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Cc phn t lgic c bn trong IC: Cc hm lgic c thc hin nh cc h vt l c gi l cc mch lgic, trong cc mch lgic t hp th tn hiu u ra ch ph thuc cc tn hiu

u u vo ti thi im ang xt. C nhiu phng php vt l (in t, c hc, c in, thu lc) thc hin cc hm lgic c bn AND (v), OR (hoc), NOT (ph nh), NOR, NAND, XOR. Cc phn t lgic c bn thc hin cc hm lgic c bn l cc mch lgic t hp c t nht hai u vo (ngoi tr NOT) v ch mt u ra (quy c: A; B; C l cc u vo, Y l u ra), chng c tch hp trong IC. Ta s xem xt cc phn t ny theo cch m t t k hiu, bng tht (bng chn tr), biu thc Boole n s thi gian m t hot ng ca n (tc t m t tnh n m t ng). Phn t lgic AND: AND c chc nng nh l mt cng, cng ng khi tn hiu cc u vo khng v cng m khi cc tn hiu cc u vo. Hnh 2 m t AND.

Hnh 2: Cc cch m t tnh v ng phn t AND Mt v d s dng phn t lgic AND nh l mt phn ca b cng nh phn, Hnh 3 cho php cng 1+1= 10. Trong cng AND c dng mch s nh (C). Trn th trng c IC 7408 (cn gi l chip 7408) l loi c 4 phn t AND c lp, lgic dng, mi phn t c hai u vo, chung ngun in, c 14 chn (cn gi l pin), chn 14 v chn 7 l chn +Vcc v chn GND, gc di bn tri c du trn xc nh chn 1 v theo th t t tri sang phi n chn 7, t 8-14 theo th t t phi sang tri.

Hnh 3: B cng nh phn dng cng AND Phn t lgic OR: OR cng c chc nng nh l mt cng, cng m ch cn c mt tn hiu (lgic1) t ln mt u vo. Hnh 4 m t OR (cn c k hiu khc, nhng theo ngi vit bi th cch k hiu ny th hin tnh cht OR hn).

Hnh 4: Cc cch m t tnh v ng phn t OR Mt v d s dng OR chiu sng du +/- (P/N) trong dng c o s nh Hnh 5. Du (-) sng khi u vo A(N) c logic1 v u vo B (P) c logic 0, du (+) sng khi c hai u vo c logic 1.

Hnh 5: Dng cng OR chiu sng du +/Trn th trng c IC 7432 l loi c 4 phn t OR c lp, c m t nh IC 7408 trn. Phn t lgic NOT: NOT c chc nng o tn hiu (o lgic 1 u vo thnh lgic 0 u ra v ngc li). Hnh 6 m t NOT.

Hnh 6: Cc cch m t tnh v ng phn t NOT Mt v d dng NOT nh l b gii m (chuyn i s nh phn sang s thp phn), xem Hnh 7. u vo l mt s nh phn 2 bit B="1," A="0." u ra l s thp phn tng ng (s 2).

Hnh 7: B gii m nh phn dng NOT Phn t lgic NOR (cn gi l OR o): NOR c chc nng o tn hiu u ra ca OR (c th o cng ra hoc o ngay cc cng vo). Hnh 8 m t NOR (o cng ra)ss. NOR l phn t lgic a nng, dng nhiu trong mch s, c th dng NOR thay cho cng OR c o hoc AND bng cch: ni hai NOR mt cch thch hp cho ra OR hoc ni ba NOR cho ra AND (Bn c d dng t v c cch kt ni).

Hnh 8: Cc cch m t tnh v ng phn t NOR Phn t lgic NAND (cn gi l AND o): NAND c chc nng o tn hiu u ra AND (c th o cng ra hoc ngay cc cng vo). M t NAND nh Hnh 9. NAND l phn t lgic a nng, nu kt ni thch hp s c AND, OR, NOT (Bn c d dng t v c cch kt ni). Phn t lgic XOR: Phn t ny kh ging OR, ch khc hng cui trong bng tht. Hnh 10 m t XOR (cn c k hiu khc, ngi vit bi thy dng k hiu ph hp vi k hiu OR trn).

Hnh 9: Cc cch m t tnh v ng phn t NAND

Hnh 10: Cc cch m t tnh v ng phn t XOR XOR l phn t a nng, thng c dng trong b s hc ca my tnh, v d lm b cng hai s nh phn nh ng dng ca cng AND Hnh 4.

Cc phn t lgic nhiu u vo trong IC: Cc phn t lgic c bn trn, c th cn c nhiu u vo, song cc php ton khng thay i (v d: ABC="Y" cho phn t logic AND c ba u vo). Tng hp cc phn t lgic: H lgic phc tp c th nhn c bng cch kt ni cc phn t lgic c bn theo hai nguyn tc sau: u ra ca mt phn t lgic c bn c th ni vi mt hoc nhiu phn t c bn khc; Hai u ra ca hai phn t lgic c bn khng c ni trc tip vi nhau. Qu trnh tng hp h lgic phc tp t cc phn t lgic c bn c thc hin theo ba bc sau: Bc 1: Lp bng tht m t hot ng ca h cn tng hp, t bng tht ny vit ra hm lgic ca h; Bc 2: Gim thiu ti a hm lgic ca h, dng hm cui cng thng l tch cc tng hoc tng cc tch; Bc 3: Chn cc phn t lgic c bn thc hin hm lgic trn. V d: Tm s lgic thc hin hm sau:

Gim thiu hm ny v dng:

S lgic thc hin hm trn nh Hnh 11. Nh vy, s lgic thc hin hm W dng 2 phn t AND c 3 u vo, 2 phn t OR, 4 phn t NOT ( bn c nn s dng cc chip 7404; 7432 v mt chp AND c 3 u vo tr ln t rp mch v to tn hiu u vo cc mc lgic khc nhau, ri kim tra cc mc lgic ti cc u ra v luyn k nng tng hp mch lgic. Cng trn c s mch s t rp ny, bn c t to li v luyn k nng tm v x l li, vn ny xem cc bi k sau)). Trn y, gii thiu cc phn t lgic c bn v s tng hp chng theo s hot ng ca h thng qua lp bng tht hoc hm lgic. Tuy nhin cc s lgic ny khng c nh (tc tn

hiu ra ch ph thuc cc tn hiu vo ti thi im xt). Bng cch kt ni thch hp cc phn t lgic c bn, ta s c cc mch lgic c bn c nh (gi l mch lgic tun t).

Hnh 11: S lgic thc hin hm W

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