I HC NGN HNG THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA QUN TR KINH DOANH

TIU LUN MN MI TRNG KINH DOANH

c



  
GVHD: Trnh Quc Trung
Lp: T01
Danh sch nhm 6:


Trn Th Hng
L Phng
Trn Bo
Trn Nh
Nguyn L Hong


Giang
Quang
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Uyn
Yn

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Mi trng php lut Nhm 6




  !"#
1. Khi nim ....................................................................................................3
2. Bn cht .......................................................................................................3
3. Thc thi php lut ........................................................................................3
4. Ngun gc php lut ....................................................................................3
5. Php lut kinh t...........................................................................................4



$% &'(
1. Ch xt x hai cp ...................................................................................4
2. Thnh phn hi ng xt x .........................................................................5
3. Nguyn tc xt x ........................................................................................5
4. H thng ta n cc cp................................................................................5



)*+ *,-./
1. Cc c trng c bn ca lut hp ng ........................................................ 6
2. i l ........................................................................................................... 15

01% 2345621748-9:-4;174'-$4<'
*=>:5$?2@)-4<' AB--CD E/
1. Thc trng vi phm quyn li ngi tiu dng ti Vit Nam ....................... 16
2. H thng quy nh ca php lut v bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng cn
nhiu bt cp .................................................................................................................. 17
 0-C 4F4<'G5 H74>:5$ AB--CD EI
1. Cc hnh vi b cm trong lch vc bo v quyn li NTD........................... 19
2. Trch nhim ca bn th ba i vi NTD................................................... 19
3. Trch nhim ca t chc, c nhn kinh doanh hng ha, dch v i vi
ngi tiu dung ............................................................................................................. 20
4. Vai tr ca t chc x hi trong bo v quyn li NTD .............................. 20
5. Gii quyt tranh chp gia NTD v cc t chc, c nhn kinh doanh hng
ha, dch v ......................................................................................................................20
6. V vic min ngha v chng minh li v min tm n ph ........................ 20












?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

  !"


  

Php lut, v bn cht nguyn gc, l mi tng quan gia con ngi vi con ngi,
gia con ngi vi tp th, lu dn tr thnh quy tc x s, mi ngi phi tun th khi
giao tip vi nhau cng nh giao tip vi x hi, sau ny tr thnh mt nh ch, tr
thnh khoa hc c mi ngi tun hnh, c bo m thc hin v c ch ti khi c
s vi phm.
Php lut, di gc lut hc, c hiu nh l tng th cc quy tc x s c tnh bt
buc chung, do Nh nc t ra hoc tha nhn, th hin ch ca giai cp cm quyn,
c Nh nc m bo thc hin bng cc bin php gio dc, thuyt phc, v cng
ch, nhm iu chnh cc mi quan h trong x hi .


V bn cht ca php lut, php lut phn nh bn cht ca Nh nc t ra n. Hay
ni cch khc, Nh nc kiu no th php lut kiu . Lch s x hi loi ngi c
cc kiu php lut ch n, php lut phong kin, php lut t sn v php lut x hi ch
ngha. Chnh v vy, php lut c tnh cht giai cp.
Php lut cn c tnh x hi, v n cha ng nhng chun mc chung c s ng
trong x hi ng h. Nu khng php lut s b chng i.
Php lut c tnh dn tc, ngha l ph hp vi truyn thng, tp qun, gi tr o c
ca cc dn tc trong t nc. Bn cht ny cho php php lut gn gi vi dn chng,
c dn chng ng h, do m c hiu qu iu chnh ln cc quan h x hi.
Php lut c tnh thi i, ngha l ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca t nc, c kh
nng hi nhp vi php lut quc t.
 


Php lut thng thng c thc thi thng qua mt h thng cc c quan thc thi,
bao gm cc c quan nh Cng an (hay cnh st), ta n, Vin kim st, thi hnh n...
Tuy nhin phi hiu rng khng phi tt c cc hnh vi vi phm php lut u b a ra
ta n, ch nhng hnh vi vi phm php lut gy hu qu xu cho x hi n mc cn
thit mi b a ra xt x ta n. Hin nay, hu ht cc nc trn th gii u c hai
phng thc thc thi php lut l theo con ng hnh chnh v con ng hnh s.
Hnh chnh v hnh s l hai cp khc nhau v khng th ng thi p dng ln mt
hnh vi vi phm.
U p



C th phn thnh hai loi chnh l quan im phi mc xt v quan im ca ch ngha
Mc Lnin
Theo quan im phi mc xt, thuyt thn hc cho rng thng l ngi sp t tt
c, nn php lut do ng ti cao, cha tri to ra; thuyt php lut t nhin coi php lut
l tng th quyn con ngi t nhin sinh ra m c; thuyt php lut linh cm xem php
lut l nhng linh cm ca con ngi v cch c x hp l, vv... Nhng quan im trn
?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

c cng chung l gii thch ngun gc php lut mt cch duy tm, thn b, thiu c s
khoa hc.
Theo quan im Mc-Lnin, th nhng nguyn nhn lm xut hin nh nc cng
chnh l nguyn nhn dn ti s ra i ca php lut. Trong x hi cng sn nguyn thy,
cha c nh nc v php lut. Cc quy tc x hi ch yu da trn tp qun v tn iu
tn gio trn c mi ngi chp hnh mt cch t gic trn c s thi quen, nim tin,
nu ai vi phm th s b cng ng x l. Phng php c bn p dng i vi ngi vi
phm l t nguyn v thuyt phc, nhng khi lm nhng vic m c th tc ln n th
nhng ngi vi phm cng s b p dng bin php cng ch.
Do s pht trin khng ngng ca lc lng sn xut. Cng c ngy cng c ci
tin, con ngi c pht trin v th lc, ngy cng nhn thc ng n hn v th gii
v trong lao ng sn xut ngy cng pht trin... Nhng yu t to tin cho s
phn cng lao ng. Ch t hu xut hin, x hi c s phn ha giai cp su sc v
lun u tranh gay gt bo v li ch ca giai cp mnh nn php lut c hnh thnh
nhm iu ha nhng mu thun .
Mt khc, nh nc hnh thnh nhm duy tr trt t x hi v bo v li ch ca giai
cp thng tr, nn php lut ra i l cng c nh nc thc hin nhng cng vic
qun l x hi. Nh nc ban hnh v m bo cho php lut c thc hin. Cng nh
nh nc, php lut l sn phm ca x hi pht trin ti mt trnh nht nh.
A 


Php lut kinh t l mt hn hp cc quy phm php lut thuc nhiu ngnh lut khc
nhau lin quan n ton b i sng kinh t trong x hi, bao gm quy phm php lut
ca ca cc ngnh lut c lin quan n cc i tng iu chnh l cc quan h kinh t
lin quan cht ch vi nhau trong cc t chc, qun l kinh t v cc hot ng kinh
doanh. Php lut kinh t bao gm cc ngnh lut sau: lut kinh t, lut ti chnh-ngn
hng, lut lao ng, lut t ai v mi trng.



$% &'
  !"#"$


Ti Vit Nam, vic xt x ca ta n thc hin qua hai cp: s thm (l x ln 1) v
phc thm (x ln 2).
Ta n khi xt x s a ra phn quyt ca mnh, gi chung l bn n.
Bn n ca ta n x s thm gi l Bn n s thm. Bn n s thm c th b khng
co (hay cn gi l chng n) bi cc ng s (nguyn n, b n, ngi c quyn li
ngha v lin quan ) trong vng 15 ngy k t ngy tuyn n.
Bn n s thm cha c hiu lc php lut ngay v nu khng b khng co th sau 15
ngy c xem l c hiu lc php lut. Tc l c tnh bt buc phi thi hnh. V d: ng
A kin i ng B 100 triu ng. Ta n Qun 10 x s thm x tuyn ng B phi tr cho
?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

ng A 100 triu ng. ng B thy ta x ng nn khng khng co bn n s thm. Sau

15 ngy k t ngy tuyn n, bn n s chnh thc c hiu lc php lut. Ngha l t lc
ny, vic phi tr 100 triu cho ng A l bt buc i vi ng B.
Bn n s thm b khng co s c xt x phc thm.
Bn n ca ta phc thm gi l Bn n phc thm, c hiu lc php lut ngay (chung
thm), khng ai c khng co na.
Tuy nhin, bt k bn n no - d c hiu lc php lut, m sau pht hin c vi
phm php lut hoc c tnh tit mi th s c xem xt li theo trnh t gim c thm
hoc ti thm.
 %

&
! 
"#"$


Vic xt x mt v n c thc hin bi mt Hi ng xt x.
Hi ng xt x ty theo cp xt x s thm hay phc thm m c s lng nh sau:
- Hi ng xt x cp s thm: 3 v, gm 1 thm phn v 2 v hi thm nhn dn
- Hi ng xt x cp phc thm: gm 3 v thm phn.
Trong nhng v n ln hoc c tnh cht c bit, thnh phn ca Hi ng xt x c
th c b sung nhiu v hn.
Ti mi phin ta, trong Hi ng xt x s c mt v thm phn nm quyn iu hnh
phin ta gi l Ch ta
Khi xt x, Hi thm ngang quyn vi Thm phn. Lut qui nh cc v ny c lp
vi nhau (tc khng ai c quyn ch o ai) v ch tun theo php lut.
Vic ngh n (tc l trao i v quyt nh v mc n hay phn quyt c lin quan n
ni dung khi kin ca cc ng s ) thc hin theo ch tp th. Phn quyt ca Hi
ng xt x c thng qua bng cch ly biu quyt - theo a s. V d: cng v n ng
A kin ng B ni trn, sau khi tin hnh xt x s thm, Hi ng xt x s vo ngh n.
Trong Hi ng xt x (gm 1 thm phn v 2 hi thm c kin khc nhau. Chng hn
v thm phn th cho rng ni dung kin ca ng A l khng c cn c, cn hai v hi
thm th li ni ng A kin l ng. Khi , vi s phiu a s 2/1, xem nh ta s x
tuyn chp nhn yu cu khi kin ca ng A.
Nh vy, c th thy Hi ng xt x Vit Nam kh khc do vi cc nc t bn.
Ti nhng nc ny (chng hn nh Hoa K), Hi ng xt x gm v thm phn nm
quyn ch tr v mt on bi thm (Bi thm on) gm 15 v.
 p'(
)"#"$


Ti Vit Nam, vic x n phi bo m nhng nguyn tc c bn sau:
- t x cng khai (trng hp c bit c th x kn, gi gn b mt nh nc,
thun phong m tc hoc gi b mt ca cc ng s).
- Mi cng dn u bnh ng trc php lut, khng phn bit nam, n, dn tc, tn
ngng, tn gio, thnh phn x hi, a v x hi
- Hng dn cc Ta n cp di p dng thng nht php lut.
- Bo m quyn bo cha ca b co, quyn bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca
ng s. Tc l c thu lut s.
U 
*
 

?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

Ti Vit Nam, c quan xt x c gi l Ta n nhn dn (TAND). Gi tt l ta

n.
Ta n xt x cc v n thuc mi lnh vc trong x hi: hnh s (x v ti phm), dn
s, hn nhn v gia nh, lao ng, kinh t v hnh chnh.
H thng ta n ti Vit Nam c t chc gm cc ta n sau:
a) Ta n nhn dn ti cao
b) Ta n nhn dn tnh (hoc thnh ph trc thuc trung ng)
Mi tnh c mt ta n. V d: TP. HCM c TAND TP.HCM, tnh Vnh Long c
TAND tnh Vnh Long
c) Ta n nhn dn qun, huyn thuc tnh
Mi huyn c mt ta n. V d: Qun 10 thuc TP.HCM c TAND Qun 10, TP.
Bin Ha thuc tnh ng Nai c TAND TP. Bin Ha. Nh vy, trong mt tnh s c
nhiu ta n cp qun, huyn.
d) Cc Ta n qun s (chia theo qun khu khu vc).



)*+ *,-.

   +,-
./
0

1
a) Khi nim
Hp ng dn s l s tho thun gia cc bn v vic xc lp, thay i hoc chm dt
quyn, ngha v dn s[1]. Nh vy hp ng c hiu l s th hin ch ca cc bn
bng vic tho thun vi nhau v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn, xc nh khi no v
trong iu kin no th cc quyn v ngha v ny c xc lp, c thay i v chm
dt. Cc ch th tham gia hp ng c th l c nhn hoc php nhn hoc cc loi ch
th khc. Khch th ca hp ng chnh l i tng ca hp ng, c th l ti sn,
hng ho hoc dch v. Nguyn tc quan trng v c php lut bo v l nguyn tc t
do tho thun, bnh ng v thin ch trong vic giao kt, thc hin hp ng, khng
phn bit mc ch ca hp ng l kinh doanh thu li nhun hay nhm phc v cho tiu
dng.
b) Hnh thc
V nguyn tc, cc bn c quyn t do quyt nh hnh thc ca hp ng. Hnh thc
hp ng c th c th hin bng li ni, bng vn bn hoc bng hnh vi c th, tr
mt s trng hp php lut yu cu hp ng phi c th hin bng hnh thc nht
nh nhm m bo trt t cng, v d nh hp ng chuyn nhng quyn s dng t
phi c th hin bng vn bn.
ph hp vi xu th pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin v vic ng dng
cng ngh thng tin vo mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, php lut cng ghi nhn hnh
thc ca hp ng c th c th hin thng qua phng tin in t di hnh thc
thng ip d liu v hnh thc ny c coi l hp ng bng vn bn[2]. Trong trng
hp php lut yu cu hp ng phi c th hin bng vn bn c cng chng hoc
?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

chng thc, phi ng k hoc xin php th phi tun theo cc quy nh . Tr trng
hp php lut c quy nh khc th nhn chung, hp ng khng b coi l v hiu nu c
vi phm v hnh thc.
c) K kt hp ng v vic u quyn k kt hp ng
BLDS xc nh thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng trn c s cng nhn hiu lc ca
cam kt, tho thun ca cc bn, khng ph thuc vo hnh thc ca hp ng. Do , v
mt nguyn tc, hp ng c giao kt vo thi im bn ngh nhn c tr li
chp nhn giao kt ca bn c ngh. Hp ng cng xem nh c giao kt khi ht
thi hn tr li m bn nhn ngh vn im lng, nu cc bn c tho thun im lng l s
tr li chp nhn giao kt. Trn c s hnh thc ca hp ng, php lut cng quy nh
c th i vi tng trng hp, v d, i vi hp ng c giao kt bng li ni th
thi im giao kt hp ng l thi im cc bn tho thun v ni dung ca hp
ng; i vi hp ng c giao kt bng vn bn th thi im giao kt hp ng l
thi im bn sau cng k vo vn bn[3].
V mt nguyn tc, thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng c tnh t thi im giao
kt, tuy nhin vn c cc ngoi l l khi cc bn c tho thun khc, v d hp ng
c cc bn k vo ngy 01/01/2009 nhng cc bn tho thun l hp ng c coi l
k kt vo ngy 01/02/2009 hoc khi php lut c quy nh khc, v d theo php lut v
t ai th thi im c hiu lc ca hp ng th chp l thi im ng k.
Vn u quyn k kt hp ng khng c BLDS quy nh c th, tuy nhin, v
hp ng l mt dng ca giao dch dn s cho nn c th p dng cc quy nh v vic
u quyn xc lp, thc hin giao dch dn s[4]. Theo c nhn, ngi i din theo
php lut ca php nhn c th u quyn cho ngi khc xc lp, thc hin hp ng
theo ch nh ngi i din.
d) iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng
Theo quy nh ca iu 405 BLDS th hp ng c giao kt hp php c hiu lc
k t thi im giao kt tr trng c tho thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc.
Tuy nhin, BLDS li khng quy nh th no l "c giao kt hp php", do phi p
dng iu 122 BLDS v iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch dn s v hp ng l mt
trong nhng hnh thc giao dch dn s.
Giao dch dn s c coi l c hiu lc khi c cc iu kin sau:
- Ngi tham gia giao dch c nng lc hnh vi dn s
- Mc ch v ni dung ca giao dch khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng
tri o c x hi
- Ngi tham gia giao dch hon ton t nguyn
?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

Ngoi cc iu kin trn y, nu php lut quy nh giao dch phi c th hin bng
mt hnh thc c th, v d phi th hin bng vn bn, th hnh thc ca giao dch l iu
kin c hiu lc ca giao dch.
Nh vy, khi hp ng c 3 iu kin trn th s c hiu lc tr mt s trng hp
m php lut yu cu hp ng phi tun theo mt hnh thc nht nh.
e) iu kin v hiu ca hp ng
Theo quy nh ca iu 410 BLDS th vn hp ng v hiu s c p dng theo
cc quy nh t iu 127 n iu 138 BLDS bao gm cc trng hp sau:
- Giao dch b v hiu khi khng c mt trong cc iu kin c quy nh ti iu
122 ca BLDS bao gm: ngi tham gia giao dch c nng lc hnh vi dn s; mc ch
v ni dung ca giao dch khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng tri o c x
hi; ngi tham gia giao dch hon ton t nguyn. Ngoi ra, nu php lut yu cu giao
dch phi c th hin bng mt hnh thc c th no th hnh thc ca giao dch
cng l iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch.
- Giao dch dn s v hiu do vi phm iu cm ca php lut, tri o c x
hi[5]. iu ny c ngha rng nu giao dch dn s c mc ch v ni dung vi phm
iu cm ca php lut, tri o c x hi th b v hiu. Vi phm iu cm ca php
lut c ngha l vi phm nhng quy nh ca php lut khng cho php ch th thc hin
nhng hnh vi nht nh, v d nh hnh vi bun bn cht ma tu. o c x hi l
nhng chun mc ng x chung gia ngi vi ngi trong i sng x hi c cng
ng tha nhn v tn trng.
- Giao dch dn s v hiu do gi to[6]. Nu mt giao dch dn s c xc lp
mt cch gi to nhm che giu mt giao dch khc th giao dch gi to b v hiu,
tuy nhin giao dch b che giu vn c hiu lc tr khi n cng b v hiu theo cc quy
nh khc ca BLDS. V d, A bn ti sn cho B nhng li lm hp ng gi to l hp
ng tng cho khng phi ng thu cho nh nc, khi hp ng tng cho b coi l
v hiu cn hp ng bn ti sn vn c hiu lc. Lut cng quy nh trng hp giao
dch c xc lp mt cch gi to nhm trn trnh ngha v vi ngi th ba th giao
dch cng b v hiu.
- Giao dch dn s v hiu do ngi cha thnh nin, ngi mt nng lc hnh vi
dn s, ngi b hn ch nng lc hnh vi dn s xc lp, thc hin[7]. Ngi cha thnh
nin, ngi mt nng lc hnh vi dn s hoc ngi b hn ch nng lc hnh vi dn s
m xc lp, thc hin giao dch dn s th theo yu cu ca ngi i din ca ngi ,
to n c th tuyn b giao dch l v hiu nu theo quy nh ca php lut giao dch
ny phi do ngi i din ca h xc lp, thc hin, v d mt ngi b tm thn, khng
c kh nng nhn thc c hnh vi ca mnh k hp ng bn nh cho mt ngi
khc, giao dch ny b coi l v hiu v trong trng hp ny ngi b tm thn khng th
t mnh giao dch c m cn phi c ngi i din ca h.

?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

- Giao dch dn s v hiu do b nhm ln[8]. Khi mt bn c li v lm cho bn

kia nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch dn s m xc lp giao dch th bn b nhm ln
c quyn yu cu bn kia thay i ni dung ca giao dch , nu bn kia khng chp
nhn th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu to n tuyn b giao dch v hiu. V d, A
bn cho B mt chic xe my nhng A qun khng thng bo cho B bit rng h thng
n ca chic xe b chy. B yu cu A gim bt gi bn chic xe hoc thay th
h thng n mi nhng A khng chp nhn. B c quyn yu cu to n tuyn b giao
dch mua bn v hiu. Trng hp mt bn do li c lm cho bn kia nhm ln v
ni dung ca giao dch th s p dng cc quy nh ti iu 132 BLDS v giao dch dn
s v hiu do b la di, e do. Trong v d trn y, nu A c tnh che giu, khng
thng bo cho B bit v h thng n b hng v ni vi B rng h thng n vn tt th
trng hp ny b coi l giao dch b la di.
- Giao dch dn s v hiu do b la di, e do[9]. Theo quy nh ca BLDS th
la di trong giao dch l hnh vi c ca mt bn hoc ca ngi th ba nhm lm cho
bn kia hiu sai lch v ch th, tnh cht ca i tng hoc ni dung ca giao dch nn
xc lp giao dch . e do trong giao dch l hnh vi c ca mt bn hoc ngi
th ba lm cho bn kia buc phi thc hin giao dch nhm trnh tht hi v tnh mng,
sc kho, danh d, uy tn, nhn phm, ti sn ca mnh hoc ca cha, m, v, chng, con
mnh. Khi mt bn tham gia giao dch dn s do b la di hoc b e do th c quyn
yu cu to n tuyn b giao dch dn s l v hiu.
- Giao dch dn s v hiu do ngi xc lp khng nhn thc v lm ch c hnh
vi ca mnh[10]. Ngi c nng lc hnh vi dn s nhng xc lp giao dch vo ng
thi im khng nhn thc v lm ch c hnh vi ca mnh th c quyn yu cu to
n tuyn b giao dch dn s l v hiu, v d, mt ngi c nng lc hnh vi dn s
bnh thng nhng k hp ng mua bn ti sn trong lc say ru, khng nhn thc
c hnh vi ca h th trong trng hp ny hp ng b coi l v hiu nu ngi
yu cu to n tuyn hp ng l v hiu.
- Giao dch dn s v hiu do khng tun th quy nh v hnh thc[11]. Trong
trng hp php lut quy nh hnh thc ca giao dch l iu kin c hiu lc ca giao
dch m cc bn khng tun theo th khi c yu cu, to n, c quan nh nc c thm
quyn khc quyt nh buc cc bn thc hin quy nh v hnh thc ca giao dch trong
mt thi hn, qu thi hn m cc bn khng thc hin th giao dch b v hiu. V
d, A v B tho thun mua bn nh nhng khng k hp ng bng vn bn (theo quy
nh ca php lut th hp ng mua bn nh phi c giao kt bng vn bn), khi c
tranh chp xy ra, to yu cu cc bn phi hon tt th tc theo quy nh ca php lut
trong mt thi hn nht nh nhng khng bn no thc hin. Theo yu cu ca mt hoc
cc bn, to n c th tuyn hp ng ny l v hiu.
Ngoi cc quy nh trn, BLDS cn c quy nh v hp ng dn s v hiu do c i
tng khng th thc hin c[12], l trong trng hp ngay t thi im k kt,
hp ng c i tng khng th thc hin c v l do khch quan th hp ng ny b
v hiu.
?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

Trong trng hp khi giao kt hp ng m mt bn bit hoc phi bit v vic hp

ng c i tng khng th thc hin c nhng khng thng bo cho bn kia bit nn
bn kia giao kt hp ng th phi bi thng thit hi cho bn kia, tr trng hp bn
kia bit hoc phi bit v vic hp ng c i tng khng th thc hin c. V d, A
cam kt s sn xut bn cho B mt loi thuc c th cha c bnh tim mch, B tin
tng rng A c th bn cho mnh loi thuc nn giao kt hp ng vi A nhng v
l do khch quan A khng th sn xut c loi thuc v A cng bit rng mnh s
khng th giao cho B loi thuc nhng li khng thng bo cho B bit. Trong trng
hp ny hp ng b coi l v hiu v A phi bi thng cho B.
Quy nh trn y cng c p dng i vi trng hp hp ng c mt hoc nhiu
phn i tng khng th thc hin c nhng phn cn li ca hp ng vn c gi tr
php l.
Theo quy nh ca BLDS hin hnh th s v hiu ca hp ng chnh lm chm dt
hiu lc ca hp ng ph, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun hp ng ph c thay
th hp ng chnh. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny khng p dng i vi cc bin php bo
m thc hin ngha v dn s. S v hiu ca hp ng ph khng lm chm dt hiu
lc ca hp ng chnh tr trng hp cc bn tho thun hp ng ph l mt phn
khng th tch ri ca hp ng chnh[13].
f) Hu qu php l ca hp ng v hiu v x l hp ng v hiu
Hu qu php l ca hp ng v hiu c gii quyt theo quy nh ca iu 137 i
vi hu qu php l ca giao dch dn s v hiu. Theo quy nh ny th hp ng v
hiu khng lm pht sinh, thay i hoc chm dt quyn, ngha v ca cc bn k t thi
im xc lp hp ng. Khi hp ng v hiu cc bn phi khi phc li tnh trng ban
u, hon tr cho nhau nhng g nhn; nu khng hon tr c bng hin vt th phi
hon tr bng tin, tr trng hp ti sn giao dch, hoa li, li tc thu c b tch thu
theo quy nh ca php lut. Bn c li m gy thit hi th phi bi thng cho bn kia.
V d, A bn cho B mt chic xe my, B l ngi khng c nng lc hnh vi dn s nn
hp ng b tuyn l v hiu do B phi tr li xe my cho A, cn A phi tr li tin
cho B. Tuy nhin, qua mt thi gian s dng B lm hng mt vi b phn ca chic xe
my cho nn B phi tr li A chic xe my cng vi nhng b phn b h hi, nu
khng hon tr c bng cc b phn th phi tr mt mn tin b p cho phn h
hng ca chic xe.
g) Chm dt hp ng[14] v trch nhim ca bn vi phm ngha v trong hp ng
Theo quy nh ca BLDS th hp ng chm dt trong cc trng hp sau:
- Hp ng c hon thnh: l khi cc bn thc hin xong cc ngha v
ca mnh theo hp ng, v d A thu B xy nh cho A, ht thi hn thc hin vic
?

 


Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

xy nh m cc bn tho thun, B giao nh cho A v A tr tin cho B, khi hp ng

chm dt.
- Theo tho thun ca cc bn: v d A thu B trng cho A mt rung la trong thi
hn 1 tun, ht 1 tun B vn cha trng xong rung la nhng A chp nhn coi nh B
trng xong v tr tin cho B. Hp ng thu trng la chm dt.
- C nhn giao kt hp ng cht, phn nhn hoc ch th khc chm dt m hp
ng phi do chnh c nhn, php nhn hoc ch th thc hin. y l loi hp ng
m ngi c ngha v, do tnh cht c th, phi t h thc hin m khng th chuyn
giao cho ngi khc. V d, A thu ca s B l ngi rt ni ting, ht cho m ci ca A
nhng khng may vo ngy m ci ca A, B khng may b tai nn cht. Hp ng
gia A v B chm dt v A ch thu B ht ch khng phi ca s khc.
- Hp ng b hu b, b n phng chm dt thc hin[15]:

J>K)*+ L
Mt bn trong hp ng c quyn hu b hp ng v khng phi bi thng thit hi
cho bn kia khi bn kia vi phm hp ng v vic vi phm l iu kin hu b m cc
bn tho thun hoc php lut c quy nh. Tuy nhin, bn hu b hp ng phi
thng bo ngay cho bn kia bit v vic hu b, nu khng thng bo m gy thit hi th
phi bi thng.
V d, A k hp ng mua hng ca B v hn B trong vng 1 tun phi giao hng, nu
ht 1 tun m B khng giao hng th A s hu b hp ng. Sau thi hn 1 tun B khng
giao hng cho A, A thng bo cho B rng mnh hu b hp ng. Hng ca B sau
cng khng bn c cho ngi khc nn B phi chu thit hi v phi tr tin lu kho,
lu bi. Trong trng hp ny A c quyn hu b hp ng v khng c li, khng phi
bi thng cho B v cc bn tho thun t trc.
Khi hp ng b hu b th hp ng khng c hiu lc t thi im giao kt v cc
bn phi hon tr cho nhau ti sn nhn; nu khng hon tr c bng hin vt th
phi tr bng tin. Bn c li trong vic hp ng b hu b phi bi thng thit hi.
Trong v d trn y, nu A chng minh c mnh b thit hi do B khng giao hng
ng hn th B phi bi thng cho A.
MNAN 46OCP74-$)*+ L
Mt bn c quyn n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng nu cc bn c tho thun
hoc php lut c quy nh. Bn n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng phi thng
bo ngay cho bn kia bit v vic chm dt hp ng, nu khng thng bo m gy thit
hi th phi bi thng. Khi hp ng b n phng chm dt thc hin th hp ng
chm dt t thi im bn kia nhn c thng bo chm dt, cc bn khng phi tip
tc thc hin ngha v. Bn thc hin ngha v c quyn yu cu bn kia thanh ton.
V d, A k hp ng mua ca B 100 tn thp, B giao c 50 tn v ang chun b
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Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

giao tip s cn li nhng A thng bo chm dt hp ng, khng mun nhn s thp
cn li. Nu B ng th B khng phi giao tip s thp cn li v A tr tin cho B, hp
ng chm dt.
Nu hp ng b n phng chm dt do li ca mt bn th bn c li phi bi
thng thit hi cho bn kia.
- Hp ng khng th thc hin c do i tng ca hp ng khng cn v cc
bn c th tho thun thay th i tng khc hoc bi thng thit hi. V d, A k hp
ng mua ngi nh ca B nhng sau ngi nh khng may b chy nn B khng th
giao nh cho A c. B c th tho thun bn cho A ngi nh khc hoc bi thng thit
hi cho A nu A b thit hi do B khng th thc hin hp ng.
- Cc trng hp khc do php lut quy nh.
h) Ch ti i vi hnh vi vi phm trch nhim hp ng
Ngoi cc ch nh v bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng ni trn, php
lut to iu kin cho cc bn c t do tho thun v trch nhim ca bn vi phm
ngha v hp ng, v mi quan h gia pht vi phm v bi thng thit hi. Pht vi
phm l s tho thun gia cc bn trong hp ng theo bn vi phm phi tr mt
khon tin cho bn b vi phm, mc pht ny do cc bn t tho thun. Cc bn c th
tho thun v vic bn vi phm ngha v ch phi np tin pht vi phm m khng phi
bi thng thit hi hoc va phi np pht vi phm va phi bi thng thit hi. Nu
cc bn khng c tho thun trc v mc bi thng thit hi th phi bi thng ton
b thit hi. V nguyn tc, bn vi phm ch phi np tin pht vi phm nu cc bn
khng c tho thun v vic bi thng thit hi[16]. V vn ny, Lut Thng mi
2005 li c quy nh khc so vi BLDS. Theo Khon 2 iu 307 Lut Thng mi th
trng hp cc bn c tho thun pht vi phm th bn b vi phm c quyn p dng c
ch ti pht vi phm v buc bi thng thit hi, tr trng hp Lut ny c quy nh
khc. Tr mt s trng hp min trch nhim quy nh ti iu 294 ca Lut Thng
mi[17], th trch nhim bi thng thit hi lun c t ra khi c cc yu t nh:
c hnh vi vi phm hp ng; c thit hi thc t; hnh vi vi phm hp ng l nguyn
nhn trc tip gy ra thit hi[18].
i) Thi hiu khi kin tranh chp hp ng dn s [19]
Thi hiu khi kin yu cu to n gii quyt tranh chp hp ng l hai nm k t
ngy quyn v li ch hp php ca c nhn, php nhn v cc ch th khc b xm
phm. V d, A v B k hp ng mua bn hng ho vo ngy 01/01/2007, sau c
tranh chp xy ra, quyn li ca A b vi phm vo ngy 01/03/2007. A ch c th khi
kin yu cu to n gii quyt trong khong thi gian k t khi quyn li b xm phm l
t ngy 01/03/2007 n ht ngy 01/03/2009 (l 2 nm k t ngy quyn li ca A b vi
phm).
j) Cc bin php bo m thc hin hp ng

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Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

Cc bin php bo m thc hin hp ng c quy nh t iu 318 n iu 373

BLDS 2005 bao gm: cm c ti sn, th chp ti sn (bao gm c cm c, th chp bng
ti sn ca ngi th ba), t cc, k cc, k qu, bo lnh v tn chp. Theo cc quy
nh ca php lut hin hnh th cc bn trong hp ng c quyn t ch, t do cam kt
v t do tho thun ng thi cc bn cng phi t chu trch nhim i vi cc cam kt,
tho thun ca mnh. iu ny c th hin r nht trong cc quy nh v giao kt, thc
hin hp ng cm c, th chp v bo lnh. Cc bn c th linh hot hn v t ch hn
trong vic x l cc tnh hung pht sinh, c th nh sau:
- V phm vi bo m thc hin ngha v[20]: cc bn c ton quyn tho thun
v phm vi bo m thc hin ngha v dn s. Ngha v c th c bo m mt phn
hoc ton b theo tho thun hoc theo quy nh ca php lut. Nu cc bn khng c
tho thun v php lut khng c quy nh th ngha v coi nh c m bo ton b, k
c ngha v tr li v bi thng thit hi. ng thi, cc bn cng c quyn tho thun
v cc bin php bo m thc hin ngha v bo m thc hin cc loi ngha v,
khng ch ngha v hin ti m cn ngha v trong tng lai hoc ngha v c iu kin.
- V ti sn bo m thc hin ngha v[21]:
BLDS th hin quan im l v nguyn tc mi ti sn u c th c dng bo
m thc hin ngha v tr mt s trng hp m php lut cm. Trc ht, vt bo m
thc hin ngha v phi l ti sn thuc quyn s hu ca bn bo m v c php giao
dch. Vt y c th l vt hin c hoc vt c hnh thnh trong tng lai. Nu l vt
hnh thnh trong tng lai th vt phi l ng sn, bt ng sn thuc s hu ca bn
bo m sau thi im ngha v c xc lp hoc giao dch bo m c giao kt.
Ngoi cc ti sn thng thng nh t ai, nh ca, phng tin giao thng th cc ti
sn khc nh tin, tri phiu, c phiu, k phiu v giy t c gi khc cng c dng
lm ti sn bo m thc hin ngha v.
Ngoi cc ti sn ni trn th cc quyn ti sn thuc s hu ca bn bo m cng c
th tr thnh ti sn bo m[22], bao gm: quyn ti sn pht sinh t quyn tc gi,
quyn s hu cng nghip, quyn i vi ging cy trng, quyn i n, quyn c
nhn s tin bo him i vi vt bo m, quyn ti sn i vi phn vn gp trong
doanh nghip, quyn ti sn pht sinh t hp ng v cc quyn ti sn khc thuc s
hu ca bn bo m. Quyn s dng t v quyn khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin cng
c dng bo m thc hin ngha v hp ng.
- V vn mt ti sn dc dng bo m thc hin nhiu ngha v[23]:
Mt ti sn c th c dng bo m thc hin nhiu ngha v nu gi tr ca ti
sn ti thi im xc lp giao dch bo m ln hn tng gi tr cc ngha v c bo
m, tr trng hp cc bn c tho thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc. Trong
trng hp ny bn bo m phi thng bo cho bn nhn bo m sau bit v vic ti
sn bo m ang c dng bo m thc hin ngha v khc. Trong trng hp
phi x l ti sn thc hin mt ngha v n hn th cc ngha v khc tuy cha n
hn cng c coi l n hn v tt c cc bn cng nhn bo m u c tham gia x
l ti sn. Bn nhn bo m thng bo v vic x l ti sn c trch nhim x l ti
sn nu cc bn cng nhn bo m khng c tho thun khc. Trng hp cc bn mun
?

 




Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

tip tc thc hin cc ngha v cha n hn th c th tho thun v vic bn bo m

dng ti sn khc bo m vic thc hin cc ngha v cha n hn.
Trong s cc bin php thc hin ngha v dn s th cc bin php cm c v th chp
thng c cc bn p dng nhiu nht. Do , BLDS quy nh rt c th v vn
ny. BLDS th hin quan im bn cm c, th chp tuy b hn ch mt s quyn nhng
h cng c nhng quyn t ch nht nh, nht l trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh.
V d, bn th chp c quyn c khai thc cng dng, hng hoa li, li tc t ti sn
tr trng hp hoa li, li tc cng thuc ti sn th chp theo tho thun ca cc bn;
c u t lm tng gi tr ca ti sn th chp; c bn, thay th ti sn th chp,
nu ti sn l hng ho lun chuyn trong qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh. Trong
trng hp bn ti sn th chp l hng ho lun chuyn trong qu trnh sn xut, kinh
doanh th quyn yu cu bn mua thanh ton tin v s tin thu c hoc ti sn hnh
thnh t s tin thu c tr thnh ti sn th chp thay th cho s ti sn bn; c
bn, trao i, tng cho ti sn th chp khng phi l hng ho lun chuyn trong qu
trnh sn xut, kinh doanh nu c bn nhn th chp ng ; c cho thu, cho mn
ti sn th chp nhng phi thng bo cho bn thu, bn mn bit v vic ti sn cho
thu, cho mn ang c dng th chp v phi thng bo cho bn nhn th chp
bit.
231
[1] iu 388 B lut Dn s 2005
[2] Khon 1 iu 124 B lut Dn s 2005
[3] iu 404 B lut Dn s 2005
[4] Cc iu t 143 n 148 BLDS 2005
[5] iu 128 BLDS 2005
[6] iu 129 BLDS 2005
[7] iu 130 BLDS 2005
[8] iu 131 BLDS 2005
[9] iu 132 BLDS 2005
[10] iu 133 BLDS 2005
[11] iu 134 BLDS 2005
[12] iu 411 BLDS 2005
[13] Khon 2 v 3 iu 410 BLDS 2005
[14] iu 424 BLDS 2005
[15] iu 425 v 426 BLDS 2005
[16] iu 422 BLDS 2005
[17] Bn vi phm hp ng c min trch nhim trong cc trng hp sau y:
a) y ra trng hp min trch nhim m cc bn tho thun;
b) y ra s kin bt kh khng;
c) Hnh vi vi phm ca mt bn hon ton do li ca bn kia;
d) Hnh vi vi phm ca mt bn do thc hin quyt nh ca c quan qun l nh nc
c thm quyn m cc bn khng th bit c vo thi im giao kt hp ng.
[18] iu 303 Lut Thng mi 2005
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Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

[19] iu 427 BLDS 2005

[20] iu 319 BLDS 2005
[21] iu 320 BLDS 2005
[22] iu 322 BLDS 2005
[23] iu 324 BLDS 2005
Q RLS

M
TUVW

 456
Trong nn kinh t sn xut hng ho, hot ng trao i hng ho, dch v gia cc
thng nhn vi nhau thng qua mua bn l iu kin quan trng cho s tn ti v pht
trin ca x hi. Khi mua bn hng ho, cung ng dch v trn th trng, tu thuc vo
i tng giao dch, th trng cng nh tnh cht, thi c ca tng thng v, thng
nhn c th la chn cc phng thc giao dch cho ph hp. Mt trong nhng phng
thc giao dch c cc thng nhn s dng ph bin nht hin nay l hnh thc giao
dch qua trung gian trong hot ng thng mi (trung gian thng mi).
Giao dch qua trung gian trong hot ng thng mi l phng thc giao dch trong
mi vic thit lp quan h gia ngi mua v ngi bn hng ho (ngi cung ng
dch v v ngi s dng dch v) v vic xc nh giao dch phi thng qua mt ngi
trung gian.(1)
C rt nhiu hnh thc trung gian thng mi khc nhau nh: i din cho thng
nhn, mi gii thng mi, u thc mua bn hng ho, i l thng mi Trong phm
vi bi vit ny, nhm chng ti xin i vo phn tch mt trong cc hnh thc trung gian
thng mi ph bin nht, l i l thng mi.
a) Khi nim
Theo quy nh ti iu 166 Lut thng mi nm 2005, i l thng mi l hot ng
thng mi, theo bn giao i l v bn i l tho thun vic bn i l nhn danh
chnh mnh mua, bn hng ho cho bn giao i l hoc cung ng dch v ca bn giao
i l cho khch hng hng th lao.
Nh vy, so vi Lut thng mi nm 1997, Lut thng mi hin hnh m rng
phm vi hot ng cho cc i l thng mi sang lnh vc cung ng dch v. iu ny l
hon ton ph hp vi xu th hi nhp v ton cu ho hin nay khi cc loi hnh dch v
ang dn hnh thnh v pht trin mnh m, chim u th trn th trng
b) c im
Cng l hot ng thng mi nhng i l thng mi c nhng c im khc bit
so vi cc loi hnh trung e thng mi khc. C th:
Ch th ca quan h i l thng mi l bn giao i l v bn i l, c hai u phi l
thng nhn. Bn giao i l th giao hng ho cho i l bn hoc giao tin mua hng cho
i l mua hoc u quyn thc hin dch v cho i l cung ng dch v. Bn i l nhn
hng ho lm i l bn, nhn tin mua hng lm i l mua hoc l bn nhn u
quyn cung ng dch v.

?

 




Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

(1):

c






 











 
Ni dung ca hp ng i l bao gm vic giao kt thc hin hp ng mua bn hng
ho hoc cung ng dch v gia bn i l vi bn th ba theo yu cu ca bn giao i l.
Khi giao kt hp ng mua bn hng ho hoc cung ng dch v vi bn th ba, bn i
l nhn danh chnh mnh giao kt, thc hin hp ng v chu s rng buc v ngha
v pht sinh t hp ng . 
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Quan h i l thng mi c xc lp bng hp ng. Hp ng i l phi c
giao kt bng vn bn hoc hnh thc khc c gi tr php l tng ng. Trc y,
Lut thng mi 1997 c quy nh cc ni dung ch yu trong hp ng i l nhng n
Lut thng mi 2005 th loi b quy nh ny m rng thm quyn t do tho
thun ca cc bn. Trn thc t th hp ng i l c cc ni dung nh: hng ho hoc
dch v i l; hnh thc i l; th lao i l; thi hn ca hp ng i l; quyn v ngha
v ca cc bn

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Thc trng cng tc bo v ngi tiu dng ti Vit Nam cho thy, cc v vi phm
quyn li ngi tiu dng c xu hng ngy cng gia tng c v s lng v mc .
Hng lot cc v vi phm nghim trng quyn v li ch ca ngi tiu dng c pht
hin nh v xng pha aceton, v nc tng nhim cht 3-MCPD, v gian ln xng du
hay gn y nht l vic pht hin hng lot cc c s kinh doanh m ng vt khng r
ngun gc xut x
Ring nm 2008, cc lc lng chc nng kim tra x l 146. 958 v vi phm,
trong c 15. 092 v bun bn hng cm, hng nhp lu, 18. 539 v sn xut, bun bn
hng gi, hng km cht lng, vi phm quyn s hu tr tu v an ton v sinh thc
phm, 4. 303 v v u c gm hng.
c bit, mt s v vi phm c phm vi nh hng ln ti ngi tiu dng nh cc v
vic v 315. 000 in k in t gi; v gian ln cc taxi bng cch gn b tng cy s
do Trung Quc sn xut di gm xe, nt bm iu khin di v-lng xe; v sa
melamine tr em; v gian ln trong o lng v kinh doanh sn phm xng du; v m

?

 




Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

bo him khng m bo an ton cht lng. Nhng v vic ny gy thit hi khng

ch v ti sn m cn nh hng n sc khe thm ch l tnh mng ca ngi tiu dng.
Theo thng k ca Bnh vin K cho thy, mi nm Vit Nam c khong 77. 457 ca
mi mc bnh ung th trong 80% l do mi trng sng v ch c khong 5% l do
gen di truyn. Mt thng k khc cng rt ng ch l, t nm 2004 n nm 2008 c
nc c 1. 634 v ng c thc phm vi 23. 894 ngi b mc v 321 ngi t vong .
Nhng con s trn ch l s thng k mt phn nh v mi ch phn nh c phn
no thc trng xm hi quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi tiu dng. Do vy, c th ni
rng ngi tiu dng Vit Nam ang phi sng trong mt mi trng khng an ton,
quyn v li ch hp php b vi phm nghim trng. Trong khi , cc quy nh ca php
lut hin hnh cn nhiu bt cp, gy kh khn cho qu trnh pht hin v x l cc vi
phm quyn li ca ngi tiu dng. Thc trng ny i hi phi xy dng mt c ch
php l y v hon thin nhm bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng

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C th nh sau:
a) Cc quy nh v bo v ngi tiu dng cn mang tnh tuyn ngn, kh thc hin
Php lnh Bo v ngi tiu dng mi ch dng li vic ghi nhn cc quyn ca
ngi tiu dng nh mt tuyn ngn m cha c nhng c ch c th thc thi cc
quyn ny. Chnh v vy, m cng tc bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng cn gp nhiu
kh khn.
b) Quy nh ca php lut hin hnh cha xy dng c mt c ch gii quyt cc
khiu ni, tranh chp hu hiu ngi tiu dng c th t bo v mnh
Hin nay, tranh chp gia ngi tiu dng v t chc, c nhn kinh doanh c hiu l
cc tranh chp dn s thng thng nn c x l theo cc quy nh hin hnh v php
lut t tng dn s.
Tuy nhin, cc tranh chp ca ngi tiu dng vi t chc, c nhn kinh doanh c c
th l nhng tranh chp nh, n gin v cn c gii quyt nhanh chng, thun tin
cho ngi tiu dng. Thc t cho thy vic p dng cc quy nh ca php lut t tng
dn s hin hnh l rt phc tp v tn km, khng ph hp vi khiu ni, gii quyt
?

 




Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

tranh chp ca ngi tiu dng. y l l do chnh dn n vic ngi tiu dng nc ta
thng khng khiu ni, khi kin ra to khi b vi phm quyn li. Li dng iu ny,
nhiu t chc c nhn kinh doanh thng khng cao thc bo v quyn li ngi
tiu dng dn n thit hi quyn li ngi tiu dng v li ch chung ca x hi.
c) Quy nh ca php lut hin hnh cha c nhng ch ti c th, sc rn e
x l cc hnh vi vi phm php lut
Theo quy nh hin hnh, cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v bo v ngi tiu dng c
th phi chu ch ti dn s, hnh chnh v thm ch l ch ti hnh s (nu hnh vi cu
thnh ti phm theo quy nh ca B lut Hnh s). Thc tin cng tc bo v ngi tiu
dng trong thi gian qua cho thy cc ch ti hin hnh khng sc rn e, gio dc i
vi cc t chc, c nhn vi phm quyn li ca ngi tiu dng. y chnh l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn l gii cho s gia tng c v s lng v mc ca cc v vic vi
phm quyn li ca ngi tiu dng trn thc t.
ng thi, mc x pht khng tng xng vi li nhun m doanh nghip thu c t
hnh vi vi phm, do c thc t l nhiu doanh nghip chp nhn b pht vi phm.
Theo kinh nghim mt s nc trn th gii, ngoi bin php pht tin, cm kinh
doanh, cc nc ny cn a ra nhng ch ti c th nh cng b cng khai trn cc
phng tin thng tin i chng, truy thu li nhun bt hp php y l nhng ch ti
rt hiu qu p dng cho cc t chc, c nhn vi phm quyn li ca ngi tiu dng.
Tuy nhin, cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam hin hnh vn cha a ra c nhng
ch ti th hin tnh c th, ph hp trong lnh vc ny.
d) C ch phi hp gia cc c quan c thm quyn trong cng tc bo v ngi tiu
dng cha c quy nh mt cch r rng
Khc vi cc lnh vc khc, hot ng bo v ngi tiu dng lin quan n nhiu
ngnh, lnh vc khc nhau. Chnh v vy, n lin quan n rt nhiu c quan, t chc.
Tuy nhin, cc quy nh ca php lut hin hnh cha to ra mt c ch phi hp c hiu
qu cc c quan c lin quan c th phi hp trong cng tc bo v ngi tiu dng
m hot ng trong tnh trng mnh ai ny lm.
Do vy, cc v vic vi quyn li ngi tiu dng khng c pht hin v x l mt
cch kp thi, trit . Cc c quan qun l nh nc v bo v ngi tiu dng cng

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Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

cha c trao thm quyn tin hnh cc hot ng bo v ngi tiu dng mt
cch hiu qu.
e) Cha c c ch hu hiu cc t chc bo v ngi tiu dng hot ng mt cch
hiu qu
Cho n nay, cc t chc bo v ngi tiu dng vn hot ng cha hiu qu, cha
p ng c yu cu trong cng tc bo v ngi tiu dng trong tnh hnh mi. Khc
vi cc t chc x hi khc, cc t chc bo v ngi tiu dng hot ng m khng c
s ng gp ca cc hi vin cng nh khng c bt k mt ngun thu n nh no khc.
Do , hot ng ca cc t chc ny l rt kh khn trong khi cha c mt c ch h
tr ti chnh hu hiu t ngn sch nh nc. V vy, rt kh cc t chc bo v ngi
tiu dng hot ng c hiu qu.
(Gii thiu Lut bo v ngi tiu dng, B T php, B Cng thng)
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Cm t chc, c nhn kinh doanh thc hin nhng hnh vi nh la di, gy nhm ln
cho ngi tiu dng thng qua hot ng qung co hoc cung cp khng y , sai
lch, khng chnh xc hoc che giu thng tin v hng ha, dch v, v uy tn, kh nng
kinh doanh
Cm vic tip xc, lin h tri mun ca ngi tiu dng t 2 ln tr ln
Cm cc hnh vi quy ri ngi tiu dng, gy cn tr, nh hng xu n cng vic
v i sng /


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Bn th ba l nhng n v truyn thng, qung co v hng ha, dch v ca t chc,

c nhn kinh doanh ti ngi tiu dng.

Trch nhim ca bn th ba:
- Phi bo m chnh xc, y thng tin v hng ha, dch v cung cp
- Yu cu t chc, c nhn kinh doanh cung cp chng c chng minh tnh xc thc
v y ca thng tin
- Chu trch nhim lin i trong vic cung cp thng tin khng y , chnh xc

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Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

- T chi cho t chc, c nhn kinh doanh hng ha, dch v s dng phng tin,
dch v do mnh qun l trong trng hp hnh vi s dng c kh nng quy ri ngi
tiu dng
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T chc, c nhn kinh doanh phi thc hin y ngha v bo hnh i vi hng
ha do mnh cung cp, trong thi gian bo hnh phi cung cp cho ngi tiu dng hng
ha tng t s dng tm thi hoc c hnh thc gii quyt khc c ngi tiu dng
chp nhn, phi chu chi ph v sa cha v vn chuyn hng ha, linh kin c bo
hnh i vi hng ha c khuyt tt, t chc, c nhn kinh doanh phi thng bo cng
khai trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng, tin hnh thu hi v bo kt qu vi c
quan qun l nh nc v bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng.
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Lut ginh ring mt Chng quy nh cc phng thc gii quyt tranh chp gia
ngi tiu dng v t chc, c nhn kinh doanh hng ha, dch v, bao gm: thng
lng; ha gii; trng ti v ta n. c bit, vi phng thc gii quyt tranh chp ti
ta n, Lut c qiuy nh rt tin b trong vic quy nh ta n p dng th tc rt gn
gii quyt v n dn s v bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng trong trng hp v n
dn s n gin, chng c r rng v c cc iu kin theo quy nh ti Lut. Vic
quy nh mt trnh t rt gn, n gin so vi quy trnh, th tc khi kin ti ta n theo
php lut v t tng dn s truyn thng s to thun li hn rt nhiu cho ngi tiu
dng. ng thi, quy nh ny cng s to iu kin thun li hn trong vic bo v
quyn li ngi tiu dng ca cc c quan qun l nh nc.
Bn cnh cc phng thc gii quyt tranh chp trn, trong trng hp pht hin hnh
vi vi phm php lut v bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng ca t chc, c nhn kinh
doanh hng ha, dch v gy thit hi n li ch ca nh nc, li ch ca nhiu ngi
tiu dng, li ch cng cng th ngi tiu dng, t chc x hi c quyn yu cu trc
tip hoc bng vn bn n c quan qun l nh nc v bo v quyn li ngi tiu
dng cp huyn ni thc hin giao dch gii quyt.
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Lut Bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng cng a ra quy nh min ngha v chng
minh li v min tm ng n ph cho ngi tiu dng khi tin hnh khi kin cc t chc
c nhn vi phm quyn v li ch hp php ca mnh. Quy nh ny xut pht t v tr
yu th ca ngi tiu dng trong mi quan h vi t chc, c nhn sn xut, kinh doanh
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Mi trng php lut Nhm 6

hng ha, dch v. Trong hu ht cc v vi phm, ngi tiu dng hu nh khng th

chng minh c li ca t chc, c nhn sn xut, kinh doanh hng ha, dch v do
thiu kin thc, phng tin, nng lc ti chnh.
Thc tin cc v vic xm phm quyn li ngi tiu dng thi gian qua cho thy iu
, nh v xng pha aceton; sa nhim melamine Trong cc v vic ny, ngi tiu
dng khng th chng minh c cc cht ha hc c hi trong sn phm. Ngoi ra,
trong mt s v vic lin quan n li ch x hi th Nh nc cn c c ch h tr ngi
khi kin thng qua vic min tm ng n ph hoc n ph.
(Lut s 59/2010/QH12) c Quc hi kha II, k hp th 8, thng qua ngy 17
thng 11 nm 2010 v s c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2011

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