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ON TAP VE HAM SO BAC 3

(Trung tam Luyen thi ai hoc Vnh Vien)


Gia s : y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d vi a 0 co o th la (C). y = 3ax
2
+ 2bx
+ c, y = 6ax + 2b
1) y = 0 x =
a 3
b
(a 0 )
x =
a 3
b
la hoanh o iem uon. o th ham bac 3 nhan iem uon
lam tam oi xng.
2) e ve o th 1 ham so bac 3, ta can biet cac trng hp sau :
i) a > 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so tang tren R (luon luon tang)
ii) a < 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so giam (nghch bien) tren R
(luon luon giam)
iii) a > 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
vi x
1
< x
2
ham so at cc ai tai x
1
va at cc tieu tai x
2
.
Ngoai ra ta con co :
+ x
1
+ x
2
= 2x
0
vi x
0
la hoanh o iem uon.
+ ham so tang tren (, x
1
)
+ ham so tang tren (x
2
, +)
+ ham so giam tren (x
1
, x
2
)
iv) a < 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
vi x
1
< x
2
ham at cc tieu tai x
1
va at cc ai tai x
2
thoa ieu kien x
1
+
x
2
= 2x
0
(x
0
la hoanh o iem uon). Ta cung co :
+ ham so giam tren (, x
1
)
+ ham so giam tren (x
2
, +)
+ ham so tang tren (x
1
, x
2
)
3) Gia s y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet va y = k(Ax + B)y + r x + q
vi k la hang so khac 0;
th phng trnh ng thang qua 2 iem cc tr la y = r x + q
4) (C) cat Ox tai 3 iem phan biet

'

<

0 )
2
x ( y ).
1
x ( y
2
x ,
1
x biet an nghiem ph 2 co 0 ' y
5) Gia s a > 0 ta co :
i) (C) cat Ox tai 3 iem phan biet >

'

<
<
< <
0 )
2
x ( y ).
1
x ( y
0 ) ( y
2
x
1
x thoa biet an nghiem ph 2 co 0 ' y
ii) (C) cat Ox tai 3 iem phan biet <

'

<
>
< <
0 )
2
x ( y ).
1
x ( y
0 ) ( y
2
x
1
x thoa biet an nghiem ph 2 co 0 ' y
Tng t khi a < 0 .
6) Tiep tuyen : Goi I la iem uon. Cho M (C).
Neu M I th ta co ung 1 tiep tuyen qua M.
Neu M khac I th ta co ung 2 tiep tuyen qua M.
Bien luan so tiep tuyen qua 1 iem N khong nam tren (C) ta co
nhieu trng hp hn.
7) (C) cat Ox tai 3 iem phan biet cach eu nhau y = 0 co 2
nghiem phan biet va y(x
0
) = 0 (x
0
la hoanh o iem uon)
8) Bien luan so nghiem cua phng trnh : ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d = 0 (1) (a
0) khi x = la 1 nghiem cua (1).
Neu x = la 1 nghiem cua (1), ta co
ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d = (x - )(ax
2
+ b
1
x + c
1
)
nghiem cua (1) la x = vi nghiem cua phng trnh ax
2
+ b
1
x + c
1
=
0 (2). Ta co cac trng hp sau:
i) neu (2) vo nghiem th (1) co duy nhat nghiem x =
ii) neu (2) co nghiem kep x = th (1) co duy nhat nghiem x =
iii) neu (2) co 2 nghiem phan biet th (1) co 3 nghiem phan biet
iv) neu (2) co 1 nghiem x = va 1 nghiem khac th (1) co 2 nghiem.
v) neu (2) co nghiem kep th (1) co 2 nghiem
BAI TAP ON VE HAM BAC 3
Cho ho ng cong bac ba (C
m
) va ho ng thang (D
k
) lan lt co
phng trnh la
y = x
3
+ mx
2
m va y = kx + k + 1.
(I) PHAN I. Trong phan nay cho m = 3. Khao sat va ve o
th (C) cua ham so.
1) Goi A va B la 2 iem cc ai va cc tieu cua (C) va M la iem bat
ky tren cung AB vi M khac A , B . Chng minh rang tren (C) ta tm
c hai iem tai o co tiep tuyen vuong goc vi tiep tuyen tai M
vi (C).
2) Goi la ng thang co phng trnh y = 1. Bien luan so tiep tuyen
vi (C) ve t E vi (C).
3) Tm E e qua E co ba tiep tuyen vi (C) va co hai tiep tuyen
vuong goc vi nhau.
4) nh p e tren (C) co 2 tiep tuyen co he so goc bang p, trong
trng hp nay chng to trung iem cua hai tiep iem la iem co
nh.
5) Tm M (C) e qua M ch co mot tiep tuyen vi (C).
(II) PHAN I I.Trong phan nay cho tham so m thay oi.
6) Tm iem co nh cua (C
m
). nh m e hai tiep tuyen tai hai iem co
nh nay vuong goc nhau.
7) nh m e (C
m
) co 2 iem cc tr. Viet phng trnh ng thang qua 2
iem cc tr.
8) nh m e (C
m
) cat Ox tai 3 iem phan biet.
9) nh m e : a) ham so ong bien trong (1, 2). b) ham so nghch
bien trong (0, +).
10) Tm m e (C
m
) cat Ox tai 3 iem co hoanh o tao thanh cap so
cong.
11) Tm ieu kien gia k va m e (D
k
) cat (C
m
) tai 3 iem phan biet. Tm
k e (D
k
) cat (C
m
) thanh hai oan bang nhau.
12) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C
m
) va i qua iem (-1, 1).
13) Chng minh rang trong cac tiep tuyen vi (C
m
) th tiep tuyen tai
iem uon co he so goc ln nhat.
BAI GIAI
PHAN I : m = 3
Khao sat va ve o th (oc gia t lam)
1) Goi n la hoanh o cua M. V ham so at cc tieu
tai x = 0 va at cc ai tai x = 2 nen 0 < n < 2; y' =
3x
2
+ 6x he so goc cua tiep tuyen tai M la k
1
=
3n
2
+ 6n (0, 3] (v n (0, 2)). ng thang vuong goc
vi tiep tuyen tai M co he so goc la k
2
=
1
k
1

(vi
0 < k
1
3). Hoanh o cua tiep tuyen vuong goc
vi tiep tuyen M la nghiem cua 3x
2
+ 6x =
1
k
1

(=
k
2
) 3x
2
6x
1
k
1

= 0. Phng trnh nay co a.c < 0, k


1

(0, 3] nen co 2 nghiem phan biet, k
1
(0, 3]. Vay
tren (C) luon co 2 iem phan biet ma tiep tuyen
o vuong goc vi tiep tuyen tai M.
2) E (e, 1) . Phng trnh tiep tuyen qua E co dang y =
h(x e) + 1 (D). (D) tiep xuc (C) he

'

+
+ +
h x 6 x 3
1 ) e x ( h 3 n 3 x
2
2 3
co nghiem.
Phng trnh hoanh o tiep iem cua (D) va (C)
la :
x
3
+ 3x
2
3 = ( 3x
2
+ 6x)(x e)+ 1
(1)
x
3
+ 3x
2
4 = x( 3x + 6)(x e)
(x 2)(x
2
x 2) = 3x(x 2)(x e)
x = 2 hay x
2
x 2 = 3x
2
3ex
x = 2 hay 2x
2
(3e 1)x + 2 = 0 (2)
(2) co = (3e 1)
2
16 = (3e 5)(3e + 3)
(2) co nghiem x = 2 8 2(3e 1) + 2 = 0 e = 2
Ta co > 0 e < 1 hay e >
3
5
.
Bien luan :
i) Neu e < 1 hay
3
5
< e < 2 hay e > 2
(1) co 3 nghiem phan biet co 3 tiep tuyen.
ii) Neu e = 1 hay e =
3
5
hay e = 2
(1) co 2 nghiem co 2 tiep tuyen.
iii) Neu 1 < e <
3
5
(1) co 1 nghiem co 1 tiep tuyen.
Nhan xet : T o th, ta co y = 1 la tiep tuyen tai (2,
1) nen phng trnh (1) chac chan co nghiem x = 2,
e.
3) V y = 1 la tiep tuyen qua E (e, 1), e va ng x =
khong la tiep tuyen nen yeu cau bai toan.
(2) co 2 nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
thoa :
y'(x
1
).y'(x
2
) = 1

'

+ +
> <
1 ) x 6 x 3 )( x 6 x 3 (
) 2 ( cua nghiem la x , x
3
5
e 1 e
2
2
2 1
2
1
2 1

'

+
> <
1 ) 2 x )( 2 x ( x . x 9
1 x . x
2
1 e 3
x x
3
5
e hay 1 e
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1

'

+
> <
1 ] 4 ) 1 e 3 ( 1 [ 9
3
5
e hay 1 e
e =
27
55
. Vay E

,
_

1 ,
27
55
4) Tiep iem cua tiep tuyen (vi (C)) co he so goc
bang p la nghiem cua :
y' = p 3x
2
6x + p = 0 (3)
Ta co ' = 9 3p > 0 p < 3
Vay khi p < 3 th co 2 tiep tuyen song song va co he
so goc bang p.
Goi x
3
, x
4
la nghiem cua (3).
Goi M
3
(x
3
, y
3
); M
4
(x
4
, y
4
) la 2 tiep iem. Ta co :
1
a 2
b
2
x x
4 3

+
1
2
6 ) x x ( 3 ) x x (
2
y y
2
4
2
3
3
4
3
3 4 3

+ + +

+
Vay iem co nh (1, 1) (iem uon) la trung iem
cua M
3
M
4
.
5) Cach 1 : oi vi ham bac 3 (a 0) ta de dang
chng minh c rang :
M (C), ta co :
i) Neu M khac iem uon, ta co ung 2 tiep tuyen qua
M.
ii) Neu M la iem uon, ta co ung 1 tiep tuyen qua M.
Cach 2 : Goi M(x
0
, y
0
) (C). Phng trnh tiep tuyen qua
M co dang :
y = k(x x
0
)
3 x 3 x
2
0
3
0
+
(D)
Phng trnh hoanh o tiep iem cua (D) va (C) la :
3 2 2 3 2
0 0 0
3 3 ( 3 6 )( ) 3 3 x x x x x x x x + + +
( 5 )

0 ) x 6 x 3 )( x x ( ) x x ( 3 x x
2
0
2
0
2 3
0
3
+ +

0 x 6 x 3 x 3 x 3 x xx x 0 x x
2
0
2
0 0
2
0
+ + +

0 x 3 x x ) x 3 ( x 2 hay x x
0
2
0 0
2
0
+ +

0 ) 3 x x 2 )( x x ( hay x x
0 0 0
+

2
x 3
x hay x x
0
0


Do o, co ung 1 tiep tuyen qua M (x
0
, y
0
) (C)

1 x
2
x 3
x
0
0
0

Suy ra, y
0
= 1. Vay M(1, 1) (iem uon).
Nhan xet : v x
0
la 1 hoanh o tiep iem nen pt (5)
chac chan co nghiem kep la x
0
Phan II : Tham so m thay oi. y' = 3x
2
+ 2mx
6) (C
m
) qua (x, y), m
y + x
3
= m (x
2
1) , m

'

'

'

+

1 y
1 x
hay
1 y
1 x
0 x y
0 1 x
3
2
Vay (C
m
) qua 2 iem co nh la H(1, 1) va K(1, 1).
V y' = 3x
2
+ 2mx nen tiep tuyen vi (C
m
) tai H va K
co he so goc lan lt la :
a
1
= y'(1) = 3 + 2m va a
2
= y'(1) = 3 2m.
2 tiep tuyen tai H va K vuong goc nhau.
a
1
.a
2
= 1 9 4m
2
= 1 m =
2
10 t
.
7) Ham co cc tr y' = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet.
3x
2
= 2mx co 2 nghiem phan biet.
x = 0 va x =
3
m 2
la 2 nghiem phan biet.
m 0. Khi o, ta co :
' y m
9
1
x
3
1
m x m
9
2
y
2

,
_

,
_


va phng trnh ng thang qua 2 cc tr la :
m x m
9
2
y
2

(vi m 0)
8) Khi m 0, goi x
1
, x
2
la nghiem cua y' = 0, ta co :
x
1
.x
2
= 0 va x
1
+ x
2
=
3
m 2
y(x
1
).y(x
2
) =

,
_

,
_

m x m
9
2
m x m
9
2
2
2
1
2
=
2
2 1
2
m ) x x ( m
9
2
+ +
=
2 4
m m
27
4
+
Vi m 0, ta co y(x
1
).y(x
2
) < 0

2
4
1 0
27
m + <

2
3 3
m
4
27
m
2
> >
Vay (C
m
) cat Ox tai 3 iem phan biet.

'

<

0 ) x ( y ). x ( y
x , x biet phan nghiem 2 co 0 ' y
2 1
2 1

2
3 3
m >
Nhan xet :
i) Khi
2
3 3
m <
th phng trnh y = 0 co 2 nghiem am va
1 nghiem dng.
ii) Khi
2
3 3
m>
th phng trnh y = 0 co 2 nghiem dng va
1 nghiem am.
9) a) Ham ong bien tren (1,2) 3x
2
+ 2mx 0, x
(1,2). Neu m 0 ta co hoanh o 2 iem cc tr la 0
va
3
m 2
.
i) Neu m < 0 th ham ch ong bien tren
1
]
1

0 ,
3
m 2
. Vay
loai trng hp m < 0
ii) Neu m = 0 ham luon nghch bien (loai).
iii) Neu m > 0 th ham ch ong bien tren
1
]
1

3
m 2
, 0
Do o, ycbt m > 0 va
1
]
1

3
m 2
, 0 ] 2 , 1 [

3 m 2
3
m 2

b) T cau a, ta loai trng hp m > 0.
Khi m 0 ta co ham so nghch bien tren
1
]
1


3
m 2
,
va
ham so cung nghch bien tren [0, +).
Vay e ham nghch bien tren [0, +) th m 0.
Ghi chu : nen lap bang bien thien e thay ro rang
hn.
10) y" = 6x + 2m , y" = 0 x =
3
m
(C
m
) cat Ox tai 3 iem cach eu nhau.
y = 0 co 3 nghiem phan biet va iem uon nam
tren truc hoanh.

'

'

+
>

,
_

>
0 m
9
m
. m
27
m
2
3 3
m
0
3
m
y
2
3 3
m
2 3

'

t


>
2
6 3
m
0 1
27
m 2
2
3 3
m
2
11) Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua (C
m
) va (D
k
)
la
x
3
+ mx
2
m = kx + k + 1
m(x
2
1) = k(x + 1) + 1 + x
3
x + 1 = 0 m(x 1) = k + 1 x + x
2
x = 1 hay x
2
(m + 1)x + k + m + 1 = 0 (11)
a) Do o, (D
k
) cat (C
m
) tai 3 iem phan biet
(11) co 2 nghiem phan biet khac 1

'

> + + +
+ + + + +
0 ) 1 m k ( 4 ) 1 m (
0 1 m k 1 m 1
2
(*)

'


<

4
3 m 2 m
k
3 m 2 k
2
b) V (D
k
) qua iem K(1,1) (C
m
) nen ta co :
(D
k
) cat (C
m
) thanh 2 oan bang nhau.
(D
k
) qua iem uon

,
_

m
27
m 2
;
3
m
3
cua (C
m
)

1 1
3
m
k m
27
m 2
3
+

,
_

) 3 m ( 9
27 m 27 m 2
k
3
+

(**)
Vay ycbt k thoa (*) va (**).
12) Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C
m
) i qua (1,1) co
dang :
y = k(x + 1) + 1 (D
k
)
Vay, phng trnh hoanh o tiep iem cua (D
k
) va
(C
m
) la :
x
3
+ mx
2
m = ( 3x
2
+ 2mx)(x + 1) + 1 (12)
m(x
2
1) = ( 3x
2
+ 2mx)(x + 1) + 1 + x
3
x + 1 = 0 m(x 1) = 3x
2
+ 2mx + 1 x + x
2
x = 1 hay 2x
2
+ (1 m)x m 1 = 0 (13)
x = 1
2
1 m
x
+

y' (1) = 2m 3

,
_

+
+

,
_

,
_

+
2
1 m
m 2
2
1 m
3
2
1 m
' y
2
=
4
1
(m
2
2m 3)
Vay phng trnh cua 2 tiep tuyen qua (1, 1) la :
y = (2m + 3)(x + 1) + 1
y =
4
1
(m
2
2m 3)(x + 1) + 1
Nhan xet : Co 1 tiep tuyen tai tiep iem (1, 1) nen
phng trnh (12) chac chan co nghiem kep la x = 1
va phng trnh (13) chac chan co nghiem la x = 1.
13) Cac tiep tuyen vi (C
m
) tai tiep iem cua
hoanh o x co he so goc la :
h = 3x
2
+ 2mx
Ta co h at cc ai va la max khi
3
m
a 2
b
x
(hoanh
o iem uon)
Vay tiep tuyen tai iem uon co he so goc ln
nhat.
Nhan xet :
3
m
3
m
3
m
x 3 mx 2 x 3
2 2
2
2 2
+

,
_

+
Ghi chu : oi vi ham bac 3
y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d, ta co :
i) Neu a > 0 th tiep tuyen tai iem uon co he so
goc nho nhat.
ii) Neu a < 0 th tiep tuyen tai iem uon co he so
goc ln nhat.

PHAM HONG DANH
(Trung tam Luyen thi ai hoc Vnh Vien)

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