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Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep

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Chng I:
GII THIEU CHUNG VE ON AP DC
I. LY THUYET C BAN VE ON AP
- Chc nang cua moi on ap DC va bien oi ien ap vao DC ( mot chieu)
thanh ien ap ra DC xac nh , on nh va duy tr ien ap o khong oi tre n
mot ta m rong cua cac ieu kien ien ap vao va dong tai. e thc hien viec
nay, mot on ap thng gom co.
1. Phan t chuan e cung cap mot mc ien ap ra on nh biet trc
(V
REF
).
2. Phan t lay mau e lay mau ien ap ra.
3. Phan t khuech ai sai biet e so sanh mau ien ap chuan va tao ra
tn hieu sai biet.
4. Phan t ieu khien e bien oi ien ap ra thanh ien ap ra mong
muon khi ieu kien tai thay oi va c ieu khien bang tn hieu sai
biet.
- Mac du mach that s co s thay oi, nhng co 3 kieu on ap c ban la: On
ap noi tiep, song song (shunt) va xung (con goi la giao hoan hay ngan oan).
Nhng 4 thanh c ban ieu co ca 3 kieu on ap o.









Hnh 1.1 S o khoi cua mot nguon on ap c ban
II.CAC THANH PHAN CUA ON AP
1. Phan t chuan.
-Phan t chuan la nen tan cua tat ca cac on ap va ien ap ra c ieu
khien trc tiep bang ien ap chuan V
REF
. Nhng bien oi cua ien ap chuan
Phan t
ieu khien
Khuech ai
sai biet
REF
ien ap vao ien ap ra on nh
Phan t
chuan
o
Phan t
lay mau
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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qua khuech ai sai biet se lam cho ien ap ra thay oi theo. e co c s on
nh nh yeu cau, phan t chuan phai on nh, oi vi moi bien oi cua ien
ap nguon va cac nhiet o tiep xuc co nhieu ky thuat pho bien co the dung giai
quyet cac bai toan thiet ke dung IC on ap.
2. Phan t lay mau.
-Phan t lay mau giam sat ien ap ra va oi no thanh mot mc ien ap
bang ien ap chuan khi ien ap ra ung. Khi no co s thay oi ien ap lam cho
ien ap cho ien ap hoi tiep ln hn hay nho hn ien ap chuan. Hieu so ien
ap cua ien ap chuan va ien ap lay mau dung e ieu khien on ap lam cho
no co ap ng thch hp va ung vi yeu cau.
3. Khuech ai sai biet.
-Khuech ai sai biet cua on ap dung e so sanh ien ap hoi tiep vi
ien ap chuan. No cung khuech ai mc sai biet e lai mach ieu khien e
a ien ap ra ve mc at trc.
4. Phan t ieu khien.
a. Noi tiep:

Vo=Vs -IL.Rs

b. Song song:

Vo =VI-(IL+Is).Rs


c. Xung:

Vo =Vs
Toff + Ton
Ton



Cau hnh cua phan t ieu khien
- Tat ca cac phan t a gii thieu tren hau nh khong oi oi vi cac
mach on ap. Trai lai th phan t ieu khien thay oi theo on ap se thiet ke.
Rs
Vs Vo
Rs
R
Is
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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-Ngi ta da vao phan t nay e phan loai on ap noi tiep, song song
hay on ap xung(switching).
II. PHAN LOAI ON AP.
1. On ap noi tiep
- On ap noi tiep co ten la noi tiep la da vao phan t ieu khien, on
ap nay phan t ieu khien mac noi tiep vi tai. Phan t ieu khien thng la
mot transistor va no co chc nang nh mot ien tr thay oi c(Rs). Tch so
cua Rs va dong tai IL la m cho sai biet ien ap vao ra(Vi-Vo) thay oi va ien
ap nay bo chnh cho ien ap vao va dong tai thay oi.
- On ap noi tiep c ban c minh hoa nh hnh ve sau:



Vo =Vref(1+R1/R2)


Vi :Vref la ien ap chuan

- Bat li c ban cua on ap noi tiep la: Cong suat tieu thu cua no phu
thuoc vao dong tai va sai biet ien ap vao ra. Cong suat tieu thu se tr nen
ang ke khi dong tai tang hay hieu so ien ap vao ra tang.
2. On ap song song.
- On ap song song dung linh kien tch cc mac song song vi tai va ieu
khien dong dien qua no e bu cac bien ong cua cac ien ap vao hay cac ieu
kien tai thay oi.
- On ap song song c ban dc minh hoa nh hnh ve sau:






Vref
R1
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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Vi -V
ref
: ien ap chuan
-IL: dong tai
-I
shunt
: dong qua phan t ieu khien
-Khi dong IL tang, Ishunt giam e ieu chnh sut ap qua Rs. Theo cach
nay th Vo gi khong oi.
-Vo=VI-Is.Rs
-Vi Is=IL+Ishunt
-Vo=VI-Rs(IL+Ishunt)
Rshunt: bieu dien ien tr tng ng cua phan t ieu khien.
*u nhc iem:
-Mac du on ap nay thong thng t hu hieu hn on ap noi tiep hay on ap
xung, nhng oi vi mot so ng dung no lai co li. On ap song song t nhay vi
nhng bien oi tc thi cua ien ap vao, no khong phan anh nhng bien oi
nhat thi cua dong tai tr ve nguon.
3.Cac vi mach on ap DC tuyen tnh.
-Cac vi mach on ap DC tuyen tnh c s dung rat rong rai do nhng u
iem cua no nh :Tch hp toan bo linh kien trong mot vo kch thc be, khong
can s dung hoac ch s dung them mot vai linh kien ngoai e tao mach hoan
chnh, mach bao ve qua dong, qua nhiet co san ben trong vi mach Mot
trong nhng loai vi mach on ap DC tuyen tnh thong dung la ho vi mach 78xx
( on ap dng) va on ap 79xx(on ap am) co ba chan. Tuy theo hnh dang vo,
cac vi mach on ap ba chan co the cung cap dong t 100mA en 1A va cho ien
ap ra co nh nhieu gia tr khac nhau tng ng vi ma so:
-Dang mach ien dung vi mach on ap ba chan.




-Trong o Ci c them vao khi vi mach at xa nguon chnh lu va loc
e on nh ien ap ngo vao; Co e loc nhieu cao tan.
-Tuy nhien e vi mach hoat ong tot th ien ap ngo vao toi thieu phai cao
hn ien ap ngo ra 2V. ay la mot gii han cua vi mach on ap tuyen tnh

4.Nguon on ap xung
78XX
(79XX)
V I
V
o
Co Ci
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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-S o minh hoa nguyen ly hoat ong cua nguon on ap xung.








-Khi cong tac h, nang lng tch tr ban au trong mach loc c cap
cho tai.Khi ien ap tren tai gia m dan en luc ngo ra mach so sang oi trang
thai, cong tac ong lai. Dong ien t nguon vao Vs cung cap nang lng cho
tai va tch tr trong mach loc. Do o VL tang, lam ngo ra mach so sanh ao
trang thai e m cong tac. Tng t khi dong tai tang, mach so sanh se ieu
khien cong tac trong thi gian lau hn so vi thi gian m cong tac e duy tr
ien ap ra on nh; ngc lai, thi gian cong tac m se lau hn thi gian ong
khi dong tai be.
-Phan t ieu khien (transistor) noi tiep lai dong trong nguon on ap
xung hoat ong che o ong ngat nen cong suat tieu tan rat be so vi
transistor lai dong nguon on ap tuyen tnh phai dan ien lien tuc, nhat la khi
ien ap vao ln hn ien ap ra. Do o hieu suat cua nguon on ap xung
(khoang 85%) cao hn hieu suat cua nguon on ap tuyen tnh. Viec chon
transistor lai dong va toa nhiet cho no oi vi nguon on ap xung se n gian
hn nhieu so vi nguon on ap tuyen tnh, vi cung mc cong suat ra tai
-Trong thc te, cong tac transistor c ieu khien bang mot nguon dao
ong tan so co nh, co chu ky nhiem vu D=
T
Ton
c ieu bien bi ien ap
ngo ra mach so sanh. Tan so ong m co nh cua cong tac transistor cho phep
toi u hoa cac thanh phan loc, giam c o gn song ngo ra. Tan so dao ong
co the t vai Khz en vai chuc Khz, tuy theo ap ng cua transistor lai.
-Ngay nay, ta co nhng loai MOS va BJT co ng suat ln co ap ng cao
hn 500Khz, nen co the tang tan so dao ong cao hn e giam c kch thc
mach loc ngo ra.



K
Tai
Mach chnh
lu va loc
Kho a
BJT
Mach loc
( LC )
Ve
V
I
Vc
V
L
Tai
K
sai
le ch
So
sa nh
Vref
Is
Io
Vo
Vs
Cong ta c
(transistor)
Mach lo c
( LC )
+
-
+
-
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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-S o khoi minh hoa cua mot nguon on ap xung ieu khien bang tan so
co nh.
-Khoi so sanh va khuech ien ap sai lech thc hien viec so sanh ien ap
ra Vo vi ien ap chuan Vref tao ra tn hieu Ve. Tn hieu nay cung vi ien ap
hnh rang ca Vosc do bo tao song tao ra (co fo=1/T) c so sanh vi nhau
trong khoi ieu khien o rong xung tao ra chuoi Ve dung e ieu khien s
ong m cua khoa transistor.
-Khi Vosc >Ve, tn hieu mc cao(Ton).
-Khi Vosc<Ve, tn hieu mc thap(Toff).
T=Ton+Toff
T: chu ky ong ngat
Ton: thi gian ong
Toff: thi gian ngat.
-Nh vay khi ien ap Vo co khuynh hng tang hoac dong tai be, ien
ap Ve tang, th Ton giam. Do o, khoa transistor se tat trong thi gian dai hn,
khien Vo giam xuong.
-Khi Vo giam hoac dong tai tang, Ve giam th Ton tang.
Ve
Ton
T
Vosc
Vc
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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Ket luan: T nhng u ie m a phan tch tren cua on ap xung, nen ta
chon kieu on ap xung e thiet ke mach on ap 5V/10A; -15V/3A;+15V/3A vi
muc ch la se li dung c nhng u iem o.
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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Chng II:
NGUON ON AP XUNG

A. LINH KIEN ONG NGAT
-On ap xung thng c s dung hai linh kien ban dan ong ngat thong
thng nh: thyristor (SCR), transistro cong suat hay transistor trng.
I. ong ngat bang SCR
-S bat l khi dung linh kien ong m bang SCR la chung ta ieu khien
ca hai qua trnh kch khi va ngat cua SCR. V vay lam phc tap them trong
qua trnh ieu khien va han che viec nang cao tan so.
-Theo nguyen ly SCR se t duy tr trang thai dan ien sau khi c kch.
Muon SCR ang trang thai dan chuyen sang trang thai tat th phai cho IG=0
va ien the VAK=0v. e SCR co the tat c th thi gian VAK=0 u dai. Vay
phai co them thi gian tat SCR.
-e SCR dan ien trong trng hp ien the VAK thap th phai co dong
ien kch cc G cua SCR. Dong IG min la tr so dong kch nho nhat u e ieu
khien SCR dan va IG min co tr so ln hay nho tuy thuoc cong suat cua SCR.
Neu SCR cang ln th IG min cang ln.
-Vi:
-t
off
=t
It = 0
+t
off SCR

-t
It
=0: thi gian dong giam xuong 0
-t
off SCR
: thi gian tat SCR.
-t
off
: thi gian t luc tac ong en SCR tat
*Cac phng phap ngat:
a. Ngat nguon ien ap VAK ra khoi SCR (cach nay thng khong c s
dungv phai ton hao nang lng ngat, toc o lam viec cham)
b. Giam dong qua SCR xuong di gia tr dong duy tr IH (phng phap
ao lu ep)
c. ao cc tnh ien ap cap cho AK.
II. ONG NGAT BANG TRANSISTOR.
-Co nhieu loai BJT tren th trng t nhng BJT Ge,Si, en BJT darlington
rat tot, chung thng lam mot so cong viec nhat nh
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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-Khi chon la chung ta phai chu y en che o hoat ong cua chung nh:
en ap cao, tan so giao hoan cao, dong ien cao. Ngoai ra con phai chu y ve
gia thanh cua chung.
-e ong ngat cac mach ien t ngi ta dung cac khoa ien t. Cac khoa
nay co hai trang thai phan biet.
-Trang thai ong (trang thai dan bao hoa)
-Trang thai ngat (trang thai tat).
Viec chuyen oi trang thai nay sang trang thai kia la do tac ong cua hai
tn hieu ieu khien ngo vao, ong thi qua trnh chuyen trang thai c thc
hien v mot tan so nhat nh.
-ac tnh lam viec cua transistor che o ong ngat.










Mien bao hoa I, mien cat II.
-e am bao cho BJT nam trang thai tat th VBE<V
-V: ien ap m







-Ic=ICBO co gia tr rat be

V
BE
I
B
0 V
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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-IE =0 tai iem B
-Tai iem B ien apUCE=0 nen cong suat tieu hao P=Ic.UCE cung rat
nho.Tai A Ic=0 nen Pc cong suat be.
-Khi diem lam viec di chuyen t A ien B va ngc lai,tren ng
tai,trong vung tch cc III,tat nhien cung tieu hao cong suat.song thi gian
chuyen dich rat ngan .
*ieu kien e transistor tien sau vao trang thai bao hoa
|.IB > Ic
*Xung nhon tc thi Ibtrong khoang thi gian ong ngat can keo dai t
2% en 3% thi gian dan.










-Khi chon transistor lam viec tang cong suat khoa ong m, ta chu y
cac ac tnh sau :ien ap ngc 100 en 1500V ,dong ien thuan ,thi gian
chuyen mach. (tan so chuyen mach).
-Khoa ong m co the dung mach ghep 2 transistor nh mach ghep
Dalington hay transistor MOS.
*Ket luan:
-Bo nguon switching dung tansistor cong suat tan so cao lam phan t
ong ngat ngi ta hay dung nhat.Bi v no de tm tren th trng ,ap ng tan
so cao , gia thanh khong cao.Vay trong phan thiet ke ta chon linh kien ong
ngat bang transistor .

Tr ansi st or
Tr ansi st or
Xung nhon I
I
Dong nh ngc I
Bmi n
B
B
nga t dan

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
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III. CAC PHNG PHAP IEU CHNH
-Nh a khao sat tren ,on ap xung dung phan t ieu chnh ien ap ra,
nen trong luc ieu chnh linh kien se dan bao hoa hay tat dong va ap qua no
phu thuoc tai .
-Nh vay chung ta ch co the ieu khien 2 thong so o la tan so va o
rong xung .
-Thay oi o rong xung, tan so co nh.
-Thay oi tan so, o rong xung co nh.
-Thay oi ca tan so va o rong xung.
1.Bo on ap switching thay oi o rong xung, tan so co nh.
(Phan nay a c gii thieu chng I ,muc III.4.)
2.Bo on ap switching co o rong xung khong oi, tan so xung thay
oi.
-Thay oi tan so nay tuy theo ien ap nguon va dong ien qua tai, e
giam bt nhng ton that qua transistor va trong bien ap th tan so nay khong
c di vai Khz.Mach ien nay n gian nhng kho loc dc cac gn song
au ra. V vay trong thc te t dung.








Trong o :
-VC0:dao ong c ieu khien bang ien ap
-n on:Khi co xung ieu khie mach n on cho ra mot xung co o
rong xung co nh roi tr ve trang thai ban au.
-Tan so xung cua mach n on c thay oi do xung kch t VCO.
Thi gian dan cua transistor c xac nh bang thi hang cua mach n on va
c gi co nh.ay la loai mach cho phep ieu chnh oc lap tan so xung oi
vi o rong xung.
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 12
3. Bo on ap switching thay oi ca tan so va o rong xung.
-ay la bo on ap t kch ,tren nguyen tac t dao ong cac ieu kien tac
ong vao ca tan so va o rong xung cua mach.









Giai thch :Bo khuech ai sai lech chnh la mach so sanh ien ap ra
(qua ien tr R3) vi ien ap chuan . Khi ien ap ra cua bo on ap giam, mach
so sanh se m transistor (transistor dan) va khi ien ap ra tang bo khuech ai
so sanh se ngat transistor giao hoan. Do tac ong cua vong hoi tiep se ieu
chnh s bien thien hai thong so nay e on nh ien ap ra.
*Tong quat bo on ap switching tao ra s thay oi be rong xung tng
ng vi s thay oi ien ap vao cha ieu chnh.
*Nhan xet: Neu ta yeu cau chat lng cao va tan so on nh tranh cho
nhng linh kien bo loc phai ln (v tan so danh nh tat m phai ln hn
nhieu lan tan so li ma ay la tan so bien thien khong biet trc c)
*Ket luan:
Qua viec khao sat cac phng phap ieu chnh tren va vi cac u
khuyet iem cua no. Ta chon phng phap ieu rong xung, gi tan so co nh
e de chon linh kien ap ng yeu cau tan so.
B. OI IEN MOT CHIEU RA IEN MOT CHIEU (Converters)
-Trong nhieu trng hp phu tai can ien mot chieu t nguon ien
mot chieu, mot ien ap hay dong hieu suat thiet b la mot ieu phai quan tam.
-Thiet b oi ien mot chieu ra ien mot chieu c lap rap, theo
nhieu s o rat a dang. Nhng ta ch e cap en mot so s o c ban: Buck,
Boost, Buck - Boost.
Va cac dang khac nh: Flyback, Forward, Push - Pull (ay keo)
Half- Bridge (na cau), Cau (Full - Bridge)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 13
I. S O BUCK.







* S o Buck
- DCK : Transistor ngat dan la m viec ieu che o rong xung
( ieu che xung )
Control circuit : khoi ieu khien transistor.
- L : cuon cam khang tch luy ien nang.
- C : Tu ien tch luy ien nang
- D
sb
: Diode san bang dong, giup cho dong ien qua L lien tuc khi
dong ien cung cap qua transistor CX khong lien tuc.
- V
s
: Nguon ien mot chieu ngo vao.Nguon nay co the la mot bo
chnh lu, do o can co tu ien Cv va e loc va e tiep nhan nang lng t
phu tai tra ve. V bo chnh lu khong nhan c dong tra ve.
- Mach nay se c noi ngay sau bien ap nguon. T s o ta co the
thay rang mach nay kha n gian.
- Khi transistor dan, nguon ien se chay mot cach trc tiep en au
ra. ien ap nay cung phai qua cuon day . Khi transistor ngat, dong a lu tr
trong cuon lam cho diode phan cc thuan va cho phep dong tr ve tai.
- Moi chu ky lam viec gom 2 giai oan :
* Giai oan 1: D < t < Dt






L
Vo
C R
Vs
i
+
+
- -
.
.
Vo
Cv C R
i
Dsb
Vo
L
1
T=Ton+Toff
DCX Vs
Control
circuit
i
DCX
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 14
D : He so chu ky hay t so thi gian dan ( duty cycle) tren thi gian
lam viec T =
f
1
la chu ky ong ngat, f la tan so ong ngat thng vao khoang
10KHz 100KHz. D
sb
phan cc nghch, khong dan.
-ien ap L la : V
L
= V
s
- V
o

V
L
= V
s
- V
o
=
dt
di
L
L

- Vay i
L
bien thien tuyen tnh theo thi gian nay lng tch luy vao R,C
cung cap cho phu tai.
i
L
= +

t
L
Vo V
S
. I
Lmin

-I
L
tang t I
Lmin
en I
Lmax
trong thi gian oT
i
L
=
L
V - V
O S
t + I
Lmin
= i
DCX











I
max
- I
Lmin
= -DT (2-1)
Giai oan 2: DT < t < T





Dsb
. .
.
.
- -
+
+ Vs
R C
Vo
L
Dsb
i
DCX

L
DT T
0
t
V - V
D
i
i
t
t
T DT
T DT
S
0
l
CX
Dsb
i = i
1 Dsb
i = i
Dsb
1
L
i
V

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 15
-DCX ngng dan, nh co D
sb
nen i
L
van lien tuc v D
sb
dan :
V
L
= -V
o
= L
-i
L
giam t I
Lmax
I
Lmin
trong thi gian :
T - DT = ( 1 - D ) T theo ham so
I
L
= -
L
Vo
( t - DT ) + I
Lmax
= i
DSb

I
Lmin
- I
Lmax
= AI
L
= - ( 1 - D ) T ( 2 - 2 )
-ai lng tang dong bang ai lng giam dong :
Cong (2-1) va (2-2) => V
0
= D.Vs vi D =
T
Ton

T
T
on

Ta co : I
o
=
R
V I I
L L 0 min max
2
=
+
( 2-3 )
Vay : I
Lmax
= DV
s
|
|
.
|

\
|

Lf
D
R 2
) 1 ( 1
vi f =
T
1

I
Lmin
= DV
s

|
|
.
|

\
|

Lf
D
R 2
) 1 ( 1

-ieu kien e co dong lien tuc la I
Lmin
= 0
Vay : L = (1-D )
f
R
2

-ien ap gn song AV
r
c tnh nh sau :
-Trong na chu ky C c nap them ien lng :
AQ =
2 2 2
1
min max
T
x
I I
L L
|
.
|

\
|
(2- 4 )









0
t
0
U
D T D T / 2
T
U
t
(I + I )/2
L m ax L m i n
V
0

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 16
-Cung trong na chu ky tu ien C phong ra cung 1 ien lng.
Vay : AV
o
= AV
c
=
( )
(


T
C
I I
L L
.
8
min max

-Thay T =
f
1
va ( I
Lmax
-I
Lmin
) = ( 1 - D ).T
AV
o
=
( )
2
0
2 0
. 8
) 1 (
8
1
f LC
D V
C
T D
L
V


-Hoac : AV
0
=
2
. 8
) 1 ( .
f LC
D D V
v

( 2-5 )
-Dong gn song : Ai
L
=
f
L
V
0
( 1 - D ) (2-6)
* Ch tieu cac linh kien :
- Transistor DCX :
-V
DCXmax
= V
s

-I
DCXmax
=
Lf
V D D I
s
2
) 1 (
0
+

- Diode D
sb
:
V
Dsbmax
= V
s

I
Dsbmax
=
Lf
V D D I
s
2
) 1 (
0
+

I
Dbstrung bnh
= (1-D).I
0
(2- 7)
II. S O BOOST
-Cac ch tieu linh kien tch luy ien nang la L va C, ong ngat ien la
transistor DCX, D khong cho dong t C phong ve nguon Vs

. Moi chu ky lam
viec gom 2 giai oan :





S o Boost
i
Vo
Control
circuit
i
DCX
-
+
R
C
Vo +
-
L
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 17
* Giai oan 1 : O < t < DT
- DCX dan, D phan cc nghch nen khong dan V
L
= V
v
= L
dt
d
iL
; ien nang
tch luy vao L, C van cap ien cho tai.
-











*Giai oan 2.
-DCX ngng dan, i
L
van lien tuc do D dan vao phu tai, L phong ien
vao tai.





V
L
= V
s
- V
o
; V
o
> V
s

i
L
=

I
D
=
L
V V
O S

(T - DT ) + I
Lmax
(2-8)
-i
L
giam t I
Lmax
I
Lmin

I
Lmin
- I
Lmax
= ( T - DT )
-Nen ta co : V
0
=
D
V
s
1
vi O<D<1 (2-9)
.
L
.
. .
-
-
+
+ Vs
R C
Vo
DCX
D

DT
DT
C
i
S
DT
DCX
DCX
i i
L
i
=
=
i i
DCX
DCX
i
L
Lmax
2
S T
T
T
T
t
t
Lmin
I
t
t

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 18
-Trong thc te V
r
khong ln hn 5V
v

-Cong suat vao =
2
1
[ I
max
+ I
Lmin
] V
s

-Cong suat ra :
R
V
o
2

-Can bang cong suat vao vi cong suat ra :
Ta co :
2
1
[ I
Lmax
+ I
Lmin
] V
S
=
R
V
2
0
(2-10)
-T (2-9) va (2-10) :
Ta co : I
Lmmax
+ I
Lmin
=
2 2
) 1 (
2
D R
V
S

(2 - 11)
-T (2-8) va (2-11) ta co : I
Lmin
=
2
) 1 ( D R
V
V

-
Lf
D V
S
2
.
( f =
T
1
)
I
Lmax
=
2
) 1 ( D R
V
V

+
Lf
D V
S
2
.

-ieu kien dong lien tuc :
I
Lmin
=
2
) 1 ( D R
V
S

-
Lf
D V
S
2
.
= 0
L =
2
) 1 ( .
2
D D
f
R

-e tnh c ien ap gn song AV
0
hay dong ien tai tu loc C
-ien lng nap them vao tu ien C la AI
r
bang ien lng phong ra
nuoi phu tai, coi dong gn song tai phu tai AI
r
khong ang ke so vi Ai
L

Vay : AV
0
= AV
C
=
C
Q A

AQ = I
o
.DT
AQ =
Rf
D V
DT
R
V
o
= .
0
( 2-12 )
Vi D : he so chu ky , D =
T
T
ON

f = 1/T : Tan so ong ngat
Vay : AV
0
= D
RfC
V
C
Rf
D V
o
o
. =
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 19
* Ch tieu cac linh kien :
- Transitor DCX : V
DCXmax
= V
S
+ V
o

I
DCXmax
=
Lf
DV
D
Io
S
2 1
+


- Diode D : V
Dmax
= V
S
+ V
o

I
Dmax
=
Lf
DV
D
Io
S
2 1
+

( 2 -13)
-I
D trung bnh
= I
o
( 2 -14 )

III. ON AP BUCK - BOOST
-On ap Buck - Boost cung cap mot ien ap ngo ra ma co the thap hn
hay ln hn ien ap ngo vao. Cc tnh ien ap ngo ra ngc vi ien ap ngo
vao.





S o Buck Boost
*Mach hoat ong c chia lam 2 giai oan.
- Giai oan 1 : Transistor Q
1
dan va diode D
m
b phan cc ngc.
Dong ngo vao tang va chay vao cuon cam L, Q
1

- Giai oan 2 : Transistor Q
1
ngat , nang lng tch tr trong L va
dong cuon cam ng tuyen tnh t I
2
en I
1
, trong khoang t
2

Vo = -L
2
t
I A
=> t
2
=
Vo
L I. A

AI =
L
t Vo
L
t V
S 2 1
. .
=
-Thay t
1
= DTva t
2
= ( 1 - D) T
-ien ap trung bnh ngo ra :
Vo = -
D
D V
S
1
.
( 2-15 )
Vo
C R
+
-
D
c
V
V
m D
i
i
1 =Vo
+ Vs
L
Q
s
I
i
1
Control
circuit
Vo
- -
L,L
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 20
-Vi D la he so chu ky
-Gia s mach khong ton hao : V
S
I
S
= V
O
.I
O
= V
S
.I
a
. D/ ( 1 - D )
-Dong trung bnh ngo vao : I
S
quan he vi dong trung bnh ngo ra I
O
:
I
S
= Io. D
-T : Chu ky ngat dan
T =
O S O
L
S
L
V V
Vs Vo L I
V
I
V
I
t t
f .
) ( . 1
2 1
A
=
A

A
= + =
- Va dong gn song nh nh : AI =
) (
.
0
S O
S
V V fL
V V


AI =
L f
D V
S
.
.

- Dong xa trung bnh cua tu I
C
= I
o

-Va ien ap gn song nh- nh cua tu la :
AV
C
=
C
Iot
dt I
C
dt I
C
t
O
t
C
1
0 0
1 1 1 1
= =
} }
(2-16 )
Hay : AV
C
=
C f V V
Vo Io
S O
. ) (
.


AV
C
=
C f
D I
O
.

- u, nhc iem chung cua 3 loai : Buck, Boost, Buck - Boost
convertes.
* u iem :
-Ca ba converter eu khong s dung bien ap nen dien tch chiem cho
cua bo nguon nho.
*Nhc iem :
-S phan hoi cua ien ap on nh ngo ra chung DC vi s phan hoi cua
ngo vao DC cha loc. Nhng v ngi s dung thng can co ien ap DC
ngo ra on nh th hai ma phai c cach ien DC vi ien ap ngo ra on
nh th nhat. V vay kho co the thiet ke c nhieu ngo ra cho bo nguon.
IV. PUSH - PULL CONVERTER
Mach Push - Pull nh s o sau:
- No gom 1 bien ap T
1
vi nhieu cuon th cap N
S1
, N
S2
, N
m
va mot mach
ieu khien o rong xung bang ien ap DC. Cac ngo ra ien ap V
S1
,Vs2,
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 21
Vm va lay tn hieu phan hoi ve t V
m
. Ton c ieu chnh e ngan chan s
thay oi tai hay nguon cung cap.























- Khi transitor dan th ien ap di cua moi na cuon s cap giam
xuong V
ce(sat)
khoang 1V. V the khi ca hai transitor dan th ien ap vuong co
gia tr V
dc
- 1
- ien ap trung bnh tai ngo ra V
m

V
m
=
T
Ton
N
N
V
p
m
dc
2
5 , 0 ) 1 (
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
(2-17)

Vce(Q )
I c(Q )
2Vdc
I c( Q )
Vce(Q )
1
1
2
2

Vs2 =Vdc(Ns2/Np)2Ton/T
Vm=Vdc(Nm1/Np)2Ton/T
Vs1 =Vdc(Ns1/Np)2Ton/T
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 22
-Khi V
dc
thay oi th vong hoi tiep am se ieu chnh Ton e gi V
m
khong oi
- Ton, V
m
se c ieu chnh e ngan chan ien ap DC ngo vao va dong
tai ngo ra thay oi.
- Khi Vm thay oi th se xuat hien tn hieu ngo ra bo khuech ai sai
lech va T
on
se c thay oi theo s thay oi cua V
m

ien ap tai ngo ra cua 2 cuon th cap :
V
S1
=
V
S2
=
T
Ton
N
N
V
p
S
dc
2
5 , 0 ) 1 (
2
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|


Mc ien ap tren mot vong :
N
E
= Ae ( dB/dt) x 10
-8

-Ae : la tiet dien loi sat ( cm
2
)
-dB : la o thay oi t cam ( Gauss )
-dB/dt
|
.
|

\
|
s
Gauss

-
N
F
la ien ap tren vong la t le theo tan so song ngat.
- Trong thc te, gia tr ien ap tren vong trong pham vi t 2V tai tan so
ong ngat 25KHZ en 5 hay 6v 100KHz.
a. BIEN AP CONG SUAT
Chon loi : Thiet ke bien ap ta phai chon loi phu hp vi cong
suat ra. Chon loi cho cong suat ngo ra cua bien ap phu thuoc vao tan so hoat
ong, mat o t cam ( B
1
va B
2
), tiet dien loi sat, tiet dien khung quan day
Ab,va mat o dong ien trong moi cuon.
Chon so vong day s cap
-nh luat Faraday : E = NAe (dB/dt ) x 10
+8

Vi:- E: ien ap ri tren loi cuon day( hay cuon day bien ap )
-N : So vong day(vong)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 23
-A
e
: Tiet dien loi ( cm
2
)
-dB : ( Gauss )
--> dB =
NAe
E
dt
8
10 .
+
( Gauss )
- So vong day s cap c xac nh nh sau :
+N
p
: c tnh vi ien ap at len cuon s cap la nho nhat (V
dc
-1)
va thi gian m la cc ai.
N
p
=
dB Ae
x T V
dl
.
10 ) 2 / 8 , 0 )( 1 (
8
min
+

(2-18)
Vi dB =
xAc N
x Ton V
p
dc
8
10 ) )( 1 (
+

(2-19)
Chon so vong day th cap :
-So vong day th cap c chon t :
V
m
= | | 0,5 - ) 1 - (Vdc (V
dc
- 1 )
|
|
.
|

\
|
p
m
N
N
- 0,5]
T
Ton 2

V
S1
= [(V
dc
- 1 )
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
2
p
S
N
N

T
Ton 2

V
S2
= [(V
dc
- 1 )
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
2
p
S
N
N
T
Ton 2

Tnh toan dong san bang nh.
-Gia s hieu suat 80% ( thng at c tan so tren 200KHz )
P
0
= 0,8P
in

-Hay P
in
= 1,25P
0
= V
dcmin
.0,8I
pft

-Vay I
pft
= 1,56
min
0
dc
V
P
(2-20)
Tnh toan dong ien s cap hieu dung va tiet dien day dan :
I
rms =
I
pft
D = I
pft
4 , 0
-Vi D : he so chu ky : D = (0,8T/2)/2
-Hay : I
rms
= 0,632 I
pft

Vay ta co : I
rms
= 0,632
min
0
min
0
986 , 0 56 , 1
dc dc
V
P
V
P
=
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 24
Tnh toan dong gn song nh th cap va kch c day :
I
S(rms)
= I
dc
D = I
dc
4 , 0 = 0,632.I
d c

-Vi I
dc
dong ien ngo ra.
Thiet ke bo loc ngo ra.
1) Thiet ke cuon cam ngo ra :
dI = 2I
dcmin
= V
L
.
0
L
Ton
= (V
1
- V
0
)
0
L
Ton

N
0
= V
1
(2Ton/T) th Ton =
1
0
2V
T V

N
0
= V
1
(2Ton/T ) th Ton =
1
0
2V
T V






-N
S
se c chon 0,8172 khi V
dc
, V
1
la nho nhat
min 1
0
2 2
8 , 0
V
T V T
T
on
= = hay V
1min
= 1,25V
0

dI =
0
0 0
) 2 / 8 , 0 )( 25 , 1 (
L
T V V
= 2I
dcmin

Va L
0
=
min
0
. 05 , 0
dc
I
T V

Neu dong I
dcmin
=
10
1
I
on
Vay : L
0
=
n
I
T V
0
0
. . 5 , 0

-Trong o , L
0
(H)
-V
0
(V)
-T(s)
-I
dcmin
dong ngo ra cc tieu (A)
-I
on
dong ngo ra danh nh (A)
V1
Vo
Lo
Ns
Ns
D1
D2
Co
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 25
2. Thiet ke tu ngo ra.
-Tu ngo ra c chon e ap ng c yeu cau ky thuat ien ap
gn song ngo ra.
V
r
= R
0
.dI
Vi -R
0
: ien tr trong cua tu C
0

-dI : Dong ien nh nh cuon cam.
-Tch so R
0
.C
0
thay oi gia 50 -80 x 10
-6

C
0
=
dI V
x
R
x
r
/
10 80 10 80
6
0
6
=
C
0
=
r
V
dI c ) 10 80 (


* u iem va nhc iem :
1) u iem
- Converter nay phan phoi nang lng ra tai qua bien ap. V vay s
phan hoi ien ap ngo ra c cap ien DC vi ngo vao va co nhieu cuon th
cap bien ap nen co the co nhieu ien ap au ra.
- Khi bo nguon cung cap a c cai tien, ieu chnh cac converter ban
au e mang lai cong suat ln hn t nhng linh kien nho hn. V vay hieu
suat cho he thong phai tang. Mot cach n gian e lam ieu nay la s dung
bien ap co au noi gia cuon day s cap e li dung cho moi na chu ky tren
va na chu ky di cua cuon s cap.
- Hieu suat cao ( gan 90%).
2) Nhc iem.

- Mot trong nhng van e oi vi push-pull converter, o la t thong
trong hai phan cua cuon day s cap va th cap co au ra gia co the tr nen
mat can bang va gay ra van e ve nhiet o.
- Van e th hai la moi transitor phai khoa gap oi mc ien ap so vi cac
converter khac.

V.FORWARD CONVERTER
1. Ly thuyet c ban.
-Bo oi ien nay thng c s dung cho nhng nguon co cong
suat ngo ra t 150-200w khi ien ap ngo vao DC cc ai mc 60V en 200V.
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 26










-Trong mach converter nay ch co mot transistor va mot diode pha s
cap. Trong khi mach push -pull cnverterla hai transistor.
- Khi Q
1
dan, au co cham cua cuon s cap va tat ca cac cuon th cap
tr thanh dng so vi cac au day con lai khong dau.
- Dong chay en tai khi transistor cong suat Q
1
dan - nen goi la Forward
converter. On ap Push-Pull va Buck cung phan phoi dong en tai khi transitor
cong suat dan.
-Trai lai, Boost converter va Flyback lu tr nang lng cuon cam hay
cuon s cua bien ap khi transistor dan va phan phoi dong en tai khi transistor
ngat
- Khi Q
1
dan (T
on
), th ien ap tot chnh lu mc cao trong thi gian
T
on
. Gia s 1V cho Q
1
va D
2
phan cc thuan V
D2
th ien ap mc cao o la :
V
0mr
= ( )
(


Np
Nm
V
dc
1 - V
D2

-Khi Q
1
tat , dong lu tr trong day dan cua T
1
ngc cc vi ien ap
tren Np. Tat ca cac au au cua s va th am so vi cac au con lai. Th
Transistor Q
1
se b anh thung neu khong co diode D
1
dan tra nang lng .
- ien ap ngo ra DC :
V
om
= ( )
T
Ton
V
Np
Nm
V
d dc (

|
|
.
|

\
|
1 (2-21 )

2.Cac moi quan he thiet ke cua ien ap va o , ra , thi gian m va t
so vong.
Mach ieu khien
o rong xung
Mach so
sanh
L1
L2
L3
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Vref
Vom
Vs1
Vs2
Q1
Vea
Vdc
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 27
- ien ap Vom c phan hoi ve va c so sanh vi ien ap chuan
V
ref
, va thay oi Ton e gi V
om
= const oi vi bat c s thay oi Vdc hay
dong tai.
- Thi gian Ton cc ai ( Tonmax) se xay ra V
dcmin

V
om
= ( )
T
T
V
Np
Nm
V
on
d dc
max
min
1
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

V
S1
= ( )
T
T
V
Np
N
V
on
d
S
dc
max
1
min
1
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

V
S2
= ( )
T
T
V
Np
N
V
on
d
S
dc
max
2
min
1
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

3. Quan he gia dong ien s cap, cong suat ngo ra, va ien ap ngo
vao :
- Gia s hieu suat cua nguon 80%
P
0
= 0,8P
in

Hay
P
in
= 1,25P
0
= V
dcmin
( 0,4 Ipft) (2.22 )

Hay I
pft
=
min
0
. 13 , 3
dc
V
P


4. Thiet ke bien ap cong suat :
a) Loi bien ap :Viec chon loi cho bien ap Forward converter giong
vi bien ap Push - Pull v co cung thong so. Mat o t trng, loi sat, tiet dien
ien cam, tan so, va mat o dong cua cuon.
b) Tnh toan vong day s cap.

N
p
=
( )
dB Ae
x T V
dc
.
10 ) 22 / 8 , 0 ( 1
8
min
+

(2-23)

-Vi dB = 1.600 Gauss.
-V
dmin
: ien ap DC ngo vao nho nhat (V)
-T : Khoang thi gian ngat dan (S)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 28
c) Tnh toan vong day th cap :

V
om
= ( )
T
T
V
Np
Nm
V
on
d dc
max
min
1
(

|
|
.
|

\
|


V
S2
= ( )
T
T
V
Np
N
V
on
d
S
dc
max
2
min
1
(

|
|
.
|

\
|


V
S1
= ( )
T
T
V
Np
N
V
on
d
S
dc
max
1
min
1
(

|
|
.
|

\
|


d) Tnh toan dong ien gn song s cap :
I
rms(p)
= 4 , 0
12 , 3
min
0
dc
V
P


I
rms(p)
=
min
0
79 , 1
dc
V
P
(2-24)

e) Tnh toan kch c day :
I
rms(sec)
= I
dc
. 4 , 0
= 0,632.I
dc
.

f) Bo loc ngo ra :
- Cuon cam :

dI = 2I
dcmin
=
1
max 0 min
) (
L
T V V
on dk



Hay L
1
=
min
max 0 min
2
) (
dc
on dk
I
T V V
( 2-25 )

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 29
Nhng V
0
= V
min dk
d
kmin
T
onmax
/T

Vi T
onmax
= 0,8T/2

Nen L
1
=
Ion
T V
0
3
(2-26)

-Tu ien ngo ra :
Nh phan ( 4 - 2)
Ta co : C
0
= 65 x 10
-6
/R
0

C
0
= 65 x 10
-6
.
r
V
dI
0
(2-27)
VI. S O FLYBACK
-S o dung linh kien ngat dan dong vao cuon s cap may bien ap loi
ferrite, ien the tai cuon th cap c oi ra ien mot chieu bang diode chnh
lu.
-Tan so ong ngat co the t 10kHz en 100KHz





n i
1 1
1max 1
n i
t
0
DT T
2 2
n i
n i
2 2max
n i
2mi n 2
t
T DT
0
1mi n 1
n i

Vo
CX
L1,n1
i2
i
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 30
-Chu ky lam viec gom hai giai oan :
*Giai oan 1: O<T<DT
-DCX dan V
L1
= V
S
. Do chieu day quan n
1
,n
2
khong dan L
1
tch luy
nang lng vao mach t ferrit, t thong trong mach t tang.
i
1
=
1
L
V
S
.t + I
1min

-i
1
tang t I
1min
en I
1max
dong gia tang bang :
I
1max
- I
1min
= .DT (2-28 )
-ien ap ngc tai D la :V
Dngc
= -
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
0
1
2
. V V
n
n
S






Vay ta co :
I
1min
= DT
L
Vs
D
D
n
n
R
V
s
1
2
2
1
2
2 ) 1 (

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

Vay ieu kien e co dong lien tuc la :
L
1
=
2
2
2
1
) 1 (
2
D
n
n
f
R

|
|
.
|

\
|

- ien ap dn song:
o
V A
- Dong tai tu ien loc i
c
c bieu dien bi hnh tren . ien lng nap
them vao tu ien loc Q A giai oan o c phong vao tai trong giai oan 1.
-Chu ky sau dien tch S phan di ng bieu dien thien dong qua tu ic
Q A = I
o
.DT =
|
.
|

\
|
=
T
f D
Rf
V
o
1
.
o
V A = D
Rfc
V
C
Q
V
o
c
=
A
= A
* Ch tieu cac linh kien
- Transistor DCX:
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 31
I
DCX max =
( ) f
D
Vs
n
n
x
I
o
24 1 1
2
1
+


- Diode D
I
D trung bnh
(av)=I
o

V
D max=
1
2
n
n
V V
s O
+
*Giai oan 2: DT<t<T





-DCX ngng dan t thong mach t giam , ien ap tai cuon n
2
ao cc
tnh khien D dan dong i
L
giup cho so ampe vong lien tuc, tc thi iem DT so
ampe vong n
2
I
2max
= n
1
I
1min
. L
2
at vao ien ap V
o
, do o :
i
2
= -
max 2
) ( I DT T
L
V
o
o
+
-Mach t phong thch nang lng vao phu tai , i
2
giam t I
2max
en I
2min
,
lng dong giam bang.
I
2max
-I
2min
= T D
L
V
o
) 1 (
2
(2-29)
- ien ap tai cuon n
1
=
o
V
n
n
2
1

- Do o ien ap tai transistor DCX =
- ien ap ra V
o
:
I
2
2
2
1
1 2 1
2
1
,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
n
L L I
n
n

O T D
n
n V
DT
L
V
o s
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
) 1 (
4
2
1
1

(2-30)
- ieu kien e co dong lien tuc.
CX
R C
c
Io
Vs
i 2
i
Vo
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 32
| |D I I I
av max 1 min 1 1
2
1
+ =
-Cong suat vao: P
s
=V
s
.I
1av
=
-Cong suat ra : P
o
=
( )
2
2
2
1
2 2
1
1
D
D
n
n
V
R
S

|
|
.
|

\
|

-Neu hieu suat bang 1 ta co :
I
1max
+ I
1min
=
2
2
2
1
) D - 1 (
D
. )
n
n
(
R
Vs 2
(2-31)
*u nhc iem:
- Cach ly s cap va th cap
- Giam c dong qua transistor cong suat.
- Tao c nhieu cap ien ap au ra bang cach quan nhieu cuon th
cap .
- Dong san bang nh tng ng cua transistor kha cao .
I
pft
=
min dc
V
Rot 13 , 3

Vi Pot : tong cong suat ngo ra
V vay gia thanh cho transistor cao
VII - HALF - BRIDGE CONVERTER







S o Half-Bridge
- Khi chuyen mach S, pha tren ng vi ngo vao 220VAC, mach cnh
lu toan song vi 2 tu loc C
1
noi tiep C
2

+ ien ap nh DC chnh lu khoang : (1,41x220)-2 ~ 308V
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 33
- Khi S
1
ong ng vi ngo vao 110V mach hoat ong nh mach nhan
oi ien ap.
- Na chu ky au tien A dng so vi B, C
1
nap qua D
1

+ ien ap nh khoang (1,41x110)-1~ 154V
- Na chu ky sau C
2
nap qua D
2
+ ien ap nh khoang (1,41x110)-1 ~ 154V
+ ien ap tong tren tu C
1,
C
2
khoang 308V
* Gia s ien ap chnh lu 308V, bo qua tu C
b
.
Mot au cua cuon s cap c noi vi 2 au tu C
1
,C
2
va Q
1,
Q
2
dan
moi na chu ky.
1/ Quan he gia dong s cap, cong suat ra, ien ap vao
-Gia s hieu suat 80%.
Pin = 1,25P
0
.
-Xung dong nh s cap san bang tng ng ng vi Vdcmin
I
pft
(half bridge) =
min
. 13 , 3
Vdc
P
o
(2-32)

2/ Chon c day s cap:
-Dong ien gn song s cap
I
rms
= I
pft T T / 8 ,

I
rms
=
min
. 70 , 2
Vdc
P
o
(2-33)
3/ Chon c day dan va so vong day th cap:
-So vong day th cap c chon (4.1.) en (4.3) cho thi gian m cc
ai T
onmax
= 0,8T/2 va Vdc
min
- 1 c thay bang 1
2
min

Vdc

Vay : V
1

2
8 , 0
5 , 0 1
2
1
T
NP
NS Vdc
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
(2-34)
V
2
(2-35)
- Dong hieu dung s cap : Irms = Idc D =Idc 4 , 0 500 circularmils
tren dong hieu dung la = 500(0,632)Idc
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 34
I
rms
= 316.Idc
-Thiet ke tu cb ta co :
Cb =
dc
T x I
ptc
8 , 0
(2-36)
-Vi dv : o thay oi ap t luc dan en luc tat cua moi transistor.
VII. S O CAU (FULL - BRIDGE)






S o Full-Bridge
-Cac transistor T
1
va T'
2
cung dan luan phien vi T
2
va T'
1
. Moi oi
dan trong thi gian DT trong moi chu ky lam viec, ta co: 0<D<0,5
V
o
= 2
S
DV
n
n
.
1
2
(2-37)
-Ch tieu cac linh kien .
-Transistor : T
Tr max
Lf
D Vs
ALsf
mVs D D
I m
o
2
. ) 1 (
+
(


+ = (2-38)
m =
1 `
2
n
n

V
Tr max =
Vs
-Diode D
1,
D
2,
D'
1
,D'
2
:
I
D
trung bnh =
2
. ). 2 1 (
o
I m D
(2-39)
V
Dmax
= V
s
(8.4)
-Diode D
5
va D
6
: I
D5b
= DI
o

V
D5 max
= V
D6max
= 2nV
D
(2mV
D
)
* Ket luan: Trong cac loai converter trong o co Half - Bridge
converter co nhieu u iem nh.
- Hieu suat cao khoang 90%
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 35
- Bien ap khong s dung au ra gia v vay loai tr c s mat
can bang t thong. Ket qua la loai converter nay c dung e thiet ke cac bo
nguon vi cong suat co the len en 1000W
- ien ap cc ai at len transistor giam i mot na so vi trng
hp cua Push - Pull converter. ieu nay dan en gia thanh transistor va cac
thanh phan linh kien lien quan cung giam .
T nhng u iem a neu tren, nen ta chon thiet ke nguon on ap
xung theo kieu Half - Bridge converter




















Chng III
BIEN AP XUNG

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 36
I.TON HAO LOI VI TAN SO VA MAT O T CAM.
-Hau het cac bien ap xung s dung loi ferrite.Ferrites la vat lieu gom
sat t .Cau truc cua no gom hon hp oxit sat vi Mn, kem oxit.Ton hao dong
ien xoay cua no bo qua khi ien tr suat rat cao.Ton hao loi chu yeu do ton
hao t tre nhng cung kha thap.
-Mot so chat lieu c o at sau cho ton hao loi la nho tan so cao va
nhiet o cao.
-Yeu to chnh anh hng viec chon la chat lieu la ac tnh ton hao loi
(thng mW/cm
3
) oi vi tan so va mat o t cam.
a-ng ac tnh t tre.


















b-Ton hao loi oi vi mat o t cam.


Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 37















c-Ton hao loi oi vi nhiet o











II.HNH DANG LOI FERRITE
-Loi ferrite c san suat vi kch c tng oi nho.
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 38
-Hnh dang loi khac nhau nh: Loi hnh chen, loi RM, EE, PQ, UU,
UI,EI.
-Loi hnh chen (hnh hop) c s dung mc cong suat thap hn 125W
-Cac dang loi khac nhau cua bien ap cong suat .

























Table :Core Losses for Various Core Materials at Various Frequencies and peak Flux Densities at 100
o
C
Fre-
Quency
Material Core loss , mW/cm
3
for various peak flux densities, G
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 39
KHZ 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600
20 Ferroxcube 3C8 85 60 40 25 15
Ferroxcube 3C85 82 25 18 13 10
Ferroxcube 3F3 28 20 12 9 5
Magnetics Inc - R 20 12 7 5 3
Magnetics Inc - p 40 18 13 8 5
TDK - H7C1 60 40 30 20 10
TDK - H7C4 45 29 18 10
Siemens N27 50 24

50 Ferroxcube 3C8 270 190 130 80 47 22
Ferroxcube 3C85 80 65 40 30 18 9
Ferroxcube 3F3 70 50 30 22 12 5
Magnetics Inc - R 75 55 28 20 11 5
Magnetics Inc - P 147 85 57 40 20 9
TDK - H7C1 160 90 60 45 25 20
TDK - H7C4 100 65 40 28 20
Siemens N27 144 96

100 Ferroxcube 3C8 850 600 400 250 140 65
Ferroxcube 3C85 260 160 100 80 48 30
Ferroxcube 3F3 180 120 70 55 30 14
Magnetics Inc - R 250 150 85 70 35 16
Magnetics Inc - P 340 181 136 96 57 23
TDK - H7C1 500 300 200 140 75 35
TDK - H7C4 300 180 100 70 50
Siemens N27 480 200
Siemens N47 190

200 Ferroxcube 3C8 700 400 190
Ferroxcube 3C85 700 500 350 300 180 75
Ferroxcube 3F3 600 360 250 180 85 40
Magnetics Inc - R 650 450 280 200 100 45
Magnetics Inc - P 850 567 340 227 136 68
TDK - H7C1 1400 900 500 400 200 100
TDK - H7C4 800 500 300 200 100 45
Siemens N27 960 480
Siemens N47 480

500 Ferroxcube 3C85 1800 950 500
Ferroxcube 3F3 1800 1200 900 500 280
Magnetics Inc - R 2200 1300 1100 700 400
Magnetics Inc - P 4500 3200 1800 1100 570
TDK - H7F 100
TDK - H7C4 2800 1800 1200 980 320

1000 Ferroxcube 3C85 200
Ferroxcube 3F3 3500 2500 1200
Magnetics Inc - R 5000 3000 1500
Magnetics Inc - P 6200

Note : data are for bipolar magnetic circuits ( first and third - quadrant operation) . For unipolar (
forward conventer , flyback ), divide by 2 .


Table : Core Type Number for Geometrically interchangeable Cores
Ferroxcube-Philips Magnetics TDK
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 40
EE Cores
814E250 41205
813E187 41808 EE19
812E343
812E272
E375 43515
E21 44317
783E608 EE42/42/15
783E776
E625 44721
E55 EE55/55/21
E75 45724
EC Cores
EC35 43517 EC35
EC41 44119 EC41
EC52 45224 EC52
EC70 47035 EC70
ETD Cores
ETD29
ETD34 43434 ETD34
ETD39 43939 ETD39
ETD44 44444 ETD44
ETD49 44949 ETD49
Pot Cores
704 40704 P7/4
905 40905 P9/5
1107 41107 P11/17
1408 41408 P14/8
1811 41811 P14/8
2213 42213 P22/13
2616 42616 P26/16
3019 43019 P30/19
3622 43622 P36/22
4229 44229 P42/29
RM Cores
RM4 41110 RM4
RM5 41510 RM5
RM6 41812 RM6
RM7 RM7
RM8 42316 RM8
RM10 42819 RM10
RM12 43723 RM12
RM14 RM14
PQ Cores
42016 PQ20/16
42020 PQ20/20
42626 PQ26/26
42625 PQ26/25
43220 PQ32/20
43230 PQ32/30

III.QUAN HE GIA CONG SUAT NGO RA CC AI
VI MAT O T CAM, TIET DIEN LOI, KHUNG VA MAT
O DONG IEN TRONG CUON .
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 41
a-S lien he ve cong suat ngo ra cua bo oi ien Forward.
-Cong suat ngo ra c da tren nhng gia thiet sau:
1.Hieu suat cua nguon: Bo qua tieu tan t Vdc ngo vao en cac ngo ra
(gia s hieu suat la 80%).
2.He so khe h (Space Factor :SP):
-SP=0.4
-Dang song dong s cap
-Dang song dong I
pft
dung e tnh cong suat ngo ra oi vi B
max
, tan so,
A
e
, A
b
, D
cma
.
-T so Ns/Np e T
0
= 0,8T/2 V
dcmin

Hnh
so
Tan
so
I
p
He so
chu ky
I
rms
N Tiet dien
day
ie n tr day I
2
rms
.R P0
A2 F1 I
p
0,4 0,632
Ip
N A1 R1 I
2
rms
.R P0
A4 2F1 2I
p
O,4 1,264I
p
0,5N 2A1 0,25R1 I
2
rms
.R 2Po

-Dang song dong s cap V
dc min
, thi gian m 0.8T/2
-Ta co :P
o
= 0.8P
in
= 0.8V
dc min
.I
pft
.
T 2 . 0
T 8 . 0

P
o
= 0.32V
dc min
.I
pft
(3-1)
Nhng gia tr hieu dung gn song cua I
pft
,he so chu ky: 0.4
I
rms
= I
pft
4 . 0
I
0
= 1.58.I
rms

P
o
= 0.32V
dc min
(1.58I
rms
) (3-2)
T nh luat Faraday:V
p
=N
p
.A
e
.
T
B
.10
-8

-Vi : V
p
:ien ap s cap (~ Vdc)
N
p
: So vong s cap
A
e
: Tiet dien loi (cm
2
)
AB: o thay oi t cam,G(0 en B
max
)
AT:Thi gian(s)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 42
V
dcmin
, AB/AT = B
max
/0,4T
-T (3-2) ta co : P
o
=
8 - max e p rms
10 x
4 . 0
f . B . A . N . I . 506 . 0

P
o
=1.256.N
p
.B
max
.A
e
.f.10
-8
.I
rms
(3-3)
-Ab:Tiet dien khung quan day(in
2
) Viet tat (in =inch )
-Ap:Tiet dien cuon day s cap(in
2
)
-As:Tiet dien cuon day th cap(in
2
)
-Ati:Tiet dien cua mot vong day s cap(in
2
)
Vi SF=0.4
Va A
p
=A
s

A
p
=0.2.A
b
=N
p
.A
ti

-Mat o dong :D
cma
=
rms
tcm
I
A

A
tcm
: La tiet dien day dan s cap o bang circurar mils.
I
rms
=
cma
tcm
D
A
(3-4)
Ta co:Tiet dien 1 in
2
=
6 -
10 .
4

(tiet dien Circular mils ).


A
tcm
=

6 +
10 x A 4
ti
=
P
6 +
P
N .
10 ). A . 2 . 0 ( 4

T (3-4) ta co: I
rms
=
cma p
6
b
D N
10 A 8 . 0
(3-5)
Thay (3-5) vao (3-3) ta co:
P
0
= (1.265N
p
.B
max
.A
e
.f.10
-8
)
cma p
6
b
D N
10 A 8 . 0

P
0
=
cma
b e max
D
A . A . f . B . 00322 . 0

A
b
(in
2
)A
b
(cm
2
)
Nen ta co: P
o
=
cma
b e max
D
A . A . f . B . 0005 . 0
(3-6)
Trong o: P
0
(watt)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 43
B (gauss)
A
b
(cm
2
)
D
cma
(circular/rms ampe)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 44
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 45
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 46
b- S lien he cong suat ngo ra cua bo oi ien Puss-Pull
P
0
= 0.8V
dc min
(0.8I
pft
)
P
0
= 0.64 V
dc min
.I
pft
(3-7)
I
rms
= I
pft
4 . 0
Hay I
pft
= 1.58I
rms

P
0
= 0.64V
dc min
(1.58I
rms
)
= 1.01V
dc min
.I
rms
(3-8)
A
p
= 0.2A
p
= 2N
p
.A
ti
A
ti
=

p
b
N
A 1 . 0

(3-9)
Vi: N
p
so vong day na cuon s cap.
A
b
(in
2
)
A
ti
(in
2
)
D
cma
=
rms
tcm
I
A
(3-10)
Vi:A
tcm
tiet dien day dan (circular mils)
-Dong ien gn song tren na cuon s cap
I
rms
=
cma
tcm
D
A

Vi A
ti
= A
tcm
(
4

).10
-6

Vay A
tcm
=0.1273.
p
b
N
A
.10
+6
(3-11)
Thay (3-11) vao (3-10) ta co:
I
rms
= 0.1273
cma p
b
D N
A
.10
+6

Thay I
rms
vao (3-8) ta co: P
o
= 1.01V
dc min
. 0.1273
cma p
b
D N
A
.10
+6

P
o
= 0.129V
dc min
.
cma p
b
D N
A
.10
+6

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 47
-T nh luat Faraday: V
dc min
=
T
B . A . N
e p
.10
-8

-Bien o nh nh cua t cam: 2B
max
0.4T tai V
dc min

P
o
= 0.129(N
p
.A
e
)
cma p
b max
D . N
A
.
T 4 . 0
B 2
.10
-2

P
o
=
cma
b e max
D
A . A . f . B 00645 . 0

Vi A
b
(in
2
) =
45 . 6
A
b
(cm
2
)
Nen: P
o
=
cma
b e max
D
A . A . f . B 001 . 0

c- S lien he cong suat ngo ra cua bo oi ien Half-Bridge
- Thi gian m cua transistor la
2
T 8 . 0
tai V
dc min

- Hieu suat E
ff
= 80%
- A
e
,A
b
: tiet dien loi, khung (cm
2
).
- A
bi
: tiet dien khung (in
2
).
- A
p
: tiet dien cuon day s cap (in
2
).
SF = 0.4
D
cma
: mat o dong ien.
A
ti
: tiet dien day (in
2
).
A
tcm
: tiet dien day (circular mils).
N
p
: so vong day s cap.
I
rms
= I
pft
. 8 . 0 = 0.894I
pft
hay I
pft
= 1.12I
rms

Nen P
o
= 0.8P
in
= 0.8
2
V
min dc
I
av

Vi A
ti
= A
tcm
.
4

.10
-6

Vay A
tcm
= 0.255(
b
bi
N
A
)10
+6
(3-13)
I
rms
=
6 +
cma p
bi
cma
tcm
10
D . N
A
255 . 0 =
D
A
(3-14)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 48
-Table:Maximum Available Output Power in Forward Converter Topology
Output power in watts at ( Ae, Ab :cm
2
; f: Khz)
Core Ae Ab Ae.Ab 20Khz 24Khz 48Khz 72Khz 96Khz 150Khz 200Khz 250Khz 300Khz
EE Core. Ferroxcube-Philips
814E250 O.202 0.171 0.035 1.1 1.3 2.7 4.0 5.3 8.3 11.1 13.8 16.6
813E187 O.225 0.329 0.074 2.4 2.8 5.7 8.5 11.4 17.8 23.7 29.6 0.89
813E343 0.412 0.359 0.148 4.7 5.7 11.4 17.0 22.7 35.5 47.3 59.2 71.0
812E250 0.395 0.581 0.229 7.3 8.8 17.6 26.4 35.3 55.1 73.4 91.8 110.2
782E272 0.577 0.968 0.559 17.9 21.4 42.9 64.3 85.5 134.0 178.7 223.4 268.1
E375 0.810 1.149 0.931 29.8 35.7 71.5 107.2 143.0 223.4 297.8 372.3 446.7
E21 1.490 1.213 1.807 57.8 69.4 138.8 208.2 277.6 433.8 578.4 722.9 867.5
783E608 1.810 1.781 3.224 103.2 123.8 247.6 371.4 495.1 773.7 1031.6 1289.4 1547.3
783E776 2.330 1.810 4.217 135.0 161.9 323.9 485..8 647.8 1012.2 1349.5 1686.9 2024.3
E625 2.340 1.370 3.206 102.6 123.1 246.2 369.3 492.4 769.4 1025.9 1282.3 1538.8
E55 3.530 2.800 9.884 316.3 379.5 759.1 1138.6 1518.2 2372.2 3162.9 3953.6 4744.3
E75 3.380 2.160 7.301 233.6 280.4 560.7 841.1 1121.4 1752.2 2336.3 2920.3 3504.4
EC Core ,Ferroxcube-Philips
EC35 0.843 0.968 0.816 26.1 31.3 62.7 94.0 125.3 195.8 261.1 326.4 391.7
EC41 0.971 1.220 1.185 37.9 45.5 91.0 136.5 182.0 284.3 379.1 473.3 568.6
EC52 1.800 2.130 3.834 122.7 147.2 294.5 441.7 588.9 920.2 1226.9 1533.6 1840.3
ETD Core, Ferroxcube-Philis
EC70 2.790 4.770 13.308 425.9 511.0 1022.1 1533.1 2044.2 3194.0 4258.7 5323.3 6388.0
ETD29 0.760 0.903 0.686 22.0 26.4 52.7 79.1 105.4 164.7 219.6 274.5 329.4
ETD34 0.971 1.220 1.185 37.9 45.5 91.0 136.5 182.0 284.3 379.1 473.3 568.6
ETD39 1.250 1.740 2.175 69.6 83.5 167.0 250.6 334.1 322.0 696.0 870.0 1044.0
ETD44 1.740 2.130 3.706 118.6 142.3 284.6 427.0 569.3 889.5 1186.0 1482.2 1779.0
ETD49 2.110 2.710 5.718 183.0 219.6 439.2 658.7 878.3 1372.3 1829.8 2287.2 2744.7
Pot Cores, Ferroxcube-Philips
704 0.070 0.022 0.002 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
950 0.101 0.034 0.003 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6
1107 0.167 0.054 0.009 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.4 2.2 2.9 3.6 4.3

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 49
-Table:Maximum Available Output Power in Forward Converter Topology (continued)
Output power in watts at ( Ae, Ab :cm
2
; f: Khz)
Core Ae Ab Ae.Ab 20Khz 24Khz 48Khz 72Khz 96Khz 150Khz 200Khz 250Khz 300Khz
Pot Cores, Ferroxcube-Philips
1408 0.251 0.097 0.024 0.8 0.9 1.9 2.8 3.7 5.8 7.8 9.7 11.7
1811 0.433 0.187 0.081 2.6 3.1 6.2 9.3 12.4 19.4 25.9 32.4 38.9
2213 0.635 0.297 0.189 6.0 7.2 14.5 21.7 29.0 45.3 60.4 75.4 90.5
2616 0.948 0.407 0.386 12.3 14.8 29.6 44.4 59.3 92.6 123.5 154.3 185.2
3019 1.380 0.587 0.810 25.9 31.1 62.2 93.3 124.4 194.4 259.2 324.0 388.8
3622 2.020 0.774 1.563 50.0 60.0 120.1 180.1 240.2 375.2 500.3 625.4 750.5
4229 2.660 1.400 3.724 119.2 143.0 286.0 429.0 572.0 893.8 1191.6 1489.6 1787.5
RM Cores, Ferroxcube-Philips
RM5 0.250 0.095 0.024 0.8 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6 5.7 7.6 9.5 11.4
RM6 0.370 0.155 0.057 1.8 2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 13.8 18.4 22.9 27.5
RM8 0.630 0.310 0.195 6.2 7.5 15.0 22.5 30.0 46.9 62.5 78.1 93.7
RM10 0.970 0.426 0.413 13.2 15.9 31.7 47.6 63.5 99.2 132.2 165.3 198.3
RM12 1.460 0.774 1.130 36.2 43.4 86.8 130.2 173.6 271.2 361.6 452.0 542.4
RM14 1.980 1.100 2.187 69.7 83.6 167.3 250.9 334.5 522.7 697.0 871.2 1045.4
PQ Cores,Magnetics, Inc.
42016 0.620 0.256 0.159 5.1 6.1 12.2 18.3 24.4 38.1 50.8 63.5 76.2
42020 0.620 0.384 0.238 7.6 9.1 18.3 27.4 38.1 50.8 63.5 95.2 114.3
42620 1.190 0.322 0.383 12.3 14.7 29.4 44.1 58.9 92.0 122.6 153.3 183.9
42625 1.180 0.502 0.592 19.0 22.7 45.5 68.2 91.0 142.2 189.6 236.9 284.3
43220 1.700 0.470 0.799 25.6 30.7 61.4 92.0 122.7 191.8 255.7 319.6 383.5
43230 1.610 0.994 1.600 51.2 61.5 122.9 184.4 245.8 384.1 512.1 640.1 768.2
43535 1.960 1.590 3.116 99.7 119.7 239.3 359.0 478.7 747.9 997.2 1246.6 1495.9
44040 2.010 2.4905.005 160.2 192.2 384.4 576.6 768.8 1201.2 1601.6 2002.0 2402.4

-Table:Maximum Available Output Power in Half- or Full-Bridge Converter Topology
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 50
Output power in watts at ( A
e
, A
b
:cm
2
; f: Khz)
Core Ae Ab Ae.Ab 20Khz 24Khz 48Khz 72Khz 96Khz 150Khz 200Khz 250Khz 300Khz
EE Core. Ferroxcube-Philips
814E250 O.202 0.171 0.035 3.1 3.7 7.4 11.2 14.9 23.2 30.9 38.7 46.4
813E187 O.225 0.329 0.074 6.6 8.0 15.9 23.9 31.8 49.7 66.3 82.9 99.5
813E343 0.412 0.359 0.148 13.3 16.0 31.8 47.8 63.6 99.4 132.5 165.7 198.8
812E250 0.395 0.581 0.229 20.6 24.8 49.3 74.1 98.7 154.2 205.6 257.0 308.4
782E272 0.577 0.968 0.559 50.0 60.3 120.1 180.4 240.2 375.3 500.4 625.6 750.7
E375 0.810 1.149 0.931 83.4 100.5 200.1 300.6 400.2 625.4 833.9 1042.4 1250.8
E21 1.490 1.213 1.807 161.9 195.2 388.6 583.8 777.2 1214.6 1619.4 2024.3 2429.1
783E608 1.810 1.781 3.224 288.8 348.1 693.1 1041.2 1386.2 2166.2 2888.4 3610.4 4332.5
783E776 2.330 1.810 4.217 377.9 455.5 906.7 1362.2 1813.4 2834.0 3778.7 4723.4 5668.1
E625 2.340 1.370 3.206 287.2 346.2 689.2 1035.5 1378.5 2154.3 2872.4 3590.5 4308.6
E55 3.530 2.800 9.884 885.6 1067.5 2125.1 3192.5 4250.1 6642.0 8856.1 11070.1 13284.1
E75 3.380 2.160 7.301 654.2 778.5 1569.7 2358.2 3139.3 4906.1 6541.5 8176.9 9812.3

EC Core ,Ferroxcube-Philips
EC35 0.843 0.968 0.816 73.1 88.1 175.4 263.6 350.9 548.4 731.2 913.9 1096.7
EC41 0.971 1.220 1.185 146.4 176.4 351.2 527.6 702.4 1097.7 1463.6 1829.5 2195.4
EC52 1.800 2.130 3.834 343.5 414.1 824.3 1238.4 1648.6 2576.4 3435.3 4294.1 5152.9
ETD Core, Ferroxcube-Philis
EC70 2.790 4.770 13.308 1192.4 1437.3 2861.3 4298.6 5722.6 8943.2 11924.2 14905.3 17886.4
ETD29 0.760 0.903 0.686 61.5 74.1 147.6 221.7 295.1 461.2 614.9 768.6 922.4
ETD34 0.971 1.220 1.185 106.1 127.9 254.7 382.6 509.4 796.1 1061.4 1326.8 1592.1
ETD39 1.250 1.740 2.175 194.9 234.9 467.6 702.5 935.3 146.6 1948.8 2436.0 2923.2
ETD44 1.740 2.130 3.706 332.1 400.3 796.8 1197.1 1593.7 2490.6 3320.8 4150.9 4981.1
ETD49 2.110 2.710 5.718 183.0 219.6 439.2 658.7 878.3 1372.3 1829.8 2287.2 2744.7
Pot Cores, Ferroxcube-Philips
704 0.070 0.022 0.002 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.1
950 0.101 0.034 0.003 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.5 2.3 3.1 3.8 4.6
1107 0.167 0.054 0.009 0.8 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.9 6.1 8.1 10.1 12.1
-Table:Maximum Available Output Power in Half- or Full-Bridge Converter Topology (continued)
Output power in watts at ( A
e
, A
b
:cm
2
; f: Khz)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 51
Core A
e
A
b
A
e
.A
b
20Khz 24Khz 48Khz 72Khz 96Khz 150Khz 200Khz 250Khz 300Khz
Pot Cores, Ferroxcube-Philips
1408 0.251 0.097 0.024 2.2 2.6 5.2 7.8 10.4 16.3 21.8 27.2 32.7
1811 0.433 0.187 0.081 7.3 8.7 17.4 26.2 34.8 54.4 72.6 90.7 108.8
2213 0.635 0.297 0.189 16.9 20.4 40.5 60.9 81.1 126.7 169.0 211.2 253.5
2616 0.948 0.407 0.386 34.6 41.7 83.0 124.6 165.9 259.3 345.7 432.1 518.6
3019 1.380 0.587 0.810 72.6 87.5 174.2 261.6 348.3 544.4 725.8 907.2 1088.7
3622 2.020 0.774 1.563 140.1 158.9 336.1 505.0 672.3 1050.7 1400.9 1751.1 2101.3
4229 2.660 1.400 3.724 333.7 402.2 800.7 1202.9 1601.3 2502.5 3336.7 4170.9 5005.1

RM Cores, Ferroxcube-Philips
RM5 0.250 0.095 0.024 2.1 2.6 5.1 7.7 10.2 16.0 21.3 26.6 31.9
RM6 0.370 0.155 0.057 5.1 6.2 12.3 18.5 24.7 38.5 51.4 64.2 77.1
RM8 0.630 0.310 0.195 17.5 21.1 42.0 63.1 84.0 131.2 175.0 218.7 262.5
RM10 0.970 0.426 0.413 37.0 44.6 88.8 133.5 177.7 277.7 370.2 462.8 555.4
RM12 1.460 0.774 1.130 101.3 122.0 243.0 365.0 485.9 759.4 1012.5 1265.6 1518.8
RM14 1.980 1.100 2.187 195.1 235.2 468.3 703.5 936.5 1463.6 1951.5 2439.4 2927.2

PQ Cores,Magnetics, Inc.
42016 0.620 0.256 0.159 14.2 17.1 34.1 51.3 68.2 106.7 142.2 177.8 213.3
42020 0.620 0.384 0.238 21.3 35.7 51.2 76.9 102.4 160.0 213.3 266.6 320.0
42620 1.190 0.322 0.383 34.3 41.4 82.4 123.8 164.8 257.5 343.3 429.2 515.0
42625 1.180 0.502 0.592 53.1 64.0 127.4 191.3 254.7 398.1 530.8 663.4 796.1
43220 1.700 0.470 0.799 71.6 86.3 171.8 258.1 343.6 536.9 715.9 894.9 1073.9
43230 1.610 0.994 1.600 143.4 172.8 344.1 516.9 688.1 1075.4 1433.9 1792.4 2150.9
43535 1.960 1.590 3.116 279.2 336.6 670.0 1006.6 1340.1 2094.2 2792.3 3490.4 1488.4
44040 2.010 2.490 5.005 448.4 540.5 1076.1 1616.6 2152.1 3363.3 4484.4 5605.5 6726.6
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 53
Nen P
o
= 0.0913
6 +
cma p
bi min dc
10 .
D . N
A . V
(3-15)
T nh luat Faraday: V
p min
=
8
e p
min dc
10 .
T
B
A . N =
2
V


Vi AB = 2B
max
, AT = 0.4T
Nen V
dc min
= 10N
p
.f.A
e
.B
max
.10
-8

Thay V
dc min
vao (3-15) ta co:
P
o
=
cma
bi e max
D
A . A . f . B 00913 . 0

P
o
=
cma
b e max
D
A . A . f . B 0014 . 0
(3-16)
IV. S GIA TANG NHIET O CUA BIEN AP
-Nhiet o cua bien ap tang cao hn nhiet o cua moi trng la do phu
thuoc vao ton hao loi, ton hao dong va be mat tan nhiet cua bien ap. Khong
kh thoi qua bien ap co the lam giam s gia tang nhiet o ang ke.
-e tnh toan s gia tang nhiet o ngi ta da vao mot so ng at tnh
kinh nghiem cua ien tr nhiet tren tiet dien be mat tan nhiet.
-ien tr nhiet R
t

-S gia tang nhiet o: dT
-Ton hao cong suat: P
dT = P.R
t

- ng ac tnh ien tr nhiet cua bo tan nhiet oi vi tong dien tch be
mat c minh hoa hnh sau :









Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 54









PHAN B



PHAN THIET KE















I.S O KHOI CUA BO NGUON:
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 55


























-KHOI CHNH LU CAU VA LOC: Dung e bien oi ien xoay
chieu thanh ien nang mot chieu va lam phang ien ap hay dong ien mot
chieu ngo ra chnh lu.
CHNH LU
CAU VA LOC
DAO ONG
SONG VUONG
BAO VE
QUA AP
BAO VE
QUA DO NG
CHNH LU
VA LOC
CHNH LU
VA LO C
CHNH LU
VA LOC
-15V/3A +15V/3A 5V/10A
BIEN AP
XUNG
110-220VAC
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 56
-DAO ONG SONG VUONG : Dung e bien oi ien ap DC thanh
ien ap AC tan so cao.
-BIEN AP XUNG: Dung e ca m ng ien ap AC s cap sang th ca p
theo t so dong day gia cuon s cap va cac cuon day th cap.
-CHNH LU VA LOC: Chnh lu ien ap xoay chieu tan so cao ra
ien ap mot chieu va c loc phang e tao ra cac mc ien ap ngo ra.
-KHOI BAO VE QUA DONG: Dung e tat bo dao ong khi co hien
tng qua dong.
-KHOI BAO VE QUA AP : Dung e tat dao ong khi co hien tng
qua ap

II.TNH TOAN , THIET KE BIEN AP XUNG :
-Yeu cau thiet ke :
-Cong suat ra :
P
out
= 5.10 + ( 15.3 )2=140W
-Nh vay cong suat ra cua bo nguon la 140W .Tra bang ta chon tan so
dao ong f=62KHz
-T nhng phan tch chng II , ta a chon Half-Bridge converter e
thiet ke nguon on ap xung.
1.Cong suat vao:
P
in
=P
out
/ e
ff
vi e
ff
la hieu suat
-Gia s hieu suat cua bo nguon la 80%.
P
in
=140 / 0,8= 175 W
2.ien the nan ngo vao :
Khi nguon xoay chieu ngo vao la :
- 110V:Th mach hoat ong nh mach nhan oi ien ap
-Na chu ky au :ien ap nh do tu C1 nap
V
P
=1,41 .110 -1=154V ( 94/1 )
-Na chu ky sau :Tu C2 cung nap vi mc V
P

-Vay ca mot chu ky: V
dc
=V
c1
+V
c2
=154+154=308V ( 94/1 )
- 220V:ien ap DC chnh lu nh :Vdc=(1,41. 220)-2=308V
3.Tnh toan so dong day s cap :
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 57
Ta co

dB . Ae
10 . 1)(0.8T/2) - 2 / Vdc (
= N
8
p
(2.7/1)
Vi T=1/f. vi f=62 KHz
Ae=1,11 cm
2
:tiet dien loi
-Chon dB=1600 Gausse
3
8
p
10 . 62 . 1600 . 11 , 1
10 . 1)(0.8T/2) - 2 / 308 (
= N = 55,57 vong
-Chon N
P
= 56 vong
4.Gia tr dong ien:
-Dong san bang nh:
Ipft(half-bridge) =
Vdc
Po 13 , 3
(3.1/1)
Ipft(half-bridge) = 43 . 1 =
308
140 . 13 , 3

-Dong ien gn song s cap:
I
rms(p)
= =
308
140 . 79 , 2

Irms(p) = 1.27A
5.Tiet dien day s cap:
Ta co :
A
tcm
=
Vdc
Po . 1395
(3.3/1)

Vi A
tcm
la tiet dien day (circular mils)
(1 in
2
= t /4.10
-6
circular mils)
A
tcm
=
308
140 . 1395
= 634 (circular mils)

A
ti
= A
tcm
(t /4) 10
-6
(258/1)

A
bi
=
6 -
p tcm
10 . 255 , 0
N . A
(7.15/1)
Vi A
ti
: tiet dien day (in
2
)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 58
A
bi
: tiet dien khung (in
2
)
Vay:
A
bi
=
6
10 . 255 , 0
56 . 634
= 0,14 ( in
2
)

A
ti
=
Np
A . 2 , 0
bi
(7.14/1)
A
t
= A
ti
. 6,45 .16 ( cm
2
)
( 1 inch = 2,54 cm )
A
t
= 0,0033 cm
2
= 0,33 mm
2

Ma A
t
= t d
2
/4
Vay ng knh day s cap d = 0,65 mm
6.So dong day th cap:
V(5) = [
T
2.T
1] -
N
N
1) -
2
V
(
on
p
S 5 dc
(2.2/1)
vi N
5S
: so dong day th cap (5v)
T
on
= 0,8T / 2
V(5) = ((
56
N
1) -
2
308
5S
1) . 0,8 = 2,7 vong
Chon N
5S
= 3 vong
V(15) = ((
2
V
dc
1)
p
S 5
N
N
1) . 2Ton / T
Vi N
15S
: so vong day th cap ( 15v )
N
15S
= 7,3 vong
Chon N
15S
= 8 vong
Ta co dong ien gn song th cap :
I
s(rms)
= 0,632 . I
dc

I
dc
: dong mot chieu ngo ra +5V/10A
I
s(rms)
= 0,632 . 10 = 6,32 A
7.Tiet dien day th cap:
Tiet dien day th cap : A
scm
=316.I+
5V/10A : vi A
scm
(circular mils)
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 59
A
scm
= 316 . 10 = 3160
Tiet dien day tnh bang in
2

A
si
= 3160 . t /4 . 10
-6
= 0,00248 in
2

Tiet dien day tnh bang cm
2

A
sc
= A
si
. 6,45 . 10 = 0,0159 cm
2

Tiet dien day tnh bang mm
2

A
sm
= 1,59 mm
2

Ma A
sm
= t d
2
/4 =>d = 1,4 mm
Vay ng knh day th cap (5V/10A) : d = 1,4 mm
15V/3A :
Ta co I
s(rms)
= 0,632 . 3 = 1,896 A
A
scm
= 316 . 3 = 948
Tiet dien day tnh bang in
2

A
sci
= 948 . (t /4) . 10
-6
= 0,000744 in
2

Tiet dien day tnh bang cm
2

A
sc
= A
si
. 645.16 = 0,00479 cm
2

Tiet dien day tnh bang mm
2

A
sm
= 0,479 mm
2

uong kng day d = 0,78 mm
8.Tiet dien khung quan day :
A
bi
= 0,14 in
2
=> A
bi
= 0,14 . 6,4516 = 0,9 cm
2

III.THIET KE BO LOC NGO RA ;
A-5V/10A :
-Cuon loc ngo ra(Lo)
Lo= 0,5.V0 .T / I0
Vi V0 = Vdc . ngo ra : Vo = 5V
T = 1/f ; f = 62 KHz
Ion = Idc = 10 A
0,5 . 5
=> Lo = = 4 H
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 60
10 . 62 . 103
-Tu loc ngo ra (Co)
Ta co : dI = 2 . I
dc
min
Vi I
dc min
= 1/10 . I
dc

Bien o dong ien nh nh gn song cua cuon day : dI = 2 A
ien ap gon song nh nh Vr = Ro . dI
Ro : ien tr tng ng
Ro thngng rat nho, chon Ro = 0,05
Vr = 0,05 . 2 = 0,1 V
Co = 80 . 16-6 . dI / Vr = 1600 F
B- 15 V / 3A :
Cuon loc ngo ra : Lo
0,5 . Vo . T 0,5 . 15
Lo = = = 40 H
Io 3 . 62 . 103

Vi I
on
= I
dc
= 3A
T = 1/f ; f = 62 KHz
Tu loc ngo ra Co :
Ta co dI = 2 . I
dc min

Vi I
dc min
= I
dc
/10
dI = 0,6 A
ien ap gn song nh : Vr = Ro . dI
Chon Ro = 0,05 O : ien tr tuong uong
Vr = 0,05 . 0,6 = 0,03 V
80 . 10-6 . di 80 . 10
-6
. 0,6
Co = = = 1600 F
Vr 0,03
Chon C = 1600 F

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 61
IV.THIE T KE MACH NA N LO C NGO VA O :
1.CAU DIODE :
Mach nan loc ngo vao uc thiet ke theo mach nh hnh ve
ien ap nguon li at trc tiep vao cau nan nen 4 diode phai chu ien
ap ngc cao.
Tr so nh cua ien ap la : V
p
= 220 . 1,414 = 311 V
Tr so nh cua ien ap nguoc at len moi diode la :
V
in
= 311 . 1,57 = 448 V
Neu d tr them 10% th ta can chon cac diode chu uoc ap nguc cho
phep la 600 V.
T nhan xet tren ta thay Diode 1N4007 la thch hp, v no co ien ap
nguc Vin = 1000V
Dong ien bao hoa nguoc Is = 5 A
Dong ien thuan cc ai I
F

max
= 1 A
Diode 1N4007 la loai diode thong dung, co nhieu tren th trng, gia
kinh te. Nen ta chon cau Diode la 1N4007.
2.Tu loc :
V ay la mach on ap xung , nen ien ap ngo ra c loc ngo ra, nen
van e loc ngo vao co o gn song cao va co the len en 25 40 %.
ta co : 1
=
2 3 f R C
vi : o gn song ( % )
1
C = = 192,45 F
2 3fRC

vi = 30 % , f = 50 Hz , R = 100 K
Thc te ta chon C = 220 F
V.MACH IEU KHIEN :
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 62
Mach ieu khien o rong xung vi tan so co nh uoc xay dng e
thc hien viec ieu khien trong bo nguon switching. No uoc thiet ke theo
tng khoi ri hay cc tch hp trong cac IC .
Neu thiet ke theo tng khoi ri th bo nguon se phc tap, o chnh xac
khong cao ,dien tch chiem cho ln . V vay ta chon IC e khac phuc cac nhc
iem tren.
Co nhieu loai IC ieu khien o rong xung nh :SG 1524,UC 1846, TL
494, TL 495....Nhng TL 494 co nhieu tren th trng, gia thanh re, nen ta chon
IC TL 494.
Mo ta IC TL 494 :
IC TL 494 bao gom bo dao ong rang ca tuyen tnh vi tan so c xac
nh bi 2 thanh phan ben ngoai la R
T
va C
T

Tan so dao ong : f = 1,1 / ( R
T
. C
T
)
Ngo ra cua mach ieu che o rong xung c thc hien bi s so sanh
song rang ca vi 2 tn hieu ieu khien a en cong NOR va sau o suat ra 2
transistor Q1 va Q2 .Tn hieu suat ra en Q1,Q2 ch xay ra khi tn hieu rang
ca ln hn so vi 2 tn hieu vao . V the viec tang bien o tn hieu ieu khien
se lam giam o rong xung ra ( xin tham khao s o ve dang song cua IC
TL494 )
Tn hieu ieu khien 1 ben ngoai a vao uoc cung cap cho mach dead-
time .Tn hieu ieu khien 2 c a vao mach khuech ai sai lech hoac ngo
vao feedback .
Mach so sanh ieu khien o rong xung se so sanh ien ap a t ben
ngoai vao e cho ra 1 xung co o rong xung tuy thuoc vao ien the ngo
vao.Thi gian hoat ong cua xung tuy thuoc vao thi gian dead-time va o
rong xung cua mach so sanh PWM.
IC TL 494 co 1 ien the on ap ben trong la 5V vi dong la 10 mA va
c a ra chan so 14 e lam ien ap chuan
Nh a noi tren tan so dao ong c nh bi R
T
va C
T
,thc te tren
mach la C36 va R36 va fosc = 62 KHz
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 63
Ta co
fosc =
36 C . 36 R
1
= 62 KHz
Chon R36 = 18 K
Thay cac gia tr vao ta uoc C36 = 958 pF = 1000 pF
Dong IC 494 la 10 mA va ap cua no cung cap cho mach la 5V
R42 = 5/10 = 0,5 K
Chon R42 = 1K
Q3 ( C 945 ) va Q4 ( C 945 ) la 2 transistor tang driver :
C 945 co ac tnh ky thuat sau :
B
VCBO
= 70 V
B
VCEO
= 70 V
B
VEBO
= 4 V
Tnh R18 ,ta co :
R18
V
BQ4
= Vcc
R17 + R18
Khi Q4 dan ,ta co V
BQ4
= 0,6 V , Vcc = 5 V
Chon R18 = 1 K
Thay cac gia tr tren vao cong thc ta uoc
R17 = 4,2 K
Chon R17 = 3,9 K
Bang cach dung 2 cong thc tren ap dung cho Q3 vi 2 ien tr phan cc
la R21 va R19 ( chon R21 = 3,9 K ) ta co : R19 = 1,2 K
Thc te chon R19 = 1,5 K
Ap dung cho Q6 ta cung uoc ket qua
R39 = 39 K
R40 = 1 K
Thong so ky thuat cua transistro A 733 ( Q5 )
B
VCBO
= 100
B
VCEO
= 80
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 64
B
VEBO
= 5
Ic max = 0,5 A
P = 0,5 W , | =120
- che o Q5 bat au dan th dong Ic = 0,12 mA nen ta cung co
I
BQ5
= Ic / | = 1 mA
Nen R41 = ( 5-V
BEQ1
) / I
BQ1

Vi V
BEQ1
= 0,2 V =>I
BQ1
= 1 mA
-Thay cac gia tr vao ta c : R41 = 4,8 K
-Thc te chon R41 = 4,7 K
-Tnh tu lien lac C5:
Ta co : I
pft
. 0,8 T/2 I
pft
. 0,8 .T/2
C5 = =
dV 10 % . V
CQ1
Vi I
pft
= 1,42 A ( tnh toan phan au )
V
CQ1
= 150 V
=> C5 = 0,6 F
Chon C5 = 1 F
VI.TRANSISTOR NGA T DAN :
V ay la che o Half-Bridge converter nen ien ap nguoc C-E la :
V
BCE
= 220 . 1,414 . 1,21 = 376,5 V
Trong o 1,21 la he so d phong ,nen ta chon transistor co ien ap nguoc
nam trong khoang nay .
Theo ly luan tren ta chon transistor C 4242 v cac thong so cua C 4242
ap ng c yeu cau tren
Thong so ky thuat cua C 4242 la :
V
CBO
= 700 V
V
EBO
= 9 V
V
CEO
= 4000 V
I = 2 A
He so | = 20
Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 65
Bnh thng khi Q1 cha dan th no a co 1 ien the moi t 0,2 en 0,4 V
e ch can kch mot ien the nho tng ng la 0,4 V hay 0,2 V la transisitor se
dan .Bnh thng dong tai cc B cua Q1 che o moi nay rat nho , khoang vai
microA nen e dong chnh qua R6 phan cc cho Q1 th dong qua no phai ln
gap nhieu lan so vi 0,2 A . ay chnh la dong phan cc cho Q1
I
BQ1
= 0,2 . 100 = 0,2 mA
Luc nay : R6 = U
BEQ1
/I
BQ1
= 0.6 / 0.2 = 3 K
Thc te chon R6 = 2,7 K
Tnh R9 : Ta co
V
CQ2
. R9
V
BQ2
=
R7 + R9
Chon R7 = 330 K , U
BQ2
= 0,6 V
Thay cac so vao cong thc ta uoc R9 = 2,1 K
Thc te chon R9 = 2,7 K

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 66
S O NGUYEN LY

Nguyen Van c Luan van tot nghiep
Trang 67
-NGUYEN LY HOAT ONG CUA BO NGUON ON AP
XUNG 5V/10A, 15V/3A :
--Khi cung cap nguon ien AC vao , nguon ien vao c D5 nan va tao
ien ap moi thong qua R4, en cc B cua Q1( C4242) la m Q1 dan tao mot
ien the cam ng qua cuon th cap cua bien ap xung nh D14 nan va tu loc
C19 loc tao thanh ien ap a a vao chan so 12 cua IC TL494 va lam cho
IC494 dao ong va a ien ap dao ong cho Q3 ( C945) kch thch dao
ong cho Q1 va Q2.
-Nh xung Dead-Time Q2 dan lam cho ien the th cap cua bien ap
xung ra cao.
-IC TL494 la IC ieu khien o rong xung .Nguyen ly ieu rong xung
cua no c giai thch nh sau:
+Chan so 2 c cung cap ien ap VREF =2,5V.
+Chan so 1 a ien ap do sai lay t Vout ra .
+Chan so 4 c ap vao ien the e khong chethi gian Dead
Times khoang 0,4V .
-ien ap ngo ra phan hoi ve so sanh vi ien ap chuan . Neu co s sai
lech th tn hieu ngo ra bo khuech ai sai lech se ieu khien o rong xung
ngo ra chan 9 va chan 10 cua IC TL494 .Tn hieu ngo ra 2 chan nay phan hoi
ve kch cho Q3 va Q4 dan hay ngat e ieu khien thi gian Ton cua 2
Transistor giao hoan Q1 va Q2.
- Mach bao ve qua dong va qua ap:
- Bao ve qua dong : V mot ly do nao o ma dong ien ngo ra tang
len ot ngot ( cao hn dong ien nh mc ).Dong nay qua ien tr 1KO ,va
lam phan cc ien ap D5 .Luc nay xuat hien ien ap phan cc cho Q6 lam
Q6 dan Q5 dan tao ra mot ien the 5V tai chan 4 cua IC 494 .nhn vao cau
tao ben trong cua IC ,ta thay chan 4 cua no la 5V ieu nay co ngha la ngo ra
mach so sanh Dead Times la 5V (tng ng mc 1 ) luc nay se khong co
dao ong ngo ra Mach t cup lai khong hoat ong.
- Bao ve qua ap: V mot ly do nao o ien ap ngo vao tang cao
hn gia tri nh mc .Th ien ap pha th ca p cung tang cao va la m phan cc
D6 ,luc nay cung xuat hien ien ap phan cc cho Q6 .Bang cach ly luan
tng t nh phan bao ve qua dong Mach t cup lai (khong hoat ong
na).

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