng Bt Nh, khng thuc ring mt Hi hay mt Phm no, nn ngi Huyn Trang n ng ring mt mnh. Kinh ny, trc c ngi La Thp dch (th k 4) vi tn Ma Ha Bt Nh Ba La Mt i Minh Ch Kinh; ngi B

Lu Chi dch (th k 6) vi tn Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Na Kinh. Sau ngi Huyn Trang, cng thuc i ng, kinh ny li c ngi Php Nguyt dch vi tn Ph Bin Tr Tng Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Tm Kinh; hai ngi Bt Nh v Li Ngn dch chung vi tn Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Tm Kinh; ngi Tr Tu Lun dch vi tn Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Tm Kinh; ngi Thi H (i Tng) dch vi tn Thnh Pht Mu Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Kinh. Do tnh hnh dch kinh i Bt Nh nh va trnh by trn, chng ta c th thy, b kinh i Bt Nh do ngi Huyn Trang dch v c thu vo Hn Tng, nguyn th khng phi l mt b kinh thun nht vi thun t mch lc xuyn sut t u n ui, m l mt tp i thnh ca nhiu bn kinh ri rc nhng cng cha ng t tng Bt Nh. Nhng bn kinh ny khng phi c kt tp ti mt ni nht nh no, do mt tp th ch tng nht nh no, m chng c kt tp ri rc, tri qua thi gian lu di t u th k 2 TL; khng nhng vng Nam n, m cn khp mi a phng, nht l Bc n. V cng nh c duyn tt lnh, cc kinh y, sau khi c kt tp v lu hnh n-, th chng cng lin c truyn sang ng ; nh vy m chng c bo tn, trnh khi thm ha b tiu dit bi qun Hi gio khi h xm lng n- t cui th k 10 TL. Cc kinh bn Phn ng y c mang n Trung-quc bng hai ng: ng b t Bc n qua ng Ty-tng, Vu-in, Tn-cng; ng thy t min duyn hi ng Nam n- qua n- dng, xuyn qua Java, M-lai, Ph-nam, Giao-chu; v cng khng phi do ch mt vi ngi m do rt nhiu v cao tng em vo, trong s , nhiu nht, ng k nht, chc hn l s lng kinh bn do ngi Huyn Trang ch thn mang v sau 17 nm (629646) tu hc n-. Nh ta bit, qua tc phm i ng Ty Vc K, khi sang n-, ngi c thun duyn, hu nh c i khp x n-, nht l nhng a phng c cng ng Pht gio th ngi u khng b st. n u ngi cng c n tip nng hu, v chc chn l ngi c c c duyn thu thp kinh in ti mi ni ngi t chn ti.

TI LIU THAM KHO

- i Chnh i Tng Kinh (cc quyn 5, 6, 7, 8). - Pht Quang i T in.

- Bt Nh Cng Yu. T kheo ni Hng n. Edmonton: Viet Publisher in ln th nht, 1989. - i Tha Pht Gio T Tng Lun. Thch Qung (dch). California: Pht Hc Vin Quc T xut bn, 1989. - i Tr Lun (tp 1). Thch Thin Siu (dch). Saigon: Vin Nghin Cu Pht Hc Vit Nam n hnh, 1997. - Gio Khoa Pht Hc Cp Hai. Hnh C (dch v son). Sp xut bn. - Nhng K Nguyn u Ca o Pht. Nguyn Ho (dch). Edmonton: V Ngun xut bn, 1999. - Pht Gio i Tng Kinh Tng T Mc Lc. Thch Chnh Lc (bin dch). Ph Lu Na xut bn, 2002. - Thin S Tng Hi. Nht Hnh. L Bi xut bn, 1998. - Tinh Hoa v S Pht Trin Ca o Pht. Chn Php (dch). Saigon: Ban Tu Th Vin i Hc Vn Hnh xut bn, 1969.

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