hsmath.

net gii thiu:

BT NG THC
1. K thut thm bt S dng: A A B B gi c cc b phn vi nhau Cc v d: Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:
a2 b c b2 c a c2 a b a b c 2

A B to ra cc b phn mi hai v ca bt ng thc m c th nh B

Phn tch: - BT ng bc nht - Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c - Biu thc thm vo l bc nht Hng dn:
a2 b c b c 4 2a

Bi 2: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:

a3 b 2c b3 c 2a c3 a 2b a2 b2 3 c2

Phn tch: - BT ng bc hai - Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c - Biu thc thm vo l bc hai Hng dn:
a3 a(b 2c) 2 2 a b 2c 9 3 ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2

Bi 3: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:

(1 a3 )(1 b3 )(1 c3 ) (1 ab 2 )(1 bc 2 )(1 ca 2 )

Phn tch: - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c Hng dn:

(1 a3 )(1 b3 )(1 b3 ) 1
3

a3b3c3

1 ab2

Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau: 1)

a5 b2 b5 c2 c5 a2 a3 b3 c3

2)

a3 (b c) 2 a3 b (c a )

b3 (c a ) 2 b3 c(a b)

c3 ( a b) 2 c3 a (b c)

a b c 4 a b c 2

3)

hsmath.net gii thiu:

4)

a4 bc 2

b4 ca 2

c4 ab 2

a b c

5)

a3 ab b 2

b3 bc c 2

c3 ca a 2

a b c 3

Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau: 6)

a5 b4 b5 c4 c5 a4 1

7)

a b c

b c a

c a b

3 3 2

Chng minh rng trong tam gic nhn ABC, ta c: 8)

1 cosA 1 cosB 1 6 cosB 1 2 cos2B 1 cosBcosC 1 2 cos2B 6 5 27 2

9)

1 2 cos2A 1 cosAcosB

10)

1 cosA+cosB+cosC cosCcosA

2. K thut san s Xc nh: i lng ln, i lng b v chn cch san s ph hp Cc v d: Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi x,y>0 v x+y=1, ta c:
1 x
2

1 xy

4 xy 7

Phn tch: - Vai tr x,y ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi x=y= - i lng ln: Hng dn:
1 x
2

1 2

1 1 ;4xy ; i lng b: 2 xy x y2

y
2

1 xy
2

4 xy 2

1 x
2

1 2 xy 1 (x

1 4 xy y)2 7

4 xy

1 4 xy

(1 1) x y 2 2 xy

1 .4 xy 4 xy

Bi 2: Chng minh rng trong tam gic nhn ABC, ta c:

1 cosA 1 cosB 1 15 cosA+cosB+cosC cosB 2

hsmath.net gii thiu: Phn tch: - Vai tr A,B,C ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi A=B=C=600 - i lng ln: Hng dn:
1 cosA 1 cosB 1 ; i lng b: cosA+cosB+cosC cosC

1 1 1 cosA+cosB+cosC cosA cosB cosC 1 1 1 4cosA +4cosB 4cosC cosA cosB cosC 9 15 -3(cosA cosB cosC) 4 4 4 2 2

Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau: 1) 2)

2(a3 b3 c3 ) abc
a4 b4 c4

9(a b c)3 a 2 b2 c2
a 2b 2 b2c2

33
c2a2 a 3b b 3 c c 3 a ab3 bc 3 ca 3

3) Cho x,y>0 v x+y=1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc:

P 3 x
2

2 xy

4 xy; Q

1 x
2

1 xy

3. K thut nhm i xng Bt ng thc dng i xng (vai tr ca cc bin l nh nhau). Khi chng ta c th nh gi mt b phn ca v ny vi b phn tng ng ca v kia. Tng t, suy ra cc kt qu i vi cc b phn cn li v thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh. Cc v d: Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c: Phn tch: - BT ng bc nht - Vai tr a,b,c - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c Hng dn:
bc a ca b 2 bc ca . a b 2b

bc a

ca b

ab c

a b c

Bi 2: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

sin A sin B sin C cos A 2 cos B 2 cos C 2

Phn tch: - Vai tr A,B,C ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi A=B=C=600 Hng dn:

hsmath.net gii thiu:

sin A 4sin sin B A B 2 2(sin A sin B) 2 cos C 2

Bi 3: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

sin A sin B sin C sin A 3B B 3C C 3A sin sin 4 4 4

Hng dn:
sin A 3B 4 1 A B sin sin B 2 2
4

1 3 sin A sin B 4 4

1 4 .4. sin A sin 3 B 4

sin A sin 3 B

Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau: 1)

a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2 a c b a c b

2)

ab a b

bc b c

ca c a

a b c 2

Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c: 3) sin2 A sin2B sin2C sin A sin B sin C 4) cos A cos BcosC sin sin sin 5)
1 sin 2 A
n

A 2

B 2

C 2
1 1 B 2
cos

1 sin 2 A
n

1 sin 2 A
n

1 cos2
n

A 2
cos

cos2
A 2
n

cos2
B 2
n

C 2
cos C 2

6)

sin A

sin B

sin C

4. K thut ng bc ho S dng gi thit bin i BT v dng ng bc chng minh. Cc v d: Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b>0 v a+b=1, ta c:
ab(a 2 b2 )

Phn tch: - BT khng ng bc - Vai tr a,b ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b - S dng gii thit ng bc ho Hng dn:

1 8

hsmath.net gii thiu:

ab(a 2 b2 ) 1 ( a b) 4 8 8ab(a 2 b 2 ) 0 0

( a b) 4 ( a b) 4

Bi 2: vi mi a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1. Chng minh rng :

a2 b2 c2 2 3abc 1

Phn tch: - BT khng ng bc - Vai tr a,b ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c= - S dng gii thit ng bc ho Hng dn:
a2 b2 c2 2 3abc(a b c) 3abc(a b c) (ab bc ca )

1 3

(a b c ) 2

3abc(a b c) (ab bc ca ) 2

Bi tp: 1) Cho a,b,c>0, tho iu kin:

a
2 3

a
2

3
2

Chng minh rng : a b c 2) Cho a,b>0, tho iu kin:

a b 2 Chng minh rng : 2 a2 b2
16a 16b 16c

a 3 b3 2a 2b 2c

a4

b4

3) Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c: a+b+c=0, ta c:

5. K thut chun ho S dng tnh cht ng bc ca BT chun ho. Vic chn i tng chun ho l rt quan trng. Cc v d: Bi 1: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh rng:
a(b c) (b c)2 a 2 b (c a ) (c a ) 2 b 2 c (a b) (a b) 2 c 2 6 5

Phn tch: - BT ng bc - Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c - Chun ho: a + b + c = 1 Hng dn:
a(1 a) 1 2a 2a 2 b(1 b) 1 2b 2b2
2

c(1 c) 1 2c 2c 2
a 1 4
2

Theo Csi: 2a(1-a)

2a 1 a 2

hsmath.net gii thiu: => 1- 2a + 2a = 1 - 2a (1- a) =>

a(1 a) 1 2a 2a 2 4a(1 a) (1 a)( a 3)
2

14 a

a 1 4

1 a a 3 4
3 a 3

>0

a 3

4 1

=> VT

4 (1

3 a 3

) (1

3 b 3

) (1

3 c 3

) = 4 3 3(

1 a 3

1 b 3

1 c 3

6 5

Bi 2: Cho a, b, c>0. Chng minh rng: 6(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2) 27abc + 10 (a2+b2+c2)3/2 (1) Phn tch: - BT ng bc - Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c - Chun ho: a2 + b2 + c2 =9 Hng dn: (1) <=> 2(a + b + c) - abc VT2 10

VT = 2(a+b+c) - abc = 2a - abc + 2(b+c) = a(2-bc) + 2(b+c) [a2 + (b+c)2] [(2- bc)2 + 4] 3
3

G/s: a b c do a2 + b2 + c2 = 9 => a2 t t = bc do bc Nn VT2

b2 2 c2 9 a2 2

(9+2bc) [(2-bc)2 + 4] = (9 + 2t) [(2-t)2 + 4] = f(t) vi -3 t 3 max f(t) = 100 => VT 10 pcm

Kho st f(t) => f(t)

1) (a+b) (b+c) (c+a) + abc 2)

1 (a + b + c)3; a, b, c > 0 3
2;

8abc a 2 b2 c 2 + ab bc ca (a b)(b c)(c a)

a, b, c > 0
a 2 b2 c 2 ab bc ca

3) a, b, c > 0:

( a b c) 2 a 2 b2 c 2

1 a 3 b3 c 3 2 abc

2
5

4) a, b, c > 0: (a + b + c) (

1 a b

1 b c

1 c a

)+

4abc (a b)(b c)(c a )

6. K thut lng gic ho K thut lng gic ho vi mc ch thay i hnh thc ca bi ton chng minh mt BT i s thnh vic chng minh BT lng gic. K thut ny c xc nh thng qua min gi tr ca cc bin, cc cng thc lng gic v cc ng thc lng gic lin quan. Cc v d: Bi 1: Chng minh rng:
a 1 b2 b 1 a2 3(ab (1 a 2 )(1 b 2 ) 2

hsmath.net gii thiu: Phn tch: - K: 1 a, b 1 - Cng thc lng gic lin quan sin 2 - Lng gic ho Hng dn: t:
a sin b sin

cos2

0;

VT= 2 sin(
abc

Bi 2: Cho x,y,z>0; zy+yz+zx=1. Chng minh rng:

(1 a )(1 b)(1 c) 1

Phn tch: - ng thc lng gic lin quan tg tg - Lng gic ho Hng dn:

A 2

B B C tg tg 2 2 2

tg

C A tg 1 2 2

A B C ; ABC l tam gic nhn ;b t g ;c t g 2 2 2 1 3 3 VT tgA tgB tgC 2 2 1 1 1 Bi 3: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng tha mn: 6 a 2b 3c

t:

tg

Chng minh rng:

a b c a 36bc b 9ca c 4ab

1 27

Hng dn:
1 1 1 36bc 9ca 4ab 1 1 1 a b c 36bc A 9ca B t cotg 2 , cotg 2 , 0 A, B a 2 b 2 bc ca ab bc ca ab 3 2 6 3 2 T gi thit ta c: 6 a b c a b c A B cotg cotg ab C 2 2 tg A B 2 cotg Suy ra, A B c 2 2 cotg cotg 1 2 2 VT

vi A,B,C l ba gc ca mt tam gic Vy VT

1 1 A B C 1 cotg 2 1 cotg 2 1 cotg 2 2 2 2 1

hsmath.net gii thiu:

sin 2 A 2B C sin sin 2 2 2
2

1 A-B A+B cos cos 4 2 2 sin C 2 1 C 1 sin 4 2 1 8

2

sin C 2

C 2

1 A-B C cos sin 4 2 2 1 C 1 sin 8 2

sin C 2

1 sin

C C 2sin 2 2

1 sin

1 sin 3

C 2

2sin

C 2

1 27

Bi tp: 1) Cho 0<a,b,c<1. Chng minh rng:

abc (1 a )(1 b)(1 c) 1

2) Chng minh rng:

( a b)(1 ab) (1 a 2 )(1 b 2 ) 1 2

3) Chng minh rng:

a b a 2 1 b2 1 b c b2 1 c2 1 c a c2 1 a2 1

4) Cho a,b,c>0 v abc+a+c=b. Tm GTLN

P 2 a
2

2 1 b
2

3 1 c
2

KT LUN
Bi vit trnh by mt s k thut chng minh bt ng thc, cc tng, v d v bi tp c sp xp mt cch c h thng nhm gip cho i tng hc sinh c iu kin n tp, nghin cu, pht trin. Do trnh cn hn ch nn trong bi vit khng th trnh khi nhng sai st v trnh by cng nh v chuyn mn. Rt mong bn c gp kin. Xin chn thnh cm n.