1

CC CHT MU
NGHA CA CHT MU
Gi tr cm quan
Gi tr dinh dng
Cc cht mu thc phm c th chia lm 2
loi:
- Cc cht mu t nhin
- Cc cht mu hnh thnh nn trong qu
trnh gia cng k thut
CHT MU
6ar rhaI mau Iu nhIan Ia rar IoaI rhaI mau Ihuong gap rhu
yau Irong rar nguyan IIau Ihur vaI
V du .mau xanh rua rau, mau do rua ra rhua, mau da ram
rua ra roI ,ram quyI
6ar rhaI mau Iu nhIan ro 8 nhom rhnh .
Clorofil cht dip lc (mu xanh l cy)
6aroIanoII mu cam, vng, (c s dng nhiu
nht)
6ar rhaI mau IIavonoII Im, , xanh, vng
CC CHT MU T NHIN
Clorofil
Khai niem:
Clorofil la chat mau xanh la cay cua thc vat hay
con goi la hat diep luc .
Ham lng clorofil trong cay xanh chiem 1% chat
kho .
Phan loai: Clorofil co 2 loai
Clorofil a: co cong thc C
55
H
72
O
4
N
4
Mg
Clorofil b : co cong thc C
55
H
70
O
6
N
4
Mg
Trong phn xanh ca thc vt (rau,qu) 2 loi Chloropyl a
v Chloropyl b vi t l tng ng l 3:1
2
- Di tc dng ca nhit , acid ca dch bo th
mu xanh b mt i v Mg
2+
b tch ra khi
chlorophyl bin thnh pheophytin mu sm oliu
Chlorophyl + 2HX MgX
2
+ Pheophytin (mu sm
oliu)
V vy nhng sn phm thc phm chua nh l me
b mt mu xanh v c mu oliu ngay trong qu
trnh trn
Tnh cht chlorophyl
- Khi cho tc dng vi kim nh (carbonat kim v
kim th) th chng s trung ho acid v mui acid
ca dch bo v to nn mi trng kim lm
chlorophyl b x phng ho cho sn phm c mu
xanh m, l cc mui phc tp c Mg gi l
chlorophylin hay chlorophylit.
Chlorophyl a + kim (C
32
H
30
ON
4
Mg)(COOH)
2
+
CH
3
OH + ru phytol
Tnh cht chlorophyl
- Di tc dng ca Fe, Al, Cu, th Mg trong
chlorophyl s b thay th v cho mu khc
+ Vi Fe: cho mu nu
+ Vi Al: cho mu xm
+ Vi Cu: cho mu xanh sng bn
Tnh cht chlorophyl Bo v mu ca chlorophyl trong sn xut thc phm,
c bit l hp rau qu
- Gia nhit nhanh trong mt lng nc si ln 3-4 lt
nc/1kg thc phm ( lm gim lng acid, acid s
bay hi cng vi nc)
- Gia nhit rau xanh trong nc cng; cacbonat kim
s trung ho mt phn acid dch bo.
- Cho vo hp rau qu mt t cht m kim nh
dinatri glutamat ( tng pH)
- Nhum mu xanh cho rau qu hp bng chlorophyl
(VD: nhum mu xanh cho u vng, ngi ta thng s dng:
Cholophil + kim )
Carotenoid
- L nhmsc t ho tan trong cht bo lmcho qu v rau c
mu da cam, vng i khi .
- Nhm ny gm60-70 sc t t nhin, tiu biu l caroten,
xanthophyl, capxanthin, licopen
- Hmlng trong l xanh chimkhong 0,07-0,2% cht kh
Nhm mu chnh trong nguyn liu ht cha du l Caroten
v chlorofil
Tnh cht ca carotenoid
- Khng tan trong nc
- Rt nhy (khng bn) vi acid
v cht oxy ho)
- Bn vng i vi kim
Carotenoid
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Licopen: mu , c nhiu trong c chua
Caroten: mu da cam, c nhiu trong c rt, m
Xanthophyl: mu vng lng trng g (C
40
H
56
O), c nhiu trong l
xanh, rau ci xanh cng vi chlorophyl v caroten, ng thi n cng
c trong c chua cng vi licopen
Capxanthin: Cht mu vng c trong t . (Chim 7/8 tng s cht mu
ca t). Cng mu ca capxantin mnh hn carotenoid khc 10
ln
Criptoxanthin: mu da cam c nhiu trong cam qut
Astacxanthin: l dn xut ca caroten c mu vng , c cc loi
gip xc. Trong thnh phn ca mai tmcua, astaxanthin cng tham
gia vo thnh ca lipoprotein gi l xianin. Trong qu trnh gia nhit,
protein b bin tnh, astaxanthin b tch ra di dng sc t mu vng
.
Carotenoid
Bin i ca carotenoid trong qu trnh gia cng
ch bin thc phm
So vi chlorophyl, carotenoid bn vng hn nhiu i
vi tc ng ca nhit v mi trng ch bin.
Carotenoid li khng tan trong nc nn hu nh khng
b tn tht khi ngm ra rau qu.
Khi xo rn nhng loi rau qu c cha nhiu
carotenoid nh c rt, c chua, tth mt phn
carotenoid trong thc phm s ha tan trong cht bo
v lm cho cht bo c mu vng da cam lm cho kh
nng hp thu ca c th i vi carotenoid .
- Flavonoit l nhng dn xut ca cromman v crommon,
thuc nhm phenilpropan v chng c cha khung cacbon t
C6 - C3
- T l cc flavonoit trong rau qu v hoa khc nhau , do
lmcho chng c mu sc khc nhau .
- Mu: t mu n mu tm
Cc cht mu nhm flavonoit
Tnh cht
Nhm mu flavonoit ho tan c trong nc da vo mc
oxy ha (hoc kh) ngi ta chia flavonoit ra thnh nhiu
nhm:
Antoxian: l mono hay diglucozit do gc ng glucoza,
galactoza hoc ramnoza kt hp vi gc aglucon c mu gi l
antoxianidin . Khi thu phn antoxian th thu c ng v
antoxianidin Antoxian v antoxianidol u to mu cho hoa
qu, antoxian tan trong nc cn antoxianidin thi khng .
Naringin: mt flavonoit khng mu t tan trong nc, d
dng kt ta di dng tinh th nh do gy kh khn cho
sn xut nc qu
Cc cht mu nhm flavonoit
Flavonol: l glucosid lmcho rau qu c mu vng da cam.
-Flavonol tng tc vi st cho ta phc mu xanh l cy
-Flavonol tng tc vi ch axetat cho phc mu vng xm
Cc cht mu nhm flavonoit
Mau sar rua anIoxIan ron phu Ihuor raI manh vao ph rua
moI Iruong .
+ khI ph > 7 ; rar anIoxIan rho mau xanh
+ khI ph < 7 rar anIoxIan rho mau do
Mau sar rua anIoxIan ro Iha b} Ihay doI do hap Ihu o Iran
poIysararII
6ar anIoxIan da b} pha huy va maI mau khI dun nong Iau
6ar mau sar rua hoa ro duor Ia do Io hop rua rar
andoxIanIdIn va rar asIa maIyIIr rua rhung voI arId va
basa
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CC CHT MU C HNH THNH TRONG QU
TRNH GIA CNG CH BIN THC PHM
- Phn ng dehydrat ho cc ng hay l
phn ng caramen ho
- Phn ng gia ng v acid amin (phn
ng melanoidin)
- Phn ng oxy ho cc polyphenol
- Phn ng gia octoquinon v acid amin
(phn ng quinonamin)
Phn ng caramen
Thng gp trong sn xut bnh, ko, mt
Phn ng caramen xy ra nhit nng chy ca
ng: glucose (146 150
0
C), fructose (95 100
0
C)
saccarose ( 160-180
0
C), lactose (223- 252
0
C).
Nhng cn tu nng ng, pH, thi gian un
nng, caramen ho c th xy ra nhit thp hn,
nh saccarose c th bt u 135
0
C.
Phn ng melanoidin
y l phn ng gia protein v glucid hay ni r hn l
phn ng gia ng kh v acid amin (phn ng xy
gia nhmcarbonyl ca ng v nhm amin ca acid
amin).
- Cc cht lmtng tc phn ng melanoidin l:
Acidlactic, mui acidlactic, mphotphate
Phn ng melanoidin
Phn ng din ra qua 3 giai on k tip nhau:
- Giai on 1 to cc sn phm khng mu v khng
hp thu nh sng cc tm. Cc acid amin c vai tr c
cht. Giai on ny bao gm hai phn ng:
+ Phn ng ngng t carbonylamin
+ Phn ng chuyn v Amadori
- Giai on 2 to cc sn phm khng mu hoc mu
vng nht, hp thu mnh nh sng cc tm. Giai on
ny bo gm:
+ Phn ng kh nc ca ng
+ Phn ng phn hu ng v cc hp cht
amin
- Giai on 3 to sn phm c mu m
+ Phn ng ngng t aldol
+ Phn ng trng hp ho aldehitamin v to
thnh hp cht d vng cha nit.
Iau kIan IIan hanh rua phan ung Iao maIanoIdIn
Anh hng cua acid amin va ng
6ar arId amIn Iham gIa phan ung khar nhau phu Ihuor vao
nhIaI do lphlIuong nuor.
kha nang phan ung rua arId amIn phu Ihuor nhIau vao do daI
marh 6 v} Ir nhom amIn so voI nhom rarboxyI (nhom amIn rang
xa nhom rarboxyI Ih phan ung rang manh).
6uong do phan ung phu Ihuor vao I Ia arId va duong (Ihuong
Ia 1.8)
Anh hng cua nc la ieu kien can thiet tien hanh phan ng
- a phan ung daI rur daI Ih xung quanh moI phan Iu FroIaIn
phaI Iao nan Iop don phan rua nuor.
hong do rhaI Iar dung rang rao Iuong nuor rang I Ih Iao
Ihanh maIanoIdIn rang manh .
Hp cht polyphenol l nhng cht trong phn t c
cha vng benzen, trong c hai hoc nhiu nhm
hydroxyl (-OH)
Cc c cht phenol: tanin (tr) , antoxian (np , flavon
(tr), than, du tm), acid clorogenic (to ty, khoai ty),
Tanin khng nhng l c cht ca phn ng sm mu
do enzyme xc tc m cn gp phn to ra kt cu to v
cho cc t chc thc vt. Tanin c chia thnh 2
nhm: tamin thy phn v tamin ngng t.
S to mu mi do phn ng oxy ho cc polyphenol
(phn ng nu ha do enzyme)
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Phn ng oxy ha kh (1):
Polyphenol + 1/2O2 Orthoquinon
(enzym polyphenoloxydase) (1)
Phn ng ngng t (2) (3):
Orthoquinon + glucose Polypenol + CO2 + H2O (2)
n(orthoquinon) Flobaphen (mu nu) (3)
S to mu mi do phn ng oxy ho cc polyphenol
(phn ng nu ha do enzyme)
Cc nhn t nh hng n phn ng nu
ha
Nng c cht phenol
Hm lng v trng thi ca enzym
polyphenoloxydaza
Nng oxi
Nng sn phm quinon
pH
Kh nng to mu ca phn ng oxi
ha phenol ph thuc vo:
- Cu trc ca phenol
- Ngun enzyme xc tc phn ng
oxy ha
Trong thc t, ngi ta tm bin php ngn nga hin
tng thm en ca rau qu nh:
+ Trnh ng gip gy tn hi cc m, enzym
khng c iu kin tip xc vi c cht to mu
+ Ngm trong nc c pha acid (acid chanh),
lm gim pH ca dung dch, lm chm phn ng
sm mu.
+ Dng nc si hay hi nc tiu dit enzym
oxy ho (chn, thanh trng)
+ X l bng sulfit ho (SO
2
, H
2
SO
3
), v khi hm
lng SO
2
tng th hot tnh enzym oxy ho gim
+ X l bng NaHSO
3
NaHSO
3
+ HOOC-CH
2
-CHOH-COOH NaOOC-
CH
2
CHOH-COOH + H
2
O + SO
2
+ X l bng Na
2
S
2
O
3
Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
O 2 NaHSO
3
+ Thm cc ph gia c tnh kh chuyn ho quinon
thnh phenol, do cng lm chm hoc ngn cn s
xm mu. Ngi ta hay dng vitamin C cho vo cc
nc qu v cc sn phm qu ct lt cng vi mc
ch . Khi liu lng vitamin C cao (c th cho t
0,5 1% so vi khi lng sn phm) enzym
polyphenoloxydase c th b v hot hon ton trc
khi lng vitamin ny bin ht trong mi trng.
S to mu mi do phn ng
quinonamin
- Cc octhoquinon v acid amin cng c th
phn ng vi nhau sinh ra cc sn phm c
mu. y l phn ng quinonamin hay phn
ng polyphenolamin.
- Nu hp cht nit tham gia vo phn ng c
cha nhm amin bc hai (prolin), th mu
to thnh s m hn, cn nu hp cht cha
nhm amin bc mt, th phc to thnh c
mu da cam nht hn.
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Bn phng php bo v mu sc t nhin v
to mu mi cho sn phm TP.
Xy dng mt qui trnh gia cng nguyn liu,
bn thnh phm bo qun c ti a
cc cht mu sc c trong nguyn liu.
Tch v c c cc cht mu t nguyn liu
tv.
Tng hp nhn to cc cht mu ging cht
mu t nhin.
S dng cc bin php k thut thch hp
iu chnh cc phn ng to ra nhng cht
mu mi t nhng hp phn c trong
nguyn liu