You are on page 1of 41

I. Tng quan: 1. Lch s hnh thnh pht trin Ru vang: Lch s ca ru vang v cch lm ru vang l mt nn vn minh c t lu i.

vic khm ph ra ru vang u tin cng l mt cch tnh c. Ngi ta k li rng nh vua nc Ba T d tr nho trong hong cung s dng nho trong cc ma khan him, c mt l nho b vt b do cc tri nho b dp v ngi ta ngh rng dch tri nho mt dn i v ngt v coi nh mt cht c. Lc by gi trong hong cung c mt thiu n c ta b chng bnh au u v tinh thn khng cn tnh to v th c ta khng mun tip tc sng v mun i tim ci cht, c s dng dch nc nho b b i nhm mc ch t vn v c ta i vo mt gic ng say, sau khi tnh dy c ta cm thy dng nh mnh hi sinh tr li v tinh thn tnh to hn ln.T c ta k chuyn ny vi mi ngi v nhng g m c ta lm v xem nh l mt lai thuc cha bnh thn k Do v sau lng ru vang ra i t v cung in ca Jamsheed c thm mt lai thc ung mi. mt s tiu vng nh ca chu Anatolia v Georgia c mt sng kin mi l h t nhng tri nho trong cc thng cha v nhng tri nho c nn p bng trng lng ca h. Kt qu l thu c dch nc nho v chng c ln men v thc ung mi cng c khm ph ra v tt nhin nim vui ny khng c k cho mt s ngi. Cho n khi dich nc nho chuyn i thnh gim do nh hng ca oxy v h k li iu v nhng ngi lm ru vang ny cho rng thng cho h gim n.Nhng nn vn minh Hy Lp c i ti hin cho chng ta thy c lch s ra i ca ru vang vi nhng cu chuyn sinh ng. H c nhng ghi chp v vic thu hi nho v nhng vn nho v cch lm ru vang hay l nhng chai l cha ng ru vi nhng nt c o ring bit.Ngi Babylon a ra nhng o lut c th v vic bun bn ru vang v m t ht sc c th v sinh ng v cch thc trng nho Epic.Tm quan trng nht ca vic khm ph ra ru vang l phi k n khu vc trng nho, cc nh kho c ch ra rng vic trng nho sm nht c cch y khong 7000 nm v c tm thy u tin Caucasus v pha ng bin en v Anatolia mt phn ca Th Nh K v Georgia l khu vc trng nho thch hp nht. Ru vang l mt phn rt quan trng trong cuc sng ca ngi Hy Lp v sau l ngi La M c i nhng ngc li mt s ni khc trn th gii th ru vang pht trin mt cch t pht v cn mang tnh s khai nh l Persia, India v China. Lc by gi Hellinic c v thn l Dionysus (thn thoi La m gi l Bacchus) vn l con trai ca thn Zeus v cng cha Semele. Dinosyus vn l

mt v thn vui tnh, hay i chu du khp ni. Thn dy loi ngi cch trng nho ct ru, em li sc mnh v nim vui sng khoi. Thn Dinosyus thng hay i chic vnh kt bng dy nho trn u, trong tay cm mt cy gy c nm bng qu thng v qun dy trng xun xung quanh. Theo sau l cc n thn Sn Thy v ng Qu vui nhn, u i nhng vnh hoa l va i va ung ru nho v ma ht vui. Dionysus ni rng s mang cy nho t cc khu vc chu n Hy Lp v t Hy Lp c ru vang t hai bn b Adriatic. Cn Roman ngh trng nho c khp chu u, n Php, Anh v mt vng khc by gi gi l c v B o Nha. Lai nho tt nht m ngi Roman ch ra l min nam nc sn xut cc lai ru vang nh l Caecuban, Massic v Falernum. Ru vang tuyt vi nht ca ngi La M c i l Pompeii, cc ng ch kinh doanh ru vang rt giu c xy dng c rp ht v ging ng. Vic s dng ru vang ng ch nht l nhng ngi theo o c c h xem nh l mt biu tng trong s sng ca h. y mt s ngi c quyn mang ru vang i khp Bible. Ru vang nh l mt biu tng cho s thnh vng. Nh l mt iu k diu ca cha i nc thnh ru vang trong cc tic ci Cana. Ru vang nh l mt ngun thuc cha bnh cu ni ny c tha nhn bi St Paul ngi ng h Timothy ni rng khng ung nc na m thay vo mt t ru vang c li cho d dy hn. Ru vang tht s gn b vi nhng ngi theo o c c v n ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc bui l Judaism ngc li n b ngn cm bi nhng ngi theo o hi.o c c m rng ra khp min ty ca chu u. V h cn cc vn nho m bo rng vic sn xut ru. Ru vang tht s cn thit trn khp vng a trung hi nhng hng bc ca Alps phi chu cuc tn cng ca ngi nguyn thy v ch La M sp . V tng lai cc vn nho ca Roman c th b gim i v nguyn liu lm ru vang cho nhng ngi theo o c c cng gim dn. Cc tu vin chu u vn duy tr cc vn nho v pha ty chu u c ni ln t nhng u m ca thi trung c. Cc thy tu ngi m c nhiu ci thin cho ru vang . thi trung c cc cha s ca Burgundy l nhng ngi u tin nghin cu t Cte dOr , sau chn la nhng v tr tt nht ni m nhng qu nho c th thu hoch sm nht cc tu s ca Pontigny gp phn pht trin cc vn nho ca Chablis ( to ra ru vang nguyn cht min ng nc Php). Trong khi nhng ngi chung trong tu vin Rhineland ca c ci thin vn nho ca Rheingau. H l nhng ngi quan tm n vic pht trin ru vang v tht s l c ch khi c th lc b c nhng vng trng nho khng thch hp hoc l nhng ni c nhng ri ro cao cng nh l nhng vng c kh hu thi tit bng gi. Nhu cu ru vang th cn thit cho

nhng ngi theo o c c khng nhng vy m cn cn cho nhng ngi khch ca h. Chng ta bit rng tu vin lc by gi nh l cc khch sn ba sao v dnh cho nhng ngi du lch giu c. V ru vang cng c mt ngha quan trng trong thng mi lc by gi. Ru Bordeaux xut khu sang Anh, Scotland v bc u. Sau ba thp k, di thi ca Elizabeth I ung hn 40 triu chai ru vang trong mt nm bn cnh cn c bia v ru to. Vo lc m dn s tng ln 6 triu ngi, ru vang thc s l cn thit hn v c bit nh mt din mo mi lm du i cn khc bi v ngun nc trong thnh ph dn dn khan him v b nhim bn.Vo khang th k XVII v XVIII c nhng ngi am hiu tht s v ru vang cho rng ru vang khng ch l mt loi thc ung n thun m c th gip nng cao tui th. H bt u xem vic lm ru vang nh khoa hc hn l thut thn b. Ngi Anh v Php cng bit c ngun gc ca vic phn nhm x hi v vi nhng ngi c tin th h thng tiu si tin cho cc lai ru vang cao cp. Arnaud de Pontiac tng thng ca nc php 1660 v cng l ngi ch s hu Chateau Haut Brion v cng c tha nhn rng l ngi gp phn ci thin cht lng ca ru vang. Vic gi cc lai ru vang trong cc chai thy tinh c pht trin lm cho ru vang c lp lnh hn v vic s dng nt bn cng c p dng . Dom Prignon c nghin cu trong vic pha ch cc lai ru vang v thc t ng ta c gng lai i nhng bt bong bng trong ru vang ca ng y vi s thnh cng khng ng k tuy nhin cng m bo rng vic s dng chai thy tinh cng m bo an tan cho ru vang. Ngnh sn xut ru vang tin trin nhanh sut th k 19, khi cc phng php trng nho v tr ru c ci thin v vic s dng cc nt bn bt kn cc chai v l c bt, cho php vn chuyn mt cch n nh ru vang i khp th gii. Nhng tn nh Chianti, Barolo v Marsala tr thnh ni ting u chu v xa hn na. Cch y mt th k, mt s ru vang c nhn nhn trong s nhng loi tt nht: ngoi vang Piedmontese v Tuscan t nhng ging nho Nebbiolo v Sangiovese, cn cc vang trng, khng si tm v si tm, khng ngt hoc ngt, xng ng s trn trng ca quc t. Cc nh vn b sung vo cc chng loi a phng bng nhng cy nho ngoi nhp nh Cabernet, Merlot v cc loi Pinot. c bng chng, lc y cng nh by gi, rng cc vng kh hu v min t a dng ca u i nhiu chng loi v phong cch cy nho khc nhau, v nhng khch hng tiu th ni khc, Chu u cng nh Bc M n cm kch nhng mu cp hng mi ny. Ri xut hin rp hi r nho v cc tai ha khc tn ph nhng vn nho u chu thi im

chuyn giao th k. Cc nh vn , nhng ngi tng lm vic vi hng ngn chng loi nho a phng, b buc phi gim cc con s. Nhiu ngi chn nhng dng v tnh mi c pht trin, hiu sut cao hn t c nhng cy nho a phng ln nhp ngoi. Tn dng thun li ca ma trng nho c nng lu di, h thc hiu sut ln cao hn, khi l lun rng, thng th c c nhiu li nhun hn t s lng, so vi t cht lng. Qua sut nhng thi k kh khn do chin tranh v suy thoi, tr thnh mt trong nhng nh thu cung ng hng u ca th gii v ru vang gi r, thng c bn trong nhng bn cha c hnh dng v kch c l lng. Mc d cch lm y sinh li cho mt s ngi, ngi ta phng s qu t cho hnh nh ru vang nc ngoi. Hng nhiu thp nin, cc nh sn xut c trch nhim c xit cht cc qui nh v nhn mnh gi tr cao ca cht lng. 2. Gii thiu tng quan v cng ty c phn ru bia Lt: Cng ty C Phn Ru Bia Lt Dalat Beverage Joint Stock Company

Cng Ty CP Ru Bia Lt c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 127/2000/Q-UB ngy 06 thng 12 nm 2000 ca UBND Tnh Lm ng v/v chuyn i nh my Bia Lt thuc DNNN thnh Cng Ty CP Ru Bia Lt. Ngy 28 thng 12 nm 2000 s k hoch v u t Lm ng cp giy ng k kinh doanh s 059220. Gim c: Trn Ph Lc. a ch: 04 B Bi Th Xun - TP. Lt - Lm ng. S in thoi: 063.827011 827004 . a ch email: andalatbeco@yahoo.com Website : http://www.dalatbeco.com.vn Lnh vc hot ng: - Sn xut ru vang, bia, nc gii kht. Xut khu hng ha, vt t, nguyn liu. - Kinh doanh dch v n ung, vn chuyn hng ha. Th trng trong nc: Cc thnh ph ln v cc tnh trong c nc. H thng qun l: ang p dng h thng QLCL theo tiu chun ISO 9001 : 2000. Doanh thu ( nm): 7 t a ch nh my sn xut: 04B Bi Th Xun Lt Lm ng a ch cc chi nhnh: 161 L Quang nh, Qun Bnh Thnh Tp.HCM Cng ty Dalat Beco chnh thc i vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh vo u nm 2001 vi sn phm ban u ch l bia hi, th trng tiu th ch yu vn l trong tnh. Th nhng, sau khi tin hnh khai thc, nm bt c ngun nguyn liu hin c ti a phng cng nh trong khu vc, Cng ty b ra 1 t ng u t cng ngh v dy chuyn sn xut hin i cho ra i mt dng sn phm mi: Vang Dalat Beco. Bc u c ngi tiu dng trong tnh v ti cc thnh ph ln trong nc chp nhn. Nm 2003, Cng ty tip tc nghin cu, ci tin mu m v a ra th trng 3 dng sn phm mi vi hng chc loi ru vang v ru cht, c bit l vang trng v vang c gii tiu dng trong v ngoi nc a chung. Nh vy m hng nm tng doanh thu ca n v u tng t 5-10%. Ngy 10/1/2007, ti TP Lt (tnh Lm ng), Cng ty C phn ru bia, nc gii kht Lt (DaLat Beco) khai trng nh my mi vi cng sut 1 triu lt/nm (c th m rng ln 3 triu lt/nm trong tng lai). Ti l khai trng din ta l k kt hp tc lin doanh gia

Cng ty Dalat Beco v Cng ty SECA-Delacote (Cng ha Php) sn xut ru nho cao cp u tin ti Vit Nam. c bit, nh my ta lc trn (i D Chin) cao 1.500m so vi mc nc bin, Nh my c xy dng vi tng kinh ph gn 5 t ng vi tng din tch 8.700m2 ti phng 11, thnh ph Lt.Trong 40% din tch xy dng gm khu sn xut, nh kho, khu x l nc thi, nh trng by gii thiu sn phm; 60% l khun vin cnh quan sinh thi gm cy xanh, h nc, vn hoa xinh p. Ti l khai trng, trc s chng kin ca lnh o tnh Lm ng v Th trng thnh ph Avignon (tnh Vaucluse, Php ), Cng ty SECA - Dalacote v Dalat Beco k kt hp tc lin doanh vi mc tiu sn xut ru nho cao cp cng sut 1 triu lt/nm v s c nng ln 3 triu lt/nm trong nhng nm tip theo. Vi cng sut thit k ni trn, nh my sn xut ru nho cao cp Vit - Php s l ni tiu th mt sn lng nguyn liu nho ln cho vng chuyn canh nho cc tnh Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun ca Vit Nam. Bn cnh , Cng ty cng nhp mt dn my chit rt ng chai ca cng cc thit b ph tr khc tr gi hng t ng, gp phn tng nng sut lao ng, cht lng sn phm, tit kim c nhn cng v h gi thnh sn phm.

Sau khi c dy chuyn sn xut ch bin kh hin i, k t u nm 2007 n nay, Dalat Beco cho ra i cc dng sn phm mi c cht lng cao t ngun nguyn liu c nhp t nc cng ha Php gm ru vang Vgnerous, vang Comnesseur, vang Hng, Champagne v mt s loi sn phm nc p tri cy. Ngoi th trng chnh l cc tnh, thnh ph ln trong nc, hin nay cc sn phm ca Dalat Beco c xut khu sang th trng Trung Quc, Lo, Campuchia Cho ti nay, cng vi vic p dng h thng qun l cht lng theo tiu chun ISO 9001:2000 trong qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh, Cng ty C phn ru bia Lt lin doanh vi Cng ty S.C.E.A De La Cote thuc tnh Vanchise ca Php thnh lp Cng ty lin doanh nho Lt. ng thi d n trng nho ti x T Nung ca thnh ph c mc u t khong 600.000 Euro cng c UBND tnh Lm ng chp thun. Trong , pha Dalat Beco ng gp 40% kinh ph u t. Theo k hoch ca giai on 1, Cng ty tin hnh trng 10 ha nguyn liu nho (ging ca Php) vi kinh ph u t l 300.000 Euro. Cng ty cng nhp v 50.000 cy nho ging ca Php v tin hnh trng theo d nh. C th ni, lin doanh t khu chun b vng nguyn liu cho n khu sn xut v tiu th sn phm, trong ch trng u t dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut, ch bin hin i (ng theo tiu chun ca Php) s l yu t quyt nh kh nng cnh tranh thng hiu ru vang Dalat Beco trn con ng hi nhp.

Ton cnh khu trng by sn phm ca cng ty. Nhng thnh tch t c trong cc k hi ch trong nc v quc t trao tng:

- Ban t chc Hi Ch Trin Lm Quc T Cn Th trao tng cp vng sn phm vang LANGBIAN 750ml theo giy chng nhn s: 12/GCN ngy 5/3/2003.

- B Cng Nghip trao tng huy chng vng v chng nhn hng Vit Nam cht lng cao ph hp tiu chun nm 2003 cho sn phm Vang LANGBIAN theo quyt nh khen thng ca B Cng Nghip s 341/Q-VP k ngy 22/12/2003. - B Cng Nghip trao tng huy chng vng ti hi Ch Trin Lm Quc T Hng Cng Nghip ti Vit Nam 2004 theo giy chng nhn s 66/GCN HCTL2004 k ngy 07/7/2004 cho sn phm Dalat Beco Red Wine. - B Cng Nghip trao tng huy chng vng v chng nhn hng Vit Nam cht lng cao ph hp tiu chun nm 2004 cho sn phm Dalat Beco Red Wine theo quyt nh khen thng ca b cng nghip s 2413/BTC/HC k ngy 13/9/2004. - B Nng Nghip v PTNT trao tng huy chng vng ti Hi Ch Trin Lm Nng Nghip Quc T - Vit Nam 2004 theo giy chng nhn s 41/GCN HCTL2004 k ngy 27/9/2004 cho sn phm Dalat Beco Red Wine. - B Y T - Cc An Ton V Sinh Thc Phm tng cp vng thng hiu an ton v sc khe cng ng theo quyt nh khen thng s: 47/BTC-HC HC2004 k ngy 21/12/2004 cho sn phm DaLat Beco Red Wine. - Sn phm ca cng ty c ngi tiu dng bnh chn Hng Vit Nam Cht Lng Cao nm 2005 do Bo Si Gn Tip Th Chng nhn. - t cp vng sn phm DABECO uy tn, cht lng do bn c bnh chn s 163/cv-kt.THV ngy 2/9/2005. - t gii thng Thng Hiu Mnh Vit Nam nm 2005 do Thi Bo Kinh T Vit Nam bnh chn. - t cp vng cht lng sn phm s 18/CNSP/2006 ti hi ch Nha Trang. 3. c im vng nguyn liu:

Khng ch l mt thc ung, ru vang Lt cn gi l c sn, l ci hn tinh ty ca x s sng m. Ni ting nht l thng hiu vang Lt. C mt t nm 1999, vang Lt nhanh chng tr thnh thc ung v mn qu c nhiu ngi a chung, nhng thc t thnh ph ny cha trng c nho m s dng cc loi nho n tri ca Phan Rang, Phan Thit sn xut ru; trong khi, cc loi vang ni ting th gii thng c sn xut t nhng loi nho chuyn dng ch khng phi nho n tri.

Cng ty Dalat Beco s dng ngun nhuyn liu chnh l cc loi nho n tri ca Phan Rang, Phan Thit, Ninh Thun... v kt hp vi loi qu c sn x lnh l qu du tm (cy du tm lm ru vang khng ging vi du m ngi ta thng trng nui tm. Thay v t l, loi du ny cho nhiu tri, nhng tri du en thm, cun xon nh tng chm nho nh xu. Du lm ru vang ch thch hp trng vng kh hu lnh). V cng ty sn xut ru vang ca mnh theo cch s dng nho n tri ti trn vi nc p tri du tm ln men, hay nhp nc ct nho ru t Php, thm ch l pha trn vi ru vang thng hng t Php...Vi phng php ch bin ru vang nh vy, cht lng vang Vit Nam cha th cnh tranh c vi vang ngoi v cha th hin c bn sc vang.

Qu du tm: Vi thc t cng ty dn nh hng pht trin ngnh sn xut ru vang lm sao cho ra ru vang Lt 100%, c ngha l ngun nguyn liu s c trng v ru vang s c sn xut ngay ti Lt. Nm 2007 UBND tnh Lm ng cp php cho Cng ty lin doanh Nho Lt - lin doanh gia Cng ty c phn Ru bia Lt v Cng ty SCEA De La Cote ca Cng ha Php - u t xy dng vng nho chuyn canh ti Lt. Cng ty lin doanh nho Lt u t 10 t ng trng 15 ha nho bng cc ging ca Php ti x T Nung-TP Lt, cch trung tm thnh ph khong 25km. Ngy 13/3/2007 Cc Trng trt (B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn) ng cho Cng ty c phn Ru bia Lt (Dalat Beco) nhp khu 6 ging nho vi tng s 30.000 cy ging t Cng ha Php v trng th nghim ti x T Nung thnh ph Lt, 6 ging nho c php nhp ni trn l nhng ging c chng dng lm nguyn liu sn xut ru vang ca Php.

Chng trnh trng th nghim 30.000 cy ging trn din tch 15 ha bc u ti Lt l giai on khi im to vng nguyn liu cung cp cho nh my sn xut ru vang lin doanh gia Dalat Beco v Cng ty SECA Delacote (Cng ha Php). u 6/2009, 4 ging nho Php (Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah v Caladoc) ti T Nung ( Lt) cho thu hoch v u tin. l nhng loi nho ng ngha cho ru vang n t nc Php, c mt ngi n ng lng t em n VN sau mi nm thng trm... Theo tnh ton ca cng ty, mi nm nng tri nho T Nung s cho 5 tn tri/ha. T qung nm th 5-10 tr i s cho n nh 25-30 tn/ha, tng ng tng lng nc ct nho c c 250 -300 tn/nm. Chng y lng nc ct kia sn xut ra c 200.000-250.000 lt ru vang c trng/nm. Tuy nhin, so vi nhu cu dng n 10-15 triu lt ru vang/nm ca VN hin nay th lng nho kia qu cha thm vo u. Nhng nhng thnh cng bc u ny s m ra mt tng lai tt p hn cho ngnh sn xut ru Vang Vit Nam. u th c c khi trng ging nho n t nc Php: Cy nho trng T Nung khng nhng c t l cy cht thp (ch 5%, so vi t l cht bn Php n 10%), m cn c tc tng trng gp i so vi trng bn Php". Php cy nho ng ng mt 6 thng nn thu hoch ch c 1 v/nm, tui th ca cy khong 50 nm, cn T Nung nhit rt tt (ngy nng m lnh), nn 1 nm c th thu hoch 2 v. Nh vy tnh ton chi ph u t cho 1 ha nho Lt ch bng 1/3 so vi Php. Gi tng thnh ca vang sn xut ti Lt s thp hn so vi vang nhp t nc ngoi v v vy cng tnh cnh tranh. iu c bit, ngay chnh qu hng ca n, vng Vaucluse, vi cc dng h k cu nht trng cc loi nho thng hng ly tri nu ru nh Syrah, Merlot, Cabeenet Sauvignon, Caladoc u phi qua ba nm mi cho tri, th T Nung kt qu c nh huyn thoi: sau mt nm c tri cht lng tt. l nhng u th khng th tt hn chin lc trng nho ngoi nhp tip tc pht trin em li kt qu tt.

Hai loi nho thng c s dng lm vang 4. Mt s sn phm ru vang ca cng ty Lt Beco: Vang lt - Export: Mu sm (m hn Vang alat o). Mi thm m ca hoa qu ln men quyn ln mi ru . V hi chua quyn ln v cht m tinh t

Vang lt trng - Export: Dung dch trong mu vng rm, mi thm du c trng cu tri cy ln men, v hi chua hu cht du m.

Vang lt Premium: Mu ru bi. m hng v ca hoa qu gi nh mi ca cc loi qu mng, du rng, l en thong cht mi gia v, mi khong cht va mnh m va ...

Vang lt Demisec: Mu sm. Mi thm nh ca tri nho ln men. V hi chua cht ha quyn vi v ngt

Vang lt : Mu sm mi thm nh ca hoa qu ln men (thong mi qu anh o, mi qu chua) V hi chua, cht hi ho. Nguyn liu chnh l ging nho Cardinal

Vang lt trng: Vang lt trng c ln men chnh thng t dch p nc qu nho bng cng ngh v thit b hin i, to nn mt hng v tuyt vi

II. Nguyn liu cho sn xut ru vang: 1. Nho: Nho thuc h Vitis. Nho l loi tri cy dng lm nguyn liu truyn thng sn xut ru vang. Da vo ngun gc ca ging nho, c th chia thnh 2 nhm c bn: Nho trng: tri nho khi chn v khng c mu hoc c mu vng lc nht. Nho : tri nho khi chn c mu tm nhng mc khc nhau. Trong sn xut vang trng, c th s dng c nho trng v nho . Tuy nhin, khi sn xut vang trng vi nho th cng on x l nguyn liu phc tp hn. Do , ngi ta thng s dng nho trng sn xut ru vang trng. m bo cho sn phm c cht lng cao, cn phi tch v x l ring cc chm nho, qu nho b dp trong qu trnh thu hi nho chn. Phn ln cc loi nho dng lm ru vang trng v khi c gt hi th s t khong 0,65% acid v 23o Brix. a s, cc ngh nhn lm ru vang quyt nh thi im gt hi nho bng thng qua vic nh gi mu sc nho v nm qu nho. Bo qun nho nguyn liu: c th bo qun bng kho lnh nhm hn ch vi sinh vt pht trin.

a. Cu to qu nho:

b. Thnh phn ha hc:


Nc: chim t 70 - 78% khi lng. Nc ch yu nm phn tht qu. ng: 10-30%, bao gm glucose, fructose, saccharose. Cc axit hu c : 0,5-1,7%, bao gm axit malic, factoric. Protein: 0,1-0,9%.

Peptin: 0,1-0,3%. Cht khong: 0,1-0,5%. Cha nhiu Vitamin C, B1, B2, PP v cc cht thm khc.

Nho l loi qu l tng nht ln men ch bin ru vang v: Qu nho c cht lng, gi tr dinh dng cao, to hng v m , c trng. Thnh phn ha hc trong dch nho rt thch hp cho nm men pht trin. T l dch nc p c cao.

2. H vi sinh vt trong ln men ru vang t nhin: H vi sinh vt trong ln men ru vang t nhin tng i phc tp v khng ng nht trong cc giai on ca qu trnh ln men. Trong nc nho ti c nhng nhm vi sinh vt khc nhau t mi trng xung quanh, ch yu v qu, thn, cung v thit b. Phn ln trong phc h ny l nm mc (76 90%), nm men (9 22%), s cn li chim t l thp l vi khun khng sinh bo t hoc c bo t, x khun v Micobacter. acid ca nc nho kh cao (pH = 2,7 3,8) l iu kin khng thun li cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin. mi trng c chua ln thng ch thch hp vi nm mc v nm men. Nm men trong nc qu ti thng t hn nm mc, nhng nm men li c kh nng pht trin v tng sinh khi nhanh trong iu kin thiu oxy hoc k kh, ng thi ln men tch t cn. iu kin k kh v trong dung dch c cn lm c ch nm mc. Chnh trong iu kin ny nm men cnh tranh v pht trin chim u th trong qu trnh ln men t nhin. Trong cc loi nm men cng cnh tranh nhau ch c cc loi c kh nng ng ha ng nhanh to cn cao mi dn dn chim u th giai on ln men chnh v ln men ph. Cc cng trnh nghin cu u xc nh rng, h nm men trong giai on u ln men nc nho l kloeckera nm men c dng hnh chy chim phn ln v hot ng tch t c 2 4 cn ri ngng hot ng v cht dn, sau l nm men ru vang thc th (Saccharomyces cerevisiae v Saccharomyces oviformics) pht trin v ng vai tr ch yu trong ln men chnh v ln men ph.

3. Nm men: Nm men l tn chung ch nhm nm men c cu to v sinh sn bng cch ny chi v phn ct. Chng phn b rng ri khp ni. c bit chng c mt nhiu t trng nho v cc ni trng hoa qu. Ngoi ra thy chng c mt trn tri cy chn, trong nhy hoa, trong khng kh v c ni sn xut ru vang. 3.1 Hnh dng v kch thc: - Hnh dng t bo nm men: Nm men thng c hnh dng khc nhau, thng c hnh cu, hnh elip, hnh trng, hnh bu dc v c hnh di. Mt s loi nm men c t bo hnh di ni vi nhau thnh nhng dng si gi l khun ty (Mycelium) hay khun ty gi (Pseudo mycelium). Tuy nhin hnh dng ca chng khng n nh, ph thuc vo tui ca nm men v iu kin nui cy. - Kch thc t bo nm men: T bo nm men thng c kch thc rt ln gp t 5 10 ln t bo vi khun. Kch thc trung bnh:

Chiu di: 9 10 m Chiu rng: 2 7 m

Kch thc cng thay i, khng ng u cc loi khc nhau, cc la tui khc nhau v iu kin nui cy khc nhau. 3.2. Cu to t bo nm men: T bo nm men cng nh nhiu loi t bo khc c cu to ch yu t cc phn c bn nh sau: Thnh t bo: cu to t nhiu thnh phn khc nhau. Trong ch yu l: glucan, manan, protein, lipid v mt s thnh phn nh khc nh kitin, volutin, Mng nguyn sinh cht: gm cc hp cht phc tp nh protein, phospholipit enzyme permeaza Cht nguyn sinh: thnh phn cu to ch yu l nc, protit, gluxit, lipit v cc mui khong, enzyme v c cc c quan trong .

Nhn t bo. Nhng thnh phn c quan con khc: khng bo, ty lp th, riboxom,

3.3.S sinh sn ca nm men: Nm men c mt s hnh thc sinh sn sau: - Sinh sn bng cch ny chi. - Sinh sn bng cch phn i. - Sinh sn bng bo t v s hnh thnh bo t. + Tip hp ng giao. + Tip hp d giao. + Sinh sn n tnh. 3.4. Phn loi nm men: Ch yu c hai lp: nm men tht (Ascomyces) v lp nm men gi (Fungi imporfecti) - Lp nm men tht (lp Ascomyces lp nm ti): + Phn ln nm men dng trong cng nghip thuc lp Ascomyces, a s thuc ging Saccharomyces. + Ging Endomyces + Ging Schizosaccharomyces - Lp nm men gi (Fungi imporfecti nm men bt ton) + Crytococus (toscula, tornlopsis) + Mycoderma + Eandida + Geotrichum ( c xp vo lp nm mc) + Rhodotorula 3.5. Cc qu trnh sinh l ca t bo nm men:

* Sinh dng ca nm men: Cu to ca t bo nm men thay i khc nhau ty theo loi, tui v mi trng sng, nhng nhn chung bao gm: - Nc: 75 85% - Cht kh: 15 25% . Trong cht khong chim 2 14% hm lng cht kh. Bng 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca nm men Cc cht Cacbon CaO Nitro Hydro P2O5 K2O SO3 MgO Fe2O3 SiO magi, - Dinh dng Cacbon: Ngun Cacbon cung cp l cc loi ng khc nhau: saccarose, maltose, lactose, glucose H hp hiu kh: C6H12O6 + 6O2 H hp k kh 6CO2 + 6H2O + 674 cal Thnh phn (% cht kh) 49,8 12,4 6,7 3,54 2,34 0,04 0,42 0,38 0,035 0,09

Nm men cng nh cc sinh vt sng khc cn oxy, hydro, cacbon, nit, phospho, kali,

C6H12O6

2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 33 cal

- Dinh dng oxy, hydro: c cung cp cho t bo t nc ca mi trng nui cy hay dch. - Dinh dng Nit: Nm men khng c men ngoi bo phn gii protid, nn khng th phn ct albumin ca mi trng m phi cung cp nit dng ha tan, c th l m hu c hoc v c. Dng hu c thng dng l acid amin, pepton, amid, ur. m v c l cc mui amon kh nitrat, sulfat - Cc vitamin v cht khong: Cht khong c nh hng to ln n hot ng sng ca nm men. + Phospho: c trong thnh phn nucleoprotein, polyphosphat ca nhiu enzyme ca sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh ln men ru, chng to ra lin kt c nng lng ln. + Lu hunh: tham gia vo thnh phn mt s acid amin, albumin, vitamin v enzyme. + Magi: tham gia vo nhiu phn ng trung gian ca s ln men. + St: tham gia vo cc thnh phn enzyme, s h hp v cc qu trnh khc. + Kali: cha nhiu trong nm men, n thc y s pht trin ca nm men, tham gia vo s ln men ru, to iu kin phc hi phosphorin ha ca acid pyruvic. + Mangan: ng vai tr tng t nh magi. * C ch vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng vo trong t bo nm men: Nm men hon ton khng c c quan dinh dng ring bit, cc cht dinh dng m n s dng ch yu c vn chuyn qua thnh t bo theo hai con ng c bn. - Thm thu b ng: trn thnh t bo nm men c nhng l nh, nhng l ny c tc dng lm cho cht dinh dng vn chuyn vo trong t bo t mi trng bn ngoi nh p sut thm thu, ngc li cht thi trong qu trnh trao i cng c thi ra theo con ng ny. - Hp thu ch ng: cc thnh phn dinh dng khng c kh nng xm nhp vo t bo theo con ng th nht th lp tc c h permeaza hot ha. Permeaza l mt protid hot ng,

chng lin kt vi cht dinh dng to thnh hp cht v hp cht ny chui qua thnh t bo trong, ti y chng li tch ra v permeaza li tip tc vn chuyn tip. * Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin: - S sinh trng: Trong qu trnh nui cy, trong iu kin dinh dng y , t bo nm men tng nhanh v kch thc v ng thi sinh khi c tch ly nhiu. - S pht trin: Cc nm men sinh sn bng phng php nhn i thng cho lng sinh khi rt ln sau mt thi gian ngn. Trong trng hp sinh sn theo phng php ny th trong dch nui cy s khng c t bo gi. V rng t bo c phn chia thnh hai c nh vy t bo lc no cng trng thi ang pht trin. T bo ch gi khi mi trng thiu cht dinh dng v t bo khng c kh nng sinh sn na. Tuy nhin a s nm men sinh sn bng phng php ny chi nn hin tng pht hin t bo gi rt r. Khi chi non tch khi t bo m sng c lp th ni tch trn t bo m to thnh mt vt so. Vt so ny s khng c kh nng to ra chi mi. C nh vy t bo m s chuyn thnh t bo gi theo thi gian. xc nh s lng t bo nm men pht trin theo thi gian hin nay ngi ta dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh: + Xc nh s lng t bo bng phng php m trc tip trn knh hin vi hay gin tip trn mt thch. + o c ca t bo trong dung dch nui cy trn c s xy dng mt th chun ca mt t bo Qu trnh sinh trng ca nm men trong dch ln men tnh c th chia lm 5 giai on:

t Hnh 1. Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men Giai on tim pht: giai on ny t bo lm quen vi mi trng, sinh khi cha tng nhiu. Giai on logarit: y l giai on pht trin rt nhanh, sinh khi tng o t, km theo s thay i mnh m ca dch ln men. Giai on chm dn: tc sinh trng nm men gim dn, thnh phn dch ln men cn li t, cc sn phm ln men c tch t nhiu. Giai on n nh: s lng t bo nm men khng tng na, tc sinh sn bng tc cht. Giai on cht: tc cht tng nhanh, tc sinh sn rt t do s lng t bo nm men gim dn. 3.6. Cc hnh thc h hp ca nm men: nm men h hp l qu trnh h hp kh phc tp, n xy ra theo hai chiu hng khc nhau. V th ngi ta phn thnh 2 loi h hp : h hp hiu kh v h hp ym kh. 3.7. Mt s loi nm men thng gp trong sn xut ru vang: Sau y l mt s loi nm men thng gp trong nc qu c vai tr quan trng trong ngh lm ru vang. 3.7.1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: y l tn hin nay dng ph bin, trc y ngi ta gi l Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyer hay l S. ellipsoideus theo Lodder l Saccharomyces vini.

Nm men ny ph bin trong qu trnh ln men nc qu chim ti 80% trong tng s Saccharomyces c trong nc qu khi ln men. Kh nng kt lng ca n ph thuc vo tng ni: cc t bo dng bi hoc dng bng. Ngun dinh dng cacbon ca loi ny l ng, cn v acid hu c, nhng tc nhn sinh trng l acid pantotinic, biotin, mezoinozit, thiamin v piridoxin. a s cc t bo ca loi ny hnh ovan c kch thc (3 8) x (5 12) m, sinh sn theo li ny chi v to thnh bo t. Saccharomyces cerevisiae sinh ra enzyme invectara c kh nng kh ng sacaroza thnh fructoza v glucoza, v vy trong ln men ta c th b sung loi ng ny vo dung dch qu v hm lng ru c to thnh bnh thng i vi nhiu ni ca men ny ch t c 8 10% so vi th tch. giai on cui ln men Saccharomyces cerevisiae kt lng nhanh v lm trong dch ru. ni ca ging ny c c tnh ring v kh nng to cn, chu sunfit, tng hp cc cu t bay hi v cc sn phm th cp to ra cho vang c mi v c trng ring bit. Giai on cui cng ca qu trnh ln men cc t bo Saccharomyces cerevisiae thng b gi, khng tip tc chuyn ng thnh cn v b cht rt nhanh. 3.7.2. Saccharomyces uvarum: Men ny c tch t nc nho, ru len men t nhin. V hnh thi n khng khc vi cc loi khc. Kh nng sinh bo t kh mnh trn mi trng thch malt. Cc ni ca loi ny c th ln men 12 130 cn trong dung dch nc nho. Mt vi ni c dng trong sn xut ru vang. 3.7.3. Saccharomyces chevalieri: Theo Lodder l Saccharomyces chevalieri Guilliermond. Nm men ny c tch t nc nho ln men t nhin, t ru vang non c gy men nc da hoc nc c. Saccharomyces chevalieri thun chng ln men nc nho c th to 16 0 cn. N thng ln vi Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3.7.4. Saccharomyces oviformics: Theo Lodder l Sac. Beuanes saccardo. c tch ra t nc nho t ln men, nhng loi nm men ny t hn so vi Sacch. vini. Ging thun chng pht trin tt trong nc nho v cc

loi nc qu khc, c kh nng chu c ng cao, cn cao, ln men kit ng v to thnh ti 180 cn. Cc yu t sinh trng ca loi ny ging nh Sacch. vini v c kh nng chu c cn cao. Dng cc ni thun chng ca ging ny ln men dch qu c hm lng ng cao ch vang kh cho kt qu tt. C hnh dng ging nh Saccharomyces cerevisiae v c th to thnh 18% ru trong qu trnh ln men, ging ny to thnh mng trn dch qu. S. oviformis ln men c glucose, fructose, mantose, saccarose, maltose v 1/3 rafinose, khng ln men c lactose, pentose. iu khc nhau c bn ca S. oviformis vi S. vini l: S. oviformis khng ln men c galactose v men ni ln b mt dch ln men to thnh mng. Hai ging sn xut ru vang ny (S. vini v S. oviformis) c nhiu ni c dng trong sn xut. 3.7.5. Hanseniaspora apiculate Kloeckera apiculata: Kloeckera apiculata: kch thc tng i nh, c hnh ovan elip hoc hnh qu chanh, t bo c mt u nh ngi ta thng gi l men hnh chy. Sinh sn bng ny chi, rt ph bin v qu v nhim vo nc qu chim n 90% tng s men khi bt u ln men. N c th ln men to thnh 6 70 cn, nhng to ra mt lot cc acid bay hi cng nh cc este ca chng lm cho dch c mi tp v n cn km hm cc loi nm men chnh trong ln men, K. apiculata nhy cm vi SO2. Trong ngh lm ru vang ngi ta khng mong mun loi men ny pht trin, nu c th ch cn c trong giai on u to c 3 40 cn. 3.8. Yu cu i vi chn nm men thun chng: Cc loi nm men thun khit dng nhiu trong sn xut ru vang thuc ging Saccharomyces cerevisiae v Saccharomyces oviformis. Cc chng nm men thun khit ny, c s khc nhau v tc sinh trng, khong nhit thch hp ln men, kh nng to cn v chu cn, kh nng chu c pH thp cng nh kh nng kt lng (to thnh dng bng hoc dng bi). - Nhng yu cu i vi nm men ru vang l:

+ C hot lc ln men cao i vi nc qu + S dng ng cho ln men gn nh hon ton + Kt lng tt + Lm trong dch ru nhanh + Chu c ru cao v acid ca mi trng cng nh cc cht st trng + To cho ru hng v thm ngon tinh khit 3.9. Cc yu t nh hng ti nm men trong ln men ru vang: 5.3.9.1. Oxy: Hu ht cc chng nm men trong ln men ru vang thuc ging Saccharomyces. Chng l nhm vi sinh vt k kh ty tin. Khi trong mi trng lng oxy nm men phn hy ng dng lm ngun nng lng v cu to t bo tng sinh khi. Trng hp thiu oxy (k kh) nm men s dng phn oxy ha tan trong mi trng sinh trng v ch yu l ln men. Trong qu trnh ln men giai on u yu cu oxy cao nht nm men sinh sn, pht trin tng sinh khi. Nu c giai on nhn ging th cng cn phi cung cp oxy bng cch lc hoc sc kh. 3.9.2. Nhit : Nhit ln men c nh hng n i sng ca nm men, n qu trnh ln men v cht lng ca sn phm. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v sn xut ru vang xc nh c khong nhit ln men ru vang trng thch hp l 15 300C, nu ln men nhng thang thp hn th cng tt. Cn ln men ru vang (nc qu ln vi xc qu) phi chit xut cc cht thm v polyphenol t v qu nn cn thang cao hn, thng l 250C. Nhit ln men cao, thi gian ca qu trnh ln men ngn, cn c th thp, ng st cn nhiu v hng v ca sn phm c khi khng tt. 3.9.3. Hm lng ng:

Trong nc qu thng c hm lng ng khng u do vy ngi ta thng b sung thm ng saccaroza. a s cc loi nm men hot ng bnh thng trong mi trng ng di 20%. C mt s chng hot ng mi trng c ng cao hn. Khi nhn ging thng dng mi trng c ng thp di 10%. 3.9.4. pH ca mi trng: Trong thc t ln men nhng dch qu chua thng c ru vang ngon. i vi dch qu thng c pH t 2.8 3.8. Khong pH ny nm men vn hot ng c. Vng pH ti thch ca nm men l 4 6. Trong sn xut ru vang ngi ta thng chun b mi trng nc qu c pH bng 3.0 3.5. 3.9.5. Ngun Nit: a s trong nc qu c cc hp cht nit cung cp cho nm men. Tuy nhin cng c trng hp khng ngun nit do cn b sung thm ngun nit. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng dng amon sulphat (NH4)2SO4. Cng c th dng men t phn cho thm vo mi trng. Nu dch qu qu chua dng tartrat amon-kali hay amon hydroxy trung ha bt acid. i vi dch nhn ging hoc hot ha ging th hn hp cc ngun nit v cc cht sinh trng rt c ngha. Trong nc qu thng c cc cht khong i vi nhu cu ca nm men. V vy, khng cn phi b sung thm cht khong. Tuy nhin trong nghin cu cng nh trong nhn ging c th thm ngun phospho kali dng mui phosphat v magi dng mui sulfat. Ngoi ra chng oxy ha nc qu, ngi ta c th thm ha cht vo nc qu sau khi p v trc khi ln men. Cht dng rng ri l SO2 (anhydrit sunphur). SO2 l ha cht c cho php dng trong sn xut ru vang hu ht trn th gii v c tc dng nhiu mt: chng oxy ha, lm gim hoc tiu dit vi khun c hi. Ngun SO2 ph bin trong ru vang l natri sunfit Na2SO3. Khng nn dng qu liu lng cho php s lm cho ru vang c mi kh chu v dit mt s vi khun c ch. 4. ng:

ng Saccharose l nguyn liu thng c s dng b sung vo mi trng ln men nhm iu chnh ng t hm lng cn thit cho qu trnh ln men sn xut ru vang. Yu cu ca ng b sung vo l t cc ch tiu v cht lng: tiu chun cm quan, tiu chun ha l v tiu chun vi sinh. 5. Nc: Hm lng cht kh trong mi trng trc lc ln men thng vo khong 20% (theo trng lng). Nh vy trong ru vang thnh phm, nc chim mt t l kh ln (khong 80%) v iu ny cng chng t nc l mt trong nhng nguyn liu sn xut ru vang. 6. Cc cht ph gia khc: SO2 hoc NaHSO3: thng c b sung trc khi ln men vi liu lng 50 200ppm. Mc ch l c ch, tiu dit cc vi khun c hi. Bentonit, tanin v t st trng l cc cht tr lng, gip cho qu trnh lng trong sn phm c tt hn. Enzyme Pectinase: c b sung vo nhm mc ch lm trong v lm gim nht cho sn phm. III. Quy trnh sn xut ru vang: 1. Khi qut v qu trnh ln men ru: Ln men l mt qu trnh trao i cht di tc dng ca cc enzyme tng ng gi l cht xc tc sinh hc. Ty theo sn phm tch t sau qu trnh ln men m ngi ta chia lm nhiu kiu ln men khc nhau. Tuy nhin c hai hnh thc ln men chnh l ln men ym kh v ln men hiu kh. Ln men ru l qu trnh ln men ym kh vi s c mt ca nm men, chng s chuyn ha ng ln men thnh ethanol v CO2. Qu trnh ln men ru chia lm hai thi k chnh: - Thi k pht trin sinh khi: giai on ny vi s c mt ca oxy, t bo nm men pht trin sinh khi.

- Thi k ln men chuyn ng thnh ru v CO 2: giai on ny nm men hp th cc cht dinh dng v s dng cc enzyme sn c ca mnh thc hin xc tc sinh hc trong qu trnh trao i cht duy tr s sng, to thnh ru v CO2. 2. C ch ca qu trnh ln men: Glucose Hexokinaza Glucose 6 phosphat Photphoglucoza isomeraza Fructose 6 phosphat PhosphoFructokinaza Fructose 1,6 diphosphat Aldolaza Triophosphat izomeraza Glyceraldehyd 3 phosphat Dihydro aceton phosphat

Glyceraldehyd phosphatdehydrogenaza Acid 1,3 diphosphoglyceric Phosphoglyceratkinaza Acid 3 phosphoglyceric Phosphoglycerat-mutaza Acid 2 phosphoglyceric Enoiaza Acid phosphoenolpyruvic Pyruvat kinaza Acid enol pyruvic

Acid pyruvic Pyruvate decarboxylaza Ethanal Aldodeshydrogenaza Ethanol 3. Quy trnh sn xut ru vang trng v ru vang :

Nguyn liu

Tip nhn, phn loi Nc Ra

Qu h, thi

Tch cung Cung Lm dp, nghin

NaHSO3

Sulfit ha

p B t p CO2 Sulfit ha B kh Nc

Nm nen Cn Nhn ging O2 v trng

Lm trong Cn Ln men chnh ng, vitamin,

Lng

Cn Chit rt, ng nt V, nt chai

Ln men ph Dn nhn, ng thng Bao b, nhn

Lc th Cn th Lc tinh Nm men st

Vang trng

Nguyn liu

Tip nhn, phn loi Nc Ra

Qu h, thi

Tch cung

Cung

Lm dp, nghin Nm nen NaHSO3 Nhn ging O2 v trng Sulfit ha ng, vitamin,

Ln men chnh

p,lc loi b b

Ln men ph

Cn th Nm men Lc tinh st Chit rt, ng nt V, nt chai

Lc th

Dn nhn, ng thng

Bao b, nhn

Vang

4. Thuyt minh quy trnh: Ru vang thng c lm t cc loi nho nguyn cht v c ln men mt cch t nhin. V nho vn c hai c tnh t nhin l ng v men nn nc nho c p ra, tri qua mt quy chnh ch bin s tr thnh ru vang. 4.1. Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu s dng cho sn xut c th l nho, qu du tm hoc mt s loi tri cy khc nhng tt nht l nho. 4.2. Tip nhn v phn loi nguyn liu: Cht lng ru nho, c th ni 60% l do nguyn liu quyt nh, 40% l do cng ngh, v vy nguyn liu tt s cho sn phm tt, v vy qu trnh tip nhn v phn loi phi tin hnh k Qu trnh la chn, phn loi c th c tin hnh trc khi bo qun nguyn liu hay trong khi ch bin trong phn xng sn xut. La chn loi b qu dp nt, thi hay xanh qu Nho chn sau thu hoch phi c vn chuyn nhanh chng v cc nh my sn xut ru vang. ti , nho c phn loi theo tng ging nho, loi nho (nho chn k thut, nho cha chn v nho qu chn). Vic phn loi rt quan trng v mun vang nho cht lng cao th cn phi c nhng ging nho cht lng cao. Mi ging nho s cho ra sn phm vang c hng v ring bit. 4.3. Ra: Qu trnh ra c th c tin hnh trc hoc sau khi phn loi nguyn liu. 4.4. Tch cung: Chm nho khi mi hi v vn cn dnh c cung v cnh. Thng th ngi ta tch ri nhng th ra ru khi c v ng cht qu. 4.5. Lm dp, nghin x: Qu trnh lm dp, nghin x cho php ly cc phn p khc nhau theo quy nh nghim ngt ca quy trnh cng ngh. Giai on cn ny thn trng, khng lm dp ht nho, hn ch gia tng cht cht trong dch nc nho. Phn tht qu phi c x nhuyn. Lu : Qu trnh loi cung, l v x dp phi c thc hin nhanh nht c th sau khi nho c vn chuyn n nh my. Trong sut qu trnh thu hoch nho khng trnh khi b dp, tit dch.

V th to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca cc loi nm men v vi khun c trn v nho, oxy ha cc hp cht nh hng xu n mu ca sn phm sau ny. Ngoi ra sau khi thu hoch, trong nho din ra qu trnh h hp, lm tng nhit cng to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Cung v l nho phi c loi tra trc khi x dp v trong cung v l nho c cha cc hp cht phenol nh catechin, cc flavonoid (c bit l quercetin gy cn vng l lng trong sn phm) v caftaric acid. Cc hp cht ny gy ra v ng cho sn phm. vic loi b l gip hn ch s to thnh cc aldehyte v alcohol 6 carbon (do linoleic v linoleic trch ly t biu b l b oxy ha bi enzyme). thun tin thng qu trnh loi cung v l thng c kt hp trong mt thit b.

Bn trong my loi cung, l nho 4.6. Sulfit ha: Sau khi lm nt nguyn liu , ngi ta khng tin hnh un si dung dch ln men. tiu dit vsv ngi ta thng dng SO2. Lng SO2 trong dch ln men khng c qu nhiu v s gy c ch s pht trin v hot ng chuyn ha ng thnh ru, lng s dng khong 30 120 mg/l. Cc nc sn xut ru vang thng dng SO2 v c tc dng nhiu mt: chng oxy ha, lm gim hoc tiu dit nhiu loi vi khun c hi. Tuy nhin, nu dng SO 2 khng ng liu lng c th lm cho ru vang c mi kh chu, tiu dit mt s vi khun c li, ng thi cng l tc nhn gy ng c trong ru vang. 4.7. p:

lm ra vang trng th nho sau khi nghin x s c a qua h thng p v sau c a vo bn ln men. lm ra ru th phn nho ny s c a trc tip n bn ln men ri sau a qua h thng p. p xc qu vi cc thit b thp khng r, thp inox khng b axit n mn, khng c vt st hoc ng. Thu dch qu chun b cho qu trnh ln men. 4.8. Lc Lm trong: Lc b phn xc i vi vang trng. Lc b cung v ht i vi vang . giai on ny thng xy ra qu trnh ln men t pht. Mt s k thut ngn nga hin tung trn l x l nc nho vi SO2 (sulfit ho) ko di t 12 - 24h, liu lng 15 - 29g SO2 /100 lit nho. 4.9. Ln men - : Ln men ru vang thng chia thnh cc giai on: ln men chnh nhit t 20 30oC khong 10 ngy hoc di hn. cui giai on ln men chnh dch ln men trong dn v protein v pectin lng xung. Ln men ph nhit t 15 18oC. ru t c s hi ha v n nh ca mi v v cht lng th ru phi c nhm lm cho kh xi tc ng tht chm. Ru vang trong bn thp ln s phi lu hn ru vang trong cc bn hoc trong cc thng bng g. nhit 4 10oC ru vang hon thin hng v c trng. Thi gian c th l vi thng, vi nm, thm ch hng chc hoc hng trm nm. Cng ty Dalat Beco s dng cc tank cha ln men ru vang:

V cha sn phm sau len men trong cc bn cha:

4.10. Chit rt, ng nt, dn nhn: Sau khi lc b cn v men cn st th ta chit rt vo chai, ng nt v dn nhn sn phm. Thng ngi ta dng g si ng nt v ng thng lu tr. V cht phenol trong g si khi tc dng vi ru vang s to ra mi vanilla v v ngt cht ca tr hay v ngt ca hoa qu. G si cng tc ng ln mu sc ca ru.

H thng chit rt chai.

H thng ra, kh trng chai trc khi a vo chit rt.

Sn phm sau khi chit rt, ng nt chun b cho dn nhn, bao gi.

Sn phm c ng vo cc thng carton tr trong kho hng. III. Mt s tiu chun Vit Nam: 1. Tiu chun Vit Nam cho ru vang thnh phm-TCVN 7045:2009: 1.1. Ch tiu cm quan: Bng 2. Cc ch tiu cm quan i vi ru vang : Tn ch tiu Yu cu 1. Mu sc c trng cho tng loi sn phm 2. Mi Thm c trng ca nguyn liu v sn phm ln men, khng c mi l 3. V c trng cho tng loi sn phm, khng c v l 4. Trng thi Trong, khng vn c 1.2. Ch tiu ha hc: Bng 3. Cc ch tiu ha hc ca ru vang: Tn ch tiu Mc 0 1. Hm lng etanol (cn) 20 C, % th tch T 8 n 18 2. Hm lng metanol trong 1L etanol 1000, % th tch, 0.05 khng ln hn 3. axit 4. Hm lng SO2, mg/l etanol 1000, khng ln hn 5. Hm lng CO2 6. Hm lng xyanua, mg/l etanol 1000C, khng ln hn 1.3. Ph gia thc phm: Ph gia thc phm s dng cho ru vang: theo quy nh hin hnh. 1.4. Yu cu v sinh: Nh sn xut t cng b 350 Nh sn xut t cng b 0.1

Kim loi nng: Gii hn ti a hm lng kim lng kim loi nng i vi ru vang: Theo quy nh hin hnh. Vi sinh vt: Cc ch tiu vi sinh vt trong ru vang: Theo quy nh hin hnh. Phng php th: a. Xc nh cc ch tiu cm quan, theo TCVN 8007:2009. b. Xc nh hm lng etanol, theo AOAC 983.13. c. Xc nh hm lng metanol, theo TCVN 8010:2009. d. Xc nh axit, theo TCVN 8012:2009. e. Xc nh hm lng CO2 theo AOAC 988.07. f. Xc nh hm lng SO2 theo AOAC 940.20. g. Xc nh hm lng xyanua, theo AOAC 973.20. Bao gi, ghi nhn, bo qun v vn chuyn: a. Bao gi: Ru vang c ng trong bao b kn, chuyn dng cho thc phm v khng nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm. b. Ghi nhn: Ghi nhn sn phm theo quy nh hin hnh v TCVN 7087:2008 (CODEX STAN 1-2005) c. Bo qun: Bo qun ru vang ni kh, mt, trnh nh nng mt tri v khng nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm. d. Vn chuyn: Phng tin vn chuyn ru vang phi kh, sch, khng c mi l v khng nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm. 2. Tiu chun Vit Nam cho bao b carton, ng gi, k hiu bo qun, vn chuyn i vi ru vang xut khu-32 TCVN 66-74: 2.1. Bao b, ng gi v k hiu: 2.1.1. Bao b ng ru lm bng carton c hai lp lng mng phi t c cc yu cu sau y: - Lp carton phng mt ngoi phi cng c nh lng 250-350 g/m2 v phi trng mt lp du chng m.

- Hai lp lng mng bng carton c nh lng 180g/m2. - Lp carton gia ngn cch hai lp lng mng c nh lng 200-250g/m2. - Lp carton phng mt trong phi cng v c nh lng 200-250g/m2. - Nm lp carton phi c kt dnh vi nhau bng h dn silicat. 2.1.2. Theo kch thc ca loi chai, kch thc hm, cch xp xp chai trong hm c quy nh theo bng sau: Bng 4. Ch tiu v kch thc hm ng ru: Kch thc hm v cch sp xp Loi chai S lng chai Theo chiu di Chai thy tinh 15 5 Theo chiu rng 3 404 Chiu di Cch xp chai Kch thc bn trong Tnh bng mm Chiu Chiu rng 212 cao 309

Hi phng 0.65l Ghi ch: dung sai cho php v kch thc hm +/- 3mm. Hm ng chai Hi phng mt trn cng phi m mt tm carton dy khong 1-2mm, y lt mt tm carton dy 2mm hm khi b x. 2.1.3. Gia cc chai phi c vch ngn, vch ngn to thnh nhng vung gi cho mi chai ng thng, khng va chm vo nhau, vch ngoi lm bng carton mt lng mng hoc carton phng dy t 2-3mm. Cc lm bng carton ln sng ba lp, chiu cao phi bng chiu cao ca chai. 2.1.4. Chai ru trc khi t vo cc trong hm c bc giy bn kn bo v chai v nhn dn ca chai ru. 2.1.5. Sau khi xp chai ru vo hm, khe h gia np hm v y hm phi dn bng bo m bng mt loi giy dai c chiu rng 8-9cm, ciu di ca bng di hn chiu di ca hm mi bn ti thiu 5cm v phi dn gp xung hai bn thnh hm. H dn phi dng loi h tt khng bong. Bng giy bo m c in tn Tng Cng ty hoc du ca Tng Cng ty bng mt loi giy dai. 2.1.6. Hai thnh hm carton c ghp cht bng inh st t 5-6 chic cho mi ch ni; khong cch gia cc inh phi u nhau. 2.1.7. Ngoi hm phi sit cht bng ai st hoc ai nha (s ai theo yu cu ca khch hng). Ch ni ai phi c kha.

2.1.8. Hm carton phi kh ro khng b rch xc, khng c vt bn, khng b mc, mi xng. 2.1.9. Dung lng ca mi hm tnh theo lt bng 9.75l. 2.1.10. Ngoi hm carton phi c ghi k m hiu ca sn phm bng mc khng phai, mu ca mc in trn mt l hng phi ng nht, ch c ghi bng ting ca hp ng k, ch c chiu cao 3cm. Ni dung phi r rng sng sa, hnh v phi d hiu, th t ghi nh sau: 2.1.10.1. mt chiu di th nht: - Tn n v kinh doanh. - Mi tn. - Sn phm Vit Nam. 2.1.10.2. mt bn chiu di th hai: - Tn khch hng ( cha v tr chnh gia ghi tn khch hng sau). - C hnh ci chai km theo ch Fraigile v mi tn ch ln 2.1.10.3. mt chiu ngang th nht: - Dung tch. - Khi lng tnh. - Khi lng c b. 2.1.10.4. mt chiu ngang th hai: - S th t l hng. - K hiu chng t, chng v. 2.1.10.5. mt trn hm ru ghi dng ch bng ting Anh: HANDLE WITH CARE FRAGILE (mang cn thn, d v). 2.1.11. Sau khi hon chnh ng gi mt hm thnh phm, ngoi hm mt chiu di th nht pha gc trn bn phi dn mt nhn hiu ca thnh phm, nhn phi dn ngay ngn v khng c php dn ln np st ca hm ru. 2.2. Bo qun v vn chuyn: 2.2.1. Hm carton cha ng thnh phm phi thng xuyn phi hoc sy kh. Hm c bo qun trong kho kh ro, thong, c k bc g lt. Hm khng c lm bp, rch bn v mi mc. 2.2.2. Hm carton cha thnh phm phi bo qun trong kho kh ro, sch s, thong mt, trnh nng qu. Nhit bo qun l nhit bnh thng.

2.2.3. Hm ru trong kho xp thnh tng cao ti a su tng, phi c bc g cch t ti thiu 20cm v cch tng 20cm tr ln. 2.2.4. Thnh phm bo qun trong kho phi xp thnh l, ring bit tng loi ru. 2.2.5. Phng tin vn chuyn ru trong bao b carton phi kh ro sch s, chc chn. Xe vn chuyn phi c mui che, khng nn vn chuyn khi tri ma to. 2.2.6. Trn phng tin vn chuyn cc hm phi xp st nhau trnh va chm mnh. Bc vc phi nh nhng, khng c vt, qung hm ru. 2.2.7. Khi bc ln tu cc hm ru phi t trn mt khay g ln, bn gc c dy thp chng trnh v. Tuyt i khng xp chung vi rau qu ti v cc hng ha khc. IV. Kt lun v nhn xt: Vi s tip n tn tnh ca ban qun l cng ty Dalat Beco chng em c hiu bit thm v thc t ngnh sn xut ru vang, thy c nhng khc bit khi i t l thuyt n thc t, gip chng em b sung thm nhng thiu st ca qu trnh hc l thuyt em li hiu qu hc tp tt hn. Sau khi i tham quan nhn thc cng ty c phn ru bia Lt, chng em c nhng nhn xt v kt lun nh sau: Vi xu th hi nhp ca t nc ta v vi nh hng u t pht trin ca mnh th cng ty t c nhng thun li cng nh gp phi nhng kh khn nh sau: Thun Li: Vi c trng ca mt sn phm ru vang x nhit i, ru vang Lt nhanh chng tr thnh sn phm a thch ca ngi dn x s sng m cng nh ngi dn Vit Nam. Tn tui ca sn phm ny nhanh chng lan rng ra cc tnh thnh trong c nc v cn m rng th trng ra mt s nc chu nh: campuchia,malaysia,thi Lan... Vi sc tiu th ru vang trong nc t khong 10-15 triu lt/nm to cho ngnh sn xut ru vang mt ng lc ht trin rt ln. c bit khi Vit Nam chnh thc tr thnh thnh vin ca t chc thng mi quc t WTO th tng lai ca ngnh ru vang c th vn xa hn trn trng quc t ho vo dng vang th gii. ng v nh nc ta ch trng cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, tip tc y mnh cng cuc i mi to ra nhiu c hi cho cc doanh nghip pht trin. Vi thnh cng ca vic th nghim sn xut ngun nguyn liu goi nhp ti ch gip ci thin hng v vang Lt cng nh gim chi ph sn xut gip cho sn phm ru vang ca cng ty tng thm kh nng cnh tranh vi cc sn phm ru vang ngoi nhp.

H thng trang thit b c u t mt cch hp l, hin i, p ng c cho nhu cu sn xut. Kh khn: Bn cnh nhng thun li th cng ty cng gp mt s nhng kh khn sau: Vi xu th pht trin ca nn kinh t th trng th tt yu s dn n cnh tranh, v vy cng ty cn c bit quan tm n vn ny, kh khn hn na l nhng tranh chp v nhn hiu vang Lt ang gp nhiu rc ri khi m cc s hu tr tu ra quyt nh cp giy chng nhn nhn hiu hng ho vang Lt cho Cng Ty C Phn Thc Phm Lm ng vo 10/02/2003. Vic xy dng vng chuyn canh ngun nguyn liu ch mi a vo th nghim, tm thi vn cha n nh, cn nhiu vn cn phi iu chnh, hon thin. Cng vi tnh hnh lm pht hin nay ca nn kinh t khin cho cng ty gp kh khn trong vic cn i gia li nhun v s pht trin ca cng ty. Thc t cho dng ru vang Lt ha c vo dng vang th gii th cng ty vn cn rt nhiu nhng cng vic cn phi lm nh: n nh ngun nguyn liu, khng ngng iu chnh ci tin k thut, cng thc phi ch...ngy cng hon thin hn. Vi ngun nguyn liu ngoi nhp ti ch nh hin nay mi ch p ng c mt phn nh nhu cu ca th trng, nhng vi c im a hnh ca a phng gy khng t nhng kh khn trong vic quy hoch, la chn vng t pht trin rng hn vng chuyn canh ngun nguyn liu ti ch ny.

You might also like