BI 2 .

VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU C

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A L THUYT I. Thuyt cu to ha hc Thuyt cu to ha hc do Butlerop ra da trn kt qu nghin cu ca bn thn ng v ca mt s nh ha hc khc nh Cupe, Kecule 1. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cc nguyn t kt hp vi nhau theo mt th t nht nh v theo ng ha tr ca chng. Th t kt hp c gi l cu to ha hc. S thay i th t kt hp s to ra cht mi.

2. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cacbon c ha tr 4. Cc nguyn t cacbon c

th kt hp khng nhng vi nhng nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn kt hp trc tip vi nhau to thnh nhng mch cacbon khc nhau (mch khng nhnh, c nhnh v mch vng)
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH CH 3 CH 3

3. Tnh cht ca hp cht hu c ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht v s lng cc nguyn t) v cu to ha hc (th t kt hp cc nguyn t)

V d:
- Ph thuc vo bn cht cc nguyn t: CH4 l cht kh d chy, cn CCl4 l cht lng, khng chy.

- Ph thuc vo s lng nguyn t: C4H10 l cht kh, cn C5H12 l cht lng

iu kin thng. - Ph thuc vo th t kt hp cc nguyn t: u c cng thc phn t C2H6O nhng c cu to khc nhau th c tnh cht khc nhau:
CH3 CH2 OH : l cht lng, tan v hn trong nc, tc dng vi Na
CH3 O CH3

: l cht kh, gn nh khng tan trong nc, khng tc dng vi

Na

II. Cng thc cu to (CTCT) Nu nh CTPT ch cho bit s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t th CTCT cn cho bit c th t kt hp v cch lin kt gia cc nguyn t . C 3 loi CTCT l: CTCT khai trin, CTCT thu gn v CTCT thu gn nht - CTCT khai trin: Vit tt c cc nguyn t v cc lin kt gia chng. - CTCT thu gn: Vit gp nguyn t cacbon v nguyn t khc lin kt vi n thnh tng nhm. - CTCT thu gn nht: Ch vit cc lin kt v nhm chc, u mt ca cc lin kt l cc nhm CHx vi x m bo ha tr 4 ca cacbon.

III. Phn loi hp cht hu c

1. Hirocacbon L hp cht hu c ch cha 2 nguyn t l C v H.

2. Dn xut ca hirocacbon
L hp cht hu c c cha cc nguyn t khc H nh N, O, halogen,

Cc dn xut ca hirocacbon l nhng hp cht c nhm chc. Nhm chc l

nhm nguyn t hoc nguyn t quyt nh c tnh ha hc ca phn t hu c.

Nhm chc
- OH -O-

Loi hp cht Th d
Ancol Ete

CH3 OH CH 3 O CH3 CH3 CH O CH3 CO CH3

- CH=O
- CO -

Anehit
Xeton

Nhm chc - COOH

NH2

Loi hp cht Axit cacboxylic Amin

Th d
CH3 COOH CH3 NH2
H2N CH2 COOH

NH2 + -COOH Amino axit

- COO -

Este

CH3 COOCH3

Ch :
- Phn t ch c mt nhm chc th l hp cht n chc. V d: CH3 NH2

- Phn t c nhiu nhm chc ng nht th l hp cht a chc.

V d:
HO CH2 CH2 OH

- Phn t c nhiu nhm chc khc nhau th l hp cht tp chc.

V d:

HO CH2 CH2 COOH

Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng - Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no - Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm

10

Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng - Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no - Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm

11

Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng - Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no - Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm

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Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng - Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no - Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm

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IV. Cc loi ng phn

1. ng phn cu to a,L nhng cht c cng CTPT nhng c cu to ha hc khc nhau

V d: CH3 CH2 OH
b, Phn loi

CH3 O CH3

C 3 loi ng phn cu to: ng phn nhm chc, ng phn mch cacbon, ng phn v tr nhm chc.

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- ng phn nhm chc: l nhng ng phn khc nhau v bn cht nhm

chc. V d:
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH CH3 CH2 O CH2 CH3

- ng phn mch cacbon: l nhng ng phn khc nhau v s phn

nhnh mch cacbon. V d:
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH

CH 3

CH CH 3

CH 2

OH

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- ng phn v tr nhm chc l nhng ng phn khc nhau v v tr nhm chc.

V d:
CH3 CH2
CH 3 CH OH

CH2
CH 2

CH2
CH 3

OH

2. ng phn lp th L nhng ng phn c cu to ha hc nh nhau nhng khc nhau v s phn b khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (tc l khc nhau v cu trc khng gian ca phn t)

16

V d: CH3 CH CH CH3 C 2 cch sp xp trong khng gian:

CH 3 C H

cis C

CH 3

CH 3 C

trans C

H CH 3

17

V. Danh php hp cht hu c

1. Tn thng thng c t theo ngun gc tm ra chng, i khi c th c phn ui ch r hp

cht thuc loi no

V d: HCOOH axit fomic (formica: kin)

CH3 COOH : axit axetic (acetus: gim)

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2. Tn h thng theo danh php IUPAC a, Tn gc chc Tn phn gc Tn phn nh chc Hai phn ny c vit tch ri nhau.

V d:

CH3CH2

Cl

etyl clorua etyl clorua

b, Tn thay th Tn thay th c vit lin, c th phn thnh 3 phn nh sau: Tn phn th Tn mch cacbon chnh Tn phn nh chc Trong : Phn tn thay th c th khng c, 2 phn cn li bt buc phi c
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* Gi tn phn th: Tn phn th gm s ch v tr nhm th + tn nhm th Nu c nhiu nhm th th cn thm tin t ch bi (Xem bng 1) vo trc tn nhm th. * Gi tn mch cacbon chnh: Xem bng 1

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* Gi tn phn nh chc:

Hirocacbon no Anken Ankin Ankaien

an en in ien

21

Ancol Xeton Anehit Axit cacboxylic

ol on al oic

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Bng 1: Tn s m v tn mch cacbon chnh

S m 1 2 3 Mono C i Tri CC CCC

Mch C chnh Met Et Prop

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S m 4 5 6 7 Tetra

Mch C chnh CCCC But Pent Hex

Penta C C C C C Hexa C C C C C C

Hepta C C C C C C C Hept

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S m 8 9 10 Octa Nona eca

Mch C chnh
CCC CCCCC
CCC CCCCCC

Oct Non ec

CCC CCC C CCC

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B BI TP Dng 1: Cch vit ng phn hp cht hu c Bc 1: Tnh cha bo ha ca phn t (l tng s lin kt pi v vng)

Trong :

(ai

2)nAi 2

Ai l cc nguyn t c mt trong phn t

l tng s nguyn t ca nguyn t Ai

ai l ha tr ca nguyn t Ai - Nu l nguyn t C th a = 4 - Nu l nguyn t H hoc halogen th a = 1 - Nu l nguyn t O, S th a = 2 - Nu l nguyn t N (to amin) th a = 2, N to mui amoni th coi nh a = 5
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Bc 2: Xc nh loi nhm chc c th c - Nu c oxi + = 0: ancol, ete - Nu c oxi + > 0: ancol, ete khng no, anehit, xeton, axit cacboxylic, este, c th c vng - Nu c N: amin - Va c oxi, va c nit: 1N + 2 Oxi: amino axit, mui amoni, mui ca amin, nitro 2N + 3 oxi: Mui nitrat

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Bc 3: Vit CTCT cc ng phn sao cho ng ha tr ca tng nguyn t

Nn vit theo trnh t ht loi nhm chc ny n loi nhm chc khc. Vi mi loi nhm chc, vit mch khng nhnh, mch c nhnh, di chuyn v tr

nhm chc, v tr lin kt bi

Bc 4: Vi nhng cu to c lin kt i C=C tha mn iu kin 2 nguyn t

hoc nhm nguyn t lin kt vi cng 1 nguyn t cacbon ca lin kt i khc

nhau th c thm ng phn hnh hc Khi thng thng nu mch chnh nm v cng mt pha ca lin kt C=C th l ng phn cis, nu mch chnh nm v 2 pha ca lin kt C=C th l ng phn trans.

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V d 1: Vit cng thc ng phn mch h ca cht c CTPT C3H6O2 - bt bo ha ca phn t:

2nC nH 2

2.3 6 2 1 2

Cu to phn t c 1 lin kt pi (c th l C=C hoc C=O) V phn t c 2 nguyn t O, c 1 lin kt pi nn c th l nhng loi hp cht: - Axit no, n chc: CH CH COOH 3 2 - Este no, n chc: CH3 COOCH3

HCOOCH2 -CH3
- Tp chc anehit, ancol hoc xeton, ancol:
CH3 CO CH2OH CH2OH CH2 CHO

- Tp chc anehit, ete hoc xeton, ete:

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V d 2: Vit cng thc cc ng phn c CTPT C4H9NO2 va tc dng vi

axit, va tc dng vi baz v l hp cht quen thuc c hc?

- Amino axit - Mui amoni, mui ca amin (ng phn hnh hc)

V d 3: Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn c CTPT C4H11NO2 va tc dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz? (Mui amoni v mui amin)

30

Dng 2. Danh php mt s hp cht hu c c th

I. Danh php hirocacbon no 1. Ankan

a, Ankan khng phn nhnh

Thm hu t an vo tn mch cacbon chnh cung cp bng 1 b, Ankan phn nhnh

S ch v tr tn nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) + tn mch cacbon chnh + hu t an

- Mch cacbon chnh l mch di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht - nh s cc nguyn t cacbon thuc mch chnh bt u t pha phn nhnh sm hn

31

- Tn nhm ankyl khng phn nhnh c to thnh bng cch ly tn ca ankan tng ng i ui an thnh ui yl - Gi tn nhm ankyl theo th t vn ch ci - S ch v tr nhnh no t ngay trc gch ni vi tn nhnh V d:
a CH 3 b CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 3

(a): Mch chnh c 5C, 2 nhnh (b): Mch chnh c 5C, 1 nhnh Mch chnh theo cch (a) ng Tn gi: 3 Etyl 2 metylpentan.

32

2. Xicloankan Mch C chnh l mch vng, nh s mch C chnh sao cho tng v tr nhm th l nh nht. Gi tn tng t ankan nhng thm xiclo vo trc tn mch C chnh. II. Danh php hirocacbon khng no S ch v tr tn nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) + tn mch cacbon chnh + s ch v tr lin kt bi - hu t Nu anken th hu t l en. Nu ankin th hu t l in. Nu ankaien th thm a vo sau tn mch cacbon chnh, hu t l ien.

Mch chnh l mch cha lin kt bi, di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht
- nh s mch cacbon chnh t pha gn lin kt bi hn - Khi mch cacbon chnh ch c 2 hoc 3 C th khng cn ghi s ch v tr lin kt bi
33

V d: Gi tn cc ng phn mch h c CTPT C H 4 6

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bt bo ha l 2

Phn t c 2 lin kt pi: mt lin kt ba hoc 2 lin kt i

- Ankin:

CH3 CH2 C CH3 C

CH : But 1 in

C CH3 : But 2 in
Buta-1,3-ien Buta-1,2-ien

- Ankaien: CH 2

CH CH CH2 C CH2CH3

CH2

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III. Danh php hirocacbon thm nh s vng benzen sao cho tng s ch v tr nhm th l nh nht

Gi tn: s ch v tr nhm th (nhnh) + tn nhm th + benzen

Ring trng hp vng benzen c 2 nhm th: - 2 nhm th v tr 1, 2: c th gi l ortho (vit tt l o) - 2 nhm th v tr 1, 3: c th gi l meta (vit tt l m) -2 nhm th v tr 1, 4: c th gi l para (vit tt l p)

35

Kha hc LTH mn Ha C Son

Vit ng phn v danh php hp cht hu c

VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU C BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1. Cc cng thc cu to sau biu din bao nhiu cht ng phn?
H H H Cl Cl H H H

a. Cl

C
H

C
H

b. Cl

C
H

C
H

c.

Cl

C
H

C
Cl

Cl

H H

H H

Cl

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H

d. Cl

C
H

C
H

e. Cl

C
Cl

C
H

f. Cl

C
H

C
H

A. Mt cht. B. Hai cht ng phn. C. Ba cht ng phn. D. Bn cht ng phn. Cu 2. Thuc tnh no sau y khng phi l ca cc hp cht hu c? A. Khng bn nhit cao. B. Kh nng phn ng ho hc chm, theo nhiu hng khc nhau. C. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c thng l lin kt ion. D. D bay hi v d chy hn hp cht v c. Cu 3. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ng phn trong ho hc hu c l A. v trong hp cht hu c cacbon lun c ho tr 4. B. cacbon khng nhng lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch (thng, nhnh hoc vng). C. s thay i trt t lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. D. mt phn t c nhiu cu to. Cu 4.Lin kt i gia hai nguyn t cacbon l do cc lin kt no sau y to nn? A. Hai lin kt . B. Hai lin kt . C. Mt lin kt v mt lin kt . D. Mt lin kt v hai lin kt . Cu 5.t chy hon ton 1,50 g ca mi cht hu c X, Y, Z u thu c 0,90g H2O v 2,20g CO2. iu khng nh no sau y l ng nht? A. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng phn ca nhau. B. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng ng ca nhau. C. Ba cht X, Y, Z c cng cng thc n gin nht. D. Cha d kin. Cu 6.Ancol 3-metylbutan-2-ol c cng thc cu to no sau y?
A. CH3
H C CH3 H2 C H2 C OH

B.

CH3 C
CH3

H C OH

CH3

CH3
CH3

C. CH3 C
CH3

H C OH

CH3

D.

CH3

H C CH3

C OH

CH3

Cu 7. Cc cht: C2H2 , C3H4 , C4H6 c phi l ng ng ca nhau khng? A. Khng phi ng ng B. L ng ng C. Cha xc nh D. Chng l ng phn Cu 8.Cho cng thc cu to: CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH3. Tn gi no sau y l ph hp vi CTCT ? A. pentadien B. pent-1,3-ien C. pent-2,4-dien D. isopren Cu 9. Cng thc phn t ca hidrocacbon mch h X l C4H6. X thuc dy ng ng no? A. Ankadien hoc ankin B. Xicloanken hoc ankadien C. Ankatrien hoc ankin D. Ankadiin hoc xicloanken Cu 10.Hirocacbon no sau y l thuc dy ng ng ca benzen? A.C6H5CH2CH3 B. C6H5CH=CH2 C.C6H5-C6H5 D. C6H5CCH Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -

Kha hc LTH mn Ha C Son

Vit ng phn v danh php hp cht hu c

Cu 11. Hirocacbon no sau y khng thuc dy ng ng ca benzen? A.Xilen B.Toluen C. Vinyl benzen D. Cumen Cu 12. Cho A l axit cacboxylic c CTPT l C4H8O2. Vy A c s ng phn l A. 1 ng phn. B. 2 ng phn. C. 3 ng phn. D. 4 ng phn. Cu 13. S ng phn ca hp cht c CTPT C5H12 l A : 4. B : 3. C : 2. D :5. Cu 14. S ng phn cu to ca hp cht c CTPT C5H10 l A: 10 B: 5 C: 8 D: 11 Cu 15. Ankan Y c Hiro chim 16,28% khi lng phn t. ng phn cu to c th c ca Y l A. 3 B. 5 C. 2 D. 7 Cu 16. Trong cc cp cht sau, cp cht no l ng phn ca nhau? A. CH3CH2OCH3 v CH3CH2CHO B. CH3CH2OCH3 v CH3COCH3 C. CH3CH2CHO v CH3COCH3 D. CH3CH2OH v CH3CHO Cu 27: Nhng hp cht no sau y khng th cha vng benzen? a. C8H6Cl2 b. C10H16 c. C9H14BrCl d. C10H12(NO2)2. A. a, b B. b, c C. c, d D. a, c, d Cu 18. S ng phn ancol c cng thc phn t C5H12O l A. 8 ng phn. B. 5 ng phn. C. 14 ng phn. D. 12 ng phn. Cu 19. S ng phn ca hp cht hu c c cng thc C4H10O l A. 2 ng phn. B. 4 ng phn. C. 7 ng phn. D. 9 ng phn. Cu 20. A l ng ng ca ancol etylic c t khi hi so vi oxi bng 2,3125. S ng phn c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh ca A l A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 21. Mt hp cht c CTPT C4H11N. S ng phn ng vi cng thc ny l A. 8 B. 7 C. 6 D. 5 Cu 22. C7H9N c s ng phn cha nhn thm la A. 6. B. 5. C. 4. D. 3. Cu 23. S ng phn ca C4H10 v C4H9Cl ln lt l A. 3 v 5 B. 2 v 4. C. 2 v 6. D. 3 v 4. . Cu 24: Trong cc hp cht : Propen (I); 2-metylbut-2-en (II); 3,4-imetylhex-3-en(III); allyl clorua (IV); 1,2icloeten (V). Cht no c ng phn hnh hc? A. III, V. B. II, IV. C. I, II, II, IV. D. I, V. Cu 25: Nhng hp cht no sau y c th c ng phn hnh hc (cis-trans) CH3CH = CH2 (I); CH3CH = CHCl (II);CH3CH = C(CH3)2 (III)

H3C C2H5 C C

CH3 C2H5

H3C C2H5 C C

Cl H

(IV) (V) A. (I), (IV), (V) B. (II), (IV), (V) C. (III), (IV) D. (II), III, (IV), (V) Cu 26: Ankan A c 16,28%H trong phn t (v khi lng). vy CTPT v s ng phn tng ng ca A l A. C6H14 v 4 ng phn. B. C6H14 v 5 ng phn. C. C5H12 v 3 ng phn. D.C6H14 v 6 ng phn. Gio vin: Tng Th Son Ngun: Hocmai.vn

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

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Kha hc LTH mn Ha C Son

Vit ng phn v danh php hp cht hu c

VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU C P N BI TP T LUYN

1B 11C 21A 2C 12B 22B 3C 13B 23B 4C 14A 24A 5C 15B 25B 6B 16C 26B 7C 17B 8B 18A 9A 19C 10A 20B

Gio vin: Tng Th Son Ngun: Hocmai.vn

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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