385 cu hi v p v ha hc vi i

sng
1
Li ni u
Gio dc th k 21 da trn c s xy dng x hi hc
tp vi 4 tr ct l:
- Hc bit (ct li l hiu)
- Hc lm (trn c s hiu)
- Hc cng sng vi nhau (trn c s hiu nhau)
- Hc lm ngi (trn c s hiu bn thn)
Mt khc trc s bng n thng tin v s lo ho nhanh
ca kin thc con ngi mun tn ti v pht trin u phi
hc thng xuyn, hc sut i.
Ho hc l mt khoa hc nghin cu cc cht v s bin
i ca chng. Cc cht to nn mi vt th ca th gii v
sinh v hu sinh, chnh chng to nn c c th chng ta.
Ho hc ch ra nhng cht rn hn kim cng, bn
hn st thp, trong hn pha l, p hn nhung la.
Cun sch 385 cu hi v p v ho hc vi i
sng gip cc em hc sinh m rng kin thc ho hc v
nht l tp vn dng kin thc gii thch cc hin tng
thng gp trong i sng, lao ng sn xut, thin nhin v
mi trng. Cui sch gip cho s hiu bit v ho hc ca cc
em su sc,hn v hu ch hn.
i vi cc thy c gio, cun sch cung cp thm t liu
cho cc bi dy hc trn lp phong ph, sinh ng hn v
hp dn hn.
Tc gi
2
3
1. Phn chua l cht g ?
Phn chua l mui sunfat kp ca nhm v kali. dng
tinh th ngm 24 phn t H
2
O nn c cng thc ho hc l
K
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O.
Phn chua cn c gi l phn nhm, ngi ta bit phn
nhm cn trc c kim loi nhm.
Phn nhm c iu ch t cc nguyn liu l t st
(c thnh phn chnh l Al
2
O
3
), axit sunfuric v K
2
SO
4
.
Phn chua khng c, c v cht chua, t tan trong nc
lnh nhng tan rt nhiu trong nc nng nn rt d tinh ch
bng kt tinh li trong nc.
Cng do to ra kt ta Al(OH)
3
khi khuy phn vo nc
dnh kt cc ht t nh l lng trong nc c thnh ht t
to hn, nng v chm xung lm trong nc.
Anh ng bc bc lm cao
Phn chua em nh nc no cng trong
Phn chua rt cn cho vic x l nc c cc vng l
c nc trong dng cho tm, git.
V cc phn chua trong v sng cho nn ng y cn gi
l minh phn (minh l trong sng, phn l phn).
Theo y hc c truyn th:
Phn chua, chua cht, lnh lng
Gii c, to thp, st trng ngoi da
D dy, vim rut, thp t
Dng liu tht t, thuc rt hay
4
Phn chua lm ht nga, st trng v vy sau khi co
mt xong, th ct tc thng ly mt ming phn chua to xoa
vo da mt cho khch.
Phn chua dng bo ch ra cc thuc cha au
rng, au mt, cm mu, ho ra mu (cc loi xut huyt).
2. Hn the l cht g ?
Hn the l cht natri tetraborat (cn gi l borac) ng
y gi l bng sa hoc nguyt thch, dng tinh th ngm 10
phn t H
2
O (Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O). Tinh th trong sut, tan nhiu
trong nc nng, khng tan trong cn 90
0.
Trc y ngi ta thng dng hn the lm cht ph gia
cho vo gi la, bnh ph, bnh cun cho nhng th
ny khi n s cm thy giai v gin. Ngay t nm 1985 t
chc th gii cm dng hn the lm cht ph gia cho thc
phm v n c, c th gy sc, try tim, co git v hn
m.
Natri tetraborat to thnh hp cht mu vi nhiu oxit
kim loi khi nng chy, gi l ngc borac.
Trong t nhin, borac c dng khong vt tinkan, cn
kenit cha Na
2
B
4
O
7
.4H
2
O. Borac dng sn xut men mu
cho gm s, thu tinh mu v thu tinh quang hc, cht lm
sch kim loi khi hn, cht st trng v cht bo qun, cht ty
trng vi si. Hn the cn c dng bo ch dc phm.
Theo ng y, hn the c v ngt mn, tnh mt dng h
st, tiu vim, cha bnh vim hng, vim hnh nhn hch, s-
ng lot rng li.
5
Hn the ngt, mn, mt thay
Tiu vim, h st, li hay au u
Vim hng, vim li lu
Vim hch, vim mt thuc u snh bng.
Ty y dng dung dch axit boric long lm nc ra mt,
dng natri tetraborat ch thuc cha au rng, li.
3. M chnh (bt ngt) l cht g ?
M chnh l mui natri ca axit glutaric, mt amino axit
t nhin, quen thuc v quan trng. M chnh c tn ho hc
l monosodium glutamat, vit tt l MSG. MSG c trong thc
phm v rau qu ti sng dng t do hay dng lin kt vi
protein hoc lipt. Tuy hm lng thp, song chc nng ca
n l mt gia v, tng v cho thc phm, lm ni bt s ti
sng, cn trong ch bin lm tng s ngon ming. Ngi Hoa
(v nhiu dn tc Chu ) li dng chc nng ny trong
k xo m thc ch bin cc mn n thm phn ngon
ming trong cc nh hng Trung Quc. Bn thn MSG khng
phi l mt vi cht dinh dng v ch c MSG t do dng ng
phn L mi l cht tng v, cn dng lin kt vi protein v
lipit th khng c chc nng ny. Nhng thc n giu protein
nh sa, tht, c cha nhiu MSG dng lin kt. Ngc li
rau, qu, c li tn ti dng t do nh nm c 0,18%, c chua
0,14%, khoai ty 0,1%.
Ngi Nht lc u phn lp MST t to bin, cn ngy
nay MSG c tng hp bng cng ngh ln men.
M chnh l mt gia v nh hng, i khi h tr cho
mt k thut nu n ti, thng b lm dng v liu lng.
6
c nhng pht hin v di chng ca bnh n nhiu
m chnh m ngi ta gi l hi chng hiu n Tu: Nh
th c cm gic nga ran nh kin b trn mt, u hoc
c c cm gic cng cng mt. Nng th nhc u,
chng mt, bun nn.
Nh vy m chnh c c hi khng? khng t ln
MSG c em ra bn ci cc t chc lng nng th gii
(FAO) Y t th gii (WHO). U ban chuyn gia v ph gia thc
phm (JECFA). Ln u tin (1970) c quy nh rng lng
MGS s dng an ton hng ngy l 0 120mg/kg th trng,
khng dng cho tr em di 3 thng tui. Nm 1979 li c quy
nh tng ln l - 150mg/kg th trng. Ti nm 1986 JECFA li
xem xt li v xc nh l MSG khng c vn g.
Tm li, MSG l an ton trong liu lng cho php. iu
ng lu l m chnh khng phi l vi cht dinh dng m
ch l cht tng v m thi
4. S a l cht l g ?
Ngy t thi c xa, ngi ta bit n thu tinh v x
phng. sn xut ra chng ta, phi dng natri cacbonat
(sa) khai thc trn b ca nhng h sa Chu Phi v
chu M hoc thu c t tro ca nhng loi thc vt mc di
bin v b bin chu u. Khong 150 nm v trc, s a
bt u c sn xut bng phng php cng ngh. Mt ng-
i Php tn l LBlan tm ra qui trnh u tin sn xut
s a. Nhng t nm 1870, phng php ca ngi B tn l
Solvay c li nhun ln hn y li c phng php ca L
7
Blan v nm 1916; nh my cui cng sn xut theo phng
php ny b ng ca.
Sa c ngha cc k quan trng trong nn kinh t
quc dn. N c dng sn xut cc cht ty ra v cht
lm sch trong cng nghip thu tinh v cng nghip dt.
Trong ngnh luyn kim, ngi ta dng n tch lu hunh ra
khi st v thp; sa c dng trong sn xut natri silicat, natri
photphat v natri aluminat, men s, sn du v cng nghip
dc phm. Cng nghip da, cao su, ng; sn xut thc
phm, vt liu nhip nh cng cn n sa. N l thnh
phn khng th thiu trong vic lm sch nc !
5. Si ho hc l g ?
Si ho hc l si to thnh t cc cht hu c thin nhin
v cc polime tng hp.
Si ho hc chia lm hai nhm ln: si nhn to v si
tng hp. Si nhn to thu c khi ch bin ho hc cc
polime to si, thu c nh tng hp ho hc. Cc loi si
poliamit, polieste, polipropilen v nhiu si khc na nh
capron, nilon, lavsan,v.v l si tng hp.
Si nhn to ra i trc si tng hp. Ngay t nm 1853,
Anh ngi ta xut vic to si mnh di v tn t dung
dch nitroxenluloza trong hn hp ru v ete. Ngi ta sn
xut cc loi si ny trn quy m cng nghip, cch y
khng lu lm vo cui th k XIX, u th k XX. T
visco, sn xut t nm 1905, n nay vn cha mt ngha.
Si visco thu c t dung dch xenluloza m c trong xt
8
long. T nm 1910 n 1920, ngi ta tin hnh sn xut
cng nghip t xenluloz axetat.
Lch s si tng hp bt u nm 1932. Lc , c
bt u sn xut cng nghip si tng hp u tin l
polivinylclorua dng vo mc ch k thut. Khi clo ho tip
polivinylclorua ta c nha peclovinyl, t c th sn xut
ra loi si bn v mt ho hc: si clorin. Nm 1930, ngi ta
bt u sn xut si t nha poliamit, l polime tng hp t-
ng t protein. Trong phn t ca chng, cng ging nh
trong protein, c cc nhm amit- CO-NH- lp li nhiu ln.
Cc si poliamit u tin l nilon v capron, v mt s tnh
cht cn tt hn c t thin nhin. Nhng si tng hp c bn
cht ho hc khc nh polieste, poliolefin (trn c s trng hp
etylen),v.v cng xut hin.
V nguyn l, cng ngh sn xut si tng hp l n
gin: n khi nng chy hoc dung dch polime qua nhng
l rt nh ca khun ko vo mt bung cha khng kh lnh,
ti y, qu trnh ng rn xy ra, bin dng polime
thnh si. Bng cch , ta thu c si capron v nilon.
Ch t hnh thnh lin tc c cun vo ng si.
Nhng khng phi tt c cc loi si ho hc u c sn
xut n gin nh vy. Qu trnh ng rn si axetat xy ra
trong mi trng khng kh nng, ng rn ch t ca s
visco v mt loi si khc li xy ra trong cc b ng t cha
cc ho cht lng c chn lc c bit. Trong qu trnh to
si, trn cc ng si ngi ta cn ko cng cc phn t
polime dng chui trong si c mt trt t sp xp cht ch
9
hn (sp xp song song nhau). Khi , lc tng tc gia cc
phn t tng ln lm bn c hc ca si cng tng ln.
Ni chung, tnh cht ca si chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t
khc nhau nh thay i tc nn p, thnh phn v nng
cc cht trong b ng t, nhit ca dung dch ko
si v ca b ng t (hoc bung khng kh), thay i
kch thc l ca khun ko. L cng nh th si cng mnh v
lc b mt s cng nh hng nhiu n tnh cht ca vi
lm t si ny. tng nhng lc , ngi ta thng dng cc
khun ko vi l c tit din hnh sao.
i vi cc chuyn gia dt th di ko t, do si b
t di tc dng ca trng lng chnh n, c xem nh mt
c trng quan trng v bn ca si. Vi si bng thin
nhin, di thay i t 5 n 10km, t axetat t 30
n 35km, si visco ti 50 km, si polieste v poliamit cn di
hn na. Chng hn vi si nilon loi cao cp, di ko t
ln ti 80km.
Si ho hc thay th mt cch c kt qu cc loi si
thin nhin l t, len, bng v khng t trng hp vt cc loi
si thin nhin v cht lng.
Sn xut si ho hc c tm quan trng ln lao i vi
nn kinh t quc dn, gp phn nng cao phc li vt cht
cho con ngi v c kh nng p ng nhu cu ngy cng
tng ca nhn dn v cc mt hng thng dng: vi, cc
sn phm dt kim v t lng nhn to.
6. Saccarin l cht g ?
10
L cht tinh th khng mu c v ngt, t tan trong nc.
c iu ch t toluen. Saccarin thng mi l tinh th mui
natri ngm nc ca saccarin, ngt hn ng 500 ln. Dng
thay cho ng khi c bnh tiu ng. C th khng hp th
c saccarin.
7. Thn sa l cht g ?
L khong vt thu ngn sunfua HgS, nguyn liu ch
yu sn xut thu ngn.
8. Cholesterol l cht g?
L mt sterol chnh c ph bin trong m ngi, ng
vt v mt s thc vt, di dng t do hay este vi axit bo
mch di l cht cn thit cho c th (thnh phn ca
protein, huyt thanh, mng t bo, cht to homon gii tnh,
axit mt) nhng nu c nhiu cholesterol trong mu s to
iu kin cho cht bo giu axit bo no bm vo thnh
trong ca ng mch n mc c th ngn mu khng lu
thng.
9. ADN l cht g ?
L nhng axit nucleic v c phn t khi ln ti hng chc
triu vc (hay u).
ADN l thnh phn ch yu ca nhim sc th trong
nhn t bo ca phn ln sinh vt, c vai tr quyt nh
nhng c trng di truyn bng cch iu chnh s tng
hp protein trong t bo.
11
CO
NH
SO
2
C
6
H
4
10. Qu t v ht tiu cha cht cay l cht g ?
Chng c nhng loi ancaloit khc nhau. Ancaloit l loi
hp cht hu c c cha nit c tnh baz, thng c ngun
gc thc vt, a s c cu trc phc tp, thng l cc cht d
vng.
Ancaloit trong t c tn l capsicain. Cht ny pha long
10 vn ln vn cn rt cay.
Ancaloit trong ht tiu l hai cht c tn l chavixin v
piperin. Cht chavixin to ra v cay hc ca ht tiu.
11. Cn kh l cht g ?
cc nh hng thng dng loi cn kh t thay cho
bp ga khi n cc mn lu. chnh l cn c cho vo mt
cht ht dch th, loi bt ny hin c sn xut v nhiu
mc ch khc nhau: cho vo t lt, cho vo t chng trng
thi hn hn ko di, cho vo cn th d cht norsocryl ca
hng Snow Business c th bin mt lng dung dch c trng
lng ln hn cht ny ti 500 ln thnh cht kh.
12. Cloramin l cht g m st trng c ngun nc
?
L cht NH
2
Cl v NHCl
2
. Khi ho tan cloramin vo nc s
gii phng ra clo. Clo tc dng vi nc to ra HOCl.
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HOCl + HCl
HOCl c phn t rt nh, d hp th trn mng sinh hc
ca vi sinh vt, ph hu protein ca mng, cn tr tnh bn
thm ca mng, thay i p sut thm thu ca t bo v
lm cht vi khun, nm.
12
HOCl c tnh oxi ho rt mnh nn ph hoi hot tnh
mt s enzim trong vi sinh vt, gy cht cho vi sinh vt.
Cloramin khng gy c hi cho ngi dng nc c
kh trng bng cht ny.
13. Bt git gm nhng cht g ?
Bt git l hn hp dng bt, xp bao gm cht ty ra
tng hp, cht hot ng b mt cao (th d natri
oexylbenzen sunfunat) s a, cc ph gia
(tripoliphotphat, cacboximetyl xenluloz) cht ty trng,
cht thm...
14. Bt ty l cht g ?
L clorua vi Ca(OCl)
2
.CaCl
2
.8H
2
O, hoc biu din
thnh phn chnh l CaOCl
2
. Cht bt trng, mi clo, phn
hu trong nc v trong axit, iu ch bng cch cho clo tc
dng vi vi ti.
2Ca(OH)
2
+ 2Cl
2
Ca(OCl)
2
+ CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
15. Nc Booco l g ?
L hn hp dung dch ng sunfat v sa vi, dng lm
cht dit nm cho cy trng, nht l cho c chua, nho (cha
bnh xon l do nm)
16. Nc cng toan l g ?
L hn hp gm mt th tch dung dch axit nitric c
v 3 th tch dung dch axit clohidric c. C tnh oxi ho
mnh, ho tan c vng, bch kim v hp kim khng tan trong
cc dung dch axit v c thng thng.
17. Nc kh l g ?
13
L cacbon ioxit CO
2
dng rn, khi bay hi thu nhit rt
ln, lm h nhit ca mi trng xung quanh. Dng bo qun
thc phm khi chuyn i xa.
18. Du chui l cht g ?
Du chui l este ca axit axetic v ru amylic.
Du chui c cng thc l CH
3
COOC
5
H
11
19. Thch aga - aga l cht g ?
Aga - aga (ch Malaixia ngha l rong) l hn hp cht
tch ra t mt s loi rong bin, thnh phn ch yu l
polisaccarit (70%). Dung dch 0,5 - 1,5% trong nc si, khi
ngui ng t li thnh thch aga - aga c dng trong ho
hc, vi sinh hc, cng nghip thc phm (lm mt, ko
vin)
20. Aming l cht g ?
l khong cht dng si, c thnh phn ho hc l
silicat ca magic, canxi v mt s kim loi khc. Aming bn
vi axit, chu nhit, c th ko thnh si, dt vi may qun
o chng chy, dng lm vt liu cch nhit, cch in, vt
liu xy dng nh xi mng aming. Hin nay nhiu nc cm
dng v cht ny c th gy bnh ung th v bnh phi.
21. Apatit l cht g ?
Apatit l khong cht cha photpho c cng thc chung
l Ca
5
X (PO
4
)
3
(X l F, Cl hay OH) ph bin nht l floapatit.
tnh Lo Cai nc ta tr lng apatit ln ti hng t tn, Apatit l
nguyn liu chnh sn xut phn ln, phot pho (dng
trong quc phng, lm dim, thuc tr su), axit photphoric
22.Cao su l g ?
14
Cao su l vt liu c tnh n hi (c tnh c th
bin dng khi chu lc bn ngoi tc dng nhng li tr li hnh
dng ban u khi lc tc dng khng cn). Cao su c th b
ko dn gp 10 ln chiu di ban u. Tnh n hi ca cao
su l do tnh linh hot ca cc phn t trong mch polime.
Tuy nhin trong thc t, cao su l hn hp cc polime, nn nu
lc ngoi tc ng qu mnh th cao su mt hon ton tnh
n hi. Vo nm 1839, nh ho hc M Charles Goodyear
pht minh ra k thut lu ho cao su c tc dng lm tng
c tnh c l ca cao su, do m rng rt nhiu kh
nng ng dng ca n.
Cao su thin nhin l poli-cis-isopren c ly ch yu t
cy cao su (Hevea barasiliensis) c trng nhiu Nam M.
Cy cao su c trng nc ta t nm 1887 v hin nay c
trng tp trung cc tnh min ng Nam B.
Cao su tng hp (Cao su Buna, cao su Buna-S, ) c
pht trin mnh t chin tranh th gii ln II do s khan him
cao su thin nhin. Hu ht cc cao su tng hp u l sn
phm ca cng nghip du m.
23. Teflon l cht g ?
Teflon c tn khoa hc l politetrafloetilen (-CF
2
-CF
2
-)n.
l loi polime nhit do, c tnh bn cao vi cc dung mi v
ho cht. N bn trong khong nhit rng t - 190
0
C n
+ 300
0
C, c bn ko cao (245 - 315kg/cm
3
) v c bit
c h s ma st rt nh v bn nhit cao, ti 400
0
C mi
bt u thng hoa, khng nng chy, phn hu chm.
15
Teflon bn vi mi trng hn c vng v platin, khng dn
in.
Do c cc c tnh qu , teflon c dng ch to
nhng chi tit my d b mi mn m khng phi bi mi
(v ma st nh), v cch in, trng ph ln cho, ni
chng dnh.
24. Cht mu azo l cht g ?
T phenyl amin (anilin) v cc arylamin khc, ngi ta
tng hp c mt lot (hng trm nghn) cht mu azo lm
phn nhum khc nhau c cng thc chung l : Ar - N = N-Ar
Tu theo cu trc ca cc gc aryl (phenyl, naphtyl...)
ni vi nhm azo - N = N - m c c cc cht mu azo c
mu sc , xanh, tm hay vng khc nhau... p, bn.
tng hp cht mu azo, ngi ta cho mt arylamin
phn ng vi HNO
2
HCl 0 - 5
0
C thnh arylamonihalogenua, ri
phn ng tip vi mt aren hot ng (aren c nhm th loi
mt). Ngoi hp cht mu monoazo (c mt nhm azo) cn c
th tng hp cc cht mu i azo (c hai nhm azo), tri azo
(c ba nhm azo)...
25. Si thu tinh v si quang l g ?
a- Khi ko thu tinh nng chy qua mt thit b c
nhiu l nh, ta c nhng si c ng knh t 2 n 10
m (1 micromet = 10
-6
m) gi l si thu tinh.
Bng phng php li tm hoc thi khng kh nn vo
dng thu tinh nng chy, ta thu c nhng si ngn gi l
bng thu tinh. Si thu tinh khng gin v rt dai, c
16
chu nhit, bn ho hc v cch in cao, dn
in thp.
Nguyn liu sn xut si thu tinh d kim, r tin,
vic sn xut kh n gin, nn hin nay c dng rng ri
trong cc lnh vc k thut khc nhau: sn xut cht do thy
tinh: lm vt liu lc; ch to vt liu cch in: may o bo
h lao ng chng chy, chng axit; lt cch nhit cho cc
ct chng ct: lm vt liu lin kt trong ch to my, xy
dng; ch to si quang v.v..
b- Si quang, cn gi l si dn quang, l loi si bng
thu tinh thch anh c ch to c bit, c tinh khit
cao, c ng knh t vi micromet n vi chc micromet.
Do c cu to c bit, nn si quang truyn c xung nh
sng m cng b suy gim rt t. Si quang c dng
ti thng tin c m ho di dng tn hiu xung laze. Mt
cp si quang nh nh si tc cng c th truyn c 10000
cuc trao i in thoi cng mt lc. Hin nay, si quang l
c s cho phng tin truyn tin hin i, pht trin cng
ngh thng tin, mng internet iu khin t ng, my o
quang hc v.v
Cp quang l cc si quang c bc cc lp ng, thp
v nha.
26. Thuc chut l cht g ?
Ti sao nhng con chut sau khi n thuc chut li i
tm nc ung. Vy thuc chut l g ? Ci g lm chut
cht ? Nu sau khi n thuc m khng c nc ung n cht
mau hn hay lu hn ?
17
Thuc chut l Zn
3
P
2
sau khi n Zn
3
P
2
b thu phn rt
mnh, hm lng nc trong c th chut gim, n kht v i
tm nc:
Zn
3
P
2
+ 6H
2
O 3Zn(OH)
2
+ 2PH
3

Chnh PH
3
git cht chut.
Cng nhiu nc a vo PH
3
thot ra cng nhiu
chut cng nhanh cht. Nu khng c nc chut cht lu
hn.
27. 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T v ioxin l nhng cht g ?
Vo khong nhng nm 1940 - 1948 ngi ta pht hin
thy rng axit 2,4 - iclophenoxiaxetic (2,4-D) , axit 2,4,5
-triclophenoxiaxetic (2,4,5-T) nng c phn triu c tc
dng kch thch s sinh trng thc vt nhng nng cao
hn chng c tc dng tiu dit cy c. T chng c
sn xut quy m cng nghip dng lm cht dit c pht
quang rng rm. Trong qu trnh sn xut 2,4-D v 2,4,5-T
lun to ra mt lng nh tp cht l ioxin. l mt cht cc
c, tc dng ngay nng cc nh (c phn t) , gy ra
nhng tai ho cc k nguy him (ung th, qui thai, d tt).
Trong cuc chin tranh Vit Nam , quc M ri
xung Min Nam nc ta hng vn tn cht c mu da cam
18
OCH
2
COOH
Cl
Cl
2,4-D
OCH
2
COOH
Cl
Cl
2,4,5-T
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
O Cl
Cl
ioxin
trong cha 2,4-D , 2,4,5-T v ioxin m hu qu ca n
vn cn cho n ngy ngay.
28. en anilin l cht g ?
Trang phc mu en c nhiu ngi a chung.
Cht mu en nhum vi c nhiu loi, trong c
en anilin. en anilin c iu ch trc tip trong thng
nhum vi hoc si, v n khng tan trong nc. iu ch
en anilin, ngi ta cho anilin tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh
nh KClO
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
vi cht xc tc l mui st hay ng.
Nm 1834, F.F Runge xc nh cu to ca en
anilin thuc loi para - quinonimit:
29. Thy tinh hu c plexiglas l cht g ?
Polimetyl l loi cht do nhit, rt
bn,
cng, trong sut. Do c gi l thu tinh hu c hay
plexiglas. Plexiglas khng b v vn khi va chm v bn vi
nhit. N cng bn vi nc, axit, baz, xng, ancol, nhng b
ho tan trong benzen, ng ng ca benzen, este v
xeton. Phn t khi ca plexiglas c th ti 5.10
6
. Plexiglas c
khi lng ring nh hn thu tinh silicat, d pha mu v d
to dng nhit cao.
Vi nhng tnh cht u vit nh vy plexiglas c dng lm
knh my bay, t, knh trong cc my mc nghin cu, knh
19
= = N N
CH
2
C
CH
3
OCO
CH
3
n
xy dng, dng gia nh, trong y hc dng lm rng gi,
xng gi, knh bo him Nhiu c s vt liu xy dng
coi thu tinh hu c l thu tinh kim loi.
Nhiu nc sn xut thu tinh hu c vi nhng tn khc
nhau: acripet (Nht), iakon (Anh), impelex(M) veril ()
30. Tuyt nhn to lm t cht g ?
Khi gi lm tuyt ri rp ht hay phim trng, gii k xo
u dng tuyt nhn to bng cht do. Tuy nhin, khi xong
vic, h khng th thu gom ht chng, nht l trn cc bu ca,
dn n nhim mi trng. Cc nh ho hc c to ra mt
loi tuyt mi, rt d phn hu, v lm ttinh bt khoai ty.
Sn phm ny l ca Frithjof Baumann v cng s
Vin cng ngh Ho hc Fraunhofer Karlsruhe (c). lm
ra n, ngi ta c th dng tinh bt khoai ty, ng, thm ch
to bin. Khi c phun vo trong khng kh, loi tinh bt ny
ho thnh mt dng bt xp, trng ging nh tuyt. Tuy nhin
n lc ny, Baumann vn cha th lm cho tuyt gi ri di
dng bng, m ch c th m phng cch ri ca cc cm
tuyt ln. v th nhm nghin cu vn ang tip tc ci tin
n.
Khi c dp m va phi, tuyt khoai ty s dnh kt vi
nhau va p ngi tuyt hay to ra cc ct bng,
cn khi phun m nc, chng s tan ra. Trong khng kh loi
tuyt ny ri rt p, nhng n khng hin ra trn mt t,
v qu nh.
Cc nh nghin cu ca vin Fraunhofe th nghim
chng trong nh ht quc gia Karlsruhe, v cung cp 5 tn
20
tuyt cho mt chng trnh khoa hc gi tng trn ti vi, c
tn gi l hnh tinh bng gi.
31. Cht gy nghin l nhng cht g ?
Ma tu d dng no khi a vo c th con ngi c th
lm thay i mt hay nhiu chc nng sinh l.
Ho hc nghin cu lm r thnh phn ho hc ca
nhng cht ma tu t nhin, ma tu nhn to v tc dng
sinh l ca chng. T s dng chng nh l mt loi thuc
cha bnh hoc ngn chn tc hi ca cc cht gy nghin.
Ma tu gm nhng cht b cm nh thuc phin, cn sa,
heroin, cocain, mt s thuc c dng theo ch dn ca thy
thuc nh moocphin, seduxen, nhng cht hin nay cha b
cm s dng nh thuc l, ru
Ma tu c tc dng c ch, gim au, kch thch mnh
m hoc gy o gic.
Ma tu c phn loi theo ngun gc t nhin hay nhn
to hoc theo mc gy nghin. Sau y xin gii thiu
mt s cht gy nghin ph bin.
Ru:Tu thuc nng v cch s dng, ru c th tc
dng tt hoc lm suy yu nghim trng sc kho con ngi.
Vi nhiu ngi, ung mt lng nh ru cng dn n phn ng
chm chp, x tr km linh hot, thn kinh d b kch ng
gy ra nhng trng hp ng tic nh tai nn, hnh ng bo
ngcTrong ru thng cha mt cht c hi l etanal CH
3
-
CHO, gy nn nao kh chu, nu nng cao c th dn
n t vong.
21
Nicotin:( C
10
H
14
N
2
) c nhiu trong cy thuc l. N l
cht lng snh nh du, khng mu, c mi thuc l, tan c
trong nc. Khi ht thuc l, nicotin thm vo mu v theo dng
mu i vo phi. Nicotin l mt trong nhng cht c mnh
(t 1 n 2 git nicotin c th git cht mt con ch), tnh
c ca n c th snh vi axt xianhiric HCN. Nicotin ch
l mt trong s cc cht ho hc c hi c trong khi thuc
l (trong khi thuc l c cha ti 1400 hp cht ho hc khc
nhau). Dung dch nicotin trong nc c dng lm thuc tr
su cho cy trng. Nhng ngi nghin thuc l thng mc
bnh ung th phi v nhng bnh ung th khc.
Cafein :( C
8
H
10
N
4
O
2
) c nhiu trong ht c ph, l ch.
Cafein l cht kt tinh khng mu, v ng, tan trong nc v
ru. Cafein dng trong y hc vi lng nh c tc dng gy kch
thch thn kinh. Nu dng cafein qu mc s gy bnh mt
ng v gy nghin.
Moocphin: C trong cy thuc phin, cn gi l cy
anh tc. Moocphin c tc dng lm gim hoc mt cm gic
au n. T moocphin li tinh ch c heroin c tc dng hn
moocphin nhiu ln, c v rt d gy nghin.
Hassish:l hot cht c trong cy cn sa cn gi l b
c tc dng chng co git, chng nn ma nhng c tc dng kch
thch mnh v gy o gic.
Thuc an thn nh l seduxen, meprobamat c tc
dng cha bnh, gy mt ng, du cn au nhng c tc
dng gy nghin.
22
Amphetamin : Cht kch thch h thn kinh d gy
nghin, gy chong, ri lon thn kinh nu dng thng xuyn.
Nghin ma tu s dn n ri lon tm, sinh l. Th d
nh: ri lon tiu ho, ri lon chc nng thn kinh, ri lon tun
hon, h hp. Tim chch ma tu gy tru tim mch d dn
n t vong.
Do , phng chng ma tu, khng c dng mt s
thuc cha bnh qu liu ch nh ca bc s, khng s
dng thuc khi khng bit tnh nng tc dng v lun ni
khng vi ma tu.
32. Nham thch do ni la phun ra l cht g ?
Bn di v tri t l lp dung nham gi l macma,
su t 75 km n khong gn 3000 km. Nhit ca lp
dung nham ny rt cao (2000 - 2500
0
C) v p sut rt ln (ti
1,4 triu atmotphe). Khi v tri t vn ng mnh nhng
ni c cu to mng, c vt t gy th lp dung nham ny
phun ra ngoi sau mt ting n ln.
Macma cu to dng bn lng gm silicat ca st, ca
magi. Dung nham thot ra ngoi s ngui dn v rn li to
thnh nham thch.
33. Nguyn t t him l g ?
l 14 nguyn t ho hc xp pha di ca bng tun
hon. Gi l t him v cc oxit ca chng rt ging vi cc
oxit khc trong t, ng thi ch c mt s t cc nc c
ngun nguyn liu cha cc nguyn t ny. Hp cht ca cc
nguyn t t him ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong
23
cc ngnh cng nghip thu tinh, gm s, in t, vt liu
quang hc, vt liu t
Vit Nam, Trung Quc, n , M, Australia c nhiu
nguyn liu t him, trong khi Anh, Php, Nht li cha
tm thy.
34. V sao than cht thnh ng ln c th t
bc chy?
Do than tc dng vi O
2
trong khng kh to ra CO
2
, phn
ng to nhit. Nhit to ra c tch gp dn, khi t ti nhit
chy ca than th than s t bc chy.
35. V sao khi t, kh CO chy cn kh CO
2
li
khng chy?
Do trong CO
2
, nguyn t C c s oxi ho cao nht l
+4 ri. Trong CO nguyn t C mi c s oxi ho +2, khi tc
dng vi O
2
n tng ln +4.
2 4
2 2
2CO O 2CO
+ +
+
36. V sao khng th dp tt m chy ca cc
kim loi K, Na, Mg,... bng kh CO
2
?
Do cc kim loi trn c tnh kh mnh nn vn chy c
trong kh quyn CO
2
Th d: 2Mg + CO
2
2MgO + C
37. V sao khng dng chai thu tinh m phi dng
chai bng nha (cht do) ng dung dch axit
flohiric HF?
Do axit HF l axit yu nhng c tnh cht c bit l n
mn thu tinh v n tc dng c vi oxit silic c trong thnh
phn ca thu tinh.
24
SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O
Ngi ta thng li dng tnh cht ny khc ch ln
thu tinh.
38. V sao mui th d b chy nc?
Mui n c thnh phn chnh l natri clorua, ngoi ra
cn c mt t cc mui khc trong c magi clorua. Magi
clorua rt a nc, n hp th nc trong khng kh v cng rt
d tan trong nc.
Magi clorua c v ng. Nc mt s khe ni c v
ng l do c ho tan magi clorua. Trong nc bin cng c
khng t magi clorua. Nc cn li sau khi mui kt tinh cc
rung mui gi l nc t th c n hn mt na l magi
clorua. Ngi ra dng nc t sn xut xi mng magi oxit,
vy liu chu la v c kim loi magi.
39. V sao bi vi vo ch ong, kin t s
au?
Do trong nc ca ong, kin, nhn (v mt s cy) c
axit hu c tn l axit fomic. Vi l cht baz, nn trung ho
axit lm ta au.
2HCOOH + Ca(OH)
2
(HCOO)
2
Ca + 2H
2
40. V sao ban m khng nn nhiu cy
xanh trong nh?
Do ban m khng c nh sng cy khng quang hp,
ch h hp nn hp th kh O
2
v thi ra kh CO
2
lm trong
phng thiu O
2
v qu nhiu CO
2
.
Ban ngy do c nh sng mt tri, cy quang hp nn
hp th CO
2
v thi ra O
2
(nh cht dip lc)
25
as
clorophin
6nCO
2
+ 5nH
2
O (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ 6nO
2
41. V sao nm t n xung ao lm c cht?
t n c thnh phn chnh l canxi cacbua CaC
2
, khi
tc dng vi nc sinh ra kh axetilen v canxi hiroxit.
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Axetilen c th tc dng vi H
2
O to ra anehit axetic.
Cc cht ny lm tn thng n hot ng h hp ca c
v vy c th lm c cht.
42. V sao ngi ta thng dng tro bp bn
cy?
Trong tro bp c cha mui K
2
CO
3
cung cp nguyn t
kali cho cy.
43. V sao mui NaHCO
3
c dng ch thuc
au d dy?
NaHCO
3
dng ch thuc au d dy (bao t) v n
lm gim lng axit HCl trong d dy nh phn ng:
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
44. V sao trong cng nghip thc phm, mui
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
c dng lm bt n?
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
c dng lm bt n v khi trn thm vo bt
m, lc nng bnh (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
phn hu thnh cc cht kh v
hi nn lm cho bnh xp v n.
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
45. V sao khi cm b kh ngi ta thng cho vo
ni cm mt mu than ci?
Do than ci xp c tnh hp ph nn hp ph mi kht
ca cm kh.
26
t
0
lm cho cm mi kh.
46. V sao nc rau mung ang xanh khi vt
chanh vo th chuyn sang mu ?
C mt s hp cht ho hc gi l cht ch th mu,
chng lm cho dung dch thay i mu khi axit thay
i.
Trong rau mung (v vi loi rau khc) c cht ch th
mu ny. Trong chanh c cha 7% axit xitric. Vt chanh vo
nc rau lm thay i axit, do lm thay i mu nc
rau. Khi cha vt chanh, nc rau mung c mu xanh lt l
cha cht kim canxi.
47. V sao khng dng nc ch khi ung tn dc?
Trong l ch c cha 20% tanin v 1 1,5% cafein, cc
cht ny c th lin kt vi mt s hot cht ca tn dc, do
lm gim hiu qu ca thuc.
48. V sao vt chanh vo cc sa c c ng s
thy c kt ta?
Trong sa c thnh phn protein gi l cazein. Khi vt
chanh vo sa s lm tng chua tc lm gim PH ca
dung dch sa. Ti PH ng vi im ng in ca cazein
th cht ny s kt ta. Khi lm phomat ngi ta cng tch
cazein ri cho ln men tip. Vic lm u ph cng theo
nguyn tc tng t nh vy.
49. V sao n sn (c m) hay mng c khi b ng
c?
n sn hay mng b ng c khi chng cha nhiu axit
xianhiric (HCN). dng tinh khit axit xianhidric l cht kh
mi hnh nhn, c v ng v rt c. Nhit nng chy
27
l - 13,3
0
C, tan trong nc, ru, ete v l axit rt yu. Trong
thin nhin gp dng lin kt trong mt s thc vt (ht
mn, o, c sn, mng ti).
Sn luc hay mng luc hoc xo nu c v ng l
cha nhiu axit xianhiric, c nguy c b ng c. Khi luc
sn cn m vung axit xianhiric bay hi. Sn phi
kh, gi thnh bt lm bnh th khi n khng bao gi b
ng c v khi phi kh axit xianhiric s bay hi ht.
Trong cng nghp axit xianhiric c iu ch bng
cch oxi ho hn hp kh metan (CH
4
) v amoniac (NH
3
), c
xc tc platin. Axit xianhiric l nguyn liu iu ch tng
hp cc cht cao phn t. Axit xianhiric dng t do dng
lm cht xng hi chng cn trng gy bnh.
Mui ca axit xianhiric nh kali xianua (KCN) dng trong
tng hp hu c, trong nhip nh v tch kim loi vng,
bc ra khi qung.
50. V sao sau khi n tri cy khng nn nh
rng ngay ?
Cc nh khoa hc khuyn co: Ai n tri cy th phi
mt gi sau mi c nh rng. Ti sao vy ? cht chua (tc
axit hu c) trong tri cy s kt hp vi nhng thnh phn
trong thuc nh rng theo bn chy s tn cng cc k rng
v gy tn thng cho li. Bi vy ngi ta phi i n khi n-
c bt trung ho lng axit trong tri cy nht l to, cam, nho,
chanh.
51. V sao cc vt bng bc lu ngy th-
ng b xm en ?
28
Do bc tc dng vi kh O
2
v kh H
2
S c trong khng kh
to ra bc sunfua c mu en.
4Ag + O
2
+ 2H
2
S 2Ag
2
S + 2H
2
O
52. V sao dng dng bng bc ng thc n,
thc n lu b i ?
Khi bc gp nc s c mt lng rt nh i vo nc thnh
ion. Ion bc c tc dng dit khun rt mnh. Ch cn
5
1
t
gam bc trong 1 lt nc cng dit cc vi khun. Khng cho
vi khun pht trin nn gi cho thc n khng b i thiu.
53. V sao dng dao (bng thp) ct l, to th
b mt ch ct s b en ?
Trong l, to v nhiu loi tri cy c cha tanin. Tanin
cn gi l axit tanic, n tc dng vi st to thnh st (III)
tanat c mu en. Tanin c v cht, qu hng c v cht do
rt nhiu tanin.
Tanin tinh khit l cht bt mu vng, d tan trong nc.
C khi khng dng dao bng st ct l, to, hng
m sau mt lc, ch ct vn b thm en l do kt qu
ca nhiu bin i ho hc. Trong phn t tanin c cha
nhiu gc phenol, cc gc ny rt mn cm vi nh sng v
rt d b oxi ho bi oxi ca khng kh bin thnh cc oxit
c mu en. V vy tanin thng c bo qun trong cc
bnh thu tinh sm mu. Trong cng nghip tanin dng
thuc da v ch mc mu en.
54. V sao h con dao t ln ngn la, con dao s
c mu xanh ?
29
l do nhit cao st tc dng vi nc to nn oxit
st t Fe
3
O
4
lp lnh mu lam. Lp o mu lam ny l tm
mng bo v st, lm cho st khng b g v khng b n
mn.
cc nh my ngi ta em cc ch phm bng thp
cho vo dung dch natri nitrat hoc hn hp natri nitrat v
natri hidroxit nhit t 140 -> 150
0
C. Sau mt thi gian
nht nh trn b mt s sinh ra mt lp mng mu lam, sau
ly ra v nhanh chng cho vo nc lnh, ri li em x l
bng nc x phng, du nng my pht. Ngi ta gi bin php
ny l ti mui. Cc ch phm qua ti mui s c tui th
di hn.
55. V sao thu tinh thng c mu xanh ?
Do c cha hp cht ca st. Nu cha hp cht st (II)
th c mu xanh cn cha hp cht st (III) th c mu vng
nu.
Ni chung thu tinh cha 1->2% st th s c mu xanh
hoc vng nu.
Thu tinh quang hc khng mu ch cha khng qu 3
phn vn st.
56. V sao thu tinh li c th t thay i mu ?
Vic ch to thu tinh i mu cng tng t nh ch
to thu tinh thng, ch khc l ngi ta thm vo nguyn liu
ch to thu tinh mt t cht cm quang nh bc clorua hay
bc bromua v mt t cht tng nhy nh ng clorua.
Cht nhy cm lm cho thu tinh bin i nhy hn.
30
S i mu c th gii thch nh sau: Khi b chiu
sng, bc clorua tch thnh bc v clo. Bc s lm cho thu tinh
sm mu. Khi khng chiu sng na, bc v clo li gp nhau,
to thnh bc clorua khng mu, lm cho thu tinh li trong
sut.
57.V sao thm mui qu sm th u khng
nh ?
Cc b m thng nhc nh: Khi nu u ch cho mui
qu sm, iu ny c th gii thch mt cch khoa hc nh
sau: Trong u nnh kh, nc rt t. Do c th coi n nh
mt dung dch c, v lp v l mt mng bn thm. Khi
nu, nc bn ngoi s thm thu vo trong u lm u nnh
n to ra, sau mt thi gian cc t bo trong ht u b ph v
lm cho u mm.
Nu khi nu u ta cho mui qu sm th nc bn
ngoi c th khng i vo trong u, thm ch nc trong
u s thm thu ra ngoi do nng mui trong nc mui
bn ngoi ln hn nhiu so vi nng mui trong u nu
cho mui qu nhiu.
Thng thng khi nu cho u xanh, cho u
khng nn thm ng qu sm hoc nu tht b, tht ln
khng nn cho mui qu sm v cng s kh nu nh.
58. V sao n ng glucoz li cm thy u li
mt lnh ?
31
Nu bn cho mt tha ng glucoz vo li trong cm
gic ngt ngo cm nhn c cn c cm gic mt lnh. V
sao vy ? Glucoz to ra mt dung dch ng trn li, s
phn b cc phn t ng trong qu trnh ho tan l qu
trnh thu nhit, do ta cm thy u li mt lnh.
59. V sao thc n nu kh chy d gy ung th ?
Theo cc chuyn gia ca t chc y t th gii, nu thc
n qu chy d gy ung th. Cht asparagin trong thc phm
di nhit cao s kt hp vi ng t nhin trong rau qu,
hay cc thc phm giu cht cacbohirat to thnh cht
acylamid, tc nhn chnh gy ra bnh ung th.
n nhiu tht hun khi v cc cht bo qun thc phm
cha nitrosamin c trong rau ngm, tht hun khi lm gia
tng ung th ming, thc qun, thanh qun, d dy. n nhiu
cht bo c lin quan n ung th v, i trng, trc trng,
nim mc t cung.
Thuc tr su nitrofen l cht gy ung th v d tt bo
thai. Ho cht c hi ethinnylestradiol v bisphenol A c
trong ti nilong v hp nha ti sinh dng ng thc n gy
hi cho bo thai.
60. V sao go np li do ?
Tinh bt c 2 loi amiloz v amilopectin nhng khng
tch ri nhau, trong mi ht tinh bt, amilopectin l v bao
bc nhn amiloz. Amiloz tan c trong nc, amilopectin
hu nh khng tan, trong nc nng amilopectin trng ln to
thnh h. Tnh cht ny quyt nh n tnh do ca ht
c tinh bt. Trong mi ht tinh bt, lng amilopectin chim
80%, amiloz chim khong 20%, nn cm go t, ng t,
bnh m, thng c do bnh thng. Tinh bt trong go
32
np, ng np cha lng amilopectin rt cao, khong 98% lm
cho cm np, xi np, ng np lucrt do, do ti mc
dnh.
61. V sao nc mt li mn ?
Nc mt mn l v trong mt lt nc mt c ti 6g
mui. Nc mt sinh ra t tuyn l nm pha trn mi ngoi
ca nhn cu. Nc mt thu nhn c mui t mu (trong mt
lt mu c 9 g mui). Nc mt c tc dng bi trn nhn cu,
lm cho nhn cu khng b kh, b xc v v c mui nn cn
c tc dng hn ch bt s pht trin ca vi khun trong mt.
62. V sao pha trn cng ca ngn la li c mu
xanh ?
V ch nhit ca ngn la cao nht. Bnh th-
ng khi nhit vt qu 1000
0
C th ngn la s c mu xanh
hoc mu trng, di 1000
0
C c mu .
63. V sao axit nitric c li lm thng qun o ?
Axit nitric c l mt dung mi ca xenluloz. Nu b
mt nhm bng vo axit nitric c lc nh mt lc, nhm
bng s tan ht.
Khi axit nitric c dnh vo qun o n s ha tan
xenluloz ngay nn s xut hin l ch cc l thng.
Khi b axit nitric long dy vo qun o, tuy qun o
khng b thng ngay, nhng khi qun o kh, nng axit
tng v tr thnh c s lm thng qun o.
Nu qun o b dy axit nitric cn git ngay bng mt
lng ln nc.
64. V sao va trt tng phi sau my ngy mi
cng li c ?
Khi bn n mt cng trng xy dng bn s thy nhng
ngi th xy dng ct vng trn va xy. Loi va vi nho
33
do ny ch sau my ngy l tr nn ht sc rn, nh cc
vin gch c th gn cht vi nhau bn vng. iu ny c gii
thch nh sau: Va vi trt tng c cha vi ti [l Ca(OH)
2
]
trong khng kh sau vi ngy do hai bin i:
-Va vi l mt cht keo, do khi nc trong va vi
bay hi mt phn Ca(OH)
2
s kt tinh trong dung dch qu bo
ho. Cc tinh th ca vi kt tinh trong cht keo s bin
thnh mt tinh th rn chc.
- Do tc dng cacbonat ho, Ca(OH)
2
tc dng vi CO
2
trong khng kh vi s c mt ca nc to thnh CaCO
3
tinh
th.
Hai bin i trn ng thi xy ra khi va vi tip xc
vi khng kh lm cho va trt tng cng li.
65. V sao hng ngn loi hoa c hng trm mu
sc khc nhau ? C phi hng trm mu sc khc nhau
ng vi hng trm cht khc nhau khng ?
Ngi ta phn tch mu sc ca trn 4000 loi hoa
v thy rng hng trm mu sc khc nhau kia ch l s
bin i bin i ca 7 mu c bn l , nu, vng, lc,
lam, tm v trng. Trong phn ln sc mu ca hoa l s
bin ho gia cc mu , tm v lam. Phn nh hn l s
bin i gia cc mu vng, nu v .
Nghin cu k hn, ngi ta cn bit rng trong hoa c
cha mt loi cht gi l hoa thanh t, mt hp cht hu c
phc tp to thnh bi benzen v benzopyran mu sc ca n
c th thay i thy theo s thay i PH ca dch t
bo ca hoa. Dch t bo c tnh kim hoa c mu lam, c
tnh axit hoa c mu cn khi trung tnh c mu tm.
34
66. V sao trong mt ngy hoa ph dung c th
i mu ti 3 ln ?
Hoa ph dung i mu 3 ln trong ngy. Bui sng
mu trng, bui tra mu pht hng, bui chiu mu hng
m hn.
Loi hoa, trc sau ch bin i thay nhau gia cc mu
trng, hng, vng, da cam, . l do tc ng ca cht
caroten thay i trong thc vt. S d c tn nh vy v ln
u tin n c chit sut t c carot. dng tinh khit n
l nhng tinh th mu rt p.
Caroten l mt loi sc t thng thy trong mi o
hoa. Trong sa ng vt, trong cht bo cng c sc t ny
nhng nhiu hn c l trong c carot (cht mu vng da cam)
Caroten l mt hirocacbon no v c cng thc l C
40
H
56
,
trong phn t c 11 lin kt i v 2 vng no.
67. V sao khi tn la bn trng my bay ta thy
xut hin khi mu nu ?
Nit (IV) oxit NO
2
c dng lm cht oxit ho trong nhin
liu phng tn la.
Khi tn la bn trng my bay th v tr tn la trng
ch xut hin m khi mu nu. l do trong tn la
cn d nhin liu l NO
2
. Khi u n chm n, ng thi
nhin liu d cng bc hi. Nu tn la khng bn trng mc
tiu s bay ht v t hu, khi nghe ting n v quan
st ta ch thy khi trng v lc ny trong tn la ht
nhin liu.
68. V sao c kh metan thot ra t rung la ?
35
nh gi lng kh metan hng nm thot ra v i vo kh
quyn ang l mt thch thc vi cc nh khoa hc. Nhng
nh gi ny i hi vic phn tch mt lng khng l cc
s liu.
Nhng nghin cu Trung Quc cho thy c mt lng ln
khi metan sinh ra t s thi ra cc vt th hu c t rung
la. Ngi ta c chng khong 1/7 lng kh metan thot vo kh
quyn hng nm l t hot ng cy cy !
Ngi ta tin hnh 1300 th nghim trong ma gieo
trng trong nm 1988 v 1989 Giang Chu (Trung Quc)
cho thy lng kh metan thot ra trung bnh l 58mg/(m
2
.h).
Con s ny Chu u v Bc M l 4 - 6mg/(m
2
.h)
69. V sao c th bin tro xng thnh qu ?
Cng ty TifGem ti Chicago (M) c sng kin bin tro x-
ng ca ngi qu c thnh nhng vin ngc v trong tro x-
ng c cha cacbon. Ngi ta dng l sy siu nng bin
tro xng thnh than ch, sau nn chng li to ra
nhng vin kim cng xanh v vng c gi t 2700 la ti
20.000 la.
Thnh cng ca cng ty LifeGem s to s thay i
trong vn tm ni an ngh cho ngi qu c.
70. V sao gi teri l nguyn liu ca tng li ?
teri l mt ng v ca hidr ( H
2
1
). Cc ht nhn ca
teri khi kt hp vi nhau s to ra mt nng lng rt ln. Mt
kilogam teri khi kt hp thnh nguyn t Heli s cho nng l-
ng tng ng khi t 40.000 tn than.
36
Phn t nc nng do 2 nguyn t teri ho hp vi mt
nguyn t oxi m thnh.
Trong nc bin, trung bnh c 6000 phn nc th c mt
phn t nc nng. Trong mt lt nc bin c gn 0,02 gam
teri. Tng tr lng ca teri trong nc bin c n
25.000 t tn, tng ng vi 5000 t t tn du m.
Ti sao ni teri l nguyn liu ca tng lai cn hin
ti li cha s dng c ? Vn ch l hin nay cha nm
c k thut khng ch phn ng nhit hch tng hp ht
nhn ny.
71. Axit clohiric c vai tr nh th no i vi c
th ?
Axit clohiric c vai tr rt quan trng i vi qu trnh
trao i cht ca c th. Trong dch v d dy ca ngi c
axit clohiric vi nng khong t 0,0001 n 0,001 mol/l
(c pH tng ng l 4 v 3) . Ngoi vic ho tan cc mui
kh tan, axit clohiric cn l cht xc tc cho cc phn ng
thu phn cc cht gluxit (cht ng, bt) v cht protein
(cht m) thnh cc cht n gin hn c th c th
hp th c.
Lng axit clohiric trong dch v d dy nh hn hoc
ln hn mc bnh thng u mc bnh. Khi trong dch v
d dy, axit clohiric c nng nh hn 0,0001 mol/l (pH >
4,5) ta mc bnh kh tiu, ngc li, nng ln hn 0,001
mol/l (pH < 3,5) ta mc bnh chua. Mt s thuc cha au
d dy c cha mui natri hirocacbonat NaHCO
3
(cn gi l
thuc mui) c tc dng trung ho bt axit trong d dy.
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln axit clohiric dng
sn xut cc mui clorua v tng hp cc cht hu c.
37
Hng nm trn ton th gii sn xut hng triu tn axit
clohiric
72. Mt s dch lng thng thng c pH nh th
no ?
Mu pH
Dch d dy 1-2
Nc chanh 2,4
Gim 3,0
Nc nho 3,2
Nc cam 3,5
Nc tiu 4,8-7,5
Nc ngoi
khng kh
5,5
Nc bt 6,4 - 6,9
Sa 6,5
Mu 7,3-7,45
Nc mt 7,4
73. pH v s su rng lin quan vi nhau nh th
no ?
Rng c bo v bi lp men cng, dy khong 2mm. Lp
men ny l hp cht Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH v c to thnh bng phn
ng :
2 3
4 5 4 3
5Ca 3PO OH Ca (PO ) OH
+
+ + (1)
Qu trnh to lp men ny l s bo v t nhin ca con
ngi chng li bnh su rng.
Sau ba n, vi khun trong ming tn cng cc thc n
cn lu li trn rng to thnh cc axit hu c nh axit axetic,
axit lactic. Thc n vi hm lng ng cao to iu kin tt
nht cho vic sn sinh ra cc axit .
Lng axit trong ming tng, pH gim, lm cho phn ng
sau xy ra: O H OH H
2
+
+
.
38
Khi nng OH
-
gim, theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-, cn
bng (1) chuyn dch theo chiu nghch v men rng b
mn, to iu kin cho su rng pht trin.
Bin php tt nht phng su rng l n thc n t
chua, t ng, nh rng sau khi n. Ngi ta thng trn vo
thuc nh rng NaF hay SnF
2
, v ion F
-
to iu kin cho
phn ng sau xy ra.
F ) PO ( Ca F PO 3 Ca 5
3 4 5
3
4
2
+
+
Hp cht Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
F l men rng thay th mt phn
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH.
Trc y, nc ta mt s ngi c thi quen n tru l tt
cho vic to men rng theo phn ng (1), v trong ming
tru c vi ti Ca(OH)
2
, cha Ca
2+
v OH
-
lm cho cn bng
(1) chuyn dch theo chiu thun.
74. Cuc sng cao v qu trnh sn sinh
hemoglobin lin quan vi nhau nh th no ?
Qu trnh sinh l b nh hng bi iu kin mi trng.
S thay i t ngt v cao c th gy ra au u,
bun nn, mt mi v kh chu. y l triu chng ca s
thiu oxi trong cc m.
Sng cao vi tun hoc vi thng s dn dn vt
qua c chng say cao v thch nghi dn vi nng oxi
thp trong khng kh.
S kt hp oxi vi hemoglobin (Hb) trong mu c biu
din mt cch n gin nh sau:
2 2
Hb O HbO +
(Hemoglobin) (Oxi hemoglobin)
39
HbO
2
a oxi n cc m. Biu thc ca hng s cn
bng l :
[ ]
[ ][ ] 2 O Hb
HbO
K
2

cao 3 km, p sut ring phn ca oxi vo khong

0,14 atm so vi 0,3 atm ngang mc nc bin. Theo nguyn l
L Sa-t-li-, nng oxi gim s lm cho cn bng trn
chuyn dch sang tri gy ra bnh thiu oxi trong cc m.
Hin tng ny buc c th ngi phi sn sinh ra nhiu phn
t hemoglobin hn v cn bng s chuyn dch t tri qua
phi, to iu kin cho vic hnh thnh oxihemoglobin.
Vic sn sinh thm hemoglobin xy ra t t. t c cng
sut ban u phi cn ti vi nm. Cc nghin cu ch rng,
cc c dn sng lu vng cao c mc hemoglobin trong mu
cao, i khi cao hn 50% so vi nhng ngi sng ngang mc
nc bin.
75. Thc phm c chia thnh nhng nhm no ?
Con ngi mun tn ti v pht trin cn phi n. Thc
phm l nhng cht mang li cho c th nguyn liu
sn sinh nng lng; to ra t chc t bo; sinh sn ra cc t
bo; hay cc cht mi thay th v d tr khi c th cn.
V cht dinh dng khng c ng u trong thc phm
nn ngi ta chia thc phm ra lm nhiu nhm m bo
s cn i. M chia thc phm thnh 4 nhm l: b - sa,
th - rau, rau - qu v bnh m - ng cc. Vit Nam chia 5
nhm l: gluxit, lipit, protein cht khong v vitamin.
76. C th chng ta cn nhng hp cht hu c
thit yu no ?
40
C th chng ta cng cha hng nghn loi cc phn t
hu c v v c nn cng c sp xp thnh loi thit yu
v khng thit yu ch khi nui dng.
C 24 hp cht hu c thit yu l: 9 amino axit, 2 axit
bo v 13 vitamin. C 15 thnh phn thit yu v c l:
canxi, photpho, it, magie, km, ng, kali, natri, clo, coban,
crom, mangan, molipen v selen (c th k c asen,
vanai v thic).
Cc cht trn c th ly t thc phm nh amino axit ly
t tht, trng, sa axit bo khng no ly t u nnh
vitamin ly t rau qu nh vitamin A trong qu gc, vitamin C
trong qu chanh, cam, bi
77. C nc, gan cc, mt c trm c cha c t
g ?
C nc rt c v c cha c t tetraodontoxin, gan
cc v trng cc c v cha bufotoxin, mt c trm c
v c mt ancol steroit gy c l 5 cyprinol
78. Nn n nh th no ?
cung cp y cc cht thit yu cho c th cn
phi bit cch n nh thay i thc phm (thng gi l n
i ba) v n va khng qu thiu hoc qu tha dinh
dng.
79. Thc phm nh hng ti tm trng con ngi nh
th no ?
41
Ngy nay ngi ta khng nh thc phm khng ch c
nh hng n sc kho m cn nh hng ti tm trng con
ngi.
Thc n giu protein (cht m) lm cho bn vui ti
hn ln. Chng gip c th sn sinh ra dopamin v
norpinephrin lm tng nhit lng c th khin cho bn c
tp trung hn v cn c tc dng gim c stress. Nu nh
trong ba n sng v tra bn dng mt lng protein thch hp
s gip cho bn tnh to, minh mn hn.
Thc n giu cht gluxit (cht bt) c tc dng lm cho
bn cng thng, t b stress v thi gian c th phc
hi sau mt mi ngn hn. Khi n thc n c hm lng gluxit
cao th ng thi cng tng lng amino axit tryptophan a
n no, chng c bin i thnh serotonin c tc
dng lm du h thn kinh.
Thc n ngt c tc dng lm du c th. Khi c th
tip nhn nhng thc n ngt th lng ng trong mu tng
ln, ng thi phn ng ho hc ca c th cng c tng c-
ng, khin bn cm thy d chu hn. c bit ko scla
c cha cht phenyletylamin v mt s cht khc c tc dng
kch thch h thn kinh, gy cm gic khoan khoi.
Tri cy nh chui c cha nhiu cht dopamin v
norpinephrin l nhng sn phm ca no c tc ng mnh
n cm gic. Tri to cung cp cho c th cht x, pectin,
nguyn t bo gip duy tr bn ca xng, gi c phong
tnh to, linh hot.
42
Nc khong c nh hng rt nhiu n tm trng con
ngi. C th chng ta rt cn nhiu nguyn t vi lng. Chng
hn, thiu magie c th d b lm vo tnh trng trm ut,
b ph, thm ch cn c th dn n hn m. Ngoi nc
khong, thc n giu nguyn t magie l cm, go tm, ng
cc.
ung c cha cht cafein c tc dng lm cho c
th hot bt, nhanh nhn hn. Song khng nn dng lng cao
v c th gy nn nao, cu knh v au u. Ung sa
gip bn ng ngon v tnh to hn khi thc dy.
80. Vitamin l bn hay l th ?
Nm 1970, nh ho hc hai ln c gii Nobel l Lainux
Pauling (ln th nht vo nm 1901) gii thch vitamin C
l mt ch phm v hi, tt nht, c tc dng thn k, c kh
nng cha khi bnh cm lnh. Hng ngy ch cn ung liu
t 1 n 4 gam vitamin C, nu cm nng hn th ung
liu cao hn. Vitamin C cha axit ascocbic. Axit ny to thnh
cc tinh th khng mu, d ho tan trong nc, c tng hp
trong cc dng cy xanh c dip lc sng trn cn hay di nc.
Con ngi mt kh nng tng hp axit ny t ng do mt
kh nng ch to mt loi men trong qu trnh tiu ho.
Gn y cc nh nghin cu chng minh l dng
vitamin C liu cao c kh nng gim mnh sc khng ca
c th chng bnh cm lnh. H xc nh l c th c
th chng li tnh trng tha vitamin C, tuy nhin qu trnh
thi loi vitamin C vn tip tc cho n khi trong c th bt
u thiu ht trm trng vitamin C. C th cng nhn c
43
vitamin C, th vitamin C li cng b thi loi nhiu.
Canada, nm 1965 ghi nhn trng hp cc tr s sinh
mc bnh thiu vitamin C, thng gi l bnh Scocbut. Ngi
ta thy rng cc b m chng ung vitamin liu cao v
ngh l s bo v c sc kho thai nhi. Nhu cu hng ngy
v vitamin C ca ngi kho mnh dao ng t 0,05 n 0,1
gam. Trong trng hp b cm lnh, c th ch nn tng liu
n 1 gam thi.
81. n th no bo v tim mch ?
Theo cc bc s t th k XX trc y cho n th k
XXI ny, bnh tim mch vn l nguyn nhn t vong s 1 ca
loi ngi. Theo T chc Y t Th gii, c 4 giy trn mt t
li c mt nhi mu c tim, v c 5 giy mt tai bin mch
no ! cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, s ngi cht do
bnh tim mch ang tng nhanh chng.
Nhng bnh cht ngi ny, d l bnh tim nh nhi mu
c tim hay bnh mch nh tai bin mch no, u c chung
mt nguyn nhn l va x ng mch. Phi ngn chn c
va x ng mch, mi c th gim bt c t vong v bnh
tt ! n ung hp l chnh l mt bin php quan trng
ngn chn va x ng mch, tc l phng nhi mu c
tim v tai bin mch no. Cho nn khng ring g nhng
bnh nhn tim mch nn theo, m c nhng ngi kho mnh
bnh thng cng cn ch .
Cc nghin cu gn y nm 2000 a ra nhiu li
khuyn v n ung nh sau:
44
1.Hn ch cc thc n c nhiu acid bo bo ho, v
chng l cc nguyn liu c th tng hp ra cholesterol
xu(LDL-C). C th l nn bt n cc m ng vt, c bit
l m b, m cu (90% cht bo l acid bo bo ho); ri n
b sa. M ln, m g, m chim t acid bo bo ho hn nn
cng khng cn king k lm. c bit m c tuy l m ng
vt, nhng li c t acid bo bo ho, v nhiu acid bo khng
bo ho, nn n nhiu bo v tim mch. Nn ch rng
cc du thc vt ni chung cha t acid bo bo ho, nhng c
2 ngoi l: du da v du c (palm oil) cha acid bo bo
ho nhiu khng km cc m ng vt 45%! Cc nh chuyn
khoa tim mch khuyn co rng t l acid bo bo ho khng
nn qu 10% tng s calo; ngi tng cholesterol th khng
nn qu 7%.
2. Hn ch nhng thc n c nhiu cholesterol nh b
(c nhiu trong sa), trng, c, bu dc, tim, gan, tm, cua
Khng nn n qu 300 mg cholesterol mi ngy, ngi tng
cholesterol th khng nn qu 200mg.
Trc y, n t cholesterol l li khuyn s 1 gim
bnh tim mch. Tuy nhin cc tc gi gn y khng bt
king cholesterol nghim ngt nh ngy xa v cho rng mt
ch n h cholesterol khng nht thit l mt ch t
cholesterol. H thy rng n cholesterol khng hi bng n cc
acid bo bo ho. Th d mt lng trng 17 gam cha
220mg cholesterol, trc kia ngi ta ch cho n mi tun khng
n 2 qu, th nay cc nh tim mch hc cho php n mi
tun 6 qu;
45
82. i vi c th mui iot c vai tr nh th no ?
c th kho mnh, con ngi cn c cung cp y
cc nguyn t ho hc cn thit. C nhng nguyn t cn
c cung cp vi khi lng ln v c nhng nguyn t cn c
cung cp vi khi lng nh (vi lng). Iot l mt nguyn t vi lng
ht sc cn thit i vi con ngi. Theo cc nh khoa hc,
mi ngy c th con ngi cn c cung cp t 1.10
-4
n
2.10
-4
gam nguyn t iot.
C th tip nhn c phn iot cn thit di dng hp
cht ca iot c sn trong mui n v mt s loi thc phm.
Nhng vic thiu ht iot vn thng xy ra. Hin nay, tnh trn
ton Th Gii mt phn ba s dn b thiu iot trong c th.
Vit Nam , theo iu tra mi nht, 94% s dn thiu ht
iot nhng mc khc nhau.
Thiu ht iot trong c th dn n hu qu rt tai hi.
Thiu iot lm no b h hi nn ngi ta tr nn n n, chm
chp, c th ic, cm, lit chi, ln. Thiu iot cn gy ra
bnh bu c v hng lot ri lon khc, c bit nguy him
i vi b m v tr em.
khc phc s thiu iot, ngi ta phi cho thm hp
cht ca iot vo thc phm nh : mui n, sa, ko
Vic dng mui n lm phng tin chuyn ti iot vo c
th ngi c nhiu nc p dng.
Mui iot l mui n c trn thm mt lng nh hp cht
ca iot (thng l KI hoc KIO
3
). Th d: Trn 25 kg KI vo
mt tn mui n.
46
Ngi ta cng cho thm hp cht iot vo bt canh, nc
mm
Vic dng mui iot tht d dng v n gin. V mi v,
mu sc, mui iot khng khc g mui n thng. Tuy nhin
hp cht iot c th b phn hu nhit cao. V vy phi
thm mui iot sau khi thc phm c nu chn.
83. Cc hp cht v c cha kim loi c tc dng
cha bnh nh th no ?
Cc loi dc phm tuy hu ht l cc hp cht hu c nh-
ng ngi ta cng nghin cu nhiu hp cht v c dng vo
vic cha bnh.
Bng cc phng php nghin cu c trng vt l ca
cc nguyn t kim loi nh tnh phng x, tnh thun tngi
ta c th phn tch c ch tc dng ca cc loi thuc, c
bit l vai tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi. iu ny khng
nhng cho php hiu c tnh nng, tc dng ca chng m
cn cho php tm ti c nh hng cc loi thuc mi.
84. C phi hp cht cha platin cha ung th ?
T nhng nm 1965 ngi ta nhn thy hot tnh c
ch s pht trin ca cc vi khun ca cht cisplatin v
th dng cht ny cha bnh ung th ngi.
Ngy nay cc ch phm cha platin thuc nhng thuc
hiu qu nht v c s dng cha ung th cp. Cch
thuc cha platin c dng cha ung th nh: ung th bung
trng, ung th rut, ung th phi
47
Tuy cisplatin l mt tc nhn chng ung th tt nhng qu
c. V vy ngi ta tm cch bo ch ra nhng thuc mi
vn gi c hot tnh nhng t c hn.
Vic th hot tnh chng ung th ca hng lot cht khc
nhau v nhng nghin cu ng hc v s th phi t cho
thy rng khi thay i phi t hot tnh chng ung th vn -
c duy tr, cn c tnh th lin quan trc tip ti linh
ng ca phi t b th. Pht hin ny a n vic iu
ch hng lot dn xut malonat vi linh ng thp hn so
vi cisplatin, trong cacboplatin c chn nh gi
lm sng. Kt qu th nghim hon ton xc nhn cc d
on. T 1984 cacboplatin c php s dng Anh v
nhiu nc khc.
Khong 10 ch phm platin khc c th nghim
lm sng cc nc khc nhau. Tr tetraplatin cc cht cn li
u l phc cht ca Pt (II) vi cc nhm b th c linh
ng thp hn cisplatin.
85. C phi hp cht cha vng cha vim khp ?
Cc hp cht ca vng c dng cha bnh t
nhng nm 1920 nhng ngi ta vn cha r c ch tc dng
ca chng.
C nhiu bng chng v hiu qu cha bnh ca cc
hp cht cha vng nhng ngi ta vn lo ngi v c tnh ca
chng. C ngi cn ngh chm dt vic s dng cc hp
cht ca vng cha bnh vim khp.
Gii thch c ch tc dng ca vng, mt s tc gi cho
rng vng bao vy cc nhm thiol hot ng. Mt s khc
48
ch ra rng vng c ch vic sinh sn cc dng oxi hot
ng nh ion peroxit cc gc hyroxyl v peroxyl mng v
dch t bo.
Gn y cc nh ho hc v c iu ch c hp
cht Auranofin cha cc phi t to phc bn v c tnh i m,
c th dng lm thuc ung, c tc dng tng t nh cc thuc
tim.
86. C phi hp cht cha gali cha mu tng canxi
?
M ngi ta cho php dng galinitrat Ga (NO
3
)
3

cha bnh mu tng canxi c tnh. Vic ny xut pht t
kinh nghim thu c khi dng mt ng v ca gali trong
chun on bnh xng. Ngi ta nhn thy rng ngoi cc u
xng, gali cng tp trung c mt s u khc, nht l trong
bch huyt.
Nhng nghin cu nhm xc nh sm cc khi u cng vi
vic quan tm dng cc hp cht ca kim loi lm tc nhn
chng ung th thc y nh th hot tnh chng ung
th ca Ga(OH)
3
khng phng x trn chut. T kt qu nghin
cu trn chut, ngi ta bt u nghin cu trn ngi. Kt qu
th nghim trn bnh nhn b bnh mu tng canxi cho
thy thuc c hiu qu trong vic a mc canxi trong mu
tr li bnh thng v khng c phn ng ph. S rt canxi t
xng c c ch trc tip.
87. C phi hp cht cha bitmut cha vim lot
ng tiu ho ?
49
Cc hp cht ca bitmut c dng cha cc ri
lon ng tiu ho (d dy, rut), t khong 2 th k nay.
Gn y mi quan tm li tng ln khi vo nm 1982
ngi ta pht hin ra vi khun H.pylori trong mng d dy ca
bnh nhn vim d dy.
Mt loi thuc da trn bitmut l antacid t ra c hiu
qu trong vic cha lot d dy, c l do tc dng dit khun
chn lc ca n. V mt ho hc hiu qu gia chng lot
c th l do dung dch keo ca bitmut xitrat b kt ta trong
mi trng axit ca d dy di dng oxiclorua v oxixitrat. Do s
kt ta nn lp mng bo v c hnh thnh s ngn cn s
khuych tn ngc li ca ion H
+
v do kch thch s ti to
biu m.
Hin nay thuc ny c s dng rt rng ri trong cha
bnh vim lot ng tiu ho v so vi cc loi thuc khc th
bnh t b ti pht hn. c th l do s trit tn gc vi
khun H.pylori ca thuc.
88. C phi hp cht cha kim loi dng chun on
v cha bnh bng tia phng x.
Trong y hc ht nhn ngi ta chun on bnh bng
cch a mt ht nhn bc x vo c th, sau dng mt
my d ghi nhn s phn b ca ng v phng x
xc nh v tr mang bnh v trng thi ca n. Ht nhn
phng x hay c s dng nht l tecnixi. Tnh u vit ca n
l ch n pht ra photon thun nht thun li cho vic ghi
nhn m khng b nhiu bi cc tia v c hi. Chu k
bn hu ca n l 6 gi va ghi nhn m bnh nhn
50
khng phi chu bc x qu lu. Mt khc tecnexi c sn
xut kh d dng trong cc l phn ng ht nhn nn tng
i r v d kim. Nhiu ch phm y hc phng x ca
tecnexi c iu ch t sau nm 1980 c xc nh cu
to kh t m v dng chun on bnh tim hay xc
nh bnh no v.v.. Mt trong nhng thnh cng gn y
l iu ch c progestin cha tecnexi nh du chun
on ung th v.
Cc ion kim loi c gi tr ln trong y hc nh tnh thun
t. Cng hng thun t l phng php chun on quan
trng da trn s khc nhau v tc hi chuyn proton ca
nc trong cc m khc nhau v chuyn cc s khc nhau ny
thnh nhng thng tin cn thit gip chun on bnh.
89. Ho hc vi bo qun rau qu nh th no ?
Bo qun rau qu sau khi thu hoch l mt vic rt quan
trng nhm chng h hng v gim st cht lng.
- Dng cc ho cht chng ny mm v dit vi sinh
vt gy h hng rau qu. Chng hn nh chng ny mm
cho khoai ty, hnh, c rt v mt s rau, c khc, ngi ta th-
ng dng ch phm MH- HO (hidrazit ca axit malic), phun
dung dch 0,25% ln cy ngoi ng, 3-4 tun l trc khi thu
hoch. Ngi ta cn chng ny mm khoai ty bng ancol
nonilic (C
9
H
19
OH) dng hi.
- bo qun bp ci ngi ta phun cht dit nm
pentaclonitrobenzen ln bp ci trc khi xp vo kho.
- bo qun chui ti, cam ti ngi ta phun thuc dit
nm topsin - M.
51
Trong nhng nm gn y, cht dit nm c dng
nhiu l benlate (C
14
H
18
H
4
O
3
).
Cng ho Lin Bang c sn xut ch phm bo
qun qu ti c tn thng mi l protexan. Protexan l cht
lng khng mi, khng v v khng c nn khng nh hng
ti sc kho ca ngi tiu dng. Ngi ta nhng qu vo dung
dch protexan ri hong kh, dung dch bc hi v to thnh
mng mng bo v ngoi v qu. Mng protexan c tc
dng gim tn tht khi lng qu trong qu trnh bo qun,
gim cng h hp, lm chm qu trnh chn nn c th
bo qun qu lu di hn, gi nguyn hng v t nhin v
thnh phn dinh dng ca qu.
90. Ho hc vi ch bin rau qu nh th no ?
- Cc qui trnh cng ngh ch bin rau qu thnh
cc dng sn phm khc nhau nh hp, sy kh, ru vang
qu.. u cn n mt s ho cht.
+ tng hiu qu cho qu trnh ra sch nguyn liu
v my mc, thit b ca nh my hoa qu ngi ta dng cc
ho cht c tnh st trng mnh hoc c tc dng ty ra cao.
Ra nguyn liu th dng cc ho cht c cha clo hot ng
nh clorua vi. ra my mc, thit b v lm v sinh nh x-
ng ngi ta dng dung dch xt hoc natricacbonat.
+ bc v cc loi qu kh bc v nh mm, c chua,
mng mi cam, qut hoc mt s qu, c c v mng nh c
rt, khoa ty ngi ta dng dung dch NaOH. Nhng cc loi
qu, c ny vo dung dch NaOH nng 1-2% 70 - 80
0
C
trong thi gian t 10-300 giy (tu loi qu, c) th v s trc
52
ht. Sau sa li bng nc sch nhiu ln. Bng cch ny,
cc mi cam, qut v qu s sch ht v m vn gi nguyn
hnh trng ban u.
+ ngn nga s bin i mu rau, qu khi ch bin
nh chui b thm en, c chua mt mu ti, ci vi
thiu mt mu trng p ngi ta dng cc cht chng oxi
ho nh SO
2
, axit ascobic (Vi tamin C) axit xitic.
+ tng hng v cho nc qu, qu ng hp ngi ta
dng axit xitric (axit chanh) hoc axit malic (axit to). Vi ru
qu ngi ta dng axit xitrtic, axit tactric (axit nho).
Vi da chut, c chua, gi xanh th khng th
thiu axit axetic. Rau dm gim (gim l dung dch axit
axetic 5%, v chua) cng vi ng, mui n v gia v to cho
sn phm c hng v chua - ngt rt c trng v hp dn.
Axit axetic cn c tc dng c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt,
gi cho sn phm bo qun c di ngy.
Trong ch bin rau qu, rt cn ch bin cc dng bn
ch phm d tr nguyn liu khi ma thu hi r.
bo qun bn ch phm rau qu ngi ta dng cc ho
cht c th to ra SO
2
hoc dng axit benzoic, axit sobic v
mui ca chng.
Khi dng SO
2
bo qun bn ch phm, ngi ta ni
bn ch phm c sunfit ho. Hm lng SO
2
c tc dng
bo qun l 0,1 - 0,2%. Axit benzoic hoc natri benzoat c
tc dng dit vi sinh vt mnh i vi cc loi c chua. Hm l-
ng c tc dng dit vi sinh vt l 0,05 - 0,1%. Dng vi
53
hm lng cao hn s lm cho sn phm c v nng, cht do
ho cht gy ra.
Axit sobic l cht bo qun cc bn ch phm rau qu
c nhiu u im hn so vi SO
2
hoc axit benzoic v n
khng gy c cho ngi s dng v khng to ra hng v l
cho sn phm. Sn phm cng chua ( PH cng nh) th
tc dng dit vi sinh vt ca axit sobic cng mnh.
91. Thnh phn cc mui trong nc bin nh th
no?
Thnh phn mui Trong 1 kg
nc
T l %
NaCl 27,2 77,8
MgCl
2
3,8 10,9
MgSO
4
1,7 47,0
CaSO
4
1,2 3,6
K
2
SO
4
0,9 2,5
CaCO
3
0,1
0,3
MgBr
2
v cc thnh
phn khc
0,1
0,2
Tng s 35,0 100
Mui trong nc bin:
70% b mt tri t l bin. T l gia mui v nc
trong nc bin l khong 3/100 tc l c 3% mui trong nc
bin.
92. u c cung in bng mui?
Su hn 100 m di lng t trong ni, m mui Ba
Lan c mt cung in lm bng mui. Cng trnh ny c
to dng t th k 17. Cc chnh th iu khc, gi n
54
chm treo trn v c n cc gian phng u c lm bng
mui.
93. Lm th no c con bm bng mui kt
tinh?
Un dy thp thnh hnh con bm v qun bng si
quanh dy thp ri t vo nc mui m c. Nc mui
t t bay hi v u cc si bng xut hin cc tinh th
mui. i cho tinh th mui xut hin khp cc si bng, ta
li chuyn sang nc mui m c khc. Sau khong 10
ngy ta c con bm bng mui kt tinh, trng rt p.
94. Dng mui lm kem que nh th no?
Nhit ca nc l 0
0
C. Nu cho mui n vo nhit
s gim xung di 0
0
C. Li dng tnh cht ny lm kem
que nh sau: Cm que tre vo ng nc tri cy ri t c
vo khay c ng nc ho tan nhiu mui n. Tt c
cho vo lm lnh. Nc tri cy s nhanh chng ng li thnh
kem que.
95. V sao nc bin c mui?
Bin c l "qu hng" ca mui. Mui n (NaCl) chim
85% cc loi mui ho tan trong nc bin. Gi s nu chng ta
tch c tt c mui khi nc bin ri ri u trn lc a
th lp mui s cao ti 153 m. Cn lm bay hi ton b nc
bin th y bin s c lp mui dy ti 60 m.
tm hiu ngun gc ca mui trong nc bin cc nh
khoa hc tn nhiu cng sc t vic phn tch, so snh
nc bin v nc sng, cho n nghin cu t sau cn m-
55
a, thm ch cn nghin cu hng lot ni la na. Cui cng
h pht hin ra b mt ca mui bin. Ho ra, i dng
trong qu trnh lu di hnh thnh lc ban u ho tan
tt c cc loi mui khong. ng thi nham thch thng qua
qu trnh phong ho (nham thch b tc ng lu ngy ca
ma, nng, gi bo v vi sinh vt) khng ngng b phn
gii v sn sinh ra cc loi mui, sau theo cc dng sng
ra i dng. Vy sng ngi, nham thch v cc ni la di
y bin chnh l ngun gc cung cp ch yu cc loi mui
cho bin c.
96. Bin Cht nm u?
"Bin Cht" nm bin gii Palestin v Jordan, gi l
"bin" nhng thc ra "Bin Cht" ch l ci h kh ln.
Mt bc ca "Bin Cht" c sng Jordan chy vo, cn
mt Nam l ca sng Hasa. Bin cht khng h c ng nc
thng vi bt k i dng no. T bao i nay nc h cha bao
gi chy ngc v hai con sng trn. Nc trong h c nng
mui ngy cng cao, do nm trong khu vc c kh hu cc
nng, nn nc h bc hi rt nhiu m lng mui li khng h
gim i. Hin nay hm lng mui ca Bin Cht t n
23 25%, tc c 10 kg nc h th c 2 kg mui. y cng l
nc h c hm lng mui cao nht th gii. Do hm lng mui
cao nn sc y ca nc kh ln n mc c th nm va
phi nng va c bo trn mt bin. V hm lng mui
qu cao nn tr vi loi rong to ra chng c sinh vt no c
th tn ti c. Cy c trn b h cng ch l th, tha tht
56
cn quanh h him khi chng c bng ngi. V vy chng
c ci tn no thch hp hn ci tn "Bin Cht".
97. Cht lng nc cc ngun khc nhau nh th
no?
Nc bay hi tch t trong kh quyn l kh sch. Khi tr
v tri t di dng ma hoc tuyt ri di chuyn trn mt
t hoc ngm qua t v pha bin, nc s c thm tp
cht m nng v bn cht khc nhau tu vng, v tu giai
on ca chu trnh.
Nc ma.
Tuy kh tinh khit nhng nc ma vn cha cc kh, mt s
mui tan v c nhng cht rn khng tan c th c trong
kh quyn.
Nc trn mt t (sng sui)
Nc ma chy trn mt t c th cha axt v ngoi
vic hp th mt s kh c tnh axt trong kh quyn
(nh SO
2
, CO
2
) n cn ho tan cc axt cacboxylic v cacbon
ioxit sinh ra do qu trnh phn hu thc vt. Ngoi ra n
cn ho tan c cc mui khong gp trn dng chy. Nc
axt ny s ho tan c cc mui v khong gp trn dng
chy. Nc axit ny s ho tan c mt s qung theo phn
ng sau:
KAlSi
3
O
8
(r) + 2H
+
(aq) + 9H
2
O(1) 2K
+
(aq) + 4H
4
SiO
4
(aq) +
Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
(r)
(fenspat) (Cao
lanh)
57
Do vy nc mt dn tnh axit.
Nc trn mt t cn c th b nhim bi vi sinh vt
na.
Nc bin:
Nng cc ion tan trong nc bin ln hn nhiu so vi
nc trn mt t v nc ngm:
Cc nguyn nhn l:
- Nc bin bay hi lin tc, tr li di dng ma v mang
theo cht tan
- Nc i cng xa mi n bin s cng ho tan nhiu
mui.
- Nhng lng ln qung c a t b mt qu t ti
cc i dng di dng macma.
Mi nguyn t ho hc u c trong cc i dng nn
i dng c coi nh mt kho qung ln nht th gii. Nc i
dng cha khong 40 triu tn cht rn tan trong mi
kilmet khi nc.
Nguyn
t
S
tn/km
3
Nguyn
t
S
tn/km
3
Nguyn
t
S
tn/km
3
Clo 22.000.0
00
Ini 23 Bc 0,2
Natri 12.000.0
00
Km 12 Lantan 0,2
Magie 1.600.00
0
St 12 Kripton 0,2
Lu
hunh
1.000.00
0
Nhm 12 Neon 0,1
58
Canxi 450.000 Molipe
n
12 Caimi 0,1
Kali 44.000 Selen 4 Vonfram 0,1
Brom 75.000 Thic 3 Xenon 0,1
Cacbon 32.000 ng 3 Gemani 0,1
Stronti 9.000 Asen 3 Crom 0,05
Bo 5.600 Urani 3 Thori 0,05
Silic 3.400 Niken 2 Scani 0,05
Flo 1.500 Vanai 2 Ch 0,02
Agon 680 Mangan 2 Thu
ngn
0,02
Nit 590 Titan 1 Gali 0,02
Liti 200 Antimoa
n
0,5 Bitmut 0,02
Rubii 140 Coban 0,5 Niobi 0,01
Photpho 80 Xesi 0,5 Tali 0,01
Iot 68 Xeri 0,5 Heli 0,01
Bari 35 Ytri 0,2 Vng 0,005
98. Lm ma nhn to nh th no?
Nc tn ti trong my di dng hi, dng lng v dng
tinh th. Thng thng 0
0
C nc ng bng, nhng trong nhng
m my, d -20
0
C, cc ht nc nh li ti vn th lng. Ch
khi nhit h xung - 40
0
C, nc trong m my mi kt
tinh hon ton. S lng tinh th nc trong my ph thuc vo
cc "ht nhn kt tinh" l cc ht bng cha trong , cn
gi l "mm kt tinh".
Cc nh khoa hc t lu pht hin tinh th bc iotua
(AgI) c cu to rt ging cu to ca cc ht bng nn c th
dng lm "mm kt tinh". Ch vi 1g AgI to ra c t 10
12
10
16
trung tm kt tinh, lm ngng t mt lng nc ln dng
kh to ra ma hoc tuyt.
59
Bc Iotua l mt ho cht rt t, v vy cc nh ho
hc nghin cu tm cc cht thay th r tin hn l
ch Iotua (PbI
2
); 1,5 - ioxinaftalen; nc kh (CO
2
rn) v
nhiu cht hu c khc.
Dng cc cht trn lm ma vi iu kin l trn tri c
sn nhng m my. Ngi ta dng my bay rc cc
cht trn vo my.
Nh phng php ny ngi ta cu mt v gieo trng
b hn khi sp thu hoch, tng m khi ma mng b lm
nguy hoc bt mt cn ma sm c bu tri quang ng
trc ngy hi ln.
C nhng k olympic ma ng, ngi ta dng phng
php ny lm tng lng tuyt ln t 10 15%. Nu tnh
c hng gi v xc nh ng a im rc ho cht, c
th lm ma nhng im chy rng, khi ngn la mi bng
ln. B lm nghip nc CHLB Nga nhiu ln cu hng
nghn hecta rng Xiberi khi thn la.
99. Lm th no ngn nga ma ?
Rc vo m my nhng "ht nhn kt tinh" khng
nhng "thay tri lm ma" m cn ngn nga c ma ,
nhng ht bng ang ln dn chun b cho ma , khng ln
ln c na do nhng "mm kt tinh" bng ho cht tranh c-
p m. Cc ht bng nh li ti nhiu hn, nhng khng t
n kch thc ca ht ma . Trn ng ri xung mt t
chng b tan ra v tr thnh cn ma bnh thng.
Hin nay c nhng ra a kh tng d bo s hnh
thnh nhng m my cha nhng ht bng. Cc tn la v
60
n cha ho cht c iu khin bn trng ch. Nh
vy m nhiu vng rng ln cc nc tin tin trnh c s
tn ph ca ma i vi ma mng.
100. Lm th no ph tan sng m?
Sng m, th phm gy ra nhng v tai nn ng thu,
ng b v ng khng.
Ngi ta rc hoc bn vo khi sng m cc loi ht
nng c tnh ht m nh mui n (NaCl) trn vi xi mng mn,
cc cht hot ng b mt, cc cht tch in...
Nhng ht nc l lng, dy c trong sng m khi gp
"mm kt tinh" s ng t khin mt ca chng trong
khng kh gim dn v cui cng ri xung di dng nhng
ht nc.
Bn cnh phng php ho hc, ngi ta cn dng cc ph-
ng php khc. M, ngi ta ph sng m bng my bay trc
thng. Cnh qut ca my bay ht dng khng kh kh cc
lp tng cao xung xua tan sng m. Sn bay Orly ca Php
ph sng m bng lung khng kh nng do mt h thng
tua bin y ra, hng vo ng bng.
101. Lm tan ging bo nh th no?
lm tan ging bo ngi Nga dng my bay rc vo
m my nhng ht bt nng (ct, xi mng) khin m
my nhanh chng b tan ra. Ngi M rc ln m my
nhng si ch nilon m kim loi. S phng in kiu h
quang trong in trng gy ion ho khng kh, tng dn
in v lm du i s phng in ca cc in tch v
nh vy c th trit tiu sm chp.
61
Cc nh kh tng hc rc cc cht kit tinh vo nhng
m my ging, phn b li nng lng v lm gim sc ph
hoi ca cc trn bo. Chng hn M vi trn bo Dally nm
1979, bng cch "x l" ny ngi ta lm tc gi gim
i 1/3.
Cc nh ho hc cng dng nhng cht hot ng b
mt can thip vo thi tit do lm thay i tnh cht
ca b mt nc v t. Dng mt lng nh ru bo a chc
to lp mng cc mng trn mt bin lm gim mnh lng nc
bay hi v ngn chn c s hnh thnh nhng m sng
m nguy him bao ph cng, nht l vo ma lnh.
Rc nhng ht m hng trn mt t, iu chnh c
t l hp th tia bc x, lm thay i ch nhit ti mt
vng rng ln.
Nhn chung cc phng php ho hc tc ng vo thi
tit cn rt t, khng kinh t v th cha c s dng rng
ri.
Con ng ch ng thi tit cn rng m, ang ch i
cc nh ho hc tr tm ra cc phng php tc ng mi, cc
ho cht mi c hiu qu cao hn, r hn v kh thi hn.
102. Th no l mc xi mng?
Xi mng c nhiu mc khc nhau: 200, 250, 300, 400,
500 v 600. Mc xi mng ch ti trng (tnh bng kg lc/cm
2
)
m xi mng ho rn c th chu c khng b bin dng
sau 28 ngy t khi trn vi nc.
103. nh gi cht lng xng nh th no?
62
Xng dng cho cc loi ng c thng dng nh t, xe
my l hn hp hirocacbon no th lng (t C
5
H
12
n
C
12
H
26
). Cht lng xng c nh gi qua ch s octan l phn
trm cc ankan mch nhnh c trong xng. Ch s octan cng
cao th cht lng xng cng tt do kh nng chu p lc nn
tt nn kh nng sinh nhit cao. n-Heptan c coi l c ch
s octan bng zero cn 2,2,4-trimetylpentan c quy c c
ch s octan bng 100. Cc hirocacbon mch vng v mch
nhnh c ch s octan cao hn cc hirocacbon mch khng
nhnh. Xng c ch s octan thp nh MOGAS 83 thng phi
pha thm mt s ph gia nh tetraetyl ch (C
2
H
5
)
4
hoc lu
hunh. Cc ph gia ny gip lm tng kh nng chu nn ca
nhin liu nhng khi thi ra khng kh gy nhim mi trng,
rt hi cho sc kho con ngi. Hin nay, Vit Nam ch yu
dng xng A90 hoc A92 l loi xng c ch s octan cao -
nhng loi xng ny khng cn phi thm cc ph gia nn
c hi v t gy nhim mi trng.
104. Bnh cha chy hot ng nh th no?
Kh CO
2
khng chy v khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu
cht, nn ngi ta dng nhng bnh to kh CO
2
dp tt
cc m chy. Tuy nhin, mt s kim loi c tnh kh mnh,
th d Mg, Al,... khi t nng chy c trong kh CO
2
:
4 0
2 CO 2Mg C 2MgO
+
+ +
105. t n c s dng trong nhng ngnh kinh
t quc dn no ?
63
t n l mt ho cht c rt nhiu cng dng. N c
s dng trong nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn nh giao thng
vn ti, cng nghip, nng nghip, sn sut hng tiu dng
v nht l lm nguyn liu trong cng nghip ho cht.
106. t n c sn xut t khi no?
Cui th k 19, t n (c trong thnh phn chnh l
CaC
2
) mi ch c sn xut 12 nc trn th gii. Thi gian
ny, t n ch yu dng thp sng. Da vo cc phn
ng sau:
CaC 2H O Ca(OH) C H
2 2 2 2 2
+ +
5
C H O 2CO H O
2 2 2 2 2
2
+ +
Cho n nm 1911 vn cn ti 965 thnh ph s dng
t thp sng ng ph vo ban m.
Trong nhiu nm trc y, nc ta, t n c s
dng thp sng trong cc hm l khai thc v vn
chuyn than. Ng dn mt s vng ven bin dng t n vo
vic thp sng nh bt c, tm do dng ca ngn
n t tng ng vi bng in c cng sut 60 - 80 W.
nng thn nc ta, trong nhiu nm trc y ngi ta cng dng
t n thp sng trong nhng dp c nh m
hoc l tt.
107. n x oxi - axetilen dng lm g?
64
Kh axetilen sinh ra khi cho t n tc dng vi nc c
dng lm nhin liu trong n x oxi - axetilen hn ct
kim loi do nhit ngn la c th ln ti 3000
0
C.
sn xut c mt chic xe p ngi ta phi dng ti 3
kg t n.
Vic hn, ct kim loi bng n x oxi - axetilen c s
dng khi ng mi hoc sa cha cc con tu sng, bin hay
xy dng, sa cha cc cy cu, cc cng trnh xy dng.
Khi cn ct, ph cc con tu b h hng tn dng
st, thp c phc v cho ngnh luyn cn thp ngi ta cng
dng n x oxi - axetilen.
108. Kh axetilen c dng lm nguyn liu
sn xut cc cht hu c nh th no?
Khi cng nghip ch bin ho hc du m cha pht
trin (cho n khong nm 1950) th kh axetilen sn xut
t t n l nguyn liu chnh ca cng nghip sn xut
cc hp cht hu c.
+ Ngi ta cho kh axetilen tc dng vi kh hiroclorua
c vinyl clorua, sau trng hp vinyl clorua thnh
polivinyl clorua.
C H CH + HCl CH
2
= CH - Cl
n CH
2
= CH - CH
2
- CH -
Cl Cl n
Polivinyl clorua (PVC) c coi l cht do vn nng. PVC
dng sn xut ra mng mng, bao b, da gi, thng ng
ho cht, si chu ho cht, cc cu kin xy dng... sn
xut 1 tn PVC phi dng t 17 - 2 tn t n.
65
Xc tc
Xc tc
t
0
+ Cng trn c s cho kh axetilen tc dng vi kh
hiroclorua ngi ta c cc cng ngh tip theo chuyn
i thnh butadien sn xut cao su nhn to v hng
lot monome c gi tr cng nghip nh acrilonitril,
vinylaxetat, este ca axit acrylic,...
Trng hp vinylaxetat ri thu phn ngi ta thu c
polivinyacol. T polime ny ko thnh si bn, p, chu c
ho cht v thi tit, c ht m cao c gi l vinylon.
Nh vy axetilen l nguyn liu quan trng gii quyt tt
vn mc.
109. Kh axetilen c dng sn xut mui than
nh th no?
Ngi ta cn dng kh axetilen t t n sn xut
mui than gi l mui axetilen.
Sau khi loi b cc tp cht, kh axetilen c cha vo
bn ln ri dng nhit cao phn hu axetilen to ra
cacbon (C) tinh khit. Mui axetilen l nguyn liu cao cp
dng cho cc ngnh in t, sn, mc in, ch to thp cng,
chi than, ch bin cao su,... Ngnh sn xut pin tiu th rt
nhiu mui than, bnh qun sn xut 1 triu chic pin
R20 phi cn t 2,7 3 tn mui than axetilen. Nh my t
n Trng Knh (Hi phng) l c s u tin trong nc sn
xut mui than axetilen cung cp cho ngnh pin v cc
ngnh kinh t khc.
110. Trong nng nghip t n dng lm g?
Trong nng nghip, t lu ngi ta dng t n
rm qu xanh, kch thch qu mau chn v chn ng
lot cc kho, thng dng rm da, chui, c chua... vo
dp cui ma ng, u ma xun.
66
Ngi ta x l nn cy da bng t n, cy da s cho
qu to ng u, thm ngon, t l ng cao v nht l
lm cho da ra hoa kt qu tri v.
t n cn dng sn xut phn m canxi xinmit
(CaCN
2
) dng bn cho cc loi cy trng nh la v nht l
bng. Hng nm hng DENKA ca Nht Bn dng t 300.000
n 500.000 tn t n xn xut phn bn canxi
xianamit.
Mt sn phm ph na m ngnh sn xut t n l
kh cacbon oxit (CO). l mt kh cng nghip c gi tr, c
th dng ch bin ho hc hoc lm nhin liu:
CaO + 3C CaC
2
+ CO
vi sng than cc
111. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca pin
mt tri th no?
Ngi ta dng cht liu l nhng t bo silic lm pin
mt tri (pin quang hc). T mt tinh th silic, ngi ta ct ra
thnh phin nh, phin ny c tnh dn in N (m). Trn
b mt c dn lp tp cht Bo (B) c tnh dn in P (dng).
Gia P - N c lp phn cch mng. Trn b mt hai lp P - N
c gn in cc dn in ra ngoi.
Nguyn tc hot ng: Lp P c nhng l rt nh
nh sng chiu ti lp N. Cc tia nng cung cp nng lng vo
lp N khin v s electron tch ra khi nguyn t lp silic
khuych tn v tch t in cc ( - ) hnh thnh in
tch m. Cn lp P do tc dng ca nh sng lun to thm
67
l in
nhng in tch dng v tch t bn cc ( + ). Nu khp
2 mch in cc s c dng in.
112. Lm nn mu nh th no?
Ngy t (tt dng lch v m lch) nu chng ta c
hng nn vi ngn la lung linh, mu sc n giao
tha th hay bit my.
Xin mch bn cch lm ra nhng cy nn mu. Thn
nn mu , ngn la cng c mu . Thn nn mu
xanh, ngn la cng c mu xanh,... v cn to ra mi thm
quyn r na.
Cch lm:
Thn nn lm bng parafin, c th mua parafin ti cc
ca hng ho cht hoc mua loi nn r tin ly parafin.
Cht to mu cho thn cy nn l nhng cht mu c
th tan trong parafin nng chy nh metyl xanh (mu xanh)
auramin (mu vng), rodamin, eosin (mu ),...
Cng c th to mu cho thn cy nn bng cch n
gin hn l dng phn mu bi ln cy nn.
Bc nn lm bng si bng, si lanh,... khng dng si
tng hp. bc chy khng c tn cn tm bc bng dung
dch natri borat hoc natri photphat ri phi kh.
Cht to mu cho ngn la l cc mui v c.
Ho tan ring tng mui v c vo nc c dung
dch bo ho. Tm bc vo dung dch mui bo ho ri phi
kh.
Khi chy ngn la s c mu nh sau:
KCl hay KNO
3
: Mu tm (bi K
+
)
68
NaCl hay NaNO
3
: Mu vng (bi Na
+
)
LiCl hay LiNO
3
: thm (bi Li
+
)
CaCl
2
hay Ca(NO
3
)
2
: gch (bi Ca
2+
)
BaCl
2
hay Ba(NO
3
)
2
: Xanh nn chui (bi Ba
2+
)
CuCl
2
hay CuSO
4
: Xanh da tri (bi Cu
2+
)
113. Lm nn thm nh th no?
Cht thm: Dng nc hoa hay tinh du c th ho tan
vo parafin khi nng chy.
Khi chun b xong parafin lm thn cy nn c
mu v c mi thm; bc nn tm dung dch mui v c to
mu cho ngn la, ta tin hnh khun c thnh
cy nn.
Khun nn c th dng cc ng bng kim loi hay cht
do c sn hoc g bng st ty.
t bc vo khun, sao cho ng tm ri c nh
pha di v pha trn. Nu chy parafin ri vo khun.
ngui v tho khun.
Parafin nng chy 50 - 55
0
C nhng cn un qu nhit
ny. Thng khun 60 - 65
0
C. Nu khun
nhit thp hn, parafin s ng cng nhanh v b mt
nn khng nhn. nhit cao hn, nht qunh ca
parafin thp lm n d chy qu cc khe h ca khun.
C th c cy nn c nhiu mu, mi khc mt mu
hoc c vn bng cch c tng khc hay trn ln cc mu.
Cng c th dng mt cht va to mu cho thn
cy va to mu cho ngn la. Th d nh:
69
+ Nn xanh l cy: Dng Crom (III) oxit. Mu ngn la
cng xanh l cy do ion Cr
3+
. iu ch cht ny bng cch
nhit phn mui amoni icromat hoc nung nng natri
icromat vi lu hunh.
+ Nn vng: Dng natri cromat lm mu cho thn nn.
Ngn la cng vng nh ion Na
+
.
Trong nhng ngy l ln chng ta c xem nhng mn
pho hoa rc r, mun mu. Pho hoa cng c ch to theo
nguyn tc trn.
114. Th no l hiu ng nh knh ?
Chng ta rt hay nghe thy cm t Hiu ng nh
knh, vy hiu ng nh knh l g ? l hin tng lm cho
Tri t m ln bi kh CO
2
. Kh CO
2
trong kh quyn ch hp
th mt phn nhng tia hng ngoi (bc x nhit) ca mt
tri v cho cc tia c sng t 50.000 n 100.000 A
0
i
qua n mt t. Nhng bc x nhit pht ngc li t mt
t c bc sng trn 140.000A
0
b kh cacbonic hp th mnh
v pht tr li tri t lm Tri t m ln. V mt hp th
bc x, lp CO
2
trong kh quyn tng ng vi lp thu tinh
cc nh knh dng trng cy, x lnh. Do hin t-
ng lm Tri t m ln bi kh CO
2
c gi l Hiu ng nh
knh.
Ngi ta cho rng nu trong kh quyn ca hnh tinh
chng ta khng c lng kh CO
2
th nhit mt t
thp hn hin ti l 21
0
C. Ngc li nu CO
2
tng gp i so vi
hin ti nn nhit s tng thm 4
0
C. sao Kim, lng CO
2
70
gp 60.000 ln Tri t nn nhit trung bnh ca sao
Kim l 425
0
C.
Ch rng nhit mt t tng ln 1
0
C nh h-
ng bt li cho sn xut lng thc ca th gii. Nguyn nhn
ca s tng hm lng CO
2
trong kh quyn l vic s dng
nhin liu trong nh my nhit in v cc nh my khc, l
vic ph rng. V vy v li ch chung hy bo v ly rng -
l phi ca Tri t !!!
115. Tng ozon ang b suy gim nh th no ?
Trn tng cao ca kh quyn, cc mt t gn 25 km
c mt lp ozon dy, gi l tng ozon. N c tc dng ngn
khng cho tia cc tm chiu trc tip xung Tri t.
Do phn ng:
2
2 3
O h 2O
O O O

'
+

h c : 1600
2400 A
0
Tuy nhin gn y cc nh khoa hc pht hin thy
mt s khu vc tng ozon b bo mn, thm ch c ch b
thng - gi l thng tng ozon.
Tng ozon b thng s khng cn tc dng ngn tia cc
tm - ngha l tia cc tm s chiu trc tip xung Tri t
gy ra nhiu bnh ngoi da cho con ngi v ng vt (v
d nh ung th da,)
Nguyn nhn do mt s kh nh: freon (CFC), cc oxit
nit. Cc freon, l cc hp cht Clorofloro cacbon, v d nh
CFCl
3
, CF
2
Cl
2
, c dng rng ri lm cht y trong bnh
phun, chy gy lnh trong t lnh v my iu ho nhit
v cht gy xp cho cht do. Di tc dng ca cc bc x
71
mt tri ( : 1900 2250A
0
) chng thc y qu trnh
bin i O
3
O
2
116. Mn khi git ngi xy ra u ?
Ngy 5 thng 12 nm 1952, nc Anh (nc c mnh danh
l x s ca sng m) ti Lun n xy ra s kin mn
khi git ngi lm chn ng th gii. Vic gim st mi tr-
ng cho thy hm lng kh SO
2
cao ti 3,8mg/m
3
, gp 6 ln v
nng bi khi ln ti 4,5mg/m
3
gp 10 ln so vi ngy th-
ng. Dn trong thnh ph thy tc ngc, kh th v ho lin
tc. Ch trong vng 4, 5 ngy c hn 4000 ngi cht
trong phn ln l tr em v ngi gi, hai thng sau li c
trn 8000 ngi na cht.
Nguyn nhn ca mn khi git ngi thnh ph
Lun n l do khi than ca cc nh my quyn vo vi s-
ng m bui sm ma ng gy ra.
117. Kh clo c dng lm v kh u v khi
no ?
l x chiu ngy 24 - 4 - 1915 (th chin th nht
1914 - 1918) gia 2 ngi lng c tn l Steenstraat v Poel
Kappelle (nc B) xut hin mt m khi mu vng lc xut
pht t phng tuyn ca qun c bay l l cch mt t 1
mt theo chiu gi tin dn n phng tuyn qun Php.
l khi ca 150 tn clo cha trong 5830 thng iu p va
c cc binh s ca trung on qun tin phong 35 v 36
c th vo khng kh. Mi lm pht sau, b binh c c
trang b c bit bm theo m khi clo tn cng
thng vo c im Php. S tc ng ca kh c tht v
72
cng gh gm. Hng trm binh s Php hn lon chy ngc v
pha sau tm khng kh th. Khi qun c ti ni h
trng thy nhiu xc cht vi gng mt xanh nht nm la lit
bn nhng ngi hp hi, c th co git d di, ming a ra
mt cht dch mu vng nht. Kt qu l tuyn phng th
ca qun Php b ph v v kh clo git cht 3000 ngi
v lm 7000 ngi b thng.
118. Axit xitric c u ?
Trong thin nhin axit xitric c trong cc loi qu chua
(chanh, tai chua), trong mt s loi l cy (bng, thuc l,
thng).
Axit xitric c cng thc ho hc l
Tinh th c mu trng, t
nc
= 153
0
C, d tan trong nc.
Axit xitric l sn phm trung gian quan trng ca qu trnh
trao i cc axit tricacboxylic trong c th.
Axit xitric dng lm cht bo qun, cht to v trong
cng nghip thc phm. Trong nghip thc phm, axit xitric
chim hng u trong s cc axit hu c. Axit xitric cn c
dng trong dc phm v cc cht ty git
119. Vin kim cng ln nht ngn h nm u ?
Cc nh thin vn M va pht hin ra mt ngi sao kim
cng c ng knh 1500 km, cch Tri t khong 50 nm
nh sng c gi l Lucy
73
HOOC CH
2
COOH
CH
2
COOH
OH
C
Lucy hay BPM37093 c li c, nng ca mt ngi sao
c tng chiu sng ging nh mt tri. Tuy nhin, ngi sao
c ny ngui, v co li. Cc nh thin vn thng gi n l:
Sao ln trng. Gn y cc nh thin vn pht hin ra
rng: cc v sao khng ch to sng m cn ngn vang
ging nh mt chic chung khng l. o nhng rung ng
ny, ngi ta c th nghin cu thnh phn bn trong ca
Lucy. T , h pht hin ra rng cacbon bn trong Lucy
cng li to nn khi kim cng ln nht ngn h.
T , cc nh khoa hc phng on rng, Mt Tri
ca chng ta, khi tn li trong vng 5 t nm na s kt tinh
to ra vin kim cng khng l trung tm Thi dng h.
Metcalfe ni: Mt Tri ca chng ta s tr thnh mt
vin kim cng vnh hng.
120. Ai pht minh ra thp khng g ?
l nh khoa hc Anh H.Brearley. Trong chin tranh
th gii ln th nht ng c giao nhim v nghin cu ci
tin v kh, c bit l vn nng sng b mi mn rt
nhanh. ng th pha crrom vo thp, song cha va nn
bn qung vo ng st g ngoi phng th nghim.
Rt lu sau ng thy mu th y vn sng lng lnh
trong khi ng thp g ht c.
Nm 1913 H.Brearley nhn c bng pht minh c
quyn ca nc Anh. ng sn xut thp khng g trn qui
m ln v tr thnh ngi cha ca thp khng g
121. Ai c trao gii Nobel ho hc u tin ?
74
l nh ho hc H Lan Jacobus H.Vant Hoff (1852 -
1911) ng c nhn gii Nobet vo nm 1901. Cho n nm
2005 c 148 nh khoa hc c gii Nobel ho hc.
122. Ai c gii Nobel ho hc nm 2004 ?
Hai nh khoa hc ngi Israel Aaron Ciechanover v
Avram Hershko v mt nh khoa hc ngi M Irwin Rose,
nhn gii Nobel ho hc 2004 vi s tin 1,36 triu USD cho
cng trnh ca h lin quan ti cch thc c th tm ra
nhng protein khng thch hp tiu dit v t bo v
mnh khi bnh tt.
T u thp nin 1980, ba nh khoa hc trn pht
hin ra mt trong nhng qu trnh c tnh chu k quan
trng nht ca t bo: qu trnh thoi ho protein, qu trnh
ny c kim tra ti tng chi tit, protein no khng thch hp
s c ng du bng mt phn t c bit c gi l
n hn thn cht. Nhng protein c dn nhn cht ny
s c a vo gi rc ca t bo gi l proteasomes,
y chng b phn ra tng mnh nh v b hu dit. Phn
t lm nhn ny c gi l ubiquitin.
Khi vic thoi ho protein ny din ra khng ng, con
ngi s b ung th. Kin thc v protein iu tit ubiquitin s
gip ngi ta bo ch thuc chng mt s loi bnh.
123. Ai c gii Nobel ho hc nm 2005 ?
l 3 nh ho hc : Robert H.Grurbbs (M)
Richard Schorock (M) v Yves ChanVin (Php). Ba ng
pht trin phng php hon v trong tng hp hu c.
Trong phn t cht hu c, cc nguyn t C lin kt vi nhau
75
v lin kt vi cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc theo mt
trt t nht nh. Trong phn ng hon v, cc lin kt i
b ph v hoc to thnh do s i ch gia cc nhm
nguyn t nh nhng cht xc tc c bit. Phng php
hon v c nhiu u im vt tri so vi cc phng php tng
hp c nh t phn ng hn, cn t nguyn liu hn, to ra t
cht thi hn Gii Nobel ho hc nm 2005 gm tm sc
1,3 triu USD (chia u cho 3 ngi) huy chng Nobel v
bng chng nhn.
124. Ng v l nhng v no v do cht g sinh
ra ?
Ng v gm: chua, ngt, ng, cay, mn.
- V ngt do ng sinh ra, ng l ngun nhit lng ch
yu cho c th con ngi. V ngt c tc dng bi dng c
th, gii c, lm gim s cng thng cho c bp.
- V chua do axit hu c sinh ra. V chua c tc dng
kch thch s thm n, tng sc mnh cho gan, nng cao kh
nng hp th photpho, can xi.
- V ng ch yu do kim hu c trong n sinh
ra, c tc dng iu tit gan, thn, li tiu.
- V cay ch yu do kim t sinh ra. V cay kch thch
s co bp d dy, tng cng s tit dch tiu ho.
- V mn ch yu sinh ra t mui n (NaCl). V mn c
tc dng gi cn bng p lc thm thu gia huyt dch v
t bo, iu tit qu trnh trao i mui, nc ca c th.
125. u tng c s dng nh th no ?
76
T u tng ngi ta ch bin ra nhiu mn n hp dn
nh tng, u ph, sa u nnh
Nhng ht u tng c hm lng nhng cht dinh dng
rt cao, chng cung cp canxi, st v vitamin nhm B cng
nh cht m nhiu hn hu ht cc loi thc phm khc.
126. Loi rau no c s dng nhiu nht trn th
gii ?
T nm 1993, khoai ty nh bi cc loi rau khc
trong a thc n ca nhiu nc chu u. Khoai ty cn l
mn n cung cp cht cacbohyrat nh cm v bnh m.
127. V sao khng nn pha sa u nnh vi trng
g hoc ng ?
Sa u ny c gi tr dinh dng rt cao, c tt c 8 loi
gc axit amin cn thit cho c th, rt tt cho vic bi b,
tng cng sc kho. Axit bo khng bo ho trong sa u
ngoi tc dng ngn khng cho m ng tng trong c th
cn c tc dng lm p da mt. Vitamin B1 trong sa u
c tc dng phng chng bnh ph. Tuy sa u l loi n
tt nh vy nhng cng cn phi bit cch dng.
- Khng c ho sa u vi trng g v cht abumin
trong lng trng trng d kt hp vi cht tripxin trong sa
u thnh nhng cht kh hp thu vi c th ngi, lm mt
i gi tr dinh dng.
- Khng c pha sa u vi ng v axit hu c
trong ng c th kt hp vi protein trong sa u, sinh
ra nhng cht kh hp thu vi c th ngi. Vi ng trng
th khng c hin tng ny.
77
128. C phi n c rt c tc dng cha bnh ?
C rt khng ch l mt loi rau c gi tr dinh dng cao
m cn l mt v thuc c nhiu cng hiu.
Nhng nhn vin v tuyn in nn n nhiu c rt,
bi cht carten trong c rt c th chuyn ho thnh
vitamin A lm cho mt ngi sng hn, phng c cc bnh
kh mt, qung g.
Gn y cc nh nghin cu li pht hin ra rng n
nhiu crt s c kh nng phng chng bnh ung th.
129. Gng c nhng cng dng g ?
Trong n ung gng c nhiu cng dng nh:
- Chng lnh cho thc n c tnh lnh nh bu b, cc loi
ci, cc mn thu sn (c, cua, c), gia cm ( min Nam,
vt luc phi chm nc mm gng), gia sc nh tht tru, tht
b c hp gng l mn c sn.
- Lm dy mi thm bnh mt, ch, ru, bia
- Chng nhim vi sinh vt (da, kim chi)
Trong phng cha bnh, gng c nhiu tc dng:
- Cha cm lnh, ri lon tiu ho
- Trong gng c cht jamical c tnh dit nm, mecin c
tnh dit khun.
- Lm gim m mu, h thuyt p, kch thch tiu ho...
Do gng c nhiu cng dng nn c cu dao:
"Chua, cay, mn, ngt tng.
Gng cay, mui mn xin ng qun nhau"
130. Nhng cht dinh dng no c trong sa b ?
78
Sa gm c ch yu l nc v nhng git cht bo rt
nh phn tn trong n. Sa chua khi yn th cht bo s
ni ln mt v c th nhn thy c nh mt lp kem.
Sa l mt thc phm c cha nhiu cht dinh dng nh:
vitamin v khong cht ~ 0,7%; cht m ~ 3,3%; cht bo
~ 3,8%; cacbohyrat ~ 4,7% v nc ~87,5%.
Sa khng bo l sa m phn ln cht bo b loi
ra khi sa bng my. Sa khng bo tt cho sc kho hn
v n c t calo v t cht bo hn.
131. Kem c tch ra khi sa bng cch no ?
Kem c lm bng cch gn thnh phn kem ra khi
sa. Ngy nay kem thng c lm bng my.
Kem c cha nhiu cht bo 48% cao hn mn kem
trng ming (38%) v kem c t cht bo (18%).
Thnh phn ca kem gm: Vitamin v cht khong ~
0,5%; cht m ~1,5%; cht bo (48%); cacbohyrat ~2%
v nc ~ 48%.
132. B c lm nh th no ?
Ngy nay chic my lm b c truyn c thay
bng mt c my phc tp. N lm nhng git cht bo trong
kem dnh li vi nhau lm thnh b. Sa b, mt sn
phm ph c lc b. Sau b c ct ra v gi vo giy
kim loi hoc giy ph sp ong.
Thnh phn ca b gm: Vitamin v cht khong
~1,5%; cht m ~0,5%; cht bo ~83% v nc ~15%.
79
133. Lm phomat nh th no ?
Bin sa thnh phomat l mt phng php c truyn
bo qun sa. Trong sut qu trnh ny sa c lm
cho hi chua. Mt loi enzim c bit gi l rennet c thm
vo v cht ny kt cht m trong sa c li thnh sa
ng c. Sn phm lng, gi l nc sa, c loi b cn li
phomat c khun chn ti. Cc loi phomat c lm
chn v thm hng v bng nhiu cch khc nhau.
Trong phomat c: vitamin v cht khong ~ 3%; cht
m ~26% cht bo ~33% v nc ~ 38%.
134. Lm sa chua nh th no ?
Mt loi vi khun v hi c trong sa, gi l khun sa
n to ra axit lactic
3 2
CH CH COOH
OH
_

,
nhit m. Vi
khun ln men sa, nh to
thnh sa chua. Thng cho thm ng v tri cy tng
hng v v s b dng ca sa chua.
Thnh phn ca sa chua gm: Vitamin va cht khong
~ 2% ; cht m ~ 5%; cht bo ~0,5%; cacbonhyrat
~12%; nc ~ 80,5%.
135. Bnh m cha nhng cht dinh dng no ?
Bnh m l loi thc phm ch yu trn th gii. Bnh m
c lm t bt la m, nc v men. Bt b nho c t
trong mt ni nng, m men sn sinh cht kh lm bt
m nho dy ln. Bt m nho c th lm ra c trm loi
hnh dng bnh khc nhau.
80
Thnh phn ca bnh m gm: Vitamin v cht khong
~1%; cht m ~9%; cht bo ~2%; cacbohyrat ~ 42%; n-
c ~ 38% v cht x ~ 8%.
136. Trng cha nhng cht dinh dng no ?
Chng ta n nhiu loi trng chim t nhng ci trng
nh b ca chim ct n ci trng khng l ca iu.
Tt c chng u giu cht m, vitamin v cht khong,
c bit l cht st. Lng trng l mt kho dinh dng.
Mu sc, hnh dng nhng qu trng ca cc loi chim
khc nhau th khc nhau v khng lin quan n ch
dinh dng ca chim.
Khi trng c nu ln, cht m s ng c li. Bng
cch dng nhng thnh phn hoc cch ch bin khc nhau,
trng c lm thnh rt nhiu mn n trn khp th gii.
137. Ai pht minh ra m n lin ?
M n lin do mt ngi Nht tn l Antohaiacphc pht
minh vo nm 1958. Khng bao lu sau, m n lin
nhanh chng c s dng Nht Bn v c qung b ra
ton th gii. Mi si m n lin dng ti di khong 65cm,
mi gi c khong 79 si. Nh vy tng chiu di cc si m
trong 1 gi l 51m. Hin nay, Nht Bn sn xut 454.700 vn
sut m n lin dng gi, cc, bt mi nm.
138. V sao rau qu thng c ngm gim ?
Mt s thc n, thng l rau qu c ngm vo gim v
sau ng vo mt ci chai kn gi. Gim l dung dch
axit axetic (CH
3
COOH) c nng 5%. N ngn c s pht
trin ca vi khun cho nn thc n c bo qun.
81
Hnh v da chut l nhng thc n c ngm gim th-
ng gp.
139. Cht bo khng calo l cht g ?
V mt nng lng, 1 gam cht bt cng nh mt gam
cht m cung cp 4 calo, cn 1 gam cht bo cung cp 9
calo.
Thng 1 nm 1996, cc qun l thc phm v dc phm
M (FDA) cho php dng loi du nhn to olestra trong ch
bin thc phm.
Trong phn t ng, ngi ta to thnh cc polieste
bng 6 axit bo lin kt vi gc gluxit. Lin kt ny rt bn,
khng c mt chuyn ho ho sinh no ph v c. Khi vo h
thng tiu ho ca c th, phn t tng hp ny tuy c y
tnh cht vt l nh cht bo thng thng nhng khng
tham gia trao i cht, khng chuyn ho, tng t nh cc
cht x.
Mt s loi bnh trc y phi rn bng du, m nay
thay bng olestra th gi tr calo ca chic bnh gim mt
na m n vn bo ngy nh rn bng m.
140. Thc phm no dng cho cc nh du hnh v
tr ?
Cc nh du hnh v tr phi n nhng thc n sy kh -
ng lnh. Nhng thc phm sy kh - ng lnh rt nh nh-
ng vn gi c hnh dng v mu sc ca chng. Mi v ca
chng khng c thm ngon bng thc n ti nhng chng l
ngun cung cp nng lng v dinh dng di do.
141. Cn ch g trnh ng c ch ?
82
Cc dng bng gm c hm lng ch cao khi gp
cht c tnh axit trong sa b, c ph, bia, nc ng, nc hoa
qu, nc rau th lp ch phn mu s dn dn b n mn v
ho tan vo n. Qua n ung, ch s xm nhp vo c
th, khi n tch t n mt mc nht nh s gy ra
nhng chng bnh do ng c ch nh: hn m, au u,
suy nhc c th, l ln au khp.
trnh b ng c ch, ta khng nn dng cc
ng thc n bng s c mu vng, mu lam v mu hng.
Ch nn dng loi s khng mu hay cc gm m mt
ngoi trn nhn; v cc cha rt t ch, hu nh
khng ng k.
cn thn, khi mua ng thc n bng gm v
nn ngm vo gim n trong mt thi gian di kh ch.
142. Cn ch g khi dng nhm ?
nhm hu nh c ph bin trong mi gia nh
mi quc gia trn th gii. Ngi ta a nhm v n sch s,
nh, p mt, tin li m li r tin.
Nhm c hi cho c th, nht l i vi ngi gi.
Bnh l ln v cc bnh no khc ngi gi, ngoi
nguyn nhn do c th b lo ho cn c th do s u
c v tnh ca cc nu n, ng bng nhm. T
bo thn kinh trong no ca ngi gi b mc bnh no c
cha rt nhiu ion nhm (Al
3+
) nu c dng nhm trong
thi gian di s lm tng c hi ion nhm xm nhp vo
c th, lm nguy hi ti ton b h thng thn kinh no.
83
V th khng nn dng nhm ng thc n,
khng nn n mn n ng trong nhm qua m,
khng nn dng nhm ng rau trn c trn trng g
v gim.
143. Cn ch g khi n rau ci trng ?
Ci trng l loi rau rt giu vitamin v cht dinh dng
nhng n cng ng thi cha mt lng kh ln mui ca axit
nitric (HNO
3
). Nu sau khi nu chn ri trong thi gian
qu di do tc dng ca vi khun, mui ca axit nitric s bin
thnh mui ca axit nitr (HNO
2
) l cht d gy ra ung th.
V th khng nn n rau ci trng nu chn qua
m. Sau khi nu chn nn cho thm vo rau mt t gim
n tng tc dng d phng.
144. Lm th no trnh b d ng khi n da ?
Da va c v chua, va c v ngt, c mi thm hp
dn v lng dinh dng cao.
Trong da c mt cht anbuminoit c tc dng lm tng
cng s phn gii protein v th sau khi n nhiu tht c c
lng protein qu cao, kh tiu th nn n mt t da kch
thch tiu ho.
Chng d ng da l do cht anbuminoit trong da gy
ra. Cht ny lm tng tnh xuyn thm cho nim mc ca d
dy, dn n hin tng protein trong ng rut thm vo
mu do gy ra chng d ng.
Triu chng ca d ng da nh nn ma, au bng, da
b pht nga li ming b t, ra m hi, ht th kh khn...
84
trnh d ng da, sau khi gt v ct da thnh
ming nh, th vo nc mui nht ngm mt lc hoc cho
vo nc sau lm tng nhit ty cht anbuminoit
trong da.
145 - Giy c pht minh t khi no ?
ng Thi Lun thi ng Hn, Trung Quc pht minh
ra giy cch y hn 1900 nm. T ngh lm giy lu
truyn ra cc ni trn th gii.
Phng thc sn xut giy t g nh hin nay ch t sau
nm 1873 mi c.
146. Bt ch c t khi no ?
Cch y hn 430 nm, Pollod nc Anh pht hin m
ch en. Lc by gi ngi ta ct nhng thi ch en thnh
que di, kp gia 2 ming g, ly dy buc li vit. l
cy bt ch u tin.
Khong 250 nm trc, tc l nm 1975, Congtai ngi
Php pht minh ra phng php trn than ch vi t st ri
em nung cng thnh rut bt ch.
Cho n nay, ton th gii vn dng phng php ca
CongTai lm rut bt ch.
Cch lm bt ch mu th no ?
Nguyn liu lm rut bt ch mu khng phi l t
st v than ch m l bt mu v bt hot thch... v cng
khng phi nung la nn rut bt tng i mm. Sau khi lm
xong rut bt, cc bc khc ging nh lm bt ch thng.
147. Dim c t khi no ?
85
Ra i nm 1831, dim c k tha kt qu ca s pht
trin ca ngnh cng nghip ho cht. Nhng que dim u
tin c nhng vo hn hp cha photpho. Loi dim ny rt
d bt chy v kh nguy him.
Hai mi nm sau, anh em Lundstrom ngi Thu in
lm ra loi dim mi, u tin c nhng vo mt th h c
cha lu hunh. Dim bt chy khi c xit vo b mt pht
pho : Loi dim ny c an ton cao nn gi l dim an
ton.
148. Cht gy m c s dng t khi no ?
Nm 1846, nha s ngi M tn l William Morton l ngi
u tin dng ete gy m. Nm sau clorofom c dng
trong mt ca . Hi ca cc cht gy m y c ht vo
qua mt n lm bnh nhn ng thip i v mt ht cm
gic.
149. Thu tinh c t khi no ?
Vo khong 3000 nm trc cng nguyn ti Syri hoc
nhng nc lng ging ln u tin thy tinh c ch to.
C l n c pht hin do tnh c khi nung ct trn ln vi
mui qung ca t.
Trc khi sn xut thy tinh, ngi ta s dng thu tinh
t nhin mu en c tm thy gn ni la.
Nhng dng c u tin bng thu tinh c lm ra
bng cch gia c nhng khi thu tinh hoc nung nng chy
ri khun.
Vic thi thu tinh c pht minh ra khong 100 nm
trc cng nguyn cng ti Syri.
86
150. Thuc sng bt u c s dng t khi
no ?
Ngi Trung Quc pht hin ra cch sn xut thuc sng
khi trn mui n vi than g v lu hunh. H s dng chng
t khong nm 650 ca cng nguyn dng cho pho hoa v
chun b nhng v n.
Ti Trung Quc, thuc sng c nhi trong ng tre
lm ra bom v tn la (ho tin). Ngi ta cho thm vo
nhng vin v nhng mnh snh. tng s dng loi
thuc n ny lm nhng qu n i bc xut hin
trong c ngi Trung Quc t hi .
151. Du m l g ?
Du m l loi vt cht c th t chy, con ngi thng
dng du m lm nhin liu cho cc ng c ca cc phng
tin giao thng. Du m cng l nguyn liu sn xut
cht do. Du m l loi ti nguyn quan trng nht trn th
gii hin nay.
Theo s liu thng k, tng tr lng du m ca ton
th gii l 121,5 t tn, vi tc khai thc 2,9 t tn mt
nm nh hin nay, tr lng du m ch cn khai thc trong
hn 40 nm na.
152. Ngun gc ca du m th no ?
Du m, kh t t nhin v than u l di th cc
sinh vt t thi c i, bin i qua hng triu nm m to
thnh, do chng cn c gi l nhin liu ho thch. Tr l-
ng du m v than trong lng t u l c hn, trong t-
ng lai nht nh s b khai thc ht. do chng ta phi
87
bit qu trng ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny, khng c lng
ph.
153. Du m c thnh phn nh th no ?
Cc thnh phn nguyn t ch yu trong du th l
cacbon 83 -> 87%; hidr 11-> 14%; lu hunh 0,1 - 4,5%; oxi
v nit 0,54 - 3,6%.
Hp cht ch yu l hircacbon v t l cc nguyn t
ni trn c th thay i theo khu vc.
154. Du m c khai thc t khi no ?
Ngy 27 - 8 - 1859, gn Titusvile Pensylvanie, ng
William Drake khoan thnh cng n su 21 mt
trong lng t. Mt cht mu en v nhn lin phun ln trn
mt t. l du m.
155. Kh du m c s dng u tin t khi
no ?
Ln u tin con ngi s dng khi du m ti Anh vo
nm 1727. Nm 1760, Geore Dixon l ngi u tin thp
sng bng kh. nh sng do kh t cung cp sng hn n
du.
156. Du m c ch bin nh th no ?
Du th c a vo thp chng ct ca nh my lc du
phn tch, c th phn chia cc sn phm du theo th
t trong lng t nh ti nng nh sau: Du d bay hi, xng,
du ho, du ma dt v du nng.
Du th khi a vo nh my lc du s c un nng
bin thnh hi, sau dn dn lm ngui, mi nhit
88
khc nhau s thu c sn phm ho lng khc nhau, ng thi
phn tch ring ra tng sn phm.
157. Cht n hot ng nh th no ?
Khi mt cht n hot ng, ch trong khong thi gian
rt ngn cc cht ho hc m n cha bn trong sn sinh ra
mt lng ln kh v nhit. Cc cht kh nng ny t ngt
tng th tch v to ra s n. Di s gin n , sng xung
kch c to ra v truyn vo khng kh.
158. Th no l bom nguyn t (bom A)?
Bom nguyn t c sc n mnh hn rt nhiu ln so vi
bom dng cht n l cc cht ho hc. Bn trong bom A c
mt lng urani hoc plutoni, l nhng cht phng x.
to n, ngi ta bn hai na hnh cu c cha cc
cht ny trong tri bom vo nhau. Khi c mt phn ng
dy chuyn s xy ra. Ht nhn ca cc nguyn t urani
hoc plutoni b v ra di s bn ph ca cc ht ntron. Mi
ht nhn b ph v li gii phng cc ntron v cc ntrn
ny khuych i thm s bn ph... Tt c nhng qu trnh
trn ch din ra trong mt phn giy v s phn r ca ht
nhn gii phng ra mt nng lng khng l. Nng lng ny
to thnh sc p ca v n, nhit lng v tia phng x nguy
him.
159. Th no l bom hir (bom khinh kh ) ?
Nng lng ca bom hiro (bom H) khng phi sinh ra t
s phn r ht nhn ca cc nguyn t nng nh bom nguyn
t (bom A) m l t s tng hp ht nhn ca cc nguyn t
nh: Hiro.
89
S gii phng nng lng khng l ca bom H c sinh ra
t phn ng nhit hch:
2
1
2 H>
4
2
He
(teri) (Heli)
S tng hp ht nhn ny din ra vi s mt i ca vt
cht, n chuyn ho thnh nng lng trong mt phn nh ca
giy. Do vy m sinh ra s n.
cho phn ng tng hp ht nhn xy ra, cn phi c
nhit rt cao do mt qu bom A nh to ra chm mi
cho qu bom H.
160. L phn ng ht nhn hot ng nh th
no ?
Trong l phn ng, ht nhn ca cc nguyn t urani b
ph v di s bn ph ca cc ntron v gii phng rt nhiu
nhit lng. Khi b ph v chng gii phng cc ntron khc v
n lt mnh cc ntron ny tr thnh cc ht bn ph..
phn ng dy chuyn ny c kim sot bi cc thanh than
ch (grafit) nhng trong l phn ng v hp th mt phn
cc ntron ny.
Cht dn lu c s dng thng l nc hoc kh CO
2
. N
dng lm bay hi lng nc trong mt thit b trao i
nhit. Sau khi lm quay tuc bin ca my pht in, hi
nc ny ngng t tr thnh nc ri li i v pha thit b
trao i nhit hoc l phn ng.
161. Oxi c vai tr nh th no i vi s h hp ?
90
Khng kh l hn hp gm 72,9% nit; 20,94% oxi v
mt lng nh khong 0,16% gm cc kh cacbonic, agon,
xenon, heli...
Khi h hp, ta ht khng kh vo v th ra kh CO
2
, N
2
,
v mt lng nh O
2
cha s dng ht, ngoi ra cn c thm mt
lng nh cc cht l sn phm ca nhng phn ng sinh ha
phc tp din ra trong c th nh cc loi hirocacbon, ru,
amoniac, axit fomic, axit axetic, anehitfomic v thm ch
c xeton na.
C th cn c b sung oxi thng xuyn. Di p sut th-
ng, nu hm lng oxi thp di 16% l bt u hin tng
thiu oxi, gy ra bt tnh t ngt. Tuy vy, chng ta
khng th th bng oxit tinh khit m phi th bng oxi c
pha long bng kh nit. Nu th bng kh oxi tinh khit th
ngay c ngi kho mnh cng ch sau 2 - 3 ngy m l bt
u b ph phi.
162. CO
2
lng v rn c nhng cng dng g?
Anhyrit cacbonic (thng gi l kh cacbonic) iu
kin thng l kh khng mu, nng hn khng kh (t khi
so vi khng kh l
44
1,51
29
). Ngi ta thng nn kh cacbonic
n ho tan nhiu trong cc nc gii kht, nh bia, coca
cola to ra loi nc c ga.
Kh cacbonic iu kin 40
0
C v nn di p sut 197,4
atmotphe th chuyn thnh dng lng.
91
Cacbonic lng l mt loi dung mi siu ng v dung
mi ny khng c so vi cc loi dung mi hu c khc, gi
r v khng s chy, n.
Dung mi cacbonic c dng rng ri trong cng nghip
thc phm nh tch cafein trong cafe hoc chit hubln trong
hoa hubln dng trong cng nghip sn xut bia. Ngi ta cng
dng CO
2
lng chit cht bo trong cc ht c du.
Cc cht c chit trong cc thit b chu p, sau
a ra ngoi, p sut thng th dung mi bay hi ht cht
cn li l cafein, cao hublon, du bo v.v...
M ngi ta th dng CO
2
lng kh cc cht hu
c lm nhim t. Ngay thuc tr su DDT khng b
phn hu khi lu trong t cng c cacbonic lng chit ra.
Ngy nay, cacbonic lng c dng nhiu trong ngnh
cng nghip sn. u tin n c lm dung mi lm sch
b mt vt liu cn sn, ch yu l ty sch cc cht bo.
Cacbonic lng c dng lm dung mi sn nh mt thit
b chuyn dng c kh nng iu tit qu trnh sn. Sn t-
ng ng vi loi dung mi c bit ny l sn bt hoc sn
nc.
Cng nghip in t coi cacbonic lng l dung mi cc
tt lm sch cc vi mch, mi ni, dy dn. Cc dng c
quang hc, cc thit b c kh chnh xc, phc tp cng c
ty sch bng dung mi cacbonic lng.
Trong cng nghip sn xut dy cp quang c cng
on kim tra bng my qut . Khi dy cp quang qua my
ny th phi c mt loi du nh bi trn. Ch c dng
92
cacbonic lng lm dung mi mi lm si cp quang t cc
ch tiu k thut.
Trong i sng hng ngy, vic git l, ty hp "kh"
git "kh" thng dng dung mi hu c ty bn.
Cacbonic lng cng ang c kho nghim trong lnh vc
ny.
Anhyrit cacbonic dng rn cn gi l "bng kh" hay
"nc kh" hoc "tuyt cacbonic", khi bay hi chuyn
sang dng kh c th lm nhit h xung ti - 78,5
0
C.
Cc loi xe lnh c my lnh lm vic trong sut chng
ng tiu hao nhiu nhin liu cho my lnh, ng thi dung
tch chuyn ch v ti trng ca xe cng gim v phi dnh
ch cho my lnh cng nh ti trng ca n. Ngy nay ngi ta
ch to mt loi xe ng lnh m ngun lnh c cung cp
bi CO
2
rn. Loi xe mi ny c trang b my tnh iu
tit s bay hi ca CO
2
rn. Xe m bo gi lnh trong sut
24 gi vn chuyn vi nhit t 2 - 6
0
C, c loi cn c th
gi lnh n - 18
0
C. c bit xe cn vn chuyn cc sn
phm c ch gi lnh khc nhau trn cng mt chuyn.
163. Thm ho nhim c thu ngn xy ra
u?
Nm 1932, sau khi nh my ho cht Chisso, Nht Bn
i vo hot ng th h dng lun vnh Minamata lm
ni cha cht thi c cha thu ngn hu c ca nh my.
Sau nhiu nm tch t, mi trng bin b nhim nghim
trng v y l v nhim mi trng cng nghip ln nht
Nht Bn trong th k XX. Hu qu l lm cho hng nghn
93
ngi nhim c thu ngn v hng trm ngi khc n nay
vn cn nh hng ti sc kho.
Nhng ngi dn y, trc n c nh bt trong
vnh pht bnh. Triu chng ban u thng gp l th
lc gim, ni kh khn, c cc cn co tht, nhng ngi nng
hn th b co git, bt rt, pht in v cui cng l t vong.
Theo con s thng k, trn 900 ngi b cht v n
thng 4/1997 c trn 17.000 ngi c xp vo din nh nc
phi cp giy chng nhn "nn nhn Minamata" v trn
12.000 ngi khc c ghi nhn nhim c thu ngn.
Trong nhiu nm, nhng nn nhn b nhim c thu
ngn u tranh i bi thng thit hi. Nm 1973 ln
u tin nh my Chisso phi bi thng mt s tin l 18
triu yn. Nm 1996 chnh ph Nht ch th cho cng ty
Chisso phi bi thng tip 25,8 triu yn cho 10.353 nn
nhn trc y cha c cng nhn l nn nhn v cha c
bi thng.
Sau hn 26 nm duy tr lnh cm, u nm 1998
chnh quyn thnh ph chisso mi bi b lnh cm v cho
php hot ng tr li cc dch v nh bt c ti vng vnh
Minamata, do tnh trng nhim thu ngn ti khu vc ny
c khc phc.
164. Khi thuc l c hi nh th no?
Trong khi thuc l c n 300 cht. Hu nh tt c cc
cht hu c u c mt trong khi thuc l: hyrocacbon
no v khng no, vng thm v vng thng, stearin, ru, ete,
axit, phenol, ancaloit (nicotin v dn xut), cc hp cht v c
94
ca asen, ng, st, thic, mangan, amoniac, oxit cacbon,
oxit nit, axit xianhyric...
Nhng ngi khng ht thuc m ht phi khi thuc th-
ng b au u, vim mi v c nguy c b ung th phi t
30 - 40%. Cn ngi ht thuc so vi ngi khng ht thuc th
nguy c ung th phi l t 1000 - 2000 ln nhiu hn.
Php, hng nm c ti 60.000 ngi cht v cc bnh c
lin quan n vic ht thuc l v ht phi khi thuc l.
M, hng nm c ti 12.000 ngi cht v ung th phi do ht
phi khi thuc bi sng chung vi ngi nghin thuc l.
Nn nhn u tin l tr em. Ngi m ht thuc sinh ra
nhng a con nh cn hn nhng a con ca ngi
khng ht thuc ti 200g. Nhng b nh cn ny c nguy c
b ung th, chm pht trin v tr tu v thng c tng ngi
thp b. Nhng a tr sinh ra t cc b m ht thuc c
nguy c b cc bnh hen, eczma, my ay tng gp 4 ln.
Cc b m ht thuc hay b sy thai.
Nhiu vic iu tra cho thy 42% tr c b (hoc m)
ht thuc v 51% tr c c b ln m u ht thuc b au
amian hoc si vm hng trong khi t l y cc tr m b
m khng ht thuc ch l 28%.
Rt nguy him cho tr 3 - 4 tui thng xuyn chu
nh hng ca khi thuc v lc y phi ca tr ang thi
k pht trin mnh nn d b hen suyn, sng phi.
Nhn thc c s nguy him khi ht phi khi thuc l,
nhiu nc cm ht thuc nhng ni cng cng nh bn
tu, bn xe, trn tu, xe v nhng ni lm vic, hi hp...
95
165. Nhng nguyn t vi lng no cn cho c th?
C th con ngi c cha ti 18 nguyn t ho hc. C 4
nguyn t a lng l cacbon, oxi, hiro, nit. Chng to
thnh nc, protein, xng, c v chim ti 96% trng lng c
th. S cn li ch chim 4% nn gi l cc nguyn t vi lng
(NTVL).
Cc NTVL h tr cc phn ng ho hc trong t bo, gip
c th s dng cht m, m v ng, gip lm vng chc
xng v iu khin c, thn kinh. Cc NTVL cn tng tc vi
cc cht khc nhau nh cc vitamin.
Cc NTVL, tuy ch cn mt lng rt nh song li rt quan
trng v khi thiu chng, chng ta s mc nhng cn bnh
nguy him. Tt nhin cc NTVL nm trong thnh phn ca cc
hp cht v c th c cung cp bi thc n.
Sau y l cc NTVL rt cn thit cho c th:
It: it iu ho s pht trin bnh thng ca xng,
s pht trin ca h thn kinh trung ng tr nh. Thiu it
tuyn gip s to ra, gy nn bnh biu c. Hng triu ngi
trn th gii b khuyt tt v tm thn do c th thiu it.
It c nhiu trong hi sn. Hng ngy chng ta nn dng mui
it (trn 25mg KI vo 1kg mui n).
St: St rt cn hnh thnh hemoglobin trong
hng cu. St cng l thnh phn ca nhiu loi enzim.
Thiu st s b thiu mu, biu hin qua ln da nht nht,
mt mi, kh th v gim sc khng.
Thc n cha st c th d hp th bao gm gan, tim
v b dc. Nhng thc n khc cha nhiu st nhng kh hp
96
th hn l lng trng, c, tm, cua, s, hn, bt m v
rau xanh.
Km: gn 10 loi enzim cn c km hon thnh cc
phn ng ho hc trong t bo. Mt i mt lng nh km lm
cho n ng st cn, gim kh nng tnh dc v c th
mc bnh v sinh. Ph n trong thi k mang thai m thiu
km s lm gim trng lng tr s sinh, thm ch thai c th
cht. Mt s ngi c v gic hay khu gic bt thng do thiu
km. Km cng cn thit cho th lc, km gip c th chng li
bnh tt. Bch cu cn c km chng li nhim trng v
ung th.
Ngun thc n giu km l t ng vt nh tht sa,
trng g, c, tm, cua...
Mangan: mangan gp phn vo s vng chc ca x-
ng. Ph n ln tui b long xng c lng mangan trong mu
thp hn so vi ph n cng tui khng b long xng.
Mangan cn c vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot lng
insulin trong c th.
Cc thc phm giu mangan gm go, rau ci xanh, tht,
trng, sa...
Crom: Cc nh nghin cu ti B nng nghip M cho
bit thiu crom lin quan n s h ng huyt lm cho
bnh nhn chng mt, cn co, nhp tim p lon x.
Go, tht, men bia, phomat l nhng th cha nhiu
crom.
Flo: Flo l NTVL quan trng i vi sc kho. Mt hp
cht ca flo gi l florua c 30 quc gia cho thm vo nc
97
my v cht florua phng ngi hiu qu cc bnh gy tn
thng rng. Ngun flo rt phong ph trong l ch.
Selen: T nm 1957 cc nh khoa hc nhn thy
mt loi bnh tim c nguyn nhn do thiu selen. Nhiu
nghin cu cho thy selen c th gip phng nga ung th,
bnh tim v mt s bnh khc.
Kali: Kali gi vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh
cc protein v ph v cc cabohydrat. N cng cng tc vi
natri truyn nhng xung thn kinh gia cc t bo v
trong vic iu tit s cn bng nc.
Tri cy rt giu kali, nht l chui, cam, qut. Thc
phm ti cha nhiu kali hn thc phm nu chn. Nhn
chung s thiu ht kali him khi xy ra.
Ngoi cc NTVL trn, mt s NTVL khc cng cn cho c
th nh: asen, bo, ng, niken, silic...
C th cng cn mt lng ln cc cht khong bao gm
canxi, photpho, magi, natri, kali v clo.
Cc NTVL rt cn thit cho c th nhng ch cn mt l-
ng nh, nu d tha chng th li c hi. Chng hn nh qu
nhiu st s nguy him v lm tn thng tim, gan, tu. Qu
nhiu km trong c th c th gy hi nh nn ma, au d
dy, yu c v tn thng thn kinh. Nhng nghin cu gn
y cho bit hm lng km cao trong c th c lin quan
n bnh mt tr, hay gp ngi cao tui.
Cc bc s khuyn chng ta rng cch tt nht c
th nhn va cc NTVL l cn i khu phn n hng
98
ngy gm hn hp cc thc n ch bin t la go, rau qu,
tht c, trng sa.
166. Nhng mn thng c trong ngy tt c
ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no?
Mm ng qu: Tt nguyn n l tt ln nht trong
nm. Ngy tt, trn bn th nh no cng c mm ng qu
(5 loi qu). Mm ng qu th hin lng thnh knh v tng
nh ca con chu vi t tin. Mu sc v hnh dng ca cc
tri cy trong mm ng qu to nn s hi ho v sang trng
ca bn th, ng thi cng gy cho con ngi cm gic hng
phn, sng khoi, tnh thm m, gn gi vi thin nhin.
Trit l c bn ca mm ng qu l: "con s 5 l s
trung tm ca v tr; v tr hnh thnh do tp hp ca ng
hnh: kim, mc, thu, ho, th".
S 5 i vo tim thc ca ngi Vit nam nh ng
tng, ng quan, ng sc, ng v, gy trc 5 t, o b ba 5
cc...
Ng qu y l g? Tu theo cy, tri mi min m
mm ng qu cng khc nhau.
min Bc, mm ng qu gm 2 loi qu ch o l
ni chui xanh v qu bi to cn nguyn cung vi cnh l. Ba
loi qu khc thng l pht th, cam, qut, to, hng xim...
min Nam mm ng qu cng ly ni chui lm ch
o. Ba loi tri cy khc thng l da, xoi, u , mng
cu... ngha d dm l nm mi "cu xi".
99
V ngha ho hc, mm ng qu cung cp cho ta -
ng glucoz cng nhiu loi sinh t (A, B, C,... ) cc axit hu
c v cc cht x rt cn thit cho h tiu ho.
Xi gc: Xi gc l mt loi thc phm sang trng th-
ng c dng trong cc dp l, tt nh ngy tin ng To v
Tri, l cng giao tha. Mu ca xi gc th hin lng
trung thnh v s tn nghim. Mu l mu ca nhit tnh
v hi vng, ch v v tha, quyn lc v bng lc. V ngt
ca xi gc l do ng saccaroz pha ch vo, ng thi
cng l v ngt ca glucoz do tinh bt thu phn to ra.
Mu ca xi gc ch yu do caroten l licopen c
trong gc.
Caroten c cng thc phn t C
40
H
56
(cht mu vng da
cam c nhiu trong c c rt) cha 11 lin kt i C = C, hai
u mch l hai vng - ionon to nn mt h lin hp
nhng nhm mang mu. Caroten c 3 ng phn , ,
trong ng phn c hot tnh cao hn c. Sinh t A
hay caroten trong gc gip tr con chng ln, tng th lc v
cha cc bnh v mt lm cho vit thng mu lnh.
Licopen cng c cng thc phn t l C
40
H
56
(cht mu
c nhiu trong qu c chua chn) c 13 lin kt i C =
C trong phn t.
V mt dinh dng, c 100 gam xi gc cho ta nng lng
khong 287,6 Kcal. Nng lng ny to ra do s chuyn ho ca
4,97 gam protein; 7,43 gam lipt, 48,37 gam gluxit, 5,53 gam
caroten, 0,08 gam vitamin B1...
100
Nh vy xi gc l thc phm sang trng, mang tnh
thm m v giu nng lng.
Mn c: Cc mn n trong ngy tt rt phong ph v
a dng phn ln c ch bin t tht ln (heo) v tht gia
cm.
Cc mn n ch bin t tht ln nh gi, ch, nem, ninh,
mc... d lm cho ta ngy khi n. T xa, ng cha ta thy
r iu nn nhiu a phng c tp qun ch bin mn
n trong ngy Tt t c.
Trong c c nhiu nguyn t selen, c th chng ta cn
selen cu thnh loi enzim, ngn cn nhng gc t do
gy hi v l ngun gc ca s gi nua. Nh vy selen trong c
gp phn chng lo ho, n thanh xun ho con ngi.
Cc nh khoa hc pht hin rng ngi Eskimo Bc
cc n ton m c khng b d cholesterol, rt t b cao huyt
p. M c c cc axit eicosapentaeoic v docosahexaeoic c
gi chung l "Omega - 3 cha no" gy phn ng chuyn ho
lipoprotein, gim tng hp apolipoprotein beta, tng lng
lipoprotein t trng cao l thnh phn tt ca cholesterol,
gip to ra mng t bo cng hocmon steroit v axit mt.
Lipoprotein t trng thp mi l thnh phn c hi, gy tc
ng mch.
Ngi Nht c thi quen n mi tun t 3 n 5 ba c
v thng n c vo cc dp l tt hoc chiu i thng khch.
Do n nhiu c, t n tht m tui th trung bnh ca ngi
Nht thuc hng cao nht trn th gii.
167. Gm thu tinh c tnh cht g ?
101
Cc nh khoa hc mt trng i hc ca c ch to -
c mt loi gm thu tinh kt hp c c tnh cht ca thu
tinh v kim loi. C th gia cng n trn my khoan, my
phay, c th ren, nh bng, lm nhm. Nhng chi tit bng
loi thu tinh ny c ni vi nhau bng ren vt nh kim loi.
bn ho hc ca vt liu rt cao.
168. Dng hli lm nhin liu cho tn la c u
im g ?
Ai cng bit hli rt tr v mt ho hc; kh to thnh
hp cht vi cc nguyn t khc. Nhng, cc nh khoa hc M ti
Trung tm hng khng v du hnh v tr iu ch c
hli phn t, khng bn v rt d b phn hu di tc dng
ca nhit. Khi phn hu thnh nguyn t, hli s to ra mt
nhit lng rt ln, ti 200 kcal/g, ngha l ln hn sinh nhit
ca phn ng mnh nht l H
2
v F
2
n 40 ln. Cc nh bc
hc ngh dng heli phn t lm nhin liu cho tn la. N
c sc y ln hn cc loi nhin liu khc, tr nhin liu ht
nhn, li c u im l khng cho sn phm chy c hi,
lm nhim m ch to ra kh tr heli.
169. Tng hng khng ly t nha thng c u
im g ?
Cc chuyn gia Bungari ch to thnh cng tng hng
t cc sn phm ch bin du m. V nhiu tnh cht, tng
hng nhn to vt tng hng thin nhin ly t nha thng
v c dng sn xut cc loi keo cao cp, dng trong cng
nghip giy - xenlulz.
102
170. B lc kim loi gm c ch to nh th no ?
Vin k thut Vrnez (Nga) nghin cu c mt loi
b lc mi bng kim loi - gm, bng cch nung chy bt niken
di p sut. B lc ny dng lm sch kh khi bi bn.
bn, chu nhit v chu ho cht cao, ti sinh n gin..
khin n s c dng trong nhiu ngnh khc nhau ca ho
hc, ho du v luyn kim.
171 Mn chn nhit lm bng cht g ?
Qua knh ca s ca nhng ngi nh hin nay, nh
sng lt vo d dng, nhng nhit thot ra cng d dng.
trnh hin tng , ngi ta tm ra mt loi mn chn mi,
treo trn khung ca s. Mn l mt tm plyeste, c ph
bng phng php chn khng mt lp nhm cc mng, nh
sng qua mn bnh thng, nhng 90% nhit b gi li.
172. Nylon c n bng ct dng lm g ?
Nylon c n bng ct t ra l mt nguyn liu
tuyt diu ch to cc chi tit ca t. Nguyn liu ny
rt r v cht n c th ln ti 73%. tng tnh kt dnh
vi nylon, ct c x l s b bng nha pxy hoc rsol
trong dung dch axton v xy kh 75
0
173. Ch to si t chai l nh th no ?
Anh, ngi ta a vo sn xut nh my sn xut si
thu tinh t v chai l b i, v c t nhng mnh chai l v.
Trc tin, chai l c nu chy ri n khi thu tinh nng
chy ny qua m phun si bng thp v cun vo ng sut.
Loi si thu c dng n cho cht do.
174. To c th thay th than c khng ?
103
Cc nh khoa hc Califocnia th nghim thnh
cng v mt ngun nhit nng mi, n gin v r tin. H
thnh lp mt trang tri di y bin trng to nu
Micro - cystis pyrifera. Loi to ny ln nhanh phi thng, mi
ngy di thm c 60 cm v c th hp th c cc cht dinh
dng t nc bin. To l ngun cht hu c phong ph. Di tc
dng ca vi khun, n b phn hu v tch ra kh mtan. Khi
nhit phn, n cho nhng cht tng t nh thnh phn du
m.
175. Hn bng nc ct nh th no ?
Cc k s c tm ra mt phng php hn rt c
o. hn nhng tm thp, h ch dng nc ct v hai
in cc c in p cao. Ti ni cn hn, di tc dng ca
dng in, lc u nc ct b phn hu thnh oxy v
hyr, sau , cc kh ny trong vng h quang in s li
tham gia vo phn ng kt hp. Nhit chy s t ti 3400
0
C.
H ch to c mt thit b ring iu chnh c in
cc. Thit b ny s kim tra qu trnh theo thi gian, khi
hn im nh, v hn khng nhng kim loi en m c kim
loi mu na.
176. C th dng cht polime lm knh quang hc
khng ?
Gi tr ca my nh thng c xc nh bng gi tr
ca nhng lng knh. Ch to mt lng knh quang hc rt
cng phu: Trc ht, phi nu chy thu tinh quang hc, ct,
mi nh bng v.v T lu, cc nh chuyn mn m c thay
104
th thu tinh bng cht do trong sut, x l n gin hn
v nhanh hn.
Vin nghin cu Ho hu c c t nhng thnh
cng to ln trong lnh vc ny. H tng hp c lt loi
plyme cng, hon ton c th thay th thu tinh. Vt liu
ny nh hn thu tinh 2,5 ln v r hn n 3 ln. T ,
ngi ta lm knh eo mt, ng nhm, knh cho my nh,
my quay v chiu phim, cng nh mi th knh quang hc
khc.
K thut lm lng knh rt n gin: ch cn p chnh
xc, khng cn mi, nh nhn, v sn phm c ngay mt
nhn l tng. Nng sut ch to cao hn vt liu thy
tinh hng chc ln.
177. C vng t trn tri ri xung khng ?
Mt nhm cc nh bc hc Anh a ra cu hi: c phi
vng trn Tri t c ngun gc thin th khng ? H chng
minh rng chnh nhng thin thch ri xung Tri t trc
y mang theo kim loi qu ny.
178. Thu tinh titan cn u im g ?
Cc nh ho hc nh gi cao titan ch n rt bn
chng n mn trong cc thit b tng hp. Cc nh ch to
my bay cho bit n l vt liu l tng ca ngnh mnh.
Gn y, cc chuyn gia cng nghip thu tinh li
quyt nh: a Titan vo thnh phn ca thu tinh thay cho
nhng kim loi khc. Th nghim thnh cng. Ngi ta
ch to c nhng lng knh c khi lng ring nh, bn mi
mn v c ch s chit quang kh cao.
105
179. Aspirin c ch hn khi dng lng hay dng
vin ?
Hng nm, ngi M tiu tn ti 500 triu la vo aspirin
vin. Nhng khng phi dng vin bao gi cng c li. N c th
gy ra vim d dy, d ng v nhng hin tng khng mong
mun khc.
Cc bc s M i n kt lun rng dng aspirin di
dng lng l hp l hn. Sau khi khc phc c kh khn la
chn dung mi (bin tnh bng glixerol), thuc s c v ngt
ca hoa qu.
180. Cht dn in hu c c nhng tnh cht
g ?
Ti trung tm nghin cu ca cng ty IBM, ngi ta
iu ch c cc tinh th hu c, khng thua kim loi v
tnh cht dn in. Nhng tinh th ny gm hng lot phn
t mang in tch dng v m. Dng in i qua c
nhng phn t ny. nhit thng, dn in ca cc
tinh th hu c l trung gian gia mt s kim loi v cht
bn dn. H nhit ti nhit ng bng ( - 40
0
C),
dn in ca chng tng ln, nhng nu tip tc h nhit ,
chng s c tnh bn dn.
181. C th ch nam chm t cht hu c
khng ?
Cc nh vt l Php ch to c nam chm t nhng
hp cht hu c.
Nhng tinh th, cha nhng nhm nitrooxyl bn vng
(chng hn ttramtyl - Piperiinol - xyl) c tnh cht st
106
t. Nam chm phn t y l nhng gc t do. Mc d
nam chm hu c cha tm thy ng dng trong thc t, nh-
ng n v cng thun tin i vi nhng th nghim thun thu
khoa hc.
182. Dng mng mng plyamit cch in c u
im g ?
u tu in cao tc chy trong thnh ph ca Cng ty
Deutsche Bundesbahn (c) dng loi ng c c cch in
bng mng mng Kapton (mt loi Poliamit ) ca Cng ty
Dupont. Nh cch in bng loi vt liu ny, sc ko ca
ng c tng thm 20% m khng cn tng kch thc ca
n. V Kapton c tnh cch in tt v rt bn dai nn c
th gim 50% chiu dy ca lp cch in bc dy dn ca
rto v stato nn khng cn tng kch thc ca ng c.
Lp cch in ca dy dn gm 2 lp: mt lp Kapton
dy 25 micron v mt lp Tflon gi nhit dy 12,5
micron.
183. M than di y bin nm u ?
Gn b bin pha Ty ca Chu phi, di y bin
su 4000m, ngi ta pht hin ra mt m than rt ln.
Theo kin cc nh bc hc, m than ny chng
minh gi thuyt cho rng xa kia Chu Phi v nam M l mt
di t lin. Sau ny, trong thi k hnh thnh i Ty D-
ng, lc a chung ny b ph hu, tch ra thnh 2 phn
(Chu Phi v Nam M). Phn gia b vi su di bin. Nhng
rng cy rm rp qua hng triu nm bin thnh m than
ny.
107
184. Dng c g lm sch c nc ?
l mt dng c in t c sn xut M, kch thc
nh chic bt ch, trong 10 - 20 giy, c th bin nc ao, h
thnh nc ung c. Bt ch khi c ni vi pin lm xut
hin nhng bt nh trong nc, trong bo ho nhng ion c
kh nng st khun v cc vi trng gy bnh thng hn, t,
kit l v cc loi vi trng gy bnh khc.
185. Dng sn si m nh th no ?
nhng x lnh, mi bung thng phi b tr mt l si
in hoc hi, bng kim loi. Do vy, lng kim loi dng trong
mi cn nh qu ln. Liu c cch gii quyt khc khng ? Cc
k s Anh a ra mt gii php th v. H sn tng bng
mt loi sn dn in. By gi ch cn u 2 thanh gp
bng ng ca mt ngun in th 12V vo tng, Khi ,
lp sn va l mt ngun pht nhit si phng va l mt
chic c quy. Lp sn bn c 40 nm lm vic lin tc.
186. To lp ph g bng cht do nh th no ?
Ngi ta phun hoc qut ln mt g mt loi nha
mnme urtan bo, sau khi trng hp trong khng kh, to
thnh mt lp ph n hi ( dn di 400%), c th chu
c hon ton tc dng ca kh quyn, cc cht ho hc v
nh sng.
G c th b un nt m mng phim vn khng b rch.
Hn na, nh sng khng lm vng mng phim do tnh cht
bo ca nha; khc vi cc vc-ni thng thng, cht ny khng
h b nt rn hoc bong thnh vy.
187. Vitamin v thuc c chit xut t g loi
cy g ?
108
Cc nh nghin cu ca Nga hon thnh nhng ph-
ng php c bit chit xut t g nhiu ho cht dng
cha bnh.
T g cy lc dip tng (mleze) cha nhiu cht thuc
nhm vitamin P, ly c dng tinh khit cht
ihirqucxtin c tc dng cng c thnh mch vi huyt
qun v gip cho hot ng ca gan c d dng, khng
c i vi c th; ngoi ra c th lm ph gia bo qun
thc phm.
Ngi ta cng rt c t g cy thng cht pinsinvin v
este- mntilic ca pinsinvin, l 2 cht c c tnh chng
nm. T l kim ca cy tng bch cng chit xut c mt
cht sinh hc gip cho vic tng phm cht sinh hc gip v
gi cc hng thm.
188. Ch phm no dng ra cc bnh ng
thuc tr su ?
Nhng thit b dng cha v phun thuc tr su
bnh thng kh ra sch, v trong qu trnh s dng c trn
thm t, bi, tro, du m, dung mi.. Mi y, x nghip
lin hip ho cht Xbkin (Nga) sn xut ra mt ch phm
dng dung dch c kh nng phn hu ng thi cc tp cht
v cc thuc tr su cn st li thnh nhng cht mi t c
Ch phm c t tn l complex gm c natri pecborat,
sa, mui ca cc axit bo tng hp, tritanlamin, mtanol
v nc. 85
0
C v trong thi gian 4 gi, n c th phn hu ti
98% mtimeckaptpht v 80% thuc 666.
189. Ho cht no dng dit mm cy ?
109
nhng cy n qu, nu c nhiu mm v chi non
hoc c cc bi c rm mc quanh s t qu, nhng mm
non v c s ht mt nhiu cht dinh dng ca cy. khc
phc, trc y, ngi ta vn dng phng php cht mm v
nh c. Hin nay, Anh, ngi ta nghin cu mt cch gii
quyt mi v c cng nhn l tt hn dng xng, cuc, dao
ko nh lm trc y: l dng ho cht iu ch trn
c s - naptil ca axit axetic v cc ru thuc nhm alifatic.
Thuc ny c phun vo thng 5 khi mm v chi non cao
khong 10 - 15 cm, sau vo gia ma h li phun mt ln
na v nh th l c th dit c ht chi non v c rm.
190. Pho mt v scola gy nn bnh au u ?
Cc bc s Anh nghin cu v gi thuyt rng mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn gy bnh au u gh gm c
th l nhng hp cht ho hc c trong phomat v scla nh
cc cht tiramin v phninltilamin. Tiramin c th b phn
hu thnh norarnalin, cht ny c tc dng iu ho hot
ng ca no. Trong c th ca nhng ngi kho mnh,
nhng hp cht ny b phn hu nhanh chng, cn nhng
ngi yu au khng c kh nng phn hu, nn gy ra au
u gh gm.
191. Dng keo dn no thay cho hn ?
Nu mt ng ng dn khi t di nc b thng, ngi ta
thng dng phng php hn in c bit di nc, nhng
mi hn ny thng khng chc, khng chu c p sut cao,
nn thng l ngi ta kho cc ng ng li v mang on ng
110
hng ln mt t hn. Lm nh vy kh lu, li tn km,
i khi cn t hn l thay mt ng ng mi.
Vin nghin cu cc hp cht cao phn t thuc Vin
Hn lm khoa hc Nga, iu ch ra mt loi keo dn
pliurtau c th hn di nc. Thnh phn keo dn ny cn c
cht hot ng b mt, khng cho nc lm t ch ng b
thng. Loi keo ny ho rn nhanh di nc v to ra mt mi
hn rt bn, nn cng vic sa cha nhng ng ng t
di nc khng c cn l vn phc tp. Ch cn t mt
ming v c trng lp keo poliurtan ln ch ng b thng v
sau t pht, ng ng li hot ng bnh thng.
192. S dng li lp xe c nh th no ?
Ngi ta va nghin cu ra mt phng php s dng li
lp xe c va gii phng c ch , va lm sch nc thi.
Nhng lp xe c c nghin thnh bt mn v c dng
lm cht hp ph x l nc thi. Khi nc thi i qua th
nhng kim loi nng nh ch, cban b gi li hon ton.
Cht hp ph chnh l than en trong bt lp -t (t l ca
n chim khong 1/3 trong lp). to nn mi trng kim,
ngi ta cho thm vi vo. Ngoi ra, bt lp xe c cn c th
pha vi nha ng lm vt liu ri ng rt tt.
193. Plime no c tnh cht kim loi ?
Vin nghin cu Penxibau (M) va iu ch ra mt
loi cao phn t nitrua lu hunh (SN)
x
, dng mng mng ly
tn l Politiazin. Cht ny c nhiu tnh cht ging kim loi:
cc tinh th ca (SN)
x
d b chuyn dch nn c th p
thnh nhng tm mng. dn in ca loi polime mi ny
111
gn bng dn in ca thu ngn. V cc mch cao
phn t ca loi vt liu mi ny c sp xp song song vi
nhau nn kh nng dn in ca chng theo chiu dc tt
hn theo chiu ngang.
194. C phi t cng nhiu cht do th cng
cn t xng ?
Hin nay, trung bnh mt chic t con ca M
dng ti 80 kg cht do. Theo d kin th cc chi tit bng
cht do trong mt chic t con c th tng ln gp i v
nm 1985 s tng ln gp 3 ln. Khng phi ch nhm mc
ch thm m v gii quyt vn nguyn liu m cng
nhiu chi tit, ph tng bng cht do, t cng nh i, v
chc chn l tiu hao nhin liu cng thp hn.
195. Bng dnh bng cht g c th dng hn
tu ?
Mi y, ngi ta iu ch ra mt th ho cht dng
hn nhng tu nh c b thng. Cc nh ho hc ca Vin
nghin cu cao phn t thuc Vin hn lm khoa hc Ukrain
iu ch ra mt loi bng dnh bng cht do thu tinh.
Trong qu trnh hot ng, nu tu b hng mt ch no
th ngi ta khng cn phi hn m ch p ln ch thng
mt tm bng dnh bng acrilat c bn vng cao. Tm
bng dnh ny c th kh cng trong khng kh m hoc
ngay trong nc nhit t 0 - 35
0
C. Cht kt dnh l mt
sn phm phc tp gm cc este ca axit mtacrilic, imtil
anilin v peroxit benzin. Tu c hn bng phng php trn
c th chy an ton trn bin 3 nm lin.
112
196. Dng pliurtan lt bnh cha c u im g ?
Cng ty Shell ca Anh gii thiu mt phng php mi
chng n mn cho cc thng cha kh ho lng bng cch
phun ln b mt bn trong ca thng cha bt pliurtan. Bt
pliurtan cn l cht cch nhit v bao ph tt. N c th
ph c nhng thng ch amoniac nhit - 50
0
C . Dng
cht bao ph mi ny cho php gim thi gian ch to thng
v gim gi thnh i 10%.
197. Sn xut giy t plitilen nh th no ?
, ngi ta nghin cu mt cng ngh sn xut cc
vt liu tng hp dng lm nguyn liu sn xut giy v
cctng. Vt liu mi ny gm cc si plitilen mng (2-4
micron), c b mt ring ln (30 - 50m
2
/g) c an vi nhau.
Xenluloz tng hp d b phn tn trong nc, c th trn
theo bt k t l no vi xenlulz thng. Ngi ta vn c th
dng cc thit b sn xut giy bnh thng sn xut loi
giy mi ny.
198. Dng cht do lm vt liu ch to mng lc c
nhng u im g ?
Ngi ta mi tm thm mt cng dng ca cht do xp
dng lm vt liu ch to cc b phn lc cho cc ng c
pittng ca my bay. Cht do xp c kh nng gi li nhng
ht bi rt nh thng lm bn ch ho kh, kh b rch,
khng mt tnh bn c hc. Nhng ph kin lc lm bng
cht do xp r hn 8 ln cc loi vt liu khc thng dng trc
y.
113
199. Sn xut cht do t ng da trn nguyn l
no ?
T ng, ngi ta iu ch ra glucz v t glucz sn
xut ra cht do. l nguyn l chung nht do cc nh bc
hc Nht xng (v Nht khng c du m nhng li c
ng). Loi cao phn t mi sn xut t ng c gi l
Polulen. Polulen ho tan trong nc nhng cng c th khng
tan nu em x l thm. Ngi ta d kin rng loi polime mi
ny c th dng sn xut si v keo. u im ca n l
khng sinh ra cht c khi t, nn khng cn c bi rc; di
tc dng ca vi sinh vt, n b phn hu.
200.Cht chng m cho knh t l cht g ?
cho knh t khng b m, ngi ta thng ph bng
mt lp mng mng loi plime trong sut c kh nng thm
nc nh cht polixitil mtacrilat. Nhng rt tic l cc mng
acrilat thng bo ho nc v khi dng s mt kh nng chng n-
c. Cc loi coplime ca cc silic hu c v oxialkilen li c
tc dng khc, lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc v ph hu
cc ht nc to thnh. Nhng nhng cht ny li tan trong nc,
nn khng bn vng bng cc mng acrilat. Mi y, cc nh
bc hc M thnh cng trong vic lai ging hai loi trn
v thu c mt loi mng c kh nng chng m lu di cho
knh. Thnh phn ch yu ca cht mi ny cha c cng b,
song ngi ta cng cho bit l trong poli-xitil mtacrilat
vn l cht chnh.
201. Loi cht do no dng lm bao gi trnh
nhim mi trng ?
Nhng cht do dng trc y lm bao gi thng kh x
l sau khi s dng. Anh nghin cu ra mt loi cht do
mi lm bao gi. Nhng cht do thng dng nh PVC, plitilen,
114
plipropilen, plistirol c em pha trn vi tinh bt theo t
l t 10 - 40%. Loi cht do ny d b phn hu trong t
v trong nc bin, do trnh c nhim mi trng. H
thng cng nghip u tin sn xut loi cht do mi ny
c xy dng Anh vi cng sut 185 triu bao gi/nm.
202. C loi c quy mi no dng cho t in ?
Mi y, ngi ta ch to ra mt loi cquy mi dng cho
t in. Nhng ngi ch to ra loi acquy ny khng nh
rng n c nhiu u im hn cc loi c quy c trc y.
Ngi ta trang b cho t kiu Mustan 1975 loi cquy mi
ny (trng lng 360 kg, dung lng 42 kwh, in th 150v)
cng vi mt ng c in. Trong iu kin chy trn ng
ph, cquy ny c th cung cp in chy 190 km m
khng cn np li.Trong khong 23 giy c th tng tc
ln 120km/h v tc ti a l 130 km/h.
Ngi ta dng sunfua st lm in cc dng ca cquy,
cn in cc m l hp kim liti-nhm. Dung dch in gii
l hn hp liti v kaliclorua.
203. iu ch kh t t cht thi nng nghip
nh th no ?
Anh, hng nm lng cht thi nng nghip c th ln
n 60 triu tn. Nhng cht thi ny phn ln l cht hu
c, l nguyn liu qu sn xut kh t. s dng
nhng cht thi ny, ngi ta ch to ra hai thng to kh vi
sinh vt dung tch 227 v 1362 lt. My to kh ny l mt
thng bng cao su, trong mi trng cc cht thi dng lng nh
phn chung. Cc vi khun pht trin to ra kh mtan. Dng
115
nhng thit b to kh kiu ny c th cung cp kh cho
vng ngoi thnh ph Anh lm nhin liu t, si m
cho cc gia nh. Ngi ta cn ang nghin cu nhng thng
c dung tch ln dng cho cc trang tri.
204. Loi sn no chng bng tuyt ?
Phn lan ngi ta nghin cu ra mt loi sn k nc
(thnh phn gm c nha pxi v cht ng rn) c kh
nng lm bng tuyt khng bm vo tu. Sn ny to ra trn
b mt kim loi mt lp mng rn chu nc, ng thi li c
h s ma st thp. Ngi ta dng loi sn ny sn tu
nh c trn bin Bc. Khi i bin, tu khng b bng tuyt
bm vo, v do h s ma st ca mng thp, nn tu chy
nhanh hn.
205. Dng tia laze pht hin bn ca nc nh th
no ?
kim tra bn ca nc, ngi ta dng tia laze. Khi
chiu tia laze xung nc th nh sng phn chiu ca n c
thu li qua mt my phn tch quang hc. my ny s ghi li
cng , phng ca nhng tia phn chiu. Cng phn
chiu khc nhau tu theo bn ca nc. Bng phng php
ny, ngi ta c th tm c s lng, tnh cht ca cc cht
bn trong trong nc su ti 8 mt.
206. C phi nc kn l cht khng sinh ?
Nm mi nm v trc, c mt loi sinh vt di c t phng
Nam sang nc M: kin la. Khi t, kin tim vo vt th-
ng mt cht c, nhng khng nguy him cht ngi. Cho ti
gn y, ngi ta vn cha xc nh c bn cht ca nc
116
kin mc d c gi thuyt cht c y ng thi l mt
cht khng sinh. Nhng nghin cu mi nht khng nh
iu ny. Nc kin lm cht nhng loi nm mc v a s
vi khun, trong s c cc vi khun gy bnh nh lin cu
khun (streptocoque) v t cu khun (staphi-locoque).
207. Ct lng cu bng phng php ho hc nh
th no ?
Vin nghin cu khoa hc nng nghip Php va tm ra
c mt phng php rt c o thu hoch lng cu v
lng th lm len. Ngi ta ch vic cho chng ung mt liu l-
ng nht nh cht xiclofotfamit, hon ton khng c hi
i vi chng. Cu th sau mt tun s rng lng, cn th th
ch sau 12 pht t nguyn r b b lng dy v mt ca
mnh, trong khi nu ct lng bng phng php thng, mt
t ra l na gi. C iu phi gi nhng con vt ny 3
tun trong ch m ch chng mc lng.
208. C th dng mt ong lm cht ch th
nhim mi trng khng ?
Chnh loi mt ong bnh thng li l cht ch th tt
cho ta bit nhim mi trng. Nh khoa hc D-Liak ti tr-
ng i hc Cornell kt lun nh vy. ng ly nhng mu mt
ong t ti nhiu v tr khc nhau: bn cnh ng t, nh
my, m qung v so snh vi mu mt ong nguyn cht.
Trong nhng mu th nghim pht hin ra nhm, bari,
117
ng, niken, mangan, mlipen.. tng s ti 47 nguyn t,
ngha l gn mt na bng tun hon.
209. Sn kh cc nhanh, kh nh th no ?
Php, ngi ta bt u s dng mt loi sn kh
trong chp mt, di tc ca tia t ngoi. Sn ny gm
mnme v cc cht, khi b tia t ngoi chiu vo lp tc
bin thnh hp cht cao phn t. Loi sn mi rt vn nng v
dng c i vi bt c b mt nh th no. N c bit
thch hp vi vic in ofset nhiu mu, v hin nay tc in
ca my ch ph thuc vo tc kh ca mc.
210. Si tng hp no dng lm qun o cho cc
nh du hnh v tr ?
B qun o ca nhng nh du hnh trn con tu v tr
Lin hp 19 c may bng mt loi si tng hp gi l Lola.
Theo cc chuyn gia, vi cc tnh cht c o ca n, loi si
ny c th dng trong cc ngnh luyn kim v tt c nhng
ni cn cc mt hng dt chu ho cht v nhit ln ti
trn 1000
0
C. Vi dt t Lola trng ta nh len v hon ton
cch in. Khng nhng Nga m cc x nghip nc ngoi rt
ch n loi si ny.
211. Cao su no c dng trong my thay tim ?
Cc nh nghin cu thuc cng ty Goodycar Tire Rubber
Co sau10 nm phi hp nghin cu cng vi cc thy thuc
tm ra mt loi cao su plilfin mi, rt thch hp sn
xut cc my y c, thay th cho hot ng ca c tim. Vn
ng mu c gii quyt bng cch pht trin mt
loi nhung plyeste mi c ph plyurtan dn in. Nhng
118
tri tim nhn to ny c th nghim th vi ngun nng lng
ngoi v lm vic thnh cng trong sut 94 ngy.
212. Xc nh hm lng vng bng my gia tc nh
th no ?
Vng c khp ni trong thin nhin. Trung bnh c
1000 tn t cha khong 5g vng. Thng thng, cn x l
hng chc nghn mu cc loi t mi xc nh c vng
nm trong lp t no. Mt nhm cc nh nghin cu thuc
Vin cc vn vt l Mascva pht hin cch s dng
my Btatron phn tch cc mu t ny. Cc in t
c gia tc hot ho cc nguyn t vng, pht ra tia X v
ch cn o lng bc x ny trong khng y 1 pht c th
xc nh c hm lng vng trong mu t. My xc nh
c nhng lng vng v cng nh b, c nng 1:
1300.000.
213. Knh hin vi in t tham gia sn xut phn
bn nh th no ?
nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc nghin cu v sn
xut, Vin ho v c Ustinad Zabun (Tip khc) kt hp
knh hin vi in t PSEM - 500 vi cc thit b tnh ton, v
p dng ti cc nh my. Thit b t hp ny nghin cu
tnh cht c l ca phn bn tm ra mi lin h trc tip
gia tnh cht vt l ca sn phm, cu to t vi ca chng
v ch k thut, t iu chnh tr li qu trnh
sn xut. Nh t ng ho cao, thit b mi lm vic c
nng sut cao hn cch phn tch v iu chnh sn xut
c nhiu ln.
119
214. Trm zn ln nht th gii u ?
Mascva (Nga) xy dng xong mt trm pht sinh
zn ln nht th gii, c kh nng mi ngy x l 200.000m
3
nc ung. Do s dn tng ln v thnh ph c m rng
khng ngng, nhu cu v nc ngy cng ln, buc phi hin
i ha v m rng cc c s cung cp nc. Ring x l n-
c pha ty thnh ph, trm phi cung cp 200 kg zn
trong 1 gi.
215. Protein ch t ph liu xenlulz nh th no
?
Trng i hc tng hp Luisana (M) nghin cu thnh
cng mt phng php mi ch to protein n bo v ang
a ra cng nghip. Loi protein ny u tin c dng lm
thc n cho gia sc v tin ti lm thc phm cho con ngi.
Nguyn liu sn xut ra n l ph liu xenlulz
cnh cy, giy vn, vi vn c v cc loi rc khc. Sau khi
x l tp cht ngi ta dng mt loi vi khun pht trin ht sc
nhanh chng, to ra mt cht bt cha 50% protein. Nm
1978, sn phm mi ny ph bin trn th trng.
216. Nc no c chic tu v l nh my sn xut
axit H
2
SO
4
?
Ti thnh ph Sxin (Ba Lan), ngi ta ng mt loi
tu c o: tu nh my. Hng ho a xung tu l lu
hynh lng, mt nguyn liu ni ting v rt phong ph ca
Ba Lan. Trn ng i, nguyn liu ny c ch bin v khi
tu cp bn (thng l ti nc ngoi, hng ho bc r ln l..
axit sunfuric. Tht tin li: nhng kh thi trong qu trnh
120
sn xut thot ra ngoi bin khi, nn khng gy nhim
mi trng nh trn t lin. Nhit d t cc phn ng c dng
ct nc bin thnh nc ngt dng cho cc thu th kim
cng nhn sn xut ho cht trn tu, pha vo axit v
dng cho tuycbin hi nc ca tu.
217. Phng php no sn xut oxi r nht ?
Cc nh khoa hc mt trng i hc ca c ch to
mt loi thit b mi sn xut oxi nh ry phn t, gi
li kh ny t khng kh. Kt qu thu c hn hp kh cha
80% oxi. Cho n nay, phng php ny l phng php n
gin nht v cho kh oxi r nht trong cng nghip.
218. Nng cao cht lng ca gang bng cch no ?
Thm nguyn t t him ytri vo gang xm nng chy
lm tng r rt tnh cht ca gang: bn, do, tnh
chu nhit. Thay i t l ytri c th iu chnh c tnh
cht ca gang trong mt gii hn rng. Khng nhng lm
gang thm bn, nguyn t ny cn c tc dng kh cc tp
cht c trong gang. Loi gang ny s dng trong ngnh
ch to my v nng cao c cht lng v tui th nhiu
thit b.
219. L so thy tinh c u im g ?
Cc nh khoa hc Nga ch to c mt loi l so bng
thu tinh c bn ln v n hi cao. N c tnh u vit
hn l so bng thp ch khng b n mn trong mi trng
xm thc, chu nhit v khng c bin dng d. K thut
c bit cho php khc phc c tnh rn ca thy tinh.
Nhng chic l so mi ny bt u thay th thp trong
121
ampe k, vn k, cn chnh xc, dng c o a chn v
ng h, c bit nhng chic l so bng kim loi qu v
t tin trong cc dng c vt l chnh xc.
220. S n mn c li khi no ?
Cc chuyn gia M gii quyt vn nhim bn
thin nhin nh hin tng n mn. Cc loi rc di dng bao g
bng kim loi, cht do, giy, g phi vt vo nhng thng
rc va c sn xut hng lot, c hai lp v bng 2 th kim
loi khc nhau (nh st v nhm chng hn), gia, c mt
lp mui, d ht m. ng hp li, cc thng rc tr thnh
nhng chic pin, v qu trnh n mn in ho bt u
xy ra. Qua vi tun, nhng thng rc ny bin thnh mt
ng bi xm nh.
221. iu kin no nc c tinh kim loi ?
Ngy nay, ngi ta iu ch c hng chc loi tinh
th nc khc nhau nh p sut, nhng mi y li pht hin
thm mt loi nc na. nhit -80
0
v di p sut hng
triu at-mt-phe, nc , kp gia 2 tm kim cng, s c
nhng tnh cht ca kim loi: t cht in mi in hnh
thnh cht dn in. Tnh cht ny ca nc th hin c
trong khong khng gian v tr.
222. Kim cng tng hp c iu ch nh th
no ?
Cc nh ho hc Nga ln u tin thu c kim cng
tng hp di p sut thng. So vi nhng thit b nng n v
cng sut ln trc y th thit b mi ny rt n gin. N
ch bng thu tinh, v khng cn n cc vt liu chu p.
122
Vic ch to kim cng i hi phi cc k chnh xc. Ch
mt sai st rt nh so vi iu kin lm vic ti u cng lm
cho kim cng b ph mt lp graphit. Kim cng iu ch
trn thit b mi khng khc lm so vi kim cng thin nhin.
223. Hp kim nhm c bit c u im g ?
Sau nhiu nm nghin cu, cc nh khoa hc Anh
nghin cu ra mt loi hp kim nhm, t tn l Surpral. Vt
liu ny c nhiu tnh cht qu bu: dn nhit v dn in
rt tt, bn cao, sng bng, ng thi li c tnh do phi
thng. Mt mu Supral un nng nh c th ko di ra 10
ln. T hp kim ny c th ch to cc vt c hnh dng
rt cu k, nn c dng lm khun c cht do. Ngi ta cho
rng cng ngy vt liu mi ny cng c nhiu ng dng k
thut.
224. Sn xut glucoz khng cn axit nh th
no ?
Cc chuyn gia c ngh mt phng php hon ton
mi sn xut glucoz khng dng axit m dng men
phn hu tinh bt. Hiu sut so vi phng php c tng gp
i. Nhng ngi ta cho rng u im chnh ca phng php l
ch: glucz thu c c cht lng siu tinh khit
225. C cch no xc nh nhanh nit trong t ?
Mt phng php mi, nhanh chng v chnh xc
nh lng nit trong t ra i M, rt ngn thi gian
phn tch c 20 ln. Ch vic trn t vi mt loi sn
c bit, c tnh cht hp th cc cht m trong t, v
123
tng cng mu. Mang so snh vi mu tiu chun, s bit
trc tip nng cc hp cht ca Nit.
226. Lp v bo qun rau qu bng cht g ?
Cc nh ho hc Nht tm ra mt cng thc ch to
cc lp v cho qu, rau, trng, b.. cn phi bo qun trong
mt thi gian di. Thnh phn ch to lp v tng hp l
zlatin, tinh bt khoai ty, sa v mt vi cht ph gia
khc. Bng lp v ny, c th gi cc sn phm ni trn ti
lu hn gi trong t lnh n 5 ln.
227. Qun o ngi nhi bng silicn c tc dng
g ?
Cc nh ho hc Nht Bn phi hp vi cc nh sinh vt
ch to nhng b qun o ngi nhi dng cho th ln bng
silicon. N gip cho ngi ta lu hn di mt nc hon
thnh mt cng vic no . B qun o ngi nhi ny gm
nhiu lp silicn, c kh nng hp th oxi tan trong nc v thi
trc tip c kh cacbnic qua mt n th.
228. Tc dng kp no cho ng ca thuc tr c?
Hungari tng hp v s dng rng ri mt loi thuc
tr c cho ng, gi l Hungazin. Ngoi tc dng tr c rt
hiu lc v tc dng 2 - 3 nm, n cn kch thch s sinh tr-
ng ca cy ng, rt ngn thi gian trng trt. Hungazin
p ng y nhng tiu chun ghi trong lut bo v mi
trng.
229. Hp kim ca kim cng c u im g ?
l tn gi ca mt loi vt liu mi do cng ty Dunlp
(M) sn xut. Tuy khng phi hp kim, nhng thnh phn ca
124
n gm niken v kim cng tng hp dng bt. Khi hm lng
kim cng trong vt liu ln ti 30%, bn mi mn ca n
rt cao, thun tin ph ln cc chi tit hot ng ca
my mc thit b. Ni chung, thi gian lm vic ca cc chi
tit c ph vt liu ny tng ln ti 6 ln.
230. Sn chng chy ngn cn s chy th no ?
Hungari, ngi ngi ta ch to c mt loi sn
chng chy cho cc vt liu d bt la nh g, giy, cactng
Ch cn ph ln b mt mt lp sn: di nh hng ca nhit
, n s phng ln v ngn cn s chy. Khi nhit d ln ti
120
0
C, sn bin thnh mt lp xp, c tnh cch nhit v c
kh nng dp tt chy. Thm cht ph gia c bit, loi sn
ny chu c nhit 900
0
trong 3 - 5 gi.
231. Lm cho rm r c v ngt nh th no ?
Vin nghin cu v chn nui Ukrena nghin cu
cho kim tc dng ln rm r p sut 150 atmtphe;
xenluloz s chuyn ho thnh ng saccrz v mt s
cht khc d ng ho. Nh th rm c mi thm, v ngt
v hm lng cht dinh dng tng ln gp i.
B c n loi rm ny c th tng trng t 1000 - 1200
g/ngy.
232. Lp bo v ng ng dn du bng cht g ?
Nhng tp cht cha trong du nh H
2
S, CO
2
, cc loi
mui v mt s cht khc na lm cho kim loi nhanh chng
b n mn. bo v cc ng ng dn du, ngi ta trng
bn trong mt lp ph mi c tnh cht khc hn cc loi th-
125
ng dng: ch gm hai cu t kh ph bin l nha phnol
focman-hit v epoxy. Hn hp ny d dng trng ln ng
ng v rt mau kh trong bt c iu kin no, ngay c
nhit gn 0
0
C.
233. C phng php sinh ho no tiu hu cht
thi ?
Anh, mi y sn xut ra mt loi cht sinh ho -
c gi l Fenobac. Cht ny cho php gim c tc dng
c hi n mi trng xung quanh ca cc ho cht nh du
m, sn phm du m cng nh cc cht hu c khc.
Loi thuc phn hu bng phng php sinh ho ny dng
x l cc ngun nc n. Trong mt gam Fenobac cha 1
t vi khun rt phm n nhng cht nh benzen, xng, phnol,
naphtalen v du m.
234. C phng php no lm sch kh thi ca
t ?
Cc chuyn gia Anh va ch to c mt my lc
thu hi ch t khi thi ca t chy bng xng c ch s c
tan cao.
Thnh phn chnh ca my lc gm mt li bng bng
thp m hiroxit nhm v natri phtpht hoc kali
cacbonat.
Vic t my lc vo t lm tng gi t ln 10 bng
Anh v khng nh hng n hot ng ca ng c. My
lc ny cng c th t vo cc loi t khc chy bng du
izen lc mui than v cc tp cht khc trong khi.
126
235. Sn xut axit phtphoric tinh khit theo
cng ngh mi nh th no ?
Ti Php, ngi ta sn xut axit phtphoric tinh khit
theo hng php mi quy m cng nghip. giai on u,
ngi ta chit axit phtphorc bng izbutanol v ra phn
chit bng xt. Tu theo yu cu v tinh khit sn phm,
tip tc chit axit bng izbulanl, dung dch kim, nc
hoc axit phphoric long, Izbutanl sau khi tham gia vo
qu trnh c tch khi axit bng cch chng ct.
236. Loi cht do no nhy vi nh sng ?
Trc y, ngi ta dng loi knh en bo v mt
th hn khi b nhng tia sng chi khi hn. Loi knh ny c
nhc im l th hn lun lun b mt mu en che kn
mt, kh quan st cht lng mi hn. Ngy nay, ngi ta
ch ra mt loi cht do rt nhy cm vi nh sng gi l
Compound-224 sn xut knh cho th hn. Khi hn,
nhng tia chi chiu vo cht do lm cho cht do lp tc b
en li v c th gi c 99% nh sng. Sau mt giy, khi
ht nh sng hn , cht do ny li tr li trong sut nh trc.
237. Phn bn t ph liu nh my thuc da c u
im g ?
Vin nghin cu khoa hc thuc cng nghip giy da
ti Ukren ngi ta nghin cu ra mt phng php x l ph
liu da lm phn bn cho rau. Sn phm l mt loi bt
mu xm c cha 9 - 14% m, 5% cht bo, 3-4% oxit
crm, , 7-8% tro. Ngoi ra, sn phm ny cn giu nguyn t
vi lng nh km, ng, bo, mlipden, man-gan. N c th c
127
s dng nh l mt loi phn phc hp bn cho rau, nho,
cc loi cy c tinh du.
Ngi ta tin hnh th nghim 2 nm loi phn bn
ny trn cc cnh ng v khng nh hiu qu s dng
cao ca n: thu hoch khoai ty tng 30%, c chua 35%.
Ti nh my lin hp giy da, ngi ta xy dng xng
sn xut phn bn, v qua tnh ton kinh t k thut, d
tnh rng vn xy dng xng s c hon li sau mt nm.
238. Keo dn gch v thch anh c u im g ?
Acmni, ngi ta nghin cu thnh cng mt loi keo
dn nhit cao trn c s cc hp cht v c mn oxit
km, oxit silic, bo v axit octo -phtphoric. Keo ny ng rn
nhit tng i thp (khong 150
0
C) v bn vng
nhit rt cao 1150
0
C. N c th dn gch, graphit, kim
loi, thc anh v thu tinh. C th s dng n vo vic che
ph bo v, chng n mn.
239. Nhng ngi nh bng ct c xy u ?
Trn nhng khu t v hoang Kha-u-d-khan gn th
trn Tt -gien (Tuc-m-ni), xut hin nhng ngi nh xinh
p. Nhng to nh c xy bng ct ly ti ch,
trong xa mc Ka-ra-Kum
Nhng nh bc hc Mat-sc-va xut vic dng
ct l nguyn liu xy dng ch yu. Phng php ny va
n gin li va c o: ct c trn vi ximng, bt nhm
v b tt theo t l xc nh. Sau khi x l hn hp bng
khng kh nng, ngi ta c mt cht liu xp, gi l ga-d-
128
b-tng, bn vng nh gch nung, nh bng na b tng th-
ng, v cch nhit tt.
Gia nhng cn ct ca xa mc Ka-ra-Kum, ngi ta
xy dng nh my u tin sn xut nhng cu kin nh
lp ghp bng nguyn liu ny.
240. Ngc xa phia nhn to c sn xut u ?
Mt phng th nghim t ng sn xut nhng vin
ngc xa phia nhn to bt u hot ng ti Vin nghin
cu n tinh th Khc - cp. Ln u tin, trong nhng l
in mnh, ngi ta to ra c nhng vin ngc c cc
hnh dng, khng phi x l thm na.
Ngc xa phia c nhng c tnh c bit khng c
cht g thay th c. N vn trong sut nhit m cc
kim loi bt u nng chy, v ngi ta c th dng ch
to nhng n chiu sng cc mnh.
241. Pht hin ngi nghin ru bng cch no ?
Bc s Spencer -Shau v nhm cng tc vi ng Bnh
vin Brenx (Niu - Ooc) nghin cu thy rng trong huyt
tng ngi nghin ru c mt lng rt ln axit amin-n-butyric.
Trong huyt tng ngi bnh thng vn c mt axit amino
ny, nhng ngi nghin ru t l axit amino t nht cao
gp i v t l vn duy tr d ngi nghin nhn ru
trong nhiu ngy. Ngi ta cha gii thch c nguyn nhn
lm tng t l axit amino-n-buturic trong huyt tng ngi
nghin ru.
242. B tng cht do, bn hn nha ng nh th
no ?
129
Thng thng ngi ta ph mt ng bng mt lp nha
ng gm c nha, du ho trn vi hoc si. Sau nhiu
nm nghin cu, cc cng ty SCREG v Rhne Pou-lenc (Php)
thnh cng s dng quy m cng nghip nha than
lm cht kt dnh, trn vi mt t l cao cc ph liu PVC
cn vn, to thnh mt loi b tng hyrcacbon c nhng
c tnh u vit ph mt ng.
Loi btng mi ny khng nhng cho php s dng
nha than v cc ph liu PVC c rt nhiu, m cn gip
gii quyt nhiu vn ; chng g, chng h hng mt -
ng do du ho, xng v cc nhin liu, lm lp ph cc cng
trnh ngh thut, lm nn nh cng nghip v.v...
Ngoi ra cn tit kim c nguyn vt liu v loi b
tng mi ny rt rn chc nn c th gim b dy ca lp
ph mt ng.
243. C than hot tnh dng si khng ?
Cho n nay, than hot tnh ch c dng bt hoc
ht. Ngi ta ch to c n dng si. y l kt qu
nghin cu ca 2 vin nghin cu Nht Bn, dng nguyn liu
c bn l si pliacrilnitril. bn ca n i vi khng kh ln
hn than hot tnh bt v ht. S hp th cc dung mi hu
c hoc cc kh c ln hn t 1,5 - 3 ln.
244. C iu b n g h Komek ?
H Komek, vng xa mc pha Ty nc Tuc -m-ni
(Nga) mang trong lng n mt iu b n. V sao nhit
nc h gn y ln ti 50
0
C, cn mt nc ch c 9
0
C ?
130
Trc kia ngi ta cho rng, c nhng mch nc nng ngm.
Nhng ngi ta pht hin: nc h gm 2 lp khng trn ln
nhau, do khi lng ring khc nhau. Lp trn mt l nc ma cn
lp di th mn, y h li c bn en nn hp thu nhiu
nhit lng ca nh nng mt tri hn lp nc trn mt h.
Hin tng ny gip to ra loi bn hydr sunfua c th dng
cha bnh, khi lng c tnh ln ti hng nghn mt khi.
245. bt nhn to dng lm g ?
Nhiu loi phn c dng trong xy dng, lm b
tng nh: tnh nh ca chng l do cu trc xp c to ra
khi ni la n.
c hon thnh phng php sn xut mt loi
bt nhn to, gi l zitan, ch bin t t st to ht trong
mt thit b c bit, bt chc hot ng n ca ni la.
Zitan rn chc v c kh nng n hi, chu c tc dng
ca hi nc v nc .
246.. C loi n bo hiu ban m no khng tiu
th nng lng bn ngoi ?
M va ch to mt loi n bo hiu ban m khng
tiu th nng lng bn ngoi. Thn n l mt ng hunh
quang bng thy tinh borsilicat, bn trong np kh tritium,
khi bc x s lm n sng. nh sng loi n ny c th
chiu xa n 180m v tui th c th c hng chc nm.
247. Xng nhn to lm bng cht g ?
131
Ngi ta th nghim thay mt vi xng nhn to cho
mt con ch th nghim .Xng nhn to ch bin trn c s
hirxiapatit, xit nhm xp hoc san h trong trng hp ny
l canxi cacbonat) nhng khng mt trng hp no b sai khp
hoc nhim trng ch tip xc. Dn dn xng nhn to c
bc sn v sau chng khc g xng tht.
248. Si siu bn c iu ch t cht g ?
Mt cng ty Nht Bn nghin cu phng php r tin
iu ch cacbua silic thnh si dng cho vt liu nhiu
lp. Si ny c kh nng lm vic nhit ti 1.200
0
C.
Nguyn liu iu ch cacbuasilic l imtilcloxilan,
nhit phn trong chn khng 1.300
0
C. Nu tng nhit
n 1.500
0
C, tnh bn ca si gim. Gii hn bn ca si c
ng knh t 10 - 20 micrm l 350kg/cm
2
trong khi si bng
ng v niken c cng ng knh th gii hn bn ch l 40
- 60 kg/cm
2
.
249. Lm pin mt tri r tin t cht g ?
Hin nay ngi ta nghin cu k thut sn xut pin
mt tri trn c s sunfat ng v caimi. Gi ca loi pin
ny ch c 1 la mt mt vung, v hiu sut vo khong
7,8%. Pin mt tri khc c hiu sut t 15 - 20%, nhng gi t
nht l 150 la mt mt vung.
250. Hn nhm nh th no ?
Nhng chuyn gia trung tm khoa hc Kha-ru-ele
(c) nghin cu thnh cng mt phng php n gin
hn nhm. Trong iu kin bnh thng, nhm khng
hn c, v trn b mt nhm lp tc to thnh mng oxit,
132
v que hn khng lin c vi mng ny. hn hai b mt
nhm, trn b mt ca n trong chn khng, ngi ta ph
mt lp bt niken mng. Khng cn lm sch b mt v
trong chn khng s xy ra tc dng ho hc gia nguyn t
niken v mng mng oxit. S t nng t nhin trong khi hn
khng lm gim bn ca lp bc v lc kt dnh vi nn
nhm.
251. Cht g xua i ch v mo ?
Canaa va a ra bng pht minh mt ch phm mi
xua ui ch v mo. Trong thnh phn cht y, ngoi
paraphin v du khong, cn c mtilnnixeton (CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
-
COCH
3 .
Mi ca cht ny, rt t hp dn i vi khu gic rt
thnh ca ch v mo. Rc cc hin, l si v cc ng i,
loi thuc ny lm cho ch v mo phi lnh xa.
252. Dng laze iu ch thu tinh kim loi nh th
no ?
Di tc dng ca tia laze CO
2
rt mnh, c th to c mt
mng mng c bn vng cao gi l thu tinh kim loi.
Trong khong khc, tia laze lm chy mt lp mng trn b
mt kim loi hoc hp kim, m nhit ln ti hng nghn
. Khi ngt tia laze, kim loi ngui rt nhanh trong phn
nghn ca giy. Lc trn b mt kim loi hnh thnh
mt mng mng dng thu tinh gi l thu tinh kim loi. Qua
nghin cu, mng mng c cng v chng n mn rt cao
so vi bn thn kim loi hoc hp kim thng thng. Ngi ta
thu c thy tinh kim loi trn nn hp kim niken v cban.
133
253. C phi silic oxit chng hin tng vn cc ?
Trong qu trnh sn xut cc loi phn ho hc, tnh c
ngi ta thy rng silic oxit c tc dng ngn cn hin tng vn
cc ca cc loi phn ho hc. Cn trong khi bn cc loi
thuc chng su bnh cho cy trng, cc nh khoa hc thy
rng silic oxit li c tc dng hp thu cht gy hin tng vn
cc.
254. Hp kim than AT - 3 l hp kim g ?
Nga ngi ta nghin cu ch to c mt loi hp kim
titan mang nhn hiu AT-3, thay th c cho thp khng r.
Trong thnh phn ca n c cc cht nh nhm, crm, st, v
silic, vi hm lng khng qu 2 - 3%. Hp kim ny c tnh
chng n mn rt cao. N khng b n mn bi nc bin,
peoxit hyr m c v axit pha long, thm ch cn
chu c cc hp cht nng ca clo, v trong dung dch axit
sunfuric un nng ti 275
0
C p sut 60 t -mt-phe trong
2000 gi. Th nghim vi axit nitric cng thu c kt qu nh
vy. Di tc dng ca cc cht kim. AT-3 khng h b ph
hu. Hp kim AT-3 cn c mt lot u im na l bn, d
hn, v gi nguyn c tnh do nhit -195
0
C.
Qua nhiu th nghim ngi ta thy rng: hp kim mi
ny tt hn hn thp khng g khi dng trong cng nghip
ho cht. Cn phi ni thm l hp kim AT-3 c th s dng
rt rng ri.T hp kim ny c th lm cc sn phm rn, cc
tm cn ngui, ng, dy, kim loi dt mng ti 0,07mm..
255. C th dng khi nh my nhit in lm
phn bn khng ?
134
Mt nh my cng sut 1500 - 2000 mga-ot, chy bng
than mi ngy thi vo khng kh 50 tn ioxit lu hunh
(SO
2
) rt c. Cc nh Bc hc Ba-lan tm cch trung ho
n, da vo hin tng thng xy ra trong thin nhin l ioxit
lu hunh tham gia vo phn ng vi amonic trong khng kh.
Theo phng php mi ny th amonic c cho thm vo
khi s to ra amonisunfat trong khng kh. Gi s ri phn
bn ny trong mt vng rng ln. Phng php mi ny ln u
tin c s dng ti nh my in thnh ph Turv.
256. C xch xe p bng cht do khng ?
M va a ra th trng mt loi xch xe p bng
cht do, c ct bng thp. Loi xch ny nh hn xch thp
75%, khng cn bi trn v khng gy ting ng. Trong
thnh phn cht do (pliuretan), c cho thm ph gia phn
x, nn ban m xch s sng di nh n pha -t, lm cho
ngi i xe p m an ton hn.
257. C th st trng bng phn bn khng ?
Cc vi khun, nm, giun trn sng trong t, gy tc hi
rt ln cho cy trng trong nng nghip. tiu dit cc loi
c hi ny, ngi ta xng khi t bng cc cht c ho hc.
Kh nng mc bnh ca cc cy thc vt gim xung, nhng
khng st trng c hon ton.
Gn y, ngi ta khm ph ra mt phng php tt
hn nhiu, bng cch s dng phn m thng thng. V
d: nu trung tm gy bnh ca khoai ty trc mt s
tun, ngi ta a vo trong t mt lng ur (1,5kg/m
2
), th
trung tm gy bnh b tiu dit hon ton.
135
Vin Bo v thc vt ca Nga p dng th phng
php ny bo v cy bng khi cc bnh nguy him
nht - nh bnh ho l do verticillium.
Nhng th nghim ti ur vo t (3 - 5g/1kg t)
chng t c th hon ton hoc gn nh hon ton ngn nga
c bnh cho cy bng. Kt qu st trng t ra c hiu
qu cho c nhng nm sau.
258. C t bc cht do khng ?
nhng t du lch, cht do tr thnh rt quen
thuc. Gn y cc vt liu plime c s dng trong
ch to thit b qun s. M thng bo ch to cc loi xe
hi bc thp, trong cc tm plicacbonat c dng rt
rng ri.
V t bc thp mi c ch to nh sau: v ngoi l
loi thp ccbon thng, bn trong l mt lp poliuretan dy
25mm (cch m v cch nhit) trong cng l lexan, cc tm
kn chn gi th lm bng 3 lp lxan khc nhau, loi cht do
ny sng thng bn khng thng.
Loi t bc thp mi ny nh hn xe c cng loi ti
hng tn, mt khc li r hn: ch gi khong 9000 la.
259. Nhin liu g c th ly t h Ki-vu ?
H Ki-vu nm vng ni thuc Trung Phi, c th tr
thnh ngun nguyn liu quan trng pht trin cng
nghip cho cc nc gn . Nc h ny cha ti 60 t mt
khi mtan di dng ho tan, lng hi t ny c kh nng
sinh nhit tng ng vi 60 triu tn du la. Kh ny sinh
ra di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, cng nh trong cc h v cc
136
m ly, c rt nhiu cht hu c phn hu trong iu
kiu thiu dng kh.
Ngi ta bt u nghin cu khai thc kh thin nhin
nhin c o ny. Phng php tin hnh rt n gin : ht
nc su 300 m, v cng vi s gim p sut, ho tan
ca kh cng gim nn kh qu bo ho c tch ra.
Trong nhng nm gn y, ly ra khong 20 triu
mt mt khi kh mtan t h Ki-vu.
260. C th hn graphit khng ?
Graphit khng nhng khng hn c m cng khng
chy lng. Mt s nh nghin cu xut lt ming
m nhm vo mi hn graphit, sau p cht chi tit v
t nng ch ni cho n nhit , m nhm v cacbon
bt u phn ng vi nhau (khong 1800
0
C). Cacbua nhm
sinh ra s ni cc chi tit, lc li nng nhit ln thm
500
0
C. 2300
0
C cacbua nhm bay hi, cn cc chi tit bng
graphit th gn cht li. Chu trnh hn ny (1800
0
C -
2300
0
C - 1800
0
C) c lp li 5 ln. Ton b thi gian hn
khong na gi. Sau khng cn nhm trong mi hn, cn
cc chi tit grapht c lin kt rt bn vng.
261. Thuc tr su t bin c u im g ?
Nhiu sinh vt sng bin cho nhng hot cht dng
lm thuc cha bnh. Mt ging giun bin thn t, c
cha trong v mt c t thn kinh gi l nereistexin (hi
c t), l mt amin c tc dng lm t lit thn kinh trung -
ng ca nhiu su b.
137
Nhng ngi nh c Nht bn t lu bit rng
nhiu loi khi n phi ging giun bin trn th cht. Nhng mi
n nm 1934 nh nghin cu Nht bn Nitta mi tm ra
c t trn.
Ngy nay 20% thuc tr su tiu th Nht l Paan,
c hot cht l mt dn sut tng hp nhn to ca
nereisteixin. Thuc tr su Padan c bn ra th trng nc
Nht t1967, tiu dit c nhiu ging rp, b cnh cng,
mt ng cc v mi, k c nhng ging tr vi cc loi
thuc tr su hu c cha pht pho v clo, nhng khng c
vi ng vt mu nng v chng b phn hu trong cc m
sinh vt v ngoi tri.
262. Li mt h k l u ?
Ci h k l ny m ngi a phng gi l h ngt nm
Uran, vng Tchliabinsk. Qu tht nc h y c v hi ngt.
Mt c im na: ngi ta c th git qun o m
khng cn x phng, c cc vt du bn cng sch trn.
Lm sao gii thch c hin tng ny ? Cc nh ho hc
phn tch nc v nhn thy n cha xt (NaOH).
263. C th tnh tui ca v tr theo rni nh th
no ?
Gn y, 2 nh bc hc M ngh xc nh tui v
tr theo t l cc ng v ca osimi v rni: ng v phng
x trong thin nhin ca rni 187 sau khi phng x bta
chuyn thnh ng v osimi 187 v c chu k bn hu l 40
t nm. Cc nh bc hc y xc nh t l asimi v rni
138
trong cc thin thch v tnh ra tui ca v tr l 18 - 20 t
nm.
264. Nc nho v ru vang dit siu vi trng ?
Nc nho, ru vang lm gim tui th ca siu vi trng
gy bnh, th d siu vi trng plimlit. Nhng nh sinh
vt hc Canada nui siu vi trng trong cc nc ung y, c
iu chnh pH v nhn thy rng kh nng gy bnh
ca plimlit trong nc nho ( pH = 7.0 v nhit 4
0
C)
gim hng nghn ln sau 1 ngy. Ru vang tc dng km
hn nc nho ti. Ngi ta gii thch rng hiu lc git siu
vi trng l ca cc hp cht phnl c trong nc nho nhiu hn
trong ru vang.
264. Cht do no c dng trong ng h ?
Xng sn xut ng h rvan mi nm tit kim c
60 vn rp nh thay mt s chi tit truyn thng kim loi
trong ng h bng cht do t bi trn: cc ng trng hp
ca foocmalhit vi ixlan v trixanvi ixlan.
265. B m xi ho c u im g ?
Riazan, ngi ta th nghim cho thm vo bt m 0,3 -
0,5% bt m bin tnh bng cch xi ho vi hn hp 3 mui:
kali brmat, kali pecmanganat v kali hipclorit. Bnh m sn
xut ra phng hn, ngon hn, lu khng b cng, m
gi thnh khng cao hn bnh m thng thng.
266. Loi thuc dit nm no khng cha thu
ngn ?
Mt cng ty an mch v mt chi nhnh ca cng ty khc
Thu in va sn xut c mt loi thuc dit nm mi,
139
t tn l panctin, theo mt qu trnh sn xut gm 5 giai
on. Hot cht trong panctin l 9 az 1,17-
iaminoheptacan axtat ca guaniin, t nguyn liu l
axit bo. Cc cng ty trn xy dng mt nh my c cng
sut 4.000 tn/nm t nm 1978.
267. Xng ci tin nh th no ?
Nhng nh nghin cu Vin Ho hu c thuc Vin
Hn lm khoa hc ca Nga bo m rng thm 10% ru iz -
prpilic vo xng s lm cho tnh cht ca xng tt hn Hn
hp 98% xng AU- 93 v 10% ru iz-prpilic tt hn xng
nguyn cht: t mui hn trong bung t, gim tnh c
ca kh thi, t l nguyn liu chy khng ht t hn, m
ng c khng b gim cng sut.
268. Nha xp ccbon c ch to nh th no ?
Nha xp cacbon l mt vt liu rt bn, nh v chu
nhit. Phng php ch bin thng thng i t nha
pliurtan v phnlalhit, nhng qu trnh ch bin rt di
v tn tht nhiu nguyn liu. Vin nghin cu khoa hc ca
Nga nghin cu phng php ch bin mi, t
pliacrilnitril. to bt, nha pliacriloonitril c ho tan
trong dung dch km clorua hay natri sunfoxianua, ri khuy
mnh. Bt sinh ra trc ht c un nng n 160 - 230
0

xi ho, sau cacbon ho bng cch nng dn nhit
n 600 - 700
0
C. Phng php ny va nhanh v tit kim
hn phng php c.
269. Keo ym kh l keo g?
140
Ci tn nghe kh k l. Nhng chnh loi keo ny, ngy
nay ang c cng ty Anh - M "Loctait" s dung. trng thi
lng, khi khng c khng kh, n tn ti nh mnme, v nu
c khng kh, n trng hp nhit phng. Ch cn bi
mt lp keo ny gia hai vt liu cn gn cht vi nhau, ta s
c c mt mi ni bn vng khng b gy, ging nh PVC.
270. Dng bt tinh ch kh thi nh th no?
Cng ty Thy in "Anpha - Lavan" nghin cu mt
loi bt thch hp lc kh thi cc nh my luyn kim v
cc nh my in. Khi nhng ht bi (hoc tro) tip xc vi
bt (rt nh) th bt v ra, bin thnh git, cht lng ko c
ht bi vo thit b c bit. Ti y, cn s c tch khi
cht lng. Sau cht lng ny c th li c to thnh bt
trong ng khi.
271.Du ho ch t rc nh th no?
Khi nu "qu chn" rc thnh ph, thit b th nghim
ca cng ty Hitachi (Nht Bn) sinh ra hi qu nhit, thch
hp sn xut in nng, nhin liu lng ging nh du ho
v mt hn hp kh t c nhit lng cao. Cng ngh x l
rc hu c bao gm mt qu trnh nghin rc, lm m v x
l nhit. Ph liu cui cng ca qu trnh ny l phn bn
loi tt, c cha cc nguyn t vi lng.
272. Dng axit xitric kh cc hp cht ca lu
hunh nh th no?
Khi cc nh my in c cha oxit lu hunh, lm
cht cy ci v c hi i vi sc kho con ngi. M gn
y th nghim phng php kh cc hp cht lu hunh
141
ny, bng cch to ra trong ng khi mt cn ma c bit:
ti xung u n mt dung dch mui natri xitrat v axit
xitric. Cc hot cht ny hp th lu hunh v bin n thnh
kt ta dng bi, l nguyn liu ho cht rt c gi tr.
273. Than c ch cho vic trng rau khng?
Than nu cht lng thp (linhit) trn vi cc hp cht
nit, mt ca hoc cc ph liu hu c khc, l mt loi
phn phc hp tuyt vi trng rau. Cc nh nng hc
Rumani bn phn ny cho t ct. Theo quan st ca h,
mt s cy khng nhng tng sn lng m cn tng c t l
vitamin, ng v prtin.
274. Plime thay st ty lm v hp c u
im ?
o, M, Nht ngi ta th ng hp u cve, tht
ln, c chua trong hp bng loi plime mi. u im ca loi
bao b mi ny rt r rt (bn nh, hp v sinh v khng b
n mn). Ngi ta d on rng sau 5 - 8 nm na, cht do s
hon ton thay th thu tinh v st ty trong cng nghip
hp trn ton th gii. Nhng sn phm ng trong hp
plime s tt hn v bo qun c lu hn.
275. G lai cht do c u im g?
Cng ty Anh "Sertex" bt u bn ra th trng vt liu
xy dng nhit do "Sanwood", l hn hp PVC vi bt g. T
vt liu , c th ch to cc tm vn, cc ng ng, cc
cu kin rng v bt g lm tng rt nhiu cng ca PVC.
Vt liu ny chu mi mn, chng un gp tt, khng b tr-
142
ng, khng thay i hnh dng trong khng kh m, nh
bng d dng.
"Sanwood" c th gia cng trn cc my, ng c
inh, dn c v sn c nh g thng. V gi c, vt liu mi
ny c th cnh tranh c c vi g.
276. Than bn c nhng ng dng g?
Vin than bn Nga ch bin c than hot tnh cht
lng cao t than bn v a vo sn xut trn quy m cng
nghip. Vin cng nghin cu cng ngh sn xut men n
cho gia sc t than bn. l nhng cht protein cc k cn
thit cho s sng.
T than bn, ngi ta cn tch ra axit xalic sn xut
cht ty ra c bit, ty cn cho ni hi.
Vin cn nghin cu c cng ngh sn xut sp t than
bn. Sp khng ch lm nn m dng trong 50 ngnh cng
nghip khc nhau.
277. Si "Lola" v "Oxalon" l nhng si g?
l tn ca cc loi si tng hp do cc nh ho hc Nga
ch to ra dng vo nhng mc ch c bit.
Si "Lola" c tnh bn nhit, khng bt la ngay c
trong ngn la n x propan, nng 1200
0
C. Ngi ta d kin
dng loi si ny sn xut qun o chng chy, vi trang
tr khng chy, v vi lc cc kh chy.
"Uglen" trong mi trng kh tr chu c nhit
3.000
0
C, nhng khi c oxi th ch chu c c 250
0
C. "Uglen"
dn in v c th c dng sn xut giy dn in,
143
cht do, cao su v cht thay th da c tnh chng tnh
in.
"Oxalon" cng lm mt loi si chng chy, nhng li lm
bng nguyn liu g. Vi dt t "oxala" l vi lc kh chy
tuyt vi trong cc x nghip luyn kim mu v luyn kim
en, trong cng nghip ch to mui than, cng nghip xi
mng v m. V cho ti nay cha c vt liu no tt hn
"oxalon" sn xut si cor bn nhit cho sm lp.
278. Chic o "bt" bo v cy nh th no?
bo v cy trng khi b bng gi, ngi ta bt u
s dng cc loi bt lm t polime ho tan trong nc; gilatin,
pli-vinilalcol v mt s cht hu c khc. bt khi b ph
hu, ngi ta cn thm vo cc cht ph gia hot ng b
mt, thng di dng mui amoni. Th l thu c mt tm
"o bng bt", khng gy bng ho hc cho cy trng v
khng b h hng nhit - 3
0
C.
Th nghim chng t nhng chic o bt mi ny
chng nhng gi c nhit cho cy m cn bo v cy
trng chng c nhiu loi bnh tt khc.
279. Ho hc gip xy dng nh th no?
Trong khi xy dng cc to nh mi th Vin, cc
nh kin trc ngi o gp cc lp nn t m khng n
nh. H bn cu cu n ho hc nh phng php in
phn. H khoan nhng l c chiu su 15 mt, xung
dung dch mui v axit cha flo, silic v bo, ri cm vo
l khoan nhng in cc ni vi li in. Cc in trong dung
dch chuyn t ant sang catot, tham gia phn ng vi cc
144
thnh phn v c trong t m. Kt qu l to ra nhng
cht kh tan, lm t cht li. V nh phng php in
phn , ngi ta xy dng y nhng to nh chc
tri.
280. C phn xng bng thu tinh u?
Mt phn xng ton bng thu tinh xut hin ti x
nghip "Verra" sn xut kali ca c, phn xng nhn b
ngoi chng c g c bit. Nhng y, i a s vt
liu t ng dn, on ni, b phn phn phi n thit b
phn ng u c ch to bng thu tinh. Trong nhiu qu
trnh ho hc, thu tinh t ra tt hn kim loi, gm, s,
cht do. tin cy trong vn hnh ca thu tinh cao hn, gi
thnh li r hn. Cc nh ho hc t lu nh gi cao thu
tinh v nhng tnh u vit ca n, nhng y qu l ln u
tin h mi mnh dn s dng lm cc thit b trong mt
phn xng. Th nghim ny chng t phng php dng
thu tinh lm vt liu ch to thit b c nhiu trin vng.
281. C th dn tri tim khng?
Trong thi gian gn y, ngi ta dng keo dn
nhng vt thng thay cho kim ch gii phu, va nhanh vt
thng li va mau lnh v khng li so. Nhng keo c mt
nhc im c bn: chng l nhng cht "l" i vi c th
con ngi, nn nhiu khi gy nhng hu qu khng lng trc
c.
Cc nh khoa hc c thnh cng trong vic ch to
mt loi keo dn dn cc m sng bng chnh cc m
sng. Nguyn liu l mt loi abumim ca mu (fibrogen), ho
145
trong dung dch ca mt thnh phn khc ca mu l
trombin v mt s cht tm thi gi b mt, gi l "Factor -
3": Loi keo mi ny c dng trong phu thut, t ra tt hn
hn cc loi c. N thun tin c bit trong phu thut cc
c quan ni tng: tim, thn, phi,... Cc c quan "tip
nhn" keo mt cch t nhin v sau khi lnh vt thng, keo
ho tan trong c th.
282. Dng keo dn ng dn nh th no?
Hin nay, khi cc on ng dn b h hng, ch yu l
thng do g, ngi ta phi thay th bng on ng mi. Cc
chuyn gia c p dng thnh cng mt phng php mi
sa cha ng ng dn du cng nh cc ng ng khc
trong cc nh my ho cht. Di p sut, ngi ta phun ln ch
hng huyn ph ca keo dn trn c s cao su. Sau khi kh
hnh thnh mt lp cng, gn rt cht v rt bn, bt kn
ch h hng. Phng php mi c dng sa cha 450km
ng ng. Hiu qu ca vic s dng phng php mi ny l
tit kim c hng triu Mc (tin ca c).
283. Nhit v nh sng ly t rc nh th no?
Trong nhiu thnh ph M, rc c dng nh ngun b
sung nng lng. Chng hn, ti thnh ph Aym, t 2 nm
nay, ngi ta xy dng mt thit b cng nghip x l rc
thnh ph thnh nhin liu cho cc nh my in. u tin,
rc c nghin nh, ri dng nam chm in tch ht
cc kim loi cha st... v cho i qua b phn loi b cc tp
cht khng chy c. Lc ny, trong rc ch cn giy, cht
do v cc cht hu c khc, theo ng ng i vo bung
146
t ca my pht in. y l nh my u tin dng rc
lm ngun cung cp nhit si m v nh sng trong
thnh ph.
284. C th ly uran t nc bin khng?
Trong my nm qua, Nht Bn v c cng b kt
qu nhng th nghim ly uran t nc bin.
c ngi ta trng trong nc bin nhng loi rong c
bit, c kh nng tch t uran trong thn. Cn Nht li ch
to cc my lc c o, c th gi li nhng phn uran nh
nht tan trong nc bin. Nht c c k hoch di hn hng
vo ti ny. Theo k hoch, t nm 1990, cc thit b s
thu hi hng nm ti 3400 tn uran t nc bin. Cn nh li
rng, theo tnh ton, nc bin trn ton tri t cha ti 4 t
tn uran.
285. Loi n pin no c tui th cao?
Nhng chic n pin bnh thng nu bt sng, ch sau
vi gi nh sng s yu dn ri tt hn. Nhng chic n pin
va c cc nh cc nh ho hc ch to mi y th khc
hn, c th bt sng lin tc ti 10 nm lin m sng ch
gim mt na. Khng dng pin in, c cu ca n khc
hn. N c mt knh bng thu tinh bor-silicat, ph mt lp
cht pht quang. Trong hp n cha y triti, pht ra lin
tc dng in t, p vo mt knh lm n pht ra nh
sng. sng ca n ln hn ca n pin thng.
286. Giy st trng dng lm g?
Mt nh my giy Nga a vo sn xut mt loi
giy c bit: l giy st trng. Ngi ta dng phng php ho
147
hc "gn" nhng cht st trng hoc khng sinh ln
xenlulz trc khi xeo vo hon tt giy. Giy st trng s c
ng dng rt rng ri: dng p ln cc vit thng, mn
nht hoc vt m, lm vt liu lc khng kh cho cc x
nghip dc phm hoc phng m, v nhiu mc ch khc
na.
287. C bao nhiu loi vi khun n cht do?
Cc nh khoa hc Nga pht hin c khong 160
chng loi nm, vi khun, c th ph hoi cc cht plime. Cc
vi khun khp mi ni trong khng kh, trong t v
trong nc. Cc cht plime c cha cc cht n hu c li
cng d b ph. Ngc li cc cht do c sn xut t nha
pxi t b e do hn. Cc thc nghim cho thy ch
sau vi thng, mt s sn phm cht do b mt bng
p v mt dn cc tnh cht vt l ca n, do tc dng ph
hu ca nm. Cc nh khoa hc thuc Vin Vi sinh vt
Mascva nghin cu v ngh vi cc ngnh cng
nghip, hy thay th cc thnh phn "n c" ca cc loi
cht do bng nhng loi bn hn, chng c nm ph hu.
288. Dy in thoi bng thu tinh c dng
u?
Cc y vi nm, mt ng dy in thoi u tin
c cng sut cao c gii thiu Harlow (thuc nc Anh)
trong cc tn hiu ni c truyn i nh dao ng ca
tia sng lade thng qua nhng si tc thu tinh rt manh. Do
ngi ta xy dng mt ng dy th nghim di 9km
bng si dn nh sng c bc trong dy cp c ng knh l
148
7mm. Theo cng b ca cc nh ch to th cc ngun lade
c thi gian lm vic lu hn 20.000 gi, mi khong cch
xa 3km ngi ta lp 2 my khuch i nhm tng cng v
lm sch cc tn hiu.
289. t chy bng nit c pht minh u?
Anh, mt s kiu ng c mi c ng k sng
ch, ng c ny chy nh nng lng c gii phng ra khi
nit lng bay hi. Theo cng b ca nh sng ch th lng
nit tiu tn cho 100km l 5,5lt. Mc d gi bn ca xng v
nit bng nhau, im u vit c bit ca ng c l
khng lm nhim mi trng xung quanh v cc cht c
khng b ng li trong ng x.
290. Cht do termoplen dng lm cht g ?
Cc chuyn gia nh my Plastin (Nga) va a ra mt
mt hng mi: Cht do Termoplen, c co rt cao khi chu
tc dng ca mt nhit khng ng k, chng hn nhit
ca bn bay. Tnh cht ny rt qu khi dng lm bao gi,
nht l gi nhng vt c hnh dng phc tp, thc
phm, cc thit b in t, chai l, dng c th nghim.
Termoplen s bc rt kht cc vt .
V bn cht, termoplen l plitilen. c co rt
cao, ngi ta ch vic chiu vo mng mt chm in t
nhanh. Termoplen c cun thnh nhng cun ln hoc lm
thnh tm c kch thc khc nhau.
291. Bao gi cho tht sng lm bng cht g?
c ngi ta lm ra mt loi bao gi mi cho tht
sng, c th rn v nu c. l nhng tm mng trong
149
sut bng plieste v pliprpilen, ph bng mt lp
plivinilclorua. N chu c nhit 120
0
C trong mt thi
gian di, cho nn bao gi c th lm kh trng cho sn phm
v bo v trong 3 thng m khng lm gim cht lng ca
tht. Loi bao gi ny ang c dng rng ri bo v
nhiu sn phm lng thc d b h hng khc na.
292. Thc vt sn xut hir t nc nh th no?
Mt phng nghin cu nng nghip M pht hin ra
mt h thng rt n gin, nh c th sn xut hir t
nc trong nhng iu kin "nh nhng". H thng l
thc vt cng sinh ca hai loi: rong xanh Ana-bena azolla v
dng x nc Azolla m rong sng trn l ca n. Rong hp th
nit t khng kh v hyr t nc. Trn l dng x, N
2
v H
2
s kt hp vi nhau thnh amnic. Nu nh thm vo dung
dch mt lng nh phn m, th H
2
thu c t rong s
khng dng n lm thnh "thc n" na v nh th c
th ly ring H
2
ra. Cn mt kh nng khc na: Gi rong
trong bu kh quyn N
2
d, th H
2
cng khng b tiu th
chuyn ho thnh amnic.
293. Tch uran t nc thi nh th no?
Ai cng bit nguyn t mang s 92 ny trong bng tun
hon ngy mt him. n v Nht Bn thu hi uran t nc
bin. Anh v Canaa khai thc uran t lp qung thi sau khi
lm giu than. V gn y Tip Khc cng p dng phng
php ca mnh sau khi nhn thy nc thi ca nhiu nh my
ho cht cha nhng vi lng uran. Cc nh khoa hc nh
n vi sinh vt. Trong qu trnh sng, mt vi loi tch lu
150
uran trong cc t bo ca minh. Vi khun thch hp nht
tch uran chnh l nhng vi khun dng trong nhng nh
my sn xut penixilin. Sau 10 gi sng trong nc thi, sinh
khi ca chng tng ti 2,5 gam trong mt lt nc. Lc, x l vi
xoa, ngi ta thu c mt ngun nguyn liu thu hi
uran, ng thi nc thi li sch hn.
294. Dng cht pht sng tit kin c nng lng
nh th no?
Cng ty Gneral Electric (M) sn xut mt loi n
hunh quang mi cng sut 35W cha mt cht pht quang
mi, to ra mt lng nh sng tng ng vi loi n 40W hin
nay, do tit kim c khong 14% in nng.
Cht pht quang gm 2 thnh phn: Thnh phn th
nht pht ra nh sng mu vng, cn thnh phn th hai to
mt phn nh trong phn quang ph mu xanh, nhng nh
sng tng hp ca loi n mi ny cng ging nh ca cc loi
n bnh thng.
295. Cht do Flex dng lm g?
Cht do Flex c coi l loi vt liu cch in vn nng
mi, c sn xut ti Buc-gas (Bungari). N l mt cht
lng qunh c pha ch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau, chu
c nhit t - 35
0
n + 90
0
C, chu va p, nn v ko.
Ngi ta dng sng phun ph cc b mt kim loi. Cht
lng cch in ny c th dng trong xy dng dn dng v
cng nghip.
296. Si kh chy c tnh cht g?
151
Di s hng dn ca gio s tin s B. Laszkiewics, trng
i hc Bch khoa Lodz (Ba Lan) ch to c mt ho cht
kh chy lm ph gia cho si visc v cht do. Cc loi si c
cht ph gia ny ch chy khi tip xc trc tip vi ngn la.
Nu khng c ngn la trc tip th s tt ngay, khng chy
m nh cc loi si khc.
297. Cht lng lm kh g l cht g?
Vin K thut Lm nghip Mascva tm ra mt ph-
ng php mi lm kh g bng dung dch natri nitrat
NaNO
3
un nng. Vi phng php ny th g khng nhng
kh nhanh hn so vi cc phng php sy kh bng i lu
thng thng m cn t b co ngt v nt n.
298. Du m lm t sm lp c nh th no?
Lp xe t c lm t du m... iu y ai cng bit.
Nhng gn y, ti Anh xy dng mt xng th nghim
lm iu ngc li: T cc loi sm lp t thi ra, hng
nm vi s lng hng triu tn, ngi ta tin hnh nhit
phn trong cc thit b phn ng c bit v thu c du
m c cht lng cao, trc ht dng lm nhin liu v sau khi
chng phn on, c th chuyn ho thnh nhiu sn phm
ho cht c gi tr. Ngoi ra, sn phm ca xng nhit phn
lp t c ny cn c mui than, kim loi nu chy li v
mt s ho cht v c na.
299. Tm vng theo mi nh th no?
Tm vng theo mi l iu ngi ta bit t lu, v
rng, qung vng cng nh ng lun lun c "ngi bn -
ng" l thu ngn bc hi, xuyn qua mt t v i vo
152
kh quyn. Ngi ta ch to mt my phn tch kh c
bit tm ra m vng v ng theo mu sc v mi ca
khng kh. Nhng tt c cc dng c ny u khng nhy v
km chnh xc. Gn y, Vin a ho hc v Tinh th hc
cc nguyn t him thuc Nga ch to my phn tch kh
hp th nguyn t xch tay "ngi" lp khng kh thot ra
t l o su di t. Hi thu ngn s c hp th trn mt
cht c bit, em i nh lng v t tm ra mt s
m vng. Dng c ny cc k chnh xc v nhy: n c th
pht hin mt phn trm triu miligam thu nhn trong mt
lt khng kh.
300. Plyme lin minh vi kaolanh nh th no?
PVC thuc loi cht do hin nay b thi ra nhiu nht
trong ph liu sinh hot. t th khng c li v sinh ra cc
cht kh rt c. Cc k s Nht Bn tm ra mt cch s
dng cc cht do c ny. T ph liu PVC, ngi ta ch to
cc tm lt sn trong cc nh my ho cht: bn, khng s axit
v kim, chu la... Ngi ta xy dng mt quy trnh k
thut nghin PVC thi, trn vi kaolanh v p p sut
rt cao trong nhng khun kim loi nng.
301. Cha bnh thi c chua nh th no?
Khi bo qun c chua, trn v thng xut hin cc vt
en loang rng dn v lm c chua b thi. Nguyn nhn l
do mt loi vi khun pht trin v ph hoi c chua. Mt Vin
nghin cu M tm ra phng php khc phc tnh
trng ny mt cch ht sc n gin v c hiu qu. Trc khi
chuyn ch hoc a c chua mi thu hoch vo kho, ch cn
153
nhng c chua mi thu hoch vo nc, trong c thm vo
mt t nc Javen (natrihipocloit). Nh vy cha c bnh
thi c chua do vi khun vi hiu qu ti 92%.
302. Lm phn bn hu c t rm r nh th no?
Trc y, ngi ta thy rng nu rm r trn mt
rung trc khi tr thnh phn bn, rm r b phn hu rt
chm, lm t b "bc mu" i. V rng, cc vi khun sng
trong t cn mt lng ln nit ng ho licnhin ca rm
r. M v c, ngi ta thc hin thnh cng nhng th
nghim tn dng rm nh nm vesenka. Loi nm ny dng
nit ca khng kh phn hu licnhin. Kt qu l t 1 tn
rm kh, ngi ta thu c 1 tn nm n rt giu protein v
220 kg phn bn hu c. C th thm vo rm r mt t
giy c.
303. Licnhome l g?
l tn mt sn phm mi ca cc nh ho hc Ba Lan,
do ghp 2 t "Lignus" l g v plime. sn xut Licnhome,
ngi ta tm vo bn trong g, gia nhng th si mt mnme
ri cho trng hp. Licnhome c cng cao hn g 4,8 ln,
bn un hn 50 - 150%, bn nn theo chiu ngang hn 6
ln v theo chiu dc hn 2 ln. Ngoi ra, vt liu ny cn
khng b chy, chng c nhng loi vi khun ph hoi g. C
th khoan, bo, c... ging nh gia cng nhng vt th-
ng lm bng g.
304. My bng cht do lm ma nh th no?
Cc chuyn gia ang nghin cu thc hin mt n
c bit nhm m bo nc cho vng sa mc kh cn C-
154
oet. H ch to nhng m my bng cht do, b ngoi
trng nh mt tm khn tri ging khng l, bn trong cha
mt lng ln cht kh. Khi mt tri lm nng cht kh, n n
ra v lm cho m my bay ln. Nh dy cp, m my s
c hng vo phng xc nh trc. Khng kh t ct b
nung nng ca sa mc bc ln, va chm vi b mt tng i
lnh ca m my cht do. Lng m cha trong khng kh
ny ngng t li, ri xung t thnh ma.
305. Ngi ta bit bao nhiu hp cht ho hc?
Bng b nh ca my tnh, theo di trn cc tp ch khoa
hc, tnh n thng 11 - 1977, ngi ta ghi nhn c
4.039.907 hp cht ho hc khc nhau. Trung bnh mi tun,
khong 6000 hp cht mi xut hin, 96% l cc cht hu c.
Trung bnh cc hp cht ny cha 43 nguyn t, nhng 22
nguyn t l hir. C khong 120.000 plime v 258.000
hp cht phi tr. Hin cha xc nh c cu to ca trn mt
na s hp cht. c chng 3.000 hp cht c ng dng trong
thc t nhng mc khc nhau.
306. Cht do niplon c u im g?
Vin nghin cu cht do thuc Lin hp sn xut
"Plastmass" Nga nghin cu quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
mt loi cht do mi vi tn thng mi l "Niplon". Cc sn
phm trn c s cht do ny khng h b gim cht lng di
tc dng lu di ca mi trng n mn mnh, nhit cao
v cc bc x. Dng nhng cng thc pha ch khc nhau,
Niplon c gia cng thnh nhiu sn phm rt bn vi tc
155
dng ca dung mi hu c, axit v c v kim. Do vy,
chng s c dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho cht.
307. Bo qun trng g bng parafin nh th no?
Trng g l mt trong nhng loi thc phm kh bo
qun lu di, v mt gi tr dinh dng nhanh chng v b
thi. Cc chuyn gia Nga tm ra mt phng php mi
gi nguyn phm cht ca trng trong thi gian t 10 n
12 thng. Trc ht, nhng trng vo mt b cha parafin. Sau
xp trng vo bung cha zn trong mt thi gian nht
nh. Ozn s xy ho lp parafin trn v trng, bin n thnh
mt mng bo v c tnh st khun rt cao.
308. Dng cy ci pht hin nhim mi trng
nh th no?
xc nh mc nhim mi trng, c nh tnh
v nh lng, phi dng nhng dng c phc tp. Nhng
nhn bit cc cht c trong khng kh, ngi ta c th da
vo phn ng ca cc loi cy nhy cm vi mi trng. Da
trn nhn xt ny, cc nh khoa hc H Lan ngh
trng cc loi cy quanh nh my ho cht v ch dn cch
da vo chng pht hin mc nhim khng kh: c
linh lng v cy thuc l dng pht hin ozn, rau cn
ty v cy c chua nhy cm vi xit nit, khoai ty nhn
bit c tilen.
309. Tm l chn tia bc x lm bng cht do
no?
Ti Nht Bn ngi ta sn xut nhng tm bo v khi
tia bc x cho nhng ngi lm vic trc tip vi tia Rnghen
156
v cc bc x khc bng vt liu mi: cht do. Nha pliacrilic
pha 30% ch c dng vo vic ny. Tm bo v c u im
rt ln l trong sut, nhng cng mang theo nhng u v nhc
im c hu ca cht do nh dai va p cao, n gin
khi gia cng, nhng li d bt chy v b bin dng do nhit
. iu quan trng l sau khi chiu lu di bc x gamma
(vi cng 10
5
Rad), trong sut ca tm chn bo v
bng cht do khng b thay i. Mt tm nha acrilic dy
33,4 mm c tnh nng bo v ngang vi tm ch dy 1,6
mm.
310. Tinh bt kt bn vi cht do c u im g?
Mt cng trnh nghin cu c h thng gn y xc
nhn: c th ghp ln i phn t tinh bt nhng mnme
khc nhau v thu c cht do c tnh cht tt. Chng hn
ghp ln tinh b stiren v mtilmtacrilat, thu c cplime
gin v cng, nhng ch thm mt lng butilacrilat th plime
li rt n hi, c tnh bn c hc cao, ging nh da. Mt
iu ng lu l cc cht do trn c s tinh bt li c th
phn hu vi sinh vt, gim c kh khn trong chng
nhim mi trng do cht thi rn.
311. Cht do dng lm v tu c u im g?
Trong nhiu nm, ngi ta tm kim nhng vt liu tt
nht ch to v tu ngm, vi nhiu yu cu rt khe
kht, v ch mi gn y mi i n kt lun: vt liu tt
nht l cht do. Cng ty Anh "Vikers" sn xut hng lot
tu ngm c v bng cht do. Nhng chic tu mi va nh,
157
bn, va hon ton khng cn bo v chng hin tng n
mn ca nc bin.
312. Ai dng nhm thay th bc trng gng?
Cc nh ho hc Rumani a vo sn xut phng
php trng gng mi, trong thay bc bng nhm. Nhng
tm gng trng nhm r ra c cht lng cao hn gng trng
bc, nhng u im c bn l nhm r hn bc rt nhiu. Nu
nh trc y, 1m
2
knh cn 5,7 g bc th nay ch cn 3 g
nhm. Qu trnh trng nhm ln gng thc hin trong chn
khng.
Do c nhiu u im, nn ch mt nm sau khi c pht
minh, phng php mi ny c p dng cho 60% s gng
sn xut Rumani.
313. Vi th plytylen dng lm g?
Nga ngi ta a ra mt quy trnh cng ngh sn
xut mt vt liu c bit: vi th t plytylen. l mt
loi "vi khng dt", c kh nng lc rt tt v c th dng
bc cc ng ng chm di t hoc thng xuyn tip
xc vi cht hu c hay v c. Cc tm lc bng plytylen
tt hn v r hn cc tm lc bng vi thu tinh, thng c
s dng hin nay, nn thay th n trong nhiu ngnh k
thut.
314. Lu hunh siu dn c ch to th no?
Vin Vt l p sut cao (thuc Nga) pht hin ra mt
dng th hnh mi ca lu hunh c tnh nng c bit: tnh
siu dn. thu c dng th hnh ny, ngi ta phi nn lu
hunh di mt p sut kh cao, tng ng vi sc nn
158
khong 10 tn trn 1 mu lu hunh c ng knh 0,2 mm. Di
p sut ln y, in tr ca mu gim i 10 vn ln (c
th nghim thy gim 10 triu ln). 5.7
0
K, in tr ca
dng th hnh ny l 4.10
-3
m.
315. C bao nhiu tro trong than?
Hm lng tro trong cc loi than thng dao ng t 1
n 45%. Than cng t tro, nhit tr cng cao v cng c
gi tr. Phng php xc nh tro thng thng l t ri cn,
tuy n gin nhng li mt thi gian. Cc nh khoa hc Ba Lan
xut mt phng php mi: phng php o bc x. Cc
cht v c bao gi cng hp th tia bc x mnh hn than.
Ch cn o s thay i cng bc x, nh mt bng
tnh ton sn, c th tr li ngay c bao nhiu tro trong
than.
316. Hocmon chng au l cht g?
Cc nh khoa hc M va pht hin trong mu ngi c
mt loi hocmn chng au v t tn hp cht mi tm ra
ny l anin. Tim th anin ny vo v no, ngi ta
chng minh n c tc dng nh mocphin v tc dng gim au
trong nhiu gi. Anin chnh l loi hocmon c nh hng
n gic ng cng nh s tnh gic ca chng ta.
317. btng dng nc bin c c khng?
Khi btng, cn nc. Tip xc vi nc, xi mng dnh
kt nhanh chng to ra nhng khi cng kt, gn ct v
dm li vi nhau. Nc khng sch s rt phin phc: to thnh l
rng, lm xu tnh cht c hc ca b tng. Nhng gn y,
cc nh khoa hc li thnh cng trong vic btng bng
159
nc bin vi mn l 42g mui trong 1 lt nc. Mun dng n-
c mn, ngi ta phi thm mt hn hp ph gia, bao gm 18
thnh phn v dng nhit cao hn. D sao thnh cng ny
gii quyt c kh khn cho vic xy dng ca nhiu nc
v nhiu vng trn th gii.
318.Nhin liu ht lm t ph liu g?
Ngi ta mi tm ra mt phng php tn dng ph
liu ca cc nh my x g nh v cy, mt ca, v bo. Cng
ging nh rm, v lc, b ma, nhng ph liu ny c
chuyn thnh dng nhin liu p thnh ht. Khi chy, lng tro
cn li rt nh (khong 2%) trong khi t than , lng tro ln
ti 13%. Ti M, nhin liu ny cn r hn kh thin nhin.
319. Bt chng n mn l cht g?
chng n mn cho cc ng ng dn kh v dn
du, ngi ta dng mng plime. Th nhng lp "o" ny kh
t tin. Cc nh khoa hc Nga a ra mt loi vt liu
mi: bt nho, dng thay cho plime. Bt nho trong
n pha ch gm mt s thnh phn: thu tinh lng, mt s
cht ph gia v bt . Sau khi trn, chng ging nh va. Vt
liu chng n mn ny c "sn" ln b mt ng nh phng
php dao ng in v trt ln cc ch ni ng. Bt nho
r, bo v tt v chu c lnh.
320. ng thng gi bng cht do g?
Cc ng thng gi lp t trong cc hm m cho ti
nay u lm bng kim loi. Vic lp chng trong cc knh
o thng ng v ti cc ca kh kh khn. Ngoi ra chng
b g v phi thng xuyn thay th. Mt nh my
160
Buapest (Hungari) bt u sn xut cc ng ny t vi
pliamit, tm mt thnh phn khng chy l silicn, ng
thi bo m chng tnh in. Cc ng c kch thc di 60
cm c gia c bng li thp. Tnh cht ca cc ng mm
thng gi loi ny tt hn hn ng kim loi: lp rp nhanh
chng, bn cao hn vi ln v r hn.
321. Prtin lm t c nh th no?
Cc k s Hungari th nghim thnh cng vic sn
xut prtin nguyn cht t c linh lng, l ng v mt vi loi
c khc. Vic tm ra ngun m mi ny dng lm thc n
cho con ngi c nh gia ngang vi vic tm ra in
nguyn t trong ngnh nng lng. T nay, ti Hung, mt hecta
trng c c th thu c 3 tn prtin c cht lng cao, ngha
l nhiu hn 6 ln lng cht m thu c khi trng la mch.
Trc ht, ngi ta nn l c thnh vin, p ly nc ri lm
ng t s thu c prtin nguyn cht, ch vic em sy
kh. V gi tr dinh dng, n cao hn u nnh v cha rt
nhiu vitamin. Hin nay, ngoi vic dng nhiu lm thc n
cho gia sc ngi ta cn dng lm ko bnh. Mt nh my sn
xut prtin loi ny cng sut 50 T/gi c xy dng
xong.
322. Cht g thay th DDT?
Cc nh ho hc Hungari a vo sn xut mt loi
thuc tr su mi tuyt i khng c i vi ngi v ng
vt mu nng, khng c mi, khng gy nhim mi trng
v bo v cy trng rt tt. Hot cht l pirtrin tng hp,
ging nh hot cht c trong cy cc tr su. Loi thuc ny
161
c thng huy chng vng ti Trin lm ho hc th gii
t chc ti Tip Khc.
323. Kh hn mi l kh g?
Cc nh ho hc Ba Lan ngh thay th axtilen trong
vic ct v hn kim loi bng mt hn hp kh gm prpan,
prpilen v mt vi loi kh thi khc trong qu trnh ch
bin du m. Khi chy, hn hp kh ny to ra mt nhit lng
ln hn ca axtilen nhiu. im c bit l trong mt bnh
tiu chun, c th cha mt lng hn hp kh ln hn axtilen
ti 4 ln, do vic chuyn ch cc bnh ny s thun tin
hn.
324. Sa hot tnh dng lm g
Vin Ho l v in ho Praha (Tip Khc) ng k
mt bng pht minh ra khp th gii v rt c hoan nghnh:
pht minh ra sa hot tnh, mang tn AKSO (aktivna soda).
Ai cng bit rng kh thi t ng c -t cha nhiu cht
c, ch yu l kh sunfur. Akso hp th cc k nhanh
chng v hon ton cht ny. So vi nhng my lc kh tt
nht, n kh SO
2
nhanh hn ti 10 ln nhit 120 -
160
0
C, tc l nhit bnh thng ca kh thi. Ngoi ra,
Akso cn c cng dng c bit trong ngnh giy v
xenlulz.
324. T mt trm lt xng lm ra c nhng th
g?
Mt trm lt xng nu dng lm nhin liu cho t, th
trung bnh c th chy c mt nghn cy s. Nhng nu
162
dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh tng hp hu c th s
bin thnh 21 chic o smi nam hoc 160m ng dn nc,
hoc nu quay tr li vi t, th lm c mt b xm lp
t.
325. Cht g dng thay xng v axeton ty m?
Cc nh nghin cu Vin Ho v c Nga nghin cu
sn xut mt loi cht mi, mang tn "Termos" ty m cho
cc chi tit trc khi sn, trng men v m in, thay cho xng
v axton thng dng trc y, c mi v d chy. "Termos"
l dung dch mt cht nh ho trong du izen, pha trn vi
dung dch mt cht hot ng b mt t bt trong nc v
cht c ch. "Termos" ci tin c iu kin lao ng
trong cc phn xng sn xut.
326. Lm mng bo v b tng nh th no ?
Nga ngi ta nghin cu c mt phng php bo
v cc kt cu b tng ct thp khng b h hng do n mn;
dn ln b mt cn c bo v mt mng mng plytylen
x l bng din tch, nh mt lp keo pxi - cao su n
hi.
Lp bo v ny c bn ho hc rt cao i vi cc tc
nhn n mn mnh nh axit, kim Khi dng lp bo v ny,
ngi ta thy hiu qu kinh t rt cao.
327. Phn ng m thanh xy ra trong dung dch
g?
Ngi ta bit phn ng n t lu, trong sn phm
ca phn ng l cht kh. Nhng 3 nh ho hc H Lan pht
hin ra mt loi phn ng mi: phn ng m thanh xy ra
163
trong dung dch, ng thi pht ra nhng m thanh rt ln.
Chng hn phn ng gia dung dch clorua km v dung
dch pipazin. Khi cc tinh th dipipazin km hnh thnh, km
theo nhng siu m v c nhng m thanh nghe c.
Ngi ta cha bit c nhng nguyn nhn ca vic xut
hin m thanh nhng chc chn n lin quan n s
chuyn nhanh chng nhng tinh th nh thnh tinh th ln.
328. Tn dng b thi ca nc thi nh th no?
Cc k s Bungari thuc nh my thu phn Razlog
tm ra phng php sn xut khi c c giu prtin -
vitamin t bn lng b x l nc thi sau khi lm sch bng
phng php sinh ho. Khi c c ny l thnh phn c gi
tr i vi nng nghip v cha 15 amino axit quan trng v
cc vitamin. Thm vo khu phn n ca gia sc, tc tng
trng cn cao hn so vi cc sn phm giu vitamin - prtin
m cng nghip ang sn xut.
T 200kg bn, ngi ta thu hi c 1kg khi c c giu
prtin - vitamin ny.
329. Acquy chi caimi c u im g?
Vin Acquy v Pin Poznan (Balan) a ra sn xut mt
loi cquy mi vi in cc l chi - cadimi. Ngoi c tnh l
dung lng rt cao, loi cquy ny rt bn vi va chm v lm
vic c trong mt khong nhit rt rng t - 40
0
C n
+ 50
0
C. Dung lng ca chng ln ti 10 nghn ampe/gi.
Trn th gii, ngoi Balan, ch c mt vi nc sn xut
cquy loi ny l M, c v Php.
330. Tm vi khun n cht do lm g?
164
Sau khi pht hin c cc loi vi khun sng bng cc
sn phm du m, ngi ta tin hnh tm kim cc loi vi
khun n cht do v t c kt qu bc u. Hin nay,
loi vi khun qu gi ny ang c th nghim th tiu
cc loi nha tng hp v cht do c trong ngun nc thi.
331. To mng chng lng cn bng cht g?
c, ngi ta bt u p dng mt phng php mi
chng hin tng to cn trn thnh ni hi, thit b c
dc v chng ct. Bn cht ca phng php rt n gin:
ch vic thm vo nc mt lng rt nh axit plyacrylic
(khong 5 phn triu trong nc). Hp cht ny to ra trn
thnh thit b mt lp mng plime rt mng. Cn bm vo
mng t hn nhiu so vi bm trn kim loi. V khi cn bm
n mt dy no , mng s t bong ra, ri xung y
v ly ra d dng.
332. Chng nc rn bng cht g?
Ngi ta pht hin ra rng cht c ch cho phn ng gc
t do t ra c tc dng kh c c nc rn (trong ,
nhiu cht ph hu qu trnh sinh tng hp albumin v axit
nuclic). Chng hn, mt cht c ch c hiu qu nht l
prpylgalat c tc dng kh c nc c ca rn lc, rn
h mang v mt s loi rn khc. Nu tim dung dch
0,75% cht ny vo bp tht ca chut th sau t 1 n 6
pht k t khi b rn cn, tt c s chut u c cu
thot cht, nhng nu sau 15 pht tr ln th tt c u
cht.
165
333. Cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt c ch t
nguyn liu g?
T l da v m ng vt, ngi ta iu ch mt cht
kch thch sinh trng thc vt mi. Cht ny khi x l trn
thc vt u giai on pht trin, s tc dng chn lc trn
t bo, to thnh nhng m mi v khng lm nh hng ti
nhng b phn khc ca cy. Cht kch thch mi ny khng
c, khng gy ra nhng hin tng ph khng mong mun
v c th x l trn mt din tch rng ln bng cch phun
thng thng.
334. Thm mt cht ngt nhn to na l cht
g?
Mt nhm cc nh ho hc Hungari mi tng hp c mt
cht hu c mi, ngt hn ng saccarz hng nghn ln.
ng "siu ngt" ny c gi tn l "Hinin - 401". Hin nay, ch-
a c s nh gi vai tr ca n trong cng nghip thc
phm tng lai, nhng qua nhng th nghim u tin v c
tnh i vi c th, ngi ta cho rng "Hinin" c th s thay th
sacarin.
335. Vi c bit lt ng lm bng cht g?
Tip khc va a vo sn xut mt loi vi hon ton
mi, thuc loi vi khng dt. Nguyn liu ca vi ny l si
plyprpilen v plyeste, khng b mc bi nm mc v c
bn ho hc v c hc rt cao. Cng dng ca vi cng
rt "c o": ph ln mt ng x. Vi c tc dng
khng cc lp t khc trn ln vi nhau, c th dng nh
mt tm lc loi tr hn hp ct, dm trong xy dng -
166
ng x. Mt s ng t ca Tip khc c lt nhng
tm vi ny.
336. Dng kh chy dp tt la l kh g?
Theo phng php c in, dp tt cc m chy
trong m than, ngi ta phi cho kh tr vo nhng ch nt
n. Nhng khi m chy ln, lng kh tr cn dng rt nhiu;
nu khng th tai nn ny cng thm phc tp. Phng
php mi thay th kh tr bng mt kh t ph bin l
mtan. Kh ny c sn hn nhiu v mun trnh nguy him
ch cn duy tr nghim ngt mt t l nht nh vi khng
kh. Bm mtan trn y vo ch nt la s tt.
337. Cht g trong la khng chy, trong nc
khng chm?
Hai k s Tip khc c gii thng quc gia ca Tip
khc nm 1978 a ra sn xut mt loi cht do mi, ly
tn l Resitek. Khi a tm vt liu ny cng vi mt tm st
vo ngn la n kh th kim loi chy, Resitek vn khng
h thay i tnh cht. Nh tnh cch nhit, vt liu ny
c lm mt s chi tit trong l cao. Do khi lng ring nh,
Resi-stek ni trn mt nc. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng
Resistek s l mt trong cc vt liu ca k thut phc tp
trong tng lai.
338. Vitamin no c tc dng chng n mn kim
loi?
Axit ascorbic vi ci tn ph bin l vitamin C va c
pht hin l c kh nng chng n mn kim loi. Nu ph ln
b mt kim loi sch mt lp axit ascorbic cng vi bt
167
mlipen, th lp tc n lin kt vi kim loi thnh mt lp
bo v bn. Mt s cng ty ln bt u dng axit ascorbic
"vitamin ho" cc kim loi nhm mc ch bo v chng,
thay th cho axit crmic i hi phi x l phc tp hn.
339. Gch c xenluloz c ch to nh th no ?
Ngi ta bit rng nu ch to c gch xp th rt c li:
gch b v v li cch nhit tt, mt tnh nng rt qu khi
dng xy tng. Nhng to ra nhng l xp trong gch
khng n gin. c, ngi ta tm c cch ch to gch
xp ny. Ly ph liu ca nh my giy, gm xenlulz v
cc cht hu c khc thu hi t nc thi, thm vo t st tr-
c khi nung. Th l ngi ta thu c gch c xp rt cao m
tnh c hc khng h gim st. Ngoi ra, gi thnh ca gch
cn h xung.
340. Dng du thng chy t c c khng ?
Mt nhm cc nh nghin cu Henxinki (Phn Lan)
cng b mt thnh cng mi: dng hn hp xng v du thng
tinh khit vi t l cao hn xng chy t. Tiu th hn
hp nhin liu ny trn cng qung ng thp hn tiu th
xng nhiu. Ti Phn Lan, mt nc c nhng cnh rng thng
rng ln, cc x nghip gia cng g hng nm c th thu hi
c 40 nghn tn du thng gi r, t cc ph liu g. Hin
nay, c k hoch tng cng thu hi du thng khng
nhng tit kim xng cho t m cn dng chy ng
c cho vn ti ng st.
341. Aming tng hp dng lm g ?
168
Tr lng aming hu nh cn, trong khi yu cu vt
liu ny lm cht bo n ca cng nghip li tng ln,
Cc nh khoa hc M tm ra mt quy trnh mi to ra
si t xit nhm, silic, crm v zirconi. Vi dt t si gm cc
loi xyt ny rt bn khng nhng nhit cao m cn
bn vi axit v kim na. ngi ta dng chng bc l
cao v cc ng dn hi nc. Cng c th may thnh qun o
cho "lnh" cu ho, tt hn qun o trc y dt t si
aming.
342. Nhin liu dng si c sn xut nh th no ?
Phng tiu chun quc gia M quyt nh cho php
s dng rng ri mt loi nhin liu mi do cc nh khoa hc
bang Oregon ch to, V nhit lng, nhin liu mi ngang vi
than nhng khi chy khng lm thot ra kh c l xyt
ca lu hunh v nit. Nguyn liu chnh sn xut ra loi
cht t mi ny l cc vt liu dng si: v cy, rm r, than
bn loi xu, b ma, v lc, li ng, mn ca v nhiu ph liu
khc. Tt c c nghin nh, sy kh, trn ln vi mt loi du
v cht kt dnh, sau em p thnh ht, c ng knh
6,6mm, di 20mm. Cht t mi r ch bng na kh thin
nhin.
343. Dng plime trong khoan thm d nh th
no ?
Trc y, ngi ta thng dng dung dch t st trong
cng tc khoan thm d du kh. Hiu qu ca n c th
thch trong thc t lu di. Nhng cc chuyn gia Bungari (ti
Hc vin ho k thut Burgas) xut mt phng php
169
mi; thay dung dch t st bng mt loi polime ho tan
trong nc. Khi th nghim, cc nh a cht nhn thy
dung dch polime c nhng tnh cht tt hn hn: n
hi ln hn, gim c s dao ng ca mi khoan, cho php
tng nhanh tc khoan. Nh vy tng c nng sut lao
ng v tui th ca thit b khoan.
344. Phn tch bt c nguyn t no trong 110
nguyn t nh th no?
Lm th no phn tch c thnh phn nguyn t cha
trong ht bi m mt thng khng thy? My phn tch
mang tn "Lamma - 500" ca cng ty thit b c c th lm
c vic ny. My c kch thc v trng lng bng mt chic
xe du lch, bao gm knh hin vi quang hc v laze, bm
siu chn khng, my khuych i quang in t, b phn
lm lnh... dng xung lng laze lm bc hi v ion ho mu
cn nghin cu. Sau , tin hnh phn tch m my ion
bng khi in t v quang ph k. N c th phn tch
bt k nguyn t no trong bng tun hon v ch 3 giy
sau l c th tr li trn my tnh in t.
345. S c tr nh nh th no?
T lu, ngi ta ni n mt vi kim loi (nh niken,
titan) c th "nh" li hnh dng ban u ca mnh nhiu
ln thay i hnh dng. Ngy nay, ngi ta pht hin ra
ngay c s cng c tr nh nh vy. Cc nh khoa hc trng
i hc Bristol (Anh) bt ng tm ra mt loi s khi un
170
nng th bin dng, nhng ngui, li tr v hnh dng ban
u. Qu trnh hi phc li hnh dng c xy ra tng i
chm. Ngi ta ang tp trung tm kim kh nng s dng
hin tng mi pht hin ra ny.
346. Oxalon v Uglen l loi si g?
y l tn hai loi si tng hp c sn xut dng vo
nhng mc ch c bit. Si OXALON dng dt thnh
vi lc trong ngnh luyn kim v ch bin mui than. N
cng c dng lm vi mnh trong ch to lp xe hot ng
trong iu kin nhit cao. UGLEN gi c bn ti
3000
0
C trong kh tr v 250
0
C trong mi trng xy. V c
tnh dn in rt tt nn n c gia cng cng vi cht do,
sn, chng hin tng tch in.
347. Hm rng bng hyrn c u im g?
Trong nhng nm 60, cc nh bc hc Tip Khc
pht minh ra mt loi plyme c bit, gi l hyrn, dng
lm lng knh do p st vo nhn cu, thay th knh thng
thng cho nhng ngi cn th v vin th. Mi y, cc nh
bc hc M dng loi plyme khng c hi ny hn rng
rt nhanh. Hyrn hon ton khng kch thch cc m xng
v li. Do dn n khi ng rn, n s trm kn c c nhng
l nh nht trong k rng. Nh nha ny, c th hn rng
trong vng mt pht.
348. Aspirin ci tin l cht g?
Anh, ngi ta va a ra sn xut mt cht thay th mi
cho aspirin, mt loi thuc thng dng nht hin nay. Cht
ny c tc dng gim au nhiu hn aspirin v khng gy
171
nhng hin tng ph khng mong mun ca aspirin thng th-
ng. Tn thng mi ca th thuc l dlbit. Hp cht ny
c bn cht ho hc ging nh aspirin (axit axtylsalixilic) ch
khc ch trong phn t, gc axtyl c thay th bng nhm
ifluophnyl. Danh php y ca Dlbit l 2,4 -
ifluophnyl - salixilic axit. Loi aspirin ci tin ny rt c
hoan nghnh v bt u c s dng rng ri.
349. Lm th no mng khng b dnh?
Mng plytylen khi bo qun thng b dnh vi nhau,
nhiu khi cht n ni khng th bc ri ra. Cc nh khoa
hc Php tm c cch khc phc hin tng ny. Khi gia
cng, h thm vo thnh phn pha ch mt cplyme khi
hoc cplyme nhnh ca tylen v styrol, mtylstyrl hoc
clostyrl. Hm lng cht thm vo khng qu 5%. trong
sut ca mng khng b xu i.
350. Vi chng axit c dt t si g?
Nh my dt lin hp Nga sn xut mt loi vi
may qun o bo h lao ng cho cng nhn ngnh ho
cht. Trong mt thi gian di, n khng cho axit sunfuric
v clohyric m c, kim 10%, amnic 25%, clorua vi
10% thm qua. Sau khi git sch trong peclotylen, tnh cht
bo v ca vi khng thay i. Axit sunfuric 93% khng
thm t ln b mt ca vi. Mt trong cc thnh phn chnh
ca vi l si plyprpylen, v sau khi dt, tm thm mt lp
hp cht hu c cha flo.
351. Hyr c tinh khit cao c sn xut nh
th no?
172
Nh my ho du Linen (c) a vo hot ng
mt thit b mi c cng sut cao sn xut hyr c
tinh khit 99,999%. Nguyn liu sn xut l sn phm
reforming hi, cha 70 - 75% H
2
, cn li l CO, CO
2
v CH
4
.
Vic hp ph c tin hnh qua nhiu thp hp ph cha
zlit v than hot tnh p sut 20 - 25 atmphe. Sau khi
tinh ch, hyr cha di 10
-3
% CO v hu nh khng cn vt
CO
2
. Cht hp ph c ti sinh hon ton.
352. Cht g c trong ht bng?
T mt tn ht bng, c th chit ra 60 kg m dng
lm thc phm, 4kg gsipol, trn 12kg phitin, 3kg ng cng
nh mt lng ng k dung mi, ru k thut, linhin. Trong ht
cn c mt s cht dng lm dc phm l tkphrol, strin.
353. Giy tng hp c u im g?
Cc nh my v Vin nghin cu giy Nga bt u
sn xut giy tng hp t cht do. So vi cc giy tng hp
thng thng, giy ny bn c hc hn, n hi hn, chu
c nc v nhit kh cao, khng b nm v vi khun ph
hoi. Trong b ngoi, n ging nh giy can, nhng c th vit
bng tt c cc loi bt. Do gi thnh cn cao, nn mi ch -
c dng trong mt vi lnh vc nh in bn , bn v v cc s
.
355. Cc cht chng kch n mi l cht g?
Thng thng, ngi ta vn pha ttratyl ch vo xng
chng hin tng n sm, nhng cht ny rt c v gy
nhim mi trng. Vic tm kim cc cht mi c tnh nng t-
ng t c tin hnh nhiu nc. Hng lot hp cht c kim
c tm ra v t ra c nhiu trin vng, nh
173
xyclpentaienitricacbnyl mngan, tributyl thic, trimtyl
ch, pentacacboonyl mangan. Cc cht chng kch n tt
nht l cc hp cht ca mangan trong ng thi cha
mt nguyn t silic v ch.
356. Cht siu do dng lm g?
Vin plyme mang tn Cargin (Nga) va tm ra mt
cht siu do (superplastifiant) cho b tng. Ch cn thm mt
lng rt nh (1 - 2%) cht siu do ny (tnh theo lng xi mng)
c th lm cho bn c hc ca sn phm tng ln 20 -
40%. B mt btng li nhn hn v d trang tr hn. Hiu
qu kinh t rt ln: thm cht siu do lm cho mi mt khi
btng tit kim c 50kg ximng m khng b gim
bn. Cht siu do ny khng cha in clo gy n mn btng
v c sn xut t ph liu ca nh my ch to cht do
acrylic.
357. Van an ton bng cht do c u im g?
Mt k s Nht va ch to thnh cng van an ton kiu
mi cho cc ng dn. Chi tit c bn ca van ny l mt vng
cht do. nhit thng, vng khng h nh hng n
dng chy ca cht lng hoc cht kh, nhng nu c s c l
chy hoc n, nhit tng ln, vng s b chy ra, to
thnh bt bt kn ngay ng ng. Ch cn thay i c
cu, c th dng van vo mc ch ngc li: t ng m mt
ng dn ang b ng khi gp s c.
358. Cht xc tc crckinh mi l cht g?
Vin cng nghip ch bin du kh Mascva nghin
cu thnh cng mt cht xc tc crcking mi cho cc phn
on nng v nh ca du m. Cht xc tc ny cho hiu
174
sut olfin v xng c ch s ctan cao hn hn cc cht xc
tc thng. Thnh phn chnh ca n l mui silic v zircn
trn cht mang l zlit. Cht xc tc ny c sn xut di
dng hnh cu, c bn nhit cao v rt d dng ti sinh.
359. C phi thuc tr su ly t l c chua?
Thuc tr su thin nhin quen thuc nht l piretrum,
chit t cy cc tr su, cc nh ho hc M tm ra mt loi
thuc tr su thin nhin mi, gi l 2 - tricalon, ly t l
ca mt loi c chua di. Trong c chua thng trng cng c,
nhng hm lng nh hn 10 ln. Ngi ta cho rng nu ghp c
chua thng trng vi c chua di th s c nguyn liu
iu ch mt loi thuc tr su thin nhin c hiu lc.
360. Kh trng bng mat-tit nh th no?
Vin Ho l thuc Vin Hn lm khoa hc Bilrut
sn xut th mt loi mt - tt gn sn nh, gi l "Spungi".
Sn phm ny khng nhng c tnh cht kt dnh rt tt m
cn c mt tc dng ph na l kh trng cho sn v bu
khng kh trong phng. Trong thnh phn ca Spungi c mt
cht st trng khng c i vi ngi v gia sc.
361. Ly stronti t apatit nh th no?
Nhu cu v stronti rt ln, nn ngi ta phi i tm
nhng ngun cung cp mi. Mt trong nhng ngun mi c
tn dng l qung apatit, cha khong 2,5% nguyn t ny.
Mt quy trnh cng ngh mi c p dng: dng axit chuyn
ho qung iu ch H
3
PO
4
sn xut phn ln, stronti
sunfat s kt ta. Nhng nu dng HNO
3
phn hu qung,
175
stronti natrat ho tan v c tch ra bng cch chuyn ho
thnh cacbnat. T 1 tn apatit c th ly c 20kg SrCO
3
.
362. Ru dng chy ng c nh th no?
Ba Lan l mt trong nhng nc u tin chu u
thm ru do chng kh g vo nhin liu tit kim xng. Ti
x nghip lin hip, ho du Plock, sn xut nhin liu
hn hp cha 20% metanol. Nhin liu ny khng lm gim
cng sut ca ng c m li x t kh c hn.
363. Phn bn lm t giy nh th no?
Thu in, trong trng rau, ngi ta s dng ph bin
mt loi giy, gi l Agroprox, tm bitum, sp, cht m v
thuc dit nm ph nhng lung rau. Agroprox chng
nhng gi cho cy khi b mt nhit m cn tr cc bnh
nm cho rau. n v trng trt tip theo, ngi ta cy ln
Agroprox vi t, v n vn pht huy tc dng phn hu
thnh phn bn v ci to t, gi cho t khi b kh hn
v chng xi mn.
364. B mt no ph gia khi sn xut hp kim
ng ch?
Hp kim ng ch lm vic trong iu kin c ti c
n 600
0
C. Nhng trong k thut i hi nhng vt liu va
dn nhit tt nhng nh ng, va chu ti v lm vic trn
di 1000
0
C. Cc nh khoa hc M mi tm ra c mt hp kim
ng tho mn cc yu cu y. B mt ca k thut l lng
xyt nhm, beri v ziriconi thm vo.
365. Dng nc bin lm cht in ly trong acqui
nh th no?
176
c cng b mt bng pht minh mi: cquy dng nc
bin lm cht in ly. Dung lng ca n cn ln hn cquy
ch. Mt in cc l li nhm, cn in cc th hai l mt
khi xp bng mt hp cht ca nhm. Acquy n gin, tit
kim, nhng c mt nhc im: ngng lm vic khi b dao
ng. Loi cquy ny bt u c dng cho tu bin.
366. Men thu tinh mu cho kim loi c u im
g?
Vin Ho hc v c Nga nghin cu thnh cng mt
loi men thu tinh bo v kim loi, dng lm cc cu kin
xy dng, dng gia nh, trang sc v bt k sn
phm no bng kim loi. Men thu tinh ny khng nhng
chng n mn rt tt m cn c mu sc p, bn v ng
nh, tit kim c nng lng v khng b nt v.
367. i th ca aming l cht g?
Ngi ta cho rng loi si tng hp Armid - T c nghin
cu ti Nga qu l i th ca aming. N rt thut tin
may qun o cho lnh cu ha, th hn, lm vt liu bo n
cho cc ng dn v vi lc kh nng v cht lng n mn.
c tnh quan trng ca loi si ny l chu c lu di nhit
cao (300
0
C) v khng b bin dng. N cn c dng lm
cht n cho cht do c cng dng c bit trong k thut
in t.
368. Lm kim loi c cu to ging thu tinh nh
th no?
177
Nu lm lnh kim loi t hng nghn xung nhit
thng trong khong mt phn ca giy th n s c cu
to ging nh thu tinh. Ngi ta thc hin c trn nhng
si dy bng st c pha bo, phtpho v crm. c im ca
dy ny l khng c cu to ht, do c bn chng n
mn rt cao. Trong tng lai, nhng si dy ny c th thay
th c thp khng g trong nhng thit b lm vic thng
xuyn 300
0
C.
369. Keo dng tm opoxy dng lm g?
Keo gilatin c in dng dn g di dng tm
khng phi l chuyn l, nhng keo pxy di dng tm th
ch c sn xut gn dy, v c dng trong cng nghip
my bay. Tm keo poxy c t gia 2 chi tit cn gn vi
nhau, sau a vo ni hp nhit 120
0
C. Keo s rn
li v ni rt chc cc chi tit . Ngi ta kt lun my
bay dn bng keo thay cho hn v tn inh s nh hn 15%
v r hn 20% so vi my bay trc y.
370. Thuc tr su c hiu cho cam qut l
cht g?
Phtphamit l loi thuc tr su c hiu nht i vi
cc loi su cam, chanh, qut, bi. Thiu cht ny, sn lng
hng nm cc loi qu y gim i 30%. Nhng ngi ta va a
ra mt bo ng: su b ph hoi cc loi qu y bt
u quen thuc, v ngh s dng lun phin phtphamit
vi cc loi thuc khc, d km hiu lc hn, nhng "l" i vi
178
loi su y. Bng cch mi c th duy tr tnh c hiu
ca phtphamit.
371. Nhng chic ti ho tan dng lm g?
hn ch n mc ti thiu s tip xc ca ngi vi
thuc tr su, mt cng ty M ngh a thuc vo
t trong nhng ti cht do. Tt nhin ti ny phi bng
cht do ho tan, dn dn di tc dng ca nc ma v nc
ngm, s gii phng thuc tr su. bo v thuc khi
chuyn ch v bo qun, phi bc nhng ti bng mng
plyme, thng bn vi nc.
372. Axit trn giy c tc dng g?
Giy ngy cng c dng nhiu lm bao b (hp) ng
cc loi thc phm. Cc nh nghin cu pht hin ra rng
nu ph bn trong hp giy mt lp mng dung dch axit
sorbic th thi gian bo qun tng ln rt nhiu. Th d; nu
sa chua ng trong hp ny v gi trong t lnh th sau
40 ngy vn khng thy men pht trin ng k.
373. Vin tr mui trong ma h cha cht g?
Hng Zoecon sn xut vin tr mui c cha cht
mtpren di tn thng phm Altosid, ho tan c trong nc v
th thuc ny trong ma h t nm 1976. Trong nm 1977,
hng ny tin hnh th nghim m rng nhanh chng a
vo sn xut trn quy m cng nghip. Vin Altosid c dng
nhng ni mui sinh sn nh cng rnh, nc thi, m
khng th dit mui bng phng php phun thng thng.
179
374. Mt loi ng ho hc mi c tn l g?
Hng Tetead Lyle (Anh) ang nghin cu sn xut mt
loi ng ho hc mi gi l Talin. Loi ng ny l dch tinh
ch ca hp cht Taumatin, ly t qu ca mt loi cy tng
t nh cy cao su Thaumatococcus danielli mc vng Ty
Phi. ngt ca ng ho hc mi ny gp 4000 ln ng
ma, ngha l ngt hn saccarin.
375. Cc cht ho hc trong ti c tc dng cha
bnh nh th no?
Hnh v ti l nhng gia v cho nhiu mn n nhng t
lu cng c bit n nh l nhng v thuc. Ti tng
dng lm thuc cha chng pht ban, vim bch cu, vim
phi v ri lon ng rut trc khi c nhng bit dc c
hiu.
Ngy nay ngi ta hiu bit kh chi tit v thnh
phn ho hc trong hnh, ti. Hng trm hp cht c
phn lp v phn tch cu trc cng nh nghin cu v dc
l. Nhng hp cht quan trng nht ly t hnh, ti thng
cha t mt hoc nhiu nguyn t lu hunh (S) trong cu
trc. l cc hp cht thiosunfua, polisunfua. Chng c mi
v hot tnh sinh hc cao. Tuy vy, cho n gn y
nhng b him v c ch tc dng sinh hc ca nhiu hot
cht mi c tm ra. Chng hn nh pht hin ra cht etyletan
disunfinat c tc dng ngn nga bnh ung th. Y hc
khng nh hm lng nitrit cao trong d dy l mt c t
lin quan n s xut hin ung th d dy. Th m xt
nghim cho thy ngi c thi qun n ti sng, sau khi n
180
xong, hm lng nitrit trong d dy gim hn. Ngi ta cng
chng minh c tc dng c ch pht trin ung th ca cc hp
cht polisunfua khng no. Chng hn nh cht ajoen l mt
hp cht cha 3 nhn chit tch t ti c tc dng dit t
bo ung th lympho. Cht diallyl diunfua cn c kh nng lm
gia tng sinh trng cc enzym kh c.
Ti cn tc dng h hm lng m v cholesterol trong
mu. Nhng ngi c bnh tim nu thng xuyn s dng tinh
du ti s lm gim nguy c nhi mu c tim hay nghn mch
bi cht ajoen v dithin c trong tinh du ti. Tc dng c ch
kt t tiu cu l do cc cht adenosin, allixin, ajoen v cc
polysunfua khc c trong ti.
Sau khi n ti, hi th c mi kh chu, l mi ca cc
hp cht allylmetyl sunfua, disunfua, diallylsunfua; 2-poropen
thiol.
Xoa ti di gan bn chn th sau vi gi c th pht
hin mi ti trong hn th, l do l cht allixin sau khi thm
qua da c th tan trong m v hp th trong h lympha,
khng b phn hu trong mi trng khng cha cistein v
protein v thot ra theo ng bi tit. Cn n ti th allixin s
phn ng lp tc vi cc nhm cistein chuyn thnh nhng
cht c ch sinh ho quan trng.
Nh vy, ti va l gia v, va l mt v thuc qu.
376. Tc c thnh phn ho hc v cu to nh th
no?
Tc, sng, mng cha mt loi protein kh bn gi l
kratin.Trong kratin c cc lin kt isunfua ni cc mch di
181
peptit li vi nhau, ngoi ra cn c cc lin kt hiro, lin kt
cc cu mui, lin kt vander walls... to thnh cc vng
xon. C hai loi kratin anpha () v beta ( ). Tc qun t
nhin l tc c nhiu kratin. Mu ca tc do hai sc t
quyt nh: sc t lumelanin lm cho tc c mu t hung
nht n en tuyn, sc t phomelamin lm cho tc c
mu t hoe vng, vng ng, n , kratin trong tc ngi
cha n 12% xistin. Nu lm gim s lin kt isunfua ca
tc bng cch kh bng ho cht th tan ca kratin tng
ng k, tc s mm ra c th un theo bt k kiu g
cng d. Vic x l cc sn phm kh bng cc cht oxiho
s a v trng thi ban u l kratin. l cch x l tc
un tc.
377. Plasma l g?
Plasma thng c gi l trng thi th t ca vt cht v
n khng phi l cht rn, khng phi l cht lng v cng
khng phi l mt cht kh bnh thng. Plasma l mt kh
ion ho, t mt tng th nguyn t c bin thnh cc ion
mang in tch dng hoc m. Tuy khng thng gp trn
tri t, nhng trong v tr n chim ti 99%. Mt tri l mt
qu cu la plasma.
Do c thnh phn phc tp nn plasma rt kh ch ng,
plasma c phn ra lm plasma "nng" hnh thnh nhit
cao v plasma "lnh" to ra bi cc in trng. Ngi ta d
bo plasma "lnh" s tr thnh mt trong nhng k thut ch
cht trong th k 21.
182
Plasma c dng ty sch b mt c cha vt du,
m, sp hoc cc tp cht khc. Plasma cn dng ty cc l
nhm v bnh l bng cht do dng ng thc phm
trong cng nghip ch bin, kh trng cc dng c gii
phu hoc cy trng trong y hc, sinh hc...
Ty ra sch bng plasma d cho t bo sng bm dnh
v pht trin, gip d dng cy cc t bo.
378. Cc nguyn t ho hc hnh thnh trong v
tr nh th no?
khong khng gian gia cc v sao t hng t nm tr-
c c cc my kh hiro v bi. Mt lng ln vt cht ny to
nn mt trng hp dn khng l, khi b nn thnh mt khi.
Ti tm ca khi ny nhit ln ti hng triu . Trong
iu kin ny xy ra cc phn ng tng hp ht nhn, dn
n s hnh thnh cc nguyn t ho hc khc nhau. Th d
nh cc phn ng sau:
2 4
1 2
2 H He
4 12
2 6
3 He C
12 4 16
6 2 8
C He O +
379. Vn ho tru cau c ngha ho hc v nhn
vn nh th no ?
Truyn thuyt dn gian "tru cau" c lu truyn t i
Vn Lang n nay. Ngy nay cn rt t ngi n tru nhng
ming tru i vo i sng vn ho, tnh cm v phong
tc ca dn tc ta hng my ngn nm vn hin. Vn ho
"Tru cau" mang tnh c o ca ngi Vit Nam. Tch
truyn "Tru cau' c in nh Vit Nam dng thnh
183
phim truyn hp dn, cn ca khc v tch "tru cau" c
t trc cch mng thng 8 (1945)
ngha ho hc :
Trc y ngi ta thng mi nhau n ming tru cho vui,
cho m ngi, cho thm ming... c ng n tru s lm cho
vui, m v sch ming hay khng ?
L tru c cha t 1,8 - 2,4% tinh du, ch yu l
chavibetol v chavicol cng mt s phenolic khc. Nc p l
tru c tc dng tng p, gim mch ngoi vi v tnh khng
sinh rt mnh. ng y dng tru nh gi, cha cm cm,
bng, cha vt thng.
Trong ht cau (y hc c truyn gi l - inh lang) c
khong 18% tanin, 14% cht du, 2% mui khong v cc hp
cht ancaloit, c bit l arecolin (C
6
H
13
NO
2
) chim 0,5%.
Chnh arecolin c tc dng lm tit nc bt, lm co ng t
mt, kch thch thn kinh ph giao cm.
Tru cau khng th thiu vi, khng c vi ming tru
khng th chuyn sang mu . Vi l cht kim, khi tc
dng vi arecolin, cht ny c tnh c v chuyn thnh
arecaidin khng c m c tc dng gy hng phn.
Ngi ta thng thm vo ming tru mt lt v r cy
chay. V c tc dng tng thm tanin cho ming tru. Nhai
ming tru khong 15 - 20 pht, bt u "gip b tru",
nhit c th 37
0
C, cc phn ng ho hc, phn ng sinh
mu gia cc phenolic, arecolin, arecaidin, tanin v cc cht
khc trong mi trng kim xy ra. Chnh cc phn ng
ny to cho ngi n tru cm gic say, hng phn, m p lm
184
cho da mt hng ho, mi thm, chng cm cm, dit
khun, lm sch ming, lm cht chn rng. n tru chnh
l mt cch trang im ca ngi ph n trc y. Ming
tru lm cho i m thm hng, i mi thm thm, cho
lng thm say.
ngha nhn vn:
L tru, qu cau l hai th khng th thiu trong cc
t l, th cng thn thnh, t tin. Ngi ta thng ni "hng,
hoa, ph, tu, bc l chi nghi" (hng, hoa, tru, ru, bc l l
nghi thc).
Ming tru c mt trong mi l nghi, ci hi, gi chp,
tang gia... tr thnh phong tc, truyn thng ca ngi
Vit Nam. Ngy nay tuy khng n tru nhng trong cc l nghi
ngi ta vn gi phong tc truyn thng ngha l vn c tru,
cau. L dm hi cn gi l l "b ci tru".
Ming tru mang rt nhiu ngha:
Ming tru dng trong giao tip, ming tru l u
cu chuyn:
"Tin y n mt ming tru
Hi rng qu qun u chng l "
Ming tru dng trao duyn:
"Tru ny tru qu, tru hoa
Tru Loan, tru Phng, tru ta, tru mnh"
Ming tru dng trch ngi bn trai chm chn:
"Ba ng mt m tru cay
185
Sao anh khng hi nhng ngy cn khng
By gi em c chng
Nh l c chu, chim lng bit sao "
Ming tru dng khuyn nh la i
"C phi duyn nhau th thm li
ng xanh nh l, bc nh vi"
Ming tru dng ni khi gip vic ci xin:
"Gip cho quan tm tin cheo
Quan nm tin ci li o bung cau"
Ming tru dng trang im:
"Tru ny tru tnh, tru tnh
n vo thm mi mnh, mi ta"
Ming tru dng o thi gian:
"Lng ging n u
Ch em n gip b tru em sang
i ta cng mt lng
Cng i mt ng vi vng chi anh"
Hoc l:
"Ngi chi mi gip b tru
Mong anh nn li, i cu gii by"
ng cha ta dng ming tru din t cc cung
bc ca tnh cm.
Cy cau, gin giu (tru) i vo vn th ca.
Th Nguyn Bnh:
"Nh em c mt gin giu
Nh ti c mt hng cau lin phng
Thn oi ngi nh thn ng
186
Cau thn oi nh giu khng
(

)
thn no ? "
V:
"Ci ngy em i ly chng
Giu khng dy chng bun leo vo gin"
Dn ca quan h Bc Ninh"
"Cau non snh vi tru vng
Con non kt bn, tru vng kt duyn"
Hay:
"Tng t mi d su
Cha n m thy say ming tru"
V:
"Say nhau quan h cng say
Nng niu mt ming tru ny mi nhau
thng n tn vn cau
yu xin gi ming tru lm tin"
V lc gi bn:
"Ming tru cnh phng hng mi
Dt do cu ht ngi i ng v"
380.Vn ho tr c ngha ho hc v nhn vn
nh th no ?
T xa xa, ngi Trung Hoa coi ung tr l mt ngh
thut mang m mu sc vn ho. H c rt kinh
nghim, bit s dng trit cc cng nng ca tr vo
vic phng v chng bnh tt. l cc tc dng nh gii kht
tiu thc, kh m, sng mt, li tiu, sng khoi tinh thn,

Giu khng l tn cy cho l n tru (n giu)

187
tng cng kh nng khng ca c th. Tuy nhin, tr
cng c hiu ng tiu cc nu s dng khng ng cch. V
d trc khi i ng nu ung tr s lm cho ta kh ng hoc
mt ng. Bui sng ng dy cha n sng ung tr s lm
bng cn co. Nhng ngi b mc cc chng cao huyt p
nng, bnh tim, lot d dy cn phi thn trng khi ung
tr. Nhng ngi b chng suy nhc thn kinh, mt ng, bnh
tuyn gip th khng c ung tr. Ph n mang thai khng
c ung tr qu c, qu nhiu, khng c ung thuc vi
tr, nht l cc loi c st trong thnh phn. Ngi gi khng
nn ung tr c, tr nh khng nn ung tr lnh.
Thnh phn dinh dng v cng hiu ca cc loi tr
khng ging nhau. Hm lng vitamin C v mt s cht khc
trong tr xanh (tr lc) nhiu hn nhiu so vi tr en (hng
tr), tr xanh c cng hiu cao hn trong khng bc x,
phng x cng huyt qun, gim m mu, tng t bo bch
huyt, chng nhim khun. V mt y hc, ung tr xanh tt
hn ung tr en.
Gn y ngi ta cn pht hin nc tr xanh c kh nng
tiu hu t bo ung th. Allan Conney, Vin i hc New
jersey (M) cho bit: Trong s chut c co lng, tip
xc vi tia t ngoi (UV) vi liu lng cao trong 20 tun. Sau
, c xoa ln lng mt dung dch tr xanh c cha cafeine
v gallate d'pigallocathecine (GEGC), th so vi l chut i
chng ch c 30% b ung th da.
Tn dng ht kh nng v dinh dng ca tr :
188
Trung Quc, theo tp tc, dn nhiu vng khng ch
thch ung tr m sau khi ung ht nc h cn n ht c b
tr.
D ung nc tr hay n b tr u rt c ch i vi c
th con ngi. V trong tr c cha rt nhiu vitamin v mt
lng ng k protein, axit bo, cht khong.
Ung tr v mt khoa hc khng tt bng n tr. Nu
n, vitamin trong tr c hp th tt hn, lm tng kh nng
hot ng co bp ca d dy, y nhanh tc bi tit cht
cn, lm d dy tiu ho v hp th thc n tt hn.
Ung tr c th bo v th lc:
Cht tm vng mc trong mt l do vitamin A hp thnh.
Khi nhn lu(xem tivi hay nhn mn hnh my vi tnh) cht
ny b tn hao, nu khng b sung kp thi bng mt lng
vitamin A th s lm gim th lc, dn ti chng qung g.
Trong tr c cha nhiu vitamin, trong c vitamin A.
Y hc hin i pht hin ra nc tr c tc dng tiu
tr nhng cht phng x c hi i vi c th con ngi. Trong
tr cha nhng cht c kh nng hp th cht phng x, bo
v cng nng to mu, khng s bc x, gia tng bch
huyt cu.
Nhng iu nn bit khi ung tr:
Tr gng c th tr bnh l; tr ng c li vi ng
rut, tr hoa cc lm sng mt, ung tr qu nng s lm
bng ng tng, ung tr sau khi n s c tc dng tng s tiu
ho thc n, ung tr sau khi ung ru c tc dng gii ru,
ung tr bui sng lm tnh to tinh thn; ung bui ti s
189
kh ng, ung tr khi bng i lm ri lon tinh thn, ung
tr qu nhiu lm gy ngi, vng da, ung tr ng cch s
tng tui th.
Trung Quc l mt quc gia trng ch, ch bin ch,
ung tr sm nht th gii. T khi ngi ta nm cc loi cy c
v pht hin ra ch c tc dng gii kht v lm hng phn tinh
thn th ch c s dng rng ri Trung Quc. n i -
ng, Lc V em kinh nghim ung tr ca mnh vit
thnh mt cun sch "Tr kinh" (kinh nghim ung tr).
Ngy nay tr c cng nhn l ung t nhin c li
cho sc kho ca con ngi.
Cy ch thng trng nhng vng c kh hu nng, m
v c trng theo tng vn. Ngi Trung Quc c lch s trng
ch hng my ngn nm, sm nht l vng T Xuyn sau
n lu vc sng Trng Giang v sau cng l cc tnh vng
duyn hi.
SriLanka l quc gia c sn lng ch nhiu nht trn th
gii, tip theo l Trung Quc v n .
Vit Nam ch c trng nhiu cc tnh trung du ca
Bc B nh Ph Th v cc tnh Nam Trung B nh Lm
ng...
Qui trnh ch bin ch:
Tr mun ngon th phi t tay hi nhng bp non trn
cy, l gi th c th dng my thu hoch.
Bp ch qua qu trnh ln men th chuyn t mu xanh
sang en. Trong qu trnh lm tr, v qu trnh ln men
khc nhau nn sn phm tr c cht lng v phong v khc
190
nhau. Tr xanh th khng cn qua ln men. Cc bc ch bin
c bn nht l:
- Bp ch hp a sang lm lnh.
- Va trn va sy kh tr bng hi nng
- V tr tht k cho n khi l ch nh di l c.
T nhng bp ch ch thnh tr ung l c mt qu
trnh v v sao nhiu ln.
Cc loi tr:
- Tr xanh: L loi tr khng qua qu trnh ln men. Bp
ch hi xong c sao nhanh qua la. Khi pha, tr c mu xanh
nn gi l tr xanh. Tr hng l tr xanh p hoa m thnh.
- Tr en c sn xut t bp ch c ln men, nc c
mu hung , v thm du.
- Tr lipton: Bp ch sau khi sao c v k, tip theo cho
ln men y trong mt thi gian cn thit. C 4 loi tr
lipton l lipton to, lipton nho, lipton cam, lipton pht th.
- Tr long: ch qua mt na cng on ln men, c
phn ra lm 3 loi tr c mc ln men cao, thp hay va. Mt
loi rt c trng ca tr ny l tr long.
L ch, ngoi cht c hng (tinh du), cht kch thch
(cafein) cn cha mt lng ng k tanin (t 6 n 12%, c
khi 20%). Cht ny qua ch bin cho v cht v hng v
c bit l th ca tr.
Cc nh khoa hc cho rng tanin trong tr l mt phc
cht, c th qui vo catechin, leucoanthocyanin v mt s
hiroxi axit.
191
Khi ta pha tr, cc chuyn cht ca tanin v tinh du s
thm tan ra trong nc tr lm cho nc tr c mu vng chanh
hoc vng nu. Nu gp phi nc cng cha nhiu ion Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
nc tr c mu vng nu hay nu.
Ung tr tr thnh nhu cu thit yu trong i
sng hng ngy ca con ngi. Cng vi tin b ca x hi, ngi
ta ngy cng coi trng ngh thut ung tr. Mun ung tr
ngon th phi bit ngh thut pha tr.
Cc loi tr khc nhau, cn dng nc nhit khc
nhau pha tr.
Khi pha tr xanh nn dng nc un si, ngui ti
khong 70 - 80
0
C l tt nht, cn tr en cn nc c nhit
khong 80 - 85
0
C bi v nu dng nc si sng sc pha
tr s lm ph hoi vitamin C trong tr v lm gim gi tr
dinh dng ca tr. Trc tin phi ra sch m pha tr, cho tr
vo m, nc si ch khong 1/3 dung lng m. yn
khong 5-> 10 pht ri mi cho thm nc vo. Lm nh vy s
gi c gi tr dinh dng v hng v ca tr. Pha c tr cn
rt ra ngay trnh cht tanic trong l ch ngm ra nc, khi
ung s ng.
Phng php pha tr vi ng:
Mun c chn tr thm ngon v ngt c th pha nh
sau:
Dng mt tch pha tr sch, nc si vo trc ri
cho thm mt t ng trng hay ng , khuy cho tan
ht ri cho tr. yn khong 5 pht, sau rt ra chn ta
s c chn tr va thm va ngt. Trong tr c cha nhiu
192
loi kim thc vt, trong s ch yu l cht caphein, cht
ny rt d ho hp vi ng glucoz hoc saccaroz.
Ngy xa cc c thng coi: ung tr l mt ngh thut
cng phu, c nng ln thnh "Tr o". Ngy nay ung tr
tr nn ph bin khp th gii.
Cc dn tc vng Chu thch tr vi hng v cht
m, hu v ngt du, c thm mi ca cc loi hoa: Sen,
nhi, ngu.. hoc cc loi tho mc cha cht thm nh
qu...
Cc dn tc vng Chu u, Chu M li thch ung tr
c v cht va phi, hu v ngt, c mu nc nu gi l
tr en.
chn m pha tr th ngy xa cc c c cu: "Th
nht Th c gan g, th nh Lu Bi, th ba Mch Thn".
l tn cc loi m pha tr ca Trung Quc c bn H Ni
(thi nh vn Nguyn Tun).
Khi thng thc hng v ca tr, theo ngi xa ch cn
ung mt chn, ung n chn th hai l v kht nc qu
cn chn th ba, th t th qu l... ngu m (ung nh tru)
bo qun tr c lu, cn cho tr vo ti nilong
sch, h ming ti qua ngn la cho kn ri bo qun trong
t lnh. Lm nh vy tr s gi c nguyn mi v trong mt
nm.
381. Ch ng l loi ch g ?
Vit Nam cy ch ng l loi cy c th mc
hoang d trn ni cao Cao Bng, cy cao ti 33
m
, ng
knh thn to t 60 n 120 cm. Ngoi ngha tho dc qu
193
him, vi hng thm c bit, v ng du nhng sau ngt
mi... to nn mt nt mi ca vn ho Tr Vit m ci th
thng thc cng ging nh cc tr truyn thng khc.
Trong l ca cy ch ng c ti 16 axit amin chim
55,92% thnh phn ca l. Vi 5 nhm cht: Saponintritecpen,
Flavonoi, axit hu c, polyssa charid v carotenoid c trong
l ch ng u l nhng nhm cht c nhiu tc dng sinh
hc quan trng. Cng dng ca ch ng l tng cng min
dch, gim m, gim cholesterol, iu ho huyt p, an thn,
gii c, gii ru, kch thch tiu ho, ng tt...
Hn 2000 nm trc, ngi Phng ng bit n gi
tr dc liu ca cy ch ng.. Trc y, ch ng l mt
tho dc qu him dnh cung tin nh Vua di nhiu triu
i. Ngy nay ch ng i vo sinh hot thng nht ca
mi ngi.
382. Vn ho ru c ngha ho hc v nhn vn
nh th no
Ru ung tn ho hc l etanol c cng thc C
2
H
5
OH. Ru
trng l dung dch ca C
2
H
5
OH trong nc vi nng khc
nhau. ru l phn trm th tch ca ru trong dung dch n-
c. Ru 40
0
l loi ru m 100 ml dung dch ru ny th c
40ml ru v 60ml nc. Ru c nng cao khong 80
0
90 gi
l cn.
V ho hc, ru l dn xut ca hidrocacbon trong
mt hoc nhiu nguyn t hiro c thay th bng nhm
hidroxyl (OH). l khi nim chung v ru, nhng ch c
194
etanol mi ung c. Trn th gii, chng dn tc no khng
dng ru, c khc chng ch l khu v tng vng.
Ru l con dao hai li, nu dng t v hp l th c li cn
khi lm dng dn n nghin li l k th nguy him.
V mt y hc, ru c tnh gy ng v an thn, c ch
thn kinh, gim au, nu ung t s tng tit dch v, tng
hp th, tng nhu ng rut, n ngon ming... V vy s l
bt cng v thiu khch quan nu ch hon ton ln n ru,
coi ru l k th nguy him nh ma tu v thuc l.
Ngy xa, cc c c cu: Nam v tu nh k v phong
ni ln tc dng hng phn ca ru. Ru ngm thuc gi l
ru thuc dng cha bnh v tm b c th.
Ci nguy him l ai cng bit ung nhiu ru l c hi
nhng hay b qu chn v d nghin khi nghin th rt
kh t b . i vi mt s ngi n nh tnh yu. Nh th Tn
vit:
Say sa ngh cng h i
H th h tht, say thi (th) vn say
Trong cc cuc vui chng ta nn tu bt kh p v
ngn ng Nga c cu: Khi say bin ch n u gi m
nghin th Tri ch b bng vung. L Bch mt nh th ln
i ng Trung Quc, qu say khi lm th m nhy
xung sng vt nh trng vng.
T chc y t Th gii ku gi mi ngi b ru v qu
nhiu tc hi: hng nm tiu tn 50 t la M; 96 t mc
c; 70% tai nn xe c; t l nghin v cht cao (26% do
195
ng c cp bi cc tp cht c hi nh anhit, metanol
c trong ru).
Th nhng, mt s nc nh Lin X (c), C - oet cm ru
m khng thnh cng. Chng ta khng khuyn khch ung r-
u, nhng ru vn tn ti trong cuc sng hng ngy. V vy
cng nn tm hiu v vn ho ru (Drrinking Culture)
Ru c 2 loi: Loi ch t hoa qu v loi ch t ng cc.
Ru ch t hoa qu, trc tin phi k n ru nho (vang
nho). C vang trng, vang (cho ph n) vang Bordeaux,
Alsace (Php), vang Alazan (Georgie), vang Mnavi, vang
Bungari v.v...
Loi vang si bt, sm banh mang a danh
Champagne (Php) c bit vng Reims, cch th Pari
(Php) 140 km. Hng Piper - Heidseik vng ny, thnh lp t
200 nm trc, c hm ru di ti 16 km, thng xuyn cha c
15 triu chai v mt bo tng di lng t chuyn lu gi cc
loi sm banh ca hu ht cc vng trn Tri t.
Cu k hn l ru Cognac. Cogac l mt a danh cch
Pari 600 km. Ru Cognac t v c lm t loi nho c
bit do c chn ging k. Qua qu trnh ln men chng ct,
trong cc thng g si c sn (loi si Limousin hoc
Troncais do nh nc qun l) vi thi gian kh di t 3 n 40
nm.
Nu trong khong 3 - 5, ru c nhn V
*
S
*
; nu trn 5
nm: nhn VSOP; t 25 - 35 nm: nhn XO. Loi ny c 4 hng
sn xut: Hennesy, Martel, Remy Martin, hay Martel c gi t
vi trm n vi ngn la. C loi Cognac dnh cho vua
196
cha hay t ph - nhn XO tr gi 19000 franc Php, hoc
4000 USD (40 triu ng Vit Nam).
nc ta do iu kin kh hu, th nhng khng c cc
loi nho ngon nn dng vang to, m, mn, du... cng theo
nguyn tc ln men, chng ct ni trn v ch trong thi
gian ngn. H Ni c lng ru M ni ting, tn ti cch
y 6, 7 trm nm vng Bch mai - Hong Mai - Tng mai
nay l x Hong Vn Th, Trng nh thuc qun Hai B Trng.
l ru ngon nht H Thnh, bt m bt tri k v.
Trong Tam Quc, To Tho v Lu B ung ru m mi
khi bn lun anh hng. Vua Tn khi u c vi Chung V Dim
cng dng ru m.
Ru ch t ng cc (tinh bt); trc ht phi k n ru
Whissky, tiu biu v thng gp l Whissky Chivas Regal
vng Scotland pha Bc nc Anh. Whisky loa ny c lm t
mch nha vi 3 loi thun chng: Glenlivet, Long mann v Glen
Grant do mt th chuyn nghip pha ch. Ru c trong
thng g si t nht 12 nm. Ru c sn xut t nm 1801, do
hng Chivas and Glenlivet Group thnh lp t nm 1786. Vi
ngt 2 th k kinh nghim, hng cho ra th trng mt loi
ru ngon c ting, khong 43
0
, mi nm 3 triu thng, mi
thng 12 chai 750 ml, 150 nc trn th gii.
Sau ny c hng Seagram Spiret to hn, bao trm c
Whisky Bourbon, Canda v Bc M, cn c gi l ng
hong Whissky (Prince of Whisky)
Nga, Ba Lan, ng u c Vodka cng l ru trng, ngon
nu t ng cc. Cu ba c ru Rhum t ma, Nht c ru
197
Sak t go, Trung Quc c ru Mao i, ch t cao lng, ch-
ng ct v trong 6 nm ti mt a danh tn l mao i cch
Bc Kinh 700 km. Ru Mao i c huy chng vng hi
ch Panama do M t chc nm 1913.
Vit Nam c La Mi, ru ( min Nam). u l
cc loi ru ch t ng cc, c nng cao t 40 - 60
0
.
min Bc ngy xa c ru Tm, ru Ngang. Ru Tm l loi ru
m khi lc mnh chai cho tm ru bc mnh ln nh reo, ri
chai ng yn, th tm ln ngay lp tc. Ct 10 lt ru thng
mi ct c mt chai ru tm, v th nn mi c cu : Gip
em mt thng xi v, mt con ln bo mt v ru tm. Cn r-
u Ngang l th ru trng m ngi bn phi ng vo bong
bng, tht ngang lng che mt cc nh thi hnh php
lut, v ngy xa cm nu ru lu.
Ngy nay, trong cc quy ru ta cn gp mt th gi l
liqu (liqueur). Chng cng c ch t ng cc (go, ng,
khoai, sn...) ri qua chng ct cng nghip thnh ru nng
(trn 90
0
) sau tinh ch loi b bt cht c (anehit, metanol;
thu c cn thc phm c cn thp hn, khong 40
- 60
0
. Cc c s sn xut ru dng loi cn thc phm ny pha
thm ng, mu thc phm v tinh du chanh, cam, du,
to...thnh cc loi liqu nh, ngt m d ung m ta vn
quen gi l ru mi (ru mu).
nc ta, trong phong tc truyn thng, th cng t tin,
ma chay, ci hi u phi c tru v ru, l nhng th
khng th thiu c, nht l khi ci hi:
Cao tay nng chn ru hng
198
Mng em, em sp ly chng xun nay
383. V sao ru gi c th lm cht ngi?
Ung ru gi c th b ng c, c trng hp m c mt,
thm ch c t vong. Nhng ngi lm ru gi khng phi
em ru trng trn thm nc v lm nh vy s bit ngay bi
n nht. Thng bn chng dng ru metylic thay mt phn
ru etylic. Loi ru gi ny rt c.
Ru etylic v ru metylic c cng h nhng tnh cht ca
chng khc nhau. Ru etylic l cht lng trong sut, mi thm
d chu, khng c. Ru metylic c phn t khi b hn, n
chnh l cht lng trong sut rt c, n c nhiu ng dng,
n c th thay xng lm nhin liu nhng khng dng pha
ung.
Ru metylic rt c i vi c th ngi. N tc ng
vo h thn kinh v nhn cu, lm ri lon chc nng ng
ho ca c th gy nn s nhim c axit. Sau khi ung
khong 8 gi bt u triu chng nhim c axit, hn m,
au u, bt tnh, lo s, co git, m mt, nn ma, th lc
gim nhanh, trng hp nng c th b m hn. Nghim trng
hn l mch p nhanh v yu, h hp kh khn cui cng
dn n t vong.
384. Ngi c i ung ru c hng v g ?
Ngi c a Neolitic cng ung ru khng km chng ta
hin nay. Cc nh khoa hc Hoa K pht hin ra rng dn
Trung ng tng say sa t nht l 7000 nm trc y, sm
hn 2000 nm nh ngi ta tng. Tuy nhin nhng loi ru
m ngi c i thng thc li c mi nha thng.
199
Patrick Mc.Govern v cc ng nghip mt trng i
hc Phiadelphia (Hoa K) pht hin ra lp cn mu vng
trong mt bnh gm c c tm thy vng Haji Firunz
Tepe ca Iran. Phn tch bng cacbon phng x ngi ta bit
c cc bnh c lm ra vo khong 5400 - 5000 trc
cng nguyn: Lp cn mu vng l du hiu ca ru nho bi
v trong c vit ca axit lactric. Loi axit ny c nhiu
trong qu nho. Ngoi ra trong lp cn ny cn thy c nha
thng l mt cht ph gia cho vo ru thi c i, cht ny
c tc dng dit vi khun, trnh ru ln men thnh gim.
385. Hm" ru ln nht trong v tr nm u ?
Cc nh khoa hc ngi Anh l Geof Mac Donald (nh
thin vn Trng i hc tng hp Kent) v Tom Miller (nh
bc hc v ton hc trng i hc tng hp a phng)
pht hin mt m my khng l ton ru l lng trong
khng gian, cch Tri t khong 10.000 nm nh sng (mt
nm nh sng tng ng 9500 t km).
Cc nh nghin cu Anh , phi hp vi mt nhm
nghin cu trng i hc Tng hp Ohio (M) pht hin ra
ru trong chm sao Aigle m ngi sao chnh l Altair.
m my khng l ny khng thy c bng mt th-
ng m ch bit c nh vo vic phn tch cc sng v
tuyn thu nhn c qua mt ng ten cao 4000 mt trn
nhng ngn ni la tt Mauna Kea Hawaii. T trng
ca m my rt thp: c khong vi ngn phn t C
2
H
5
OH
trong mt m
3
, trong khi ti cc xng sn xut bia, s lng cc
phn t C
2
H
5
OH hng t t ln ln hn. Tuy t trng thp
200
nhng m my li chim mt khng gian khng l, bn
knh c 3 nm nh sng.

201