H phn tn

Bottom of Form Chng 1 : Tng quan v h phn tn. 1.1 nh ngha. C nhiu nh ngha v h phn tn nh ngha 1: H phn tn l tp hp cc my tnh t tr c kt ni vi nhau bi mt mng my tnh v c ci t phn mm h phn tn. nh ngha 2: H phn tn l mt h thng c chc nng v d liu phn tn trn cc trm (my tnh) c kt ni vi nhau bi mt mng my tnh. nh ngha 3: H phn tn l mt tp cc my tnh c lp giao tip vi ngi dng nh mt h thng thng nht, ton vn. Nh vy, c th ni : H phn tn = mng my tnh + phn mm h phn tn. Phn loi h phn tn: Trc y, h phn tn c chia thnh ba loi : h iu hnh h phn tn, c s d liu h phn tn v cc h thng tnh ton h phn tn. Ngy nay, h phn tn c phn chia nh sau: - H phn tn mang tnh h thng: h iu hnh phn tn. - H phn tn mang tnh ng dng: cc h thng truyn tin phn tn. 1.2 Mc tiu ca h phn tn. a. Kt ni ngi s dng v ti nguyn Gii quyt bi ton chia s ti nguyn trong h thng (resource sharing). b. Tnh trong sut n giu s ri rc v nhng nhc im nu c ca h phn tn i vi ngi s dng (end-user ) v nhng nh lp trnh ng dng (application programmer). Theo tiu chun ISO cho h phn tn ISO / IS / 10746 tn l "Open distributed processing reference model" 1995 c th ha tm dng trong sut: Trong sut truy cp (Access transparency): che giu s khc bit v cch biu din v cch truy cp ti nguyn. Trong sut v v tr (Location transparency): che giu v tr ca ti nguyn. Hai dng trong sut va trnh by c gi chung l trong sut mng (network transparency). Trong sut di tr (Migration transparency): che giu kh nng chuyn v tr ca ti nguyn. Trong sut v vic nh v li (Relocation transparency): che giu vic di chuyn ca ti nguyn khi ang c s dng. Trong sut nhn bn (Replication transparency): che giu tnh trng tnh trng s dng bn sao ca ti nguyn. Che giu s che s ti nguyn tng tranh (Concurency transparency). Trong sut s c (Failure transparency): che giu li h thng nu c. Trong sut kh nng di chuyn ti nguyn (Persistence transparency): che giu vic di chuyn ti nguyn t b nh ngoi vo b nh trong v ngc li. c. Tnh m (Openness).

H phn tn c gi l m nu n cung cp cc dch v theo cc quy tc chun m t c php v ng ngha ca dch v . Thng thng trong h phn tn cc dch v thng c t qua cc giao din bng ngn ng c t giao din (Interface Definition Language- IDL). V th ch quan tm n c php. N cho php cc dch v khc nhau cng chung sng. Nu cc giao din ca h phn tn c c t y v ng n. Xt hai khi nim ca h phn tn l khi nim lin tc (Interroperability) v khi nim chuyn mang (portability). Lin tc: cc ci t ca cc h thng hoc thnh phn h thng t cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th lm vic vi nhau thng qua lin tc. Chuyn mang: nh chuyn mang m mt ng dng c pht trin cho h phn tn A c th thc hin khng cn thay i g trn mt h phn tn B khc, vi iu kin c ci cng giao din nh A d. Tnh co gin (Scalability) Mt h phn tn c gi l c tnh co gin nu n thch nghi vi s thay i quy m ca h thng. Th hin trn cc kha cnh sau: - D b sung ngi s dng v ti nguyn h thng - Khi h thng thay i quy m v mt a l dn n s thay i v v tr a l ca ngi s dng v cc ti nguyn. - H thng c thay i quy m v qun tr. Nu h phn tn c tnh co gin thng nh hng n hiu nng ca h thng (hiu nng ca h thng l hiu qu nng lc hot ng ca i tng). C ba gii php ph dng gii quyt vn co gin ca h phn tn: - n giu - Phn tn: phn nh thnh phn h thng v phn b chng trn phm vi ca h thng (qun l phn cp). V d DNS xc nh theo cch phn cp min ln thnh cc min con. Vi phng php ny s gii quyt c vn khi thm ngi dng hay ti nguyn vo h thng. - Nhn bn: nhn bn mt thnh phn no ca h thng. V d ti nguyn d liu t ti cc v tr khc nhau trong h thng. 1.3 Cc khi nim phn cng. a. Phn loi my tnh. C hai loi my tnh: - Cc loi my tnh c chia s b nh (Shared memory): cc loi my a x l (multiproccessor). - Cc my tnh khng chia s b nh (Private memory): cc h thng multicomputors Trong mi loi li chia tip theo mng kt ni bus - based ch c mt ng kt ni v switch - base c nhiu ng kt ni t my ny sang my khc Hnh 1: Hai cch t chc vi x l v b nh trong h my tnh phn tn. b. H thun nht / h khng thun nht. H thng thun nht: mng my tnh cng s dng mt cng ngh, cc b x l

l nh nhau, truy cp n cng mt b nh ging nhau. Thng dng trong h thng c tnh ton song song. H khng thun nht: nhng my tnh khc nhau kt ni vi nhau. 1.4 Cc khi nim phn mm. a. DOS (distributed OS). L h iu hnh cho cc h multiproccessor v cc h homogenous multicomputer. Mc tiu l n giu v cung cp cc dch v qun tr ti nguyn. c im l cc dch v c th c thc hin bi cc li triu gi t xa.

Hnh 2. Cu trc chung ca DOS b. NOS (Network OS). L h iu hnh cho cc h thng heterogenous multicomputer (LAN, WAN). Mc tiu ca NOS l cung cp cc dch v t xa. Hnh 3 . Cu trc chung ca NOS c. Middleware. L tng ph nm gia tng dch v ca NOS v tng ng dng phn tn. Hnh 4. Cu trc chung ca mt h middleware 1.5 M hnh client - server a. Tng quan v m hnh Client - server. M hnh client - server trong mt h phn tn c phn chia thnh hai nhm chnh l nhm cc server v nhm cc client. Nhm cc server cha cc dch v c bit. Nhm cc client l nhm gi yu cu n server c s dng cc dch v trn server. M hnh tng tc tng qut gia client v server: Hnh 5 M hnh tng tc chung gia mt client v mt server b Phn tng cc ng dng. Vic phn nh rch ri chc nng ca client v server n gi cng rt khc bit v khng thun nht. Do ngi ta a ra tng l chia thnh ba mc chc nng: User - interface level: bao gm cc chng trnh cung cp giao din cho php ngi s dng tng tc vi chng trnh ng dng. Processing level: lm nhim v x l cc tc v ca ngi dng trn c s d liu

Data level: gm cc chng trnh duy tr cc d liu m cc chng trnh ng dng x l. Chng 2: Truyn thng. (Communication) 2.1 Cc giao thc phn tng (Layered protocols). Mt trong nhng m hnh phn tng thng dng nht hin nay l m hnh OSI 7 tng. Mi tng c cc giao thc ring cho n. - Tng ng dng. - Tng trnh din. - Tng phin. - Tng vn chuyn. - Tng mng. - Tng lin kt d liu. - Tng vt l. Mt ci tin trong h phn tn l gp tng trnh din v tng phin thnh mt tng mi l tng middle ware. Do ta cng phi xy dng cc giao thc tng ng cho tng middleware ny. C 4 m hnh dch v middleware m ta s xt ln lt sau y: - Gi th tc t xa RPC (Remote Procedure Call). - Triu gi i tng t xa (Remote Object Invocation) - Middleware hng thng ip (Message - oriented Middleware) - Middleware hng dng (Stream - oriented Middleware) 2.2 Gi th tc t xa (Remote procedure call - RPC). 2.2.1 Tng quan v RPC. Khi mt tin trnh trn my A mun thc hin mt th tc no nm trn mt my B khc th n s thc hin mt li gi th tc t xa ti my B. Th tc s c thc hin my B da trn cc tham s c truyn n t my A v kt qu s c truyn tr li cho my A tng ng. Trong m hnh client - server th li gi th tc t xa c thc hin qua cc bc sau: - Tin trnh mun thc hin th tc my client s gi client stub. - Client stub s to mt bn tin v c li gi n h iu hnh ca client . - H iu hnh ca my client s gi bn tin ti h iu hnh ca my server. - H iu hnh ca server s gi bn tin ti server stub. - Server stub ly cc thng tin ca gi tin v gi server tng ng. - Server thc hin cng vic c yu cu v tr kt qu v cho server stub. - Server stub ng gi kt qu vo bn tin ri gi h iu hnh ca server . - H iu hnh ca my server ny s gi bn tin kt qu h iu hnh ca my client. - H iu hnh ca my client s gi bn tin cho client stub. - Client stub s m gi tin kt qu v tr v cho client. Trong , client stub v server stub my client v server l thnh phn nhm

gim nh cng vic cho client v server, lm cho h thng hot ng mt cch trong sut hn. Hnh 6. RPC gia mt client v server 2.2.2 Xt chi tit cc thao tc RPC. ng gi cc tham s: vic ng gi cc tham s chun b truyn i do client stub thc hin. Client stub s sp xp cc tham s v a vo hng i v qu trnh ny c gi l parameter marshaling. Cc tham s c truyn i gip cho server hiu c cng vic mnh cn thc hin tng ng l g xc nh li gi n th tc thch hp. Truyn tham s: Vic truyn tham s t client ti . C hai cch truyn: truyn tham bin v truyn tham tr. - Truyn tham tr: cc tham s c truyn i l cc gi tr c th. Cc th tc c gi n s coi cc tham bin c truyn kiu tham tr nh l cc bin c khi to cc b, c th thay i gi tr nhng li khng nh hng ti gi tr gc trong ln gi sau. Vn t ra khi truyn tham tr l yu cu gia cc my phi c s ng nht v vic biu din d liu v cc kiu d liu. - Truyn tham bin: cc tham s c truyn i l con tr hay bin cha a ch ca ni cha gi tr thc ca chng. Cc th tc c gi s cn c vo a ch ny tham chiu n gi tr khi tnh ton. Khi gi tr ny b thay i trong khi thc hin th tc th s c thng bo cho client v cc ln gi sau s dng gi tr mi . 2.3 Cc m hnh RPC m rng. 2.3.1 RPC d b (Asynchronous RPC). T tng thc hin l: client gi ti server li gi th tc v ch bn tin chp nhn t server. Pha server s gi bn tin chp nhn v cho client thng bo nhn c yu cu v bt u thc hin yu cu RPC . Lc ny client s tp tc thc hin cng vic ca mnh m khng ch kt qu t server nh RPC truyn thng. Hnh 7. RPC d b. 2.3.2 RPC ng b tr (Deferred synchronuos RPC): Thc hin hai li gi, mt t client v mt t server. Client gi ti server li gi th tc v ch bn tin chp nhn t server. Pha server s gi bn tin chp nhn v cho client thng bo nhn c yu cu v bt u thc hin yu cu RPC . Lc ny client s tp tc thc hin cng vic ca mnh. Khi thc hin th tc xong, server s thc hin li gi ti client bo nhn ly kt qu. Client thc hin ngt, nhn kt qu v gi li cho server bn tin thng bo nhn kt qu thnh cng. Hnh 8. RPC ng b tr. 2.3.3 RPC n tuyn (one- way RPC).

Sau khi thc hin li gi th tc t xa ti server, client khng ch i thng bo nhn yu cu thnh cng t server m tip tc thc hin ngay cc cng vic khc ca mnh. l RPC n tuyn. 2.4 Triu gi i tng t xa (Remote object invocation). 2.4.1 i tng phn tn (Distributed object ). Mt i tng phn tn gm cc thnh phn sau: - State: l cc d liu c ng gi. - Method: l cc thao tc c th thc hin trn d liu. - Interface: l ni giao tip vi cc phng thc ca i tng. Ni cch khc , cc phng thc sn sng thng qua interface. Mt i tng c th thc thi nhiu interface v cng c th c nhiu i tng cng thc thi mt interface ging nhau. S c lp gia cc interface v cc i tng thc thi interface cho php ta c th t mt interface vo mt my no trong khi chnh bn thn i tng c th c tr my khc. Hnh 9. i tng phn tn. 2.4.2 Cc bc thc hin triu gi i tng t xa. Hnh 10. Triu gi i tng t xa. Khi cn triu gi cc phng thc t xa, client s gi yu cu n proxy - mt th hin ca interface. Proxy s marshal (sp xp v a vo hng theo th t) cc phng thc c yu cu vo mt bn tin ri gi cho h iu hnh ca my client. H iu hnh ca client s gi bn tin yu cu n h iu hnh ca server. H iu hnh server nhn bn tin v chuyn cho skeleton (ging server stub ca RPC). Skeleton s unmarshal bn tin nhn c gi n interface ca i tng c phng thc tng ng. i tng thc thi phng thc ri tr kt qu v cho skeleton. Skeleton marshal kt qu nhn c ri gi tr v cho h iu hnh ca client. H iu hnh ca client nhn bn tin kt qu ri chuyn ti cho proxy. Proxy unmarshal bn tin ri chuyn kt qu v cho client. Ch l c client va server u s dng interface ging nhau. Mt s cc i tng Compile - time object: l cc i tng trong cc ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng. N c nh ngha nh l mt mu ca class. Runime object Persistent Object - i tng kin tr: l i tng vn tn ti ngay c khi n khng tn ti trong khng gian a ch ca tin trnh no trn server. Transient object - i tng tc thi: l i tng ch tn ti khi server gi n n, sau khi dng xong n s c gii phng.

Triu gi phng thc t xa (RMI - remote method invocation) Sau khi triu gi mt i tng t xa, client c th triu gi t xa phng thc ca i tng . C hai phng php triu gi phng thc t xa l: triu gi phng thc t xa ng v triu gi phng thc t xa tnh. Triu gi phng thc t xa ng: khi cn gi n mt phng thc mi xc nh interface ang dng trong li triu gi t xa . V th khi interface thay i, cc chng trnh ng dng khng cn phi bin dch li. Triu gi phng thc t xa tnh: cc interface c xc nh trc. Cc chng trnh ng dng khng thch ng c khi interface hin hnh thay i. Nu interface hin ti c s thay i th cc chng trnh ng dng phi c bin dch li mi c th hiu 2.5 Truyn thng hng thng ip (Message - oriented communication). 2.5.1 Cc loi truyn thng c bn Truyn thng kin tr (Persistent communication): Th in t l mt v d minh ha r nt cho khi nim truyn thng kin tr.Khi mt trm mun gi bn tin i trn mng, n s gi bn tin n interface ca my mnh. Qua b nh m, bn tin c truyn i trong mng cc b n mail server c b. Mail server ny tm thi lu tr bn tin vo b nh m ca mnh, xc nh a ch trm ch, ri gi ti server cc b ca trm ch tng ng (c th i qua nhiu mail server trung gian khc). Ti mail server cui cng, bn tin lc ny s c lu li trc khi pht cho trm ch tng ng. Truyn thng nht thi (Transient communication): bn tin gi i ch c lu li trong phin trao i . Khi phin trao i hon thnh hoc khi kt ni b hy b th cc bn tin cng b hy b trn cc server. Do , v mt l do no m mt server trung gian khng th chuyn tip bn tin i c th bn tin ny s b hy b. Truyn thng ng b (Synchronous communication): khi trm gi gi i mt bn tin th n s trng thi kha (blocked) cho n khi nhn c thng bo bn tin n ch thnh cng. Truyn thng d b (Asynchronous communication): khi trm gi gi i bn tin, n s tip tc thc hin cng vic ca mnh. iu ny cng c ngha l bn tin c lu li trn b nh m ca trm gi hoc ca server cc b. 2.5.2 Mt s loi truyn thng h hp. Truyn thng d b, kin tr: bn tin c lu tr lu di hoc l b nh m ca trm gi hoc l trn server truyn thng u tin m bn tin ti. V d h thng th in t. Truyn thng ng b, kin tr: bn tin c lu tr lu di trm nhn, trm gi s trng thi blocked cho n khi bn tin c lu tr b nh m trm nhn. Truyn thng d b, nht thi: sau khi lu tr bn tin cn gi ra b nh m ca my mnh, trm gi s tip tc thc hin cng vic ca mnh. Cng lc, bn tin s c truyn ti trm nhn. Khi bn tin n c trm nhn m trm nhn li khng lm vic, khi qu trnh truyn thng b hy b.

Truyn thng ng b, nht thi: bn tin khng c lu tr lu di. Khi gi i mt bn tin, trm gi s ch bn tin bo nhn thnh cng ca trm nhn gi v mi thc hin tip cng vic ca mnh. Hnh 11. Mt s dng truyn thng. 2.6 Truyn thng hng dng (stream- oriented communication). 2.6.1 Mt s khi nim c bn. Medium (s nhiu l media) : ch cc phng tin dng truyn thng tin nh cc thit b lu tr, ng truyn, cc phng tin hin th... Continuous media: quan h thi gian gia cc mc l yu t c bn thng dch ng ng ngha thc s ca d liu. Discrete media: quan h thi gian khng cn l yu t c bn thng dch ng d liu. Data stream: l mt chui cc n v d liu. Vi data stream th thi gian l yu t quyt nh. kim sot thi gian ngi ta a ra ba phng thc truyn sau: Truyn d b (asynchronous transmission mode): cc mc d liu truyn tun t v khng c rng buc thi gian i vi vic truyn. Truyn ng b (synchronous transmission mode): quy nh trc tr ti a cho mi n v d liu trong data stream. Truyn ng thi (isochronous transmission mode): quy nh tr ln nht v nh nht cho mi n v d liu trong data stream. Cch truyn ny ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic trnh din audio v video. Dng n (simple stream) l dng ch gm mt chui n v d liu. Dng phc (complex stream): bao gm nhiu chui n v d liu khc nhau. Mi chui ny c gi l mt dng con (sub stream). 2.6.2 QoS - cht lng dch v. Cht lng dch v QoS lin quan n cc vn sau: Bng thng yu cu, tc truyn, tr... Loss sensitivity: kt hp cng vi loss interval cho php ta xc nh c tc mt mt thng tin c th chp nhn c. Burst loss sensitivity: cho php xc nh bao nhiu n v d liu lin tip c th b mt. Minimum delay noticed: xc nh gii hn thi gian tr trn ng truyn cho php bn nhn khng nhn bit c l c tr. Maximum delay variation: xc nh tr (jitter) rung ln nht cho php. Quality of guarantee: ch s lng cc dch v yu cu cn phi c. 2.6.3 ng b cc dng. C hai loi ng b: ng b n gin: thc hin ng b gia dng tr v dng lin tc. V d trong vic trnh din slide c km m thanh. Dng hnh nh slide l dng tr cn dng m thanh l dng lin tc, phi ng b hai dng ny thu c kt qu trnh din nh mun.

ng b phc tap: l vic ng b gia cc dng d liu lin tc. V d trong vic xem phim trc tuyn, c dng m thanh v dng hnh nh u l cc dng lin tc cn phi c ng b. Cc k thut ng b: c hai k thut ng b K thut n gin: da trn vic ng b cc thao tc c ghi trn cc dng d liu sao cho ph hp vi cc yu cu thi gian cho trc v cc rng buc v ng b. Hnh 12. ng b n gin. K thut phc tp: ng b trn mi trng mng da trn c vic ng b gia bn nhn v bn gi. Hnh 13. ng b phc tp Chng 3 : Tin trnh (Processes) 3.1 Lung (Thread). Tin trnh (Process) l chng trnh ang c thc hin, n coi tnh trong sut l quan trng. Lung (Thread): l mt hay mt phn chng trnh ang thc hin, n coi hiu nng l quan trng. Li gi h thng (System call): l tp lnh m rng do h iu hnh cung cp xc nh giao din gia h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ngi s dng. Blocking System call: l li gi h thng m sau khi c gi bi tin trnh ngi s dng th tin trnh ny b dng li cho n khi thc hin xong li gi h thng. Non - Blocking System call: sau khi gi, iu khin c tr li cho tin trnh gi v tin trnh ny tip tc thc hin song song vi li gi h thng. a lung (Multi thread): p dng cho m hnh client/server c gi l multithread server v multithread client. Vi m hnh ny gip n gin ha khi lp trnh cho server ng thi cng tng kh nng x l song song, lm tng hiu nng ca h thng. C ba phng php tip cn xy dng mt server: n lung (single - threaded server) : non - parallelism, blocking system call. a lung (multi - threaded server) : parallelism, blocking system call. My trng thi hu hn (Finite State Machine): parallelism, non - blocking system call. 3.2 Di tr m. L do cn phi di tr m: tng hiu nng v linh hot ca h thng do vic di chuyn ca cc tin trnh ang thc hin l rt kh khn. Mt tin trnh bao gm : Phn m (Code Segment): cha tp cc lnh ca tin trnh ang thc hin.

Phn ti nguyn (Resource Segment): cha cc tham chiu n tt c cc ti nguyn bn ngoi m tin trnh ang cn Phn thc thi (Execution segment): cha cc trng thi thc thi hin hnh ca tin trnh. Cc m hnh di tr m: Hnh14 Cc m hnh di tr m. Weak mobility: ch truyn phn m v mt s cc d liu khi ng ca tin trnh. c tnh ca m hnh ny l mt chng trnh c truyn i lun c bt u t trng thi khi ng, ch yu cu my ch c th thc thi yu cu (code) Strong mobility: truyn c phn m v phn thc thi. c im ca m hnh ny l mt tin trnh ang chy c th c dng li ri chuyn n mt my khc v tip tc thc hin tip tin trnh kh thc thi hn. Sender initiated migration (di tr c khi to t pha gi) : Di tr c khi ng t my m phn code ca tin trnh c lu tr hoc ang thc hin. Di tr ny hon thnh khi upload chng trnh. Receiver initiated migration (di tr c khi to t pha nhn) : Di tr m ban u t my tnh. Di tr c khi to t pha nhn thc thi n gin hn di tr c khi to t pha gi. 3.3 Tc t mm. 3.3.1 nh ngha v phn loi: nh ngha: Tc t l mt tin trnh t tr c kh nng phn ng, trao i, cng tc vi cc tc t khc trong mi trng ca n. Phn loi theo khi nim di tr ha: Tc t di ng (mobie agent): l mt tc t n gin c kh nng di chuyn gia cc my khc nhau. Trong di tr m, cc tc t di ng thng yu cu h tr cho m hnh di ng mnh mc d l khng cn thit. Yu cu ny n t thc t l cc tc t l t tr v c nh hng ln nhau v vi mi trng ca chng. S di chuyn mt tc t n my khc kh c th c thc hin nu khng xt n trng thi thc thi ca n. Tnh di ng l c tnh chung ca cc tc t. Tc t thng minh (Intelligent agent): l tc t dng qun l thng tin t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Vic qun l thng tin bao gm vic sp xp, lc, thu thp... V cc tc t ny thao tc trn thng tin t nhng ngun vt l khc nhau nn chng ng vai tr rt quan trng. 3.3.2 Cng ngh tc t. Hnh 15. M hnh agent flatform ca FIPA ACL (Agent Communication Language): Truyn thng gia cc tin trnh tun th theo giao thc truyn thng mc ng dng ACL. ACL message bao gm

phn header v ni dung. Phn header cha trng xc nh mc ch ca thng ip, cng vi trng xc nh ngi gi v ngi nhn. Cng nh cc giao thc truyn thng, phn ni dung c tch ring. ACL khng qui nh khun dng hay ngn ng th hin ni dung thng ip. ACC: Mt thnh phn quan trng trong nn tc t l knh truyn thng tc t ACC. Trong hu ht cc m hnh cho h thng a tc t, cc tc t truyn thng bng cch trao i thng ip. M hnh FIPA cng cho mt ACC qun l vic truyn thng gia cc agent flatform khc nhau. C th, ACC l nguyn nhn cho vic truyn thng im ti im vi cc nn khc mt cch xc thc. Chng 4: nh danh. (Naming) 4.1 Cc thc th nh danh (Naming Entities). 4.1.1 Tn, nh danh v a ch. Tn (name): l xu cc bit hoc k t dng tham chiu n mt thc th trong h phn tn. a ch (address): khi truy cp n thc th ta s dng im truy cp (access point). Cc im truy cp ny cng phi c t tn v tn chnh l a ch ca n. Nh vy a ch ca thc th chnh l tn ca im truy cp thc th tng ng. nh danh (Identifiers): y cng l mt kiu tn c bit. Vic nh danh mt tn phi tha mn ba tnh cht sau: - Mi thc th ch c tham chiu bi duy nht mt nh danh ID - Mi ID tham chiu ti mt thc th. - ID khng c gn cho mt thc th khc. Khng gian tn (Name space): dng biu din tt c cc tn. Nu xt v mt hnh hc th y l mt th c hng, gm cc nt v cc cung, gi l th tn (naming graph). th c cu trc: Mi nt l miu t mt mt thc th. Mi nt directory gn vi nhiu nt khc; lu tr trong bng directory, bng ny l tp cc cp (label,indetifier). Tn thn thin (Human-friendly name): l cc tn c t mt cch d hiu, thn thuc vi con ngi. 4.1.2 phn gii tn. Khng gian tn a ra k thut lu tr v tm kim cc tn trn n mt cch d dng. Mt trong nhng phng php hay dng l s dng ng dn tn (path name). Qu trnh tm kim tn trong khng gian tn c gi l phn gii tn (name resolution). Qu trnh phn gii tn tr v nh danh mt nt. Closure machanism: l k thut cho ta bit qu trnh tm kim tn c bt u nh th no v bt u u. Linking: k thut ny s dng b danh (alias) - tn ging vi tn ca thc th. Vi k thut ny cho php nhiu ng dn cng tham chiu n cng mt nt trn th tn. Mt cch tip cn khc l dng mt nt l khng phi lu tr a ch hay trng thi ca thc th m lu tr ng dn tuyt i ti thc

th . Mounting: l k thut c thc hin khi tm kim trn hai khng gian tn. Mt nt th mc c gi l mt mount point (im gn kt) lu gi id (hoc cc thng tin cn thit cho vic xc nh v truy nhp) mt nt th mc bn pha khng gian tn cn gn kt c gi l mounting point. Hnh 16. Mouting mt khng gian tn t xa nh mt giao thc truy cp Thng thng, nu 2 khng gian tn NS1, NS2 - gn kt mt thc th bn ngoi trong h phn tn, chng ta cn ti thiu nhng thng tin sau: - Tn ca giao thc truy nhp ( c xc nh thc hin giao thc truyn thng) - Tn ca server (x nh a ch server) - Tn ca mounting point (xc nh id ca nt trong khng gian tn bn ngoi) 4.1.3 Thc hin mt khng gian tn. Phn phi khng gian tn Trong h phn tn, vic qun l tn c thc hin bng cch phn thnh cc mc: Mc Global: Cha nhng nt th mc mc cao ( gc v con ca n). Trong lp ny cc nt th mc t thay i.Kh nng sn sng lp Global c yu cu cao hn so vi cc lp cn li. Nu name server ca lp ny b li th vic phn gii tn khng th thc hin. Mc Administrational: Cha nhng nt th mc mc trung gian, n c th c nhm thnh cc nhm, v mi nhm c th c chia cho nhng khu vc qun tr khc nhau. Cc nt trong nhm ny cng t khi thay i. Kh nng sn sng ca name server trong lp administrational l rt quan trng i vi cc client do name server qun l. V nu server ny li th c rt nhiu cc ti nguyn khng th truy cp Mc Managerial: Cha nhng nt th mc mc thp. Cc nt trong mc ny thay i kh thng xuyn. V d nh cc host trong mt mng LAN. Yu cu i tnh sn sng ca name server ca lp managerial t kht khe hn so vi 2 lp trn. Song v hiu nng th yu cu i vi lp ny cao hn do phi thng xuyn cp nht cc thay i.

Hnh17 . Phn phi khng gian tn Thc hin phn gii tn Cch 1: phn gii tn tng tc (interactive name sesolution),vic phn gii tn thc hin bng cch truyn v nhn qua li gia client v cc name server cc mc khc nhau. Theo cch ny th cc server khng trao i trc tip vi nhau, mi server ch phn gii nhn tng ng vi lp xc nh a ch ca server tip theo, kt qu tr li cho client l a ch ca name server tip theo, v vic lin kt vi server tip theo l do client m nhim.

Hnh 18. Phn gii tn tng tc Cch 2: phn gii tn quy (recursive name resolution), theo cch ny th mi name server s gi kt qu n name server tip theo m n tm thy. V c nh vy cho n khi hon thnh phn gii ton b ng dn.

4.2 nh v cc thc th di ng. 4.2.1 Tn v vic nh v cc thc th. Mi thc th u c tn v a ch tng ng, vic nh x t tn n a ch ca thc th c thc hin theo hai phng php: theo m hnh mt lp v theo m hnh hai lp. Theo m hnh mt lp: ch c mt mc nh x gia tn v thc th. Mi ln thc th thay i v tr, nh x cn phi c thay i theo Theo m hnh hai lp: phn bit tn v a ch nh Entity ID. Gm hai qu trnh: qu trnh tm Entity ID tng ng t tn ca thc th c thc hin

bng dch v tn (naming service) v qu trnh xc nh v tr ca thc th t ID c thc hin bi dch v nh v (Location service).

Hnh 20 (a) .M hnh mt lp (b). M hnh hai lp. 4.2.2 Cc gii php nh v thc th . Broadcasting v multicasting: gi ID cn tm ti tt c cc my. My no c thc th th gi li mt thng bo cha a ch ca access point. Vi phng php ny, yu cu tt c cc tin trnh u lng nghe yu cu gi n. Dng con tr (forwarding pointer): vi mt thc th di ng ri khi v tr A ca n n v tr B th n s li mt tham chiu ti v tr mi ca n. Nh , khi nh v c thc th, client c th xc nh ngay c a ch hin ti ca thc th ny nh vt a ch . Home-based approaches: cp pht cho mi thc th mt v tr gc (home) Vi phng php ny s to ra mt home location lu gi a ch hin ti ca cc thc th (thng l ni thc th c to ra ). a ch ca home c ng k ti naming service. Home ng k a ch ngoi ca cc thc th Client lun n home trc tin, v sau tip tc vi cc v tr bn ngoi.

Hnh . Hierarchical approaches: xy dng mt cy tm kim phn cp v thc hin phn min cc mc khc nhau. Mi domain hnh dung nh mt nt th mc ring bit dir(d). Nt gc bit tt c cc thc th. Mi thc th trong mt domain D tng ng vi mt location record trong nt th mc dir(D), n l a ch hin ti ca thc th hoc mt con tr.

Hnh 22 .Hierarchical approaches a ch ca mt thc th c lu trong mt nt l, hoc mt nt trung gian. Nt trung gian cha mt con tr n mt nt con nu v ch nu cy con nm ti nt con lu tr mt a ch ca thc th. Mt thc th c th c nhiu a ch (v d trong trng hp to bn sao).

Hnh 23 . Cu trc nt Nguyn l c bn: Bt u tm kim cc nt l cc b. Nu nt bit thc th, tip theo s i xung pha di theo con tr, ngc li i ln trn. Tm kim ln mc cao nht l root

Hnh 24 .Nguyn l tm kim 4.3 Xa b cc thc th khng cn c tham chiu (Unreferenced Entities). 4.3.1 m cc tham chiu (Reference Counting). Mi ln client to(xa) mt tham chiu n mt i tng O, mt b m tham chiu s tng thm (gim i). 4.3.2 Ln danh sch cc tham chiu (Reference Listing). Skeleton duy tr mt danh sch tt c cc proxy tr n n. y a ra khi nim Idempotent operation l mt thao tc n c th lp i

lp li nhiu ln m khng nh hng n kt qu ( v d 1*1=1). Thng ip thm/xa mt proxy ca danh sch cng gn ging nh tng/gim b m tham chiu. Cc thc th chuyn tham chiu cho cc thc th khc nhng khng th ly c t root. Tp hp loi b da trn c s truy nguyn: kim tra nhng phng thc c th ly c t root v remove Chng 5 : ng b ha (Synchronization) 5.1 ng b ha ng h (Clock Synchronization). Trong h phn tn,mi my tnh l mt ng h nn vic ng b cc ng h ny l rt cn thit v rt kh khn. 5.1.1 ng h vt l (Physical Clock). Chng ta c nhiu cch xc nh thi gian.Ph bin nht l cc h m thi gian theo thin vn v y l mt tri.C 23h mt ngy v 3600 giy.Mt giy mt tri c tnh l 1/8600 ca mt ngy mt tri.Mt trong nhng m hnh tnh thi gian p dng phng php trn l Internatinal Atomic Time vit tt l TAI. Tuy nhin, TAI li c mt vn l c 86400TAIs s c 3ms chm hn so vi ng h mt tri. thng nht thi gian vt l ngi ta a ra khi nim thi gian phi hp ton cu UCT (Universal Coordinate Time). Vin chun quc gia M lp ra trm pht radio sng ngn W W V gi UTC khi cn hoc nh k. 5.1.2 Cc gii thut ng b ha vt l (Clock synchronization algorithm). Nu tt c cc my tnh u c WWV Receiver th vic ng b chng l d dng v tt c u cng ng b vi gi chun quc t UTC.Tuy nhin khi khng c WWV th vic ng b c thc hin bng cc gii thut ng b sau. a. Gii thut Cristian Gi s trong h phn tn c mt my c WWV (gi l Time server ) v chng ta s tin hnh ng b cc my khc vi my ny.Trong khong thi gian /2p mi my s gi mt thng ip n my ch hi thi gian hin ti. My ch nhanh s phn hi bng mt thng ip mang gi tr thi gian C(utc).Bn gi nhn c phn hi n s thit lp li clock thnh C(uct). Hnh 25 . Xc nh thi gian trong time server nh gi: gii thut ny c 2 vn : - Mt l nu clock bn gi chy nhanh th lc ny C(uct) s nh hn thi gian hin ti C ca bn gi..C th gii quyt bng cch thay i nhp ngt li nhanh hn hoc chm hn cho n lc khp nhau. - Hai l s chnh lch t lc C(uct) c gi cho n lc nhn c c th gy li.Gii quyt bng cch ghi nhn khon thi gian gia lc gi v nhn

b. Gii thut Berkeley. T tng ca gii thut: Server s ch ng cho cc my khc bit thi gian chun ca mnh CUTC sau s yu cu thng tin v thi gian ca cc client. Client s tr li khong thi gian chnh lch gia n v server. Server s tnh khong thi gian m cc client so vi thi gian chun ca server lc v gi cho cc my khch cch iu chnh thi gian cho ph hp. Hnh 26 . ng b theo gii thut Berkeley c. Gii thut trung bnh Gii thut ny thc hin chia thi gian thnh nhng khong ng b c nh. Khong thi gian I s bt u t thi im (To + i.R) v chy n khi To+ (i+1)R vi To l thi im xc nh trc v R l mt bin h thng . Vo thi im bt u ca mi ln ng b tt c cc my ca mng s broadcast thi gian ca mnh . Sau khi broadcast n s bt u thu thp thi gian m cc my khc gi n trong khong thi gian S. Sau b i gi tr ln nht v nh nht ri tnh trung bnh ca cc gi tr thi gian cn li. 5.2 ng h logic (Logical Clock) Trong nhiu trng hp, gia cc tin trnh khng nht thit phi ph hp theo thi gian thc t m ch cn khp vi nhau v thi gian. Do ngi ta a ra khi nim ng h logic. 5.2.1 Nhn thi gian Lamport (Lamport timestamps). Lamport a ra m hnh ng h logic u tin cng vi khi nim nhn thi gian. ) a. Xt nh ngha mi quan h "xy ra trc" ( B : A xy ra trc B th tt c cc tin trnh trong h phn tn tha thun s kin A xy ra trc ri n s kin B. Khi c A B l ng. A v B l hai s kin ca cng mt tin trnh. Nu A xy ra trc B th A Nu A l s kin bn tin c gi bi mt tin trnh no , cn B l s kin bn tin c nhn bi mt tin trnh khc th quan h A B l ng. C. C th A B , B Quan h xy ra trc c tnh bc cu: A b. Tem thi gian (Time Stamps) o thi gian tng ng vi 4 s kin x th ta gn mt gi tr C(x) cho s kin v tha mn cc iu kin sau: B trong cng mt tin trnh th C(A) Nu A < C(B). Nu A v B biu din tng ng vic gi v nhn mt thng ip th ta c C(A)< C(B) Vi mi s kin phn bit (khng c lin quan) th C(A)<>C(B)

5.2.2 Vector thi gian (Vector Timestamps) Gii thut vector timestamp a ra mt vetor timestamp VT(a) gn cho s kin a c thuc tnh l nu Vtt(a) < VT(b) th s kin l nguyn nhn ca b. Trong vector thi gian mi tin trnh Pi lu gi mt Vi vi gi tr N (cc tin trnh khc nhau th N khc nhau) - Vi[i] l s cc s kin xy ra ti Pi - Nu Vi[j] = k ngha l Pi bit c k s kin xy ra ti Pj Yu cu: mi khi c s kin mi xy ra tin trnh Pi th phi tng Vi[i] v phi m bo vector ny c gi cng thng ip sut trong qu trnh. Nh bn nhn s bit c c bao nhiu s kin xy ra ti Pi .Quan trng hn pha nhn s bo cho bit l c bao nhiu s kin cc tin trnh khc xy ra trc khi Pi gi thng ip m.Ni cch khc timestamp VT ca n ni cho bn nhn bit bao nhiu s kin xy ra trong cc tin trnh khc trc m. Lut cp nht vector - Thit lp Vi[j] =0 vi mi j,i - S kin xy ra Pi l nguyn nhn tng Vi[i] - Pi gn mt timestamp t=V[i] vo mi thng ip gi i - Khi Pi nhn c mt thng ip c t n s thit lp Vi[j]=Max(Vi[j] ,t[j]) v tng Vi[i] 5.3 Trng thi tng th (Global sate). Vic xc nh trng thi tng th ca h thng rt c ch. Mt trong nhng phng php c a ra l Chp Nhanh Phn Tn (Distributed Snapshort) cng khi nim lt ct (cut). Hnh 28 .(a) Lt ct nht qu. (b) Lt ct khng nht qun Mt lt ct nht qun c biu din l ng chm gch trong hnh a. Lt ct m t s kin cui cng m s kin ny c ghi li cho mi tin trnh. Bng cch ny n c th kim tra li rng tt c cc thng ip nhn u tng ng vi cc thng ip gi c ghi li trn ng ct. Ngc li l lt ct khng nht qun nh hnh v b: Thi im tin trnh P3 nhn thng ip m2 c ghi vo lt ct nhng vic ghi li ny khng tng ng vi s kin gi. 5.4 Cc gii thut bu chn (Election Algorithm). Khi tin trnh iu phi gp li th s phi c qu trnh bu chn chn ra mt tin trnh khc lm iu phi thay cho n. C hai gii thut bu chn hay c s dng l: 5.4.1 Gii thut p o (Bully Algorithm) Vi gi thit: Mi mt tin trnh u c mt ID duy nht.Tt c cc tin trnh khc u c th bit c s ID v a ch ca mi tin trnh trong h thng. Chn mt tin trnh c ID cao nht lm kha.Tin trnh s khi ng vic bu chn nu nh n khi phc li sau qu trnh xy ra li hoc tin trnh iu phi b trc trc.

Cc bc ca gii thut: 1.P gi thng ip ELEC n tt c cc tin trnh c ID cao hn 2.Nu khng c tin trnh no phn hi th P s tr thnh tin trnh iu phi 3.Nu c mt tin trnh c ID cao hn phn hi th n s m nhim vai tr iu phi.

Hnh 29 .V d theo gii thut p o 5.4.2 Gii thut vng (Ring Algorithm) Vi gi thit : Cc tin trnh c mt ID duy nht v c sp xp trn 1 vng trn Logic. Mi mt tin trnh c th nhn bit c tin trnh bn cnh mnh. Cc bc thut ton: Mt tin trnh bt u gi thng ip ELEC ti cc nt cn tn ti gn nht, qu trnh gi theo 1 hng nht nh. Thm d lin tip trn vng cho n khi tm c 1 nt cn tn ti. Mi mt tin trnh s gn ID ca mnh vo thng ip gi. Cui cng s chn ra 1 tin trnh c ID cao nht trong s cc tin trnh cn hot ng v gi thng ip iu phi cho tin trnh . 5.5 Loi tr nhau (Mutual Exclusion). T chc cc "vng ti hn" (critial section region). C nhiu gii thut c xy dng ci t c ch loi tr nhau thng qua cc vng ti hn. C ba gii thut ph bin l: 5.5.1 Gii thut tp trung (Centralized Algorithm) Gi thit: mi tin trnh c mt s ID duy nht. Tin trnh c bu chn lm iu phi l tin trnh c s hiu ID cao nht. Ni dung thut ton: Khi mt tin trnh no cn vo vng gii hn n s gi mt thng ip xin cp quyn .Nu khng c mt tin trnh no ang trong vng gii hn th tin trnh iu phi s gi phn hi cho php. Cn nu c mt tin trnh khc ang trong vn ti hn ri th tin trnh iu phi s gi thng ip t chi v a tin trnh ny vo hng i cho n khi khng c tin trnh no trong vng ti hn na. Khi tin trnh mt tin trnh ri khi vng gii hn n s gi mt thng ip n tin trnh iu phi thng bo tr li quyn truy cp.Lc ny tin trnh iu phi s gi quyn truy cp cho tin trnh u tin trong hng i truy cp. nh gi : Thut ton ny c m bo s tn ti duy nht mt tin trnh trong vng ti hn v ch cn 3 thng ip thit lp l: Request -Grant Release .Nhc im duy nht l nu tin trnh iu phi b hng th h thng s sp .V nu mt tin trnh ang trong trng thi Block n s khng th bit c tin trnh iu phi c b DEAD hay khng .Trong mt h thng ln nu ch c mt tin trnh iu phi s xut hin hin tng tht c chai Hnh 30 .v d theo gii thut tp trung

5.5.2 Gii thut phn tn (Distributed Algorithm) Khi mt tin trnh mun vo vng gii hn, trc ht n s to ra mt nhn thi gian v gi cng vi mt thng ip n tt c cc tin trnh khc. Cc tin trnh khc sau khi nhn c thng ip ny s xy ra ba tnh hung: Nu bn nhn khng trong vng gii hn v cng khng mun vo vng gii hn th n s gi thng ip OK cho bn gi Nu bn nhn ang trong vng gii hn thay v tr li n s cho vo hng i yu cu ny. Nu bn nhn cng mun vo hng i th n s so snh timestamp ai thp hn s thng. Sau khi gi i thng ip yu cu vo vng gii hn tin trnh s i cho n khi c tr li cng sm cng tt .Khi vo vng gii hn ri th n s gi thng ip OK n tt c cc tin trnh khc v xa cc tin trnh trong hng i i. Hnh 31 . V d theo gii thut phn tn 5.5.3 Gii thut vng vi th bi (TokenRing Algorithm). Gi thit tt c cc tin trnh c sp xp trn mt vng trn logic, cc tin trnh u c nh s v u bit n cc tin trnh cnh n. Bt u qu trnh truyn, tin trnh 0 s c trao mt th bi. Th bi ny c th lu hnh xung quanh vng trn logic. N c chuyn t tin trnh k n tin trnh (k+1) bng cch truyn thng ip im - im. Khi mt tin trnh ginh c th bi t tin trnh bn cnh n s kim tra xem c th vo vng ti hn hay khng. Nu khng c tin trnh khc trong vng ti hn n s vo vng ti hn. Sau khi hon thnh phn vic ca mnh n s nh th bi ra, th bi c th di chuyn t do trong vng trn. Nu 1 tin trnh mun vo vng ti hn th n s gi ly th bi, nu khng n s cho th bi truyn qua. Vn ln nht trong thut ton truyn th bi l th bi c th b mt, khi chng ta phi sinh li th bi bi v vic d tm li th bi l rt kh.

Hnh 32. V d theo gii thut vng vi th bi 5.6 Cc giao tc phn tn (Distributed Transactions). Bn tnh cht ca giao tc i vi th gii bn ngoi: ACID Tnh nguyn t (Atomic): mi giao tc din ra khng th phn chia c. Tnh nht qun (Consistent): giao tc khng xm phm cc bt bin ca h thng. Tnh c lp (Isolated): cc giao tc ng thi khng gy tr ngi cho nhau. Tnh lu bn (Durable): khi giao tc cam kt th cc thay i i vi n khng phi l tm thi m l ko di. 5.6.1 Phn loi cc giao tc Giao tc c chia thnh cc loi sau:

Limition of Flat Transaction. Nested Transaction Distributed Transaction. 5.6.2 iu khin tng tranh: L qu trnh cho php nhiu giao tc thc hin ng thi m khng sy ra s tranh chp gia cc giao tc. C hai loi tng tranh: Tng tranh bi quan. Tng tranh lc quan. Chng 6 : Nht qun v nhn bn (Consisstency & replication) 6.1 t vn . C hai l do s dng bn sao: Dng bn sao tng tin cy v tnh sn sng ca h thng: khi d liu b li hay v mt nguyn nhn no m khng th dng c, ta c th dng ngay bn sao d liu h thng khng phi dng li v trnh c tnh trng s dng cc d liu khng chnh xc. Dng bn sao tng hiu nng ca h thng: c th tng quy m h thng c v s lng ln phm vi a l. Tuy nhin vic s dng nhn bn cng phi tr gi, l tnh nht qun d liu ca h thng b suy gim. Do s dng bn sao nn c th xy ra trng hp c s thay i trn mt d liu m khng cp nht trn cc bn sao ca n. iu ny s gy ra cc sai st trong h thng. Do phi tn nhiu cng sc xy dng cc m hnh m bo tnh nht qun ca d liu. 6.2 Cc m hnh nht qun ly d liu lm trung tm. 6.2.1 M hnh nht qun cht (Strict consistency). L m hnh tha mn iu kin sau: Thao tc c bt k trn mc d liu x u tr v mt gi tr tng ng vi kt qu ca thao tc ghi gn nht trn x . S dng khi nim thi gian tuyt i. Thi gian tuyt i ny l tng th cho c h thng xc nh ng khi nim "gn nht". iu ny l kh kh thi vi h phn tn. Cc k hiu: - Wi(x)a: thao tc ghi c thc hin bi tin trnh P(i) ln mc d liu x vi gi tr a. - Ri(x)b: thao tc c c thc hin bi tin trnh P(i) ln mc d liu x cho kt qu b. Gi thit x c gi tr ban u l null. Hnh 33 (a). M hnh nht qun cht. (b) Khng phi l m hnh nht qun cht Do vic lan truyn cc b ca P1 cha ti P2 nn P2 c d liu x vn l gi tr null ban u. M hnh ny l khng kh thi nn a ra m hnh gim nh hn. 6.2.2 M hnh nht qun tun t v m hnh nht qun tuyn tnh.

a. M hnh nht qun tun t. L m hnh lng lo hn, yu hn m hnh nht qun cht. N tha mn cc yu cu sau: Kt qu ca s thc hin bt k l nh nhau nu thao tc c v ghi do cc tin trnh thc hin trn mc d liu mt cch tun t v cc thao tc ca mi tin trnh xut hin trong chui thao tc ny ch ra bi chng trnh ca n. Khi cc tin trnh chy ng thi trn cc my khc nhau th cho php s an xen ca cc thao tc nhng tt c cc tin trnh u phi nhn bit c s an xen ca cc thao tc l nh nhau. Hnh 34 (a). M hnh nht qun tun t. (b) Khng l m hnh nht qun tun t. b. M hnh nht qun tuyn tnh. L m hnh yu hn m hnh nht qun cht nhng mnh hn m hnh nht qun tun t. M hnh ny tha mn iu kin sau: "Kt qu ca bt k s thc hin no l nh nhau nu cc thao tc (c v ghi) ca tt c cc tin trnh ln d liu c thc hin mt cch tun t v cc thao tc ca mi tin trnh xut hin trong chui thao tc ny phi theo th t c ch ra trong chng trnh ca n. Thm vo , nu tsop1(x) < tsop2(y) th thao tc op1(x) phi c thc hin trc op2(y) trong chui thao tc" 6.2.3 M hnh nht qun nhn qu. y l m hnh lng lo hn m hnh nht qun tun t. M hnh ny phn bit cc s kin c quan h nhn qu v cc s kin khng c quan h nhn qu. Nu s kin b c gy ra hoc b tc ng bi mt s kin a xy ra sm hn th tnh nhn qu i hi mi thc th khc phi "nhn" thy a trc ri mi thy b sau. M hnh nht qun nhn qu tha mn cc iu kin sau: cc thao tc ghi c quan h nhn qu tim nng phi c nhn bit bi tt c cc tin trnh khc trong cng mt th t. Cc thao tc ghi ng thi c th nhn bit c theo th t khc nhau trn cc my khc nhau. Hnh 35 M hnh nht qun nhn qu. 6.2.4 M hnh nht qun FIFO . Nht qun FIFO cn c gi l nht qun PRAM. y l m hnh yu nht v m hnh ny b qua gii hn v trt t ca bt k thao tc ng thi no. Nht qun FIFO tha mn : "Cc thao tc ghi bi mt tin trnh n phi c tt c cc tin trnh khc nhn thy theo cng mt trt t m chng ra. Nhng thao tc ghi bi nhiu tin trnh khc nhau c th c thy theo nhng trt t khc nhau bi cc tin trnh khc nhau". Hnh 36 M hnh nht qun FIFO. 6.2.5 M hnh nht qun yu (Weak consistency).

M hnh nht qun yu khng tp trung vo cc thao tc trn d liu nh cc m hnh trn m chng quan tm n trt t cc nhm lnh bng vic s dng cc bin c ng b. M hnh nht qun yu c ba c tnh sau: Vic truy cp n mt bin ng b ha c kt hp vi kho d liu l mt nht qun tun t. Khng c thao tc no ln cc bin ng b ha c php thc hin cho n khi tt c cc thao tc ghi trc c hon thnh mi ni. Khng c thao tc c hay ghi d liu ln cc mc d liu no c php thc hin cho n khi tt c cc thao tc trc ln cc bin ng b ha c thc hin. Hnh 37 (a) M hnh nht qun yu. (b) Khng l m hnh nht qun yu 6.2.6 M hnh nht qun i ra (Release consistency). S dng thm hai lnh: lnh acquired bo mun vo vng ti hn (critial region) v lnh release bo gii phng vng ti hn. Hai lnh ny cng c hai cch thc thi khc nhau nh: bng mt bin hoc bng mt lnh c bit. Hai thao tc ny ch thc hin vi cc d liu dng chung ch khng p dng cho tt c cc d liu. M hnh nht qun i ra tha mn cc iu kin sau: - Trc khi thc hin mt thao tc c hay ghi ln d liu chia s th tt c cc thao tc acquire do tin trnh ny thc hin trc phi hon tt. - Trc khi mt thao tc release c php thc hin th tt c cc thao tc c v ghi do tin trnh ny thc hin trc phi c hon tt. - Truy cp vo cc bin ng b ha l nht qun FIFO (Khng yu cu nht qun tun t). Hnh 38 Trnh t s kin theo m hnh nht qun i ra 6.2.7 M hnh nht qun i vo (Entry consistency). Cng ging m hnh nht qun i ra, m hnh nht qun i vo cng s dng hai lnh acquired v release khi mun s dng vo vng ti hn. Nhng cc lnh ny thao tc trn tng mc d liu ca vng d liu chia s. Tin trnh no mun s dng mc d liu th phi i cho tt c cc tin trnh khc gii phng mc d liu . Hnh 39 .Trnh t s kin theo m hnh nht qun i vo. ghi ln mt mc d liu, client phi c c bin ng b ho ca mc trong ch dnh ring. iu c ngha l khng client no khc c th s dng bin . Khi client cp nht xong mc d liu, th n gii phng bin . Khi client mun c mt mc d liu no , n phi c c bin ng b ha kt hp ch khng dnh ring. Nhiu client c th gi mt bin ng b ha ch khng dnh ring. Khi thc hin mt thao tc acquire, client ly v phin bn mi nht ca mc

d liu t tin trnh cui cng thc hin thao tc acquire trn bin . Nht qun i vo phi tha mn cc iu kin sau: - Mt thao tc acquire truy cp vo mt bin ng b ha khng c php thc hin trong mt tin trnh cho n khi tt c cc cp nht ln mc d liu trong tin trnh c thc hin. - Trc khi mt truy cp trong ch dnh ring ca mt tin trnh ti mt bin ng b ha c php thc hin th khng tin trnh no khc cn c gi cc bin ng b ha, trong ch khng dnh ring th khng cn yu cu nh vy. - Sau khi mt truy cp trong ch dnh ring ln mt bin ng b ha c thc hin th bt k s truy cp ca tin trnh no khc trong ch khng dnh ring ln bin cng khng c thc hin cho n khi ch nhn ca bin ng b thc hin xong vic truy cp ca mnh. 6.3 Cc m hnh nht qun ly client lm trung tm. 6.3.1 Nht qun cui cng (eventual consistency). Khi mt d liu c nhiu bn sao th yu cu a ra l sau cc thao tc cp nht th tt c cc bn sao cui cng l phi bng nhau. Yu cu ny s c thc hin tt nu mi client lun chu kh cp nht cho cc bn sao. Nu cc client l di ng th vic thc hin yu cu trn gp kh khn hn. Phi lun m bo rng ngay c khi client thay i v v tr vt l th vic s dng cc bn sao cng phi chnh xc. Tc l cc bn sao lun lun l nht qun. 6.3.2 Nht qun c u (monotonic - write consistency). M hnh nht qun c u phi m bo iu kin sau: Mt tin trnh thc hin thao tc c trn mt mc d liu th phi m bo bt k thao tc c no cng u cho cng mt kt qu hay kt qu gn y nht. M hnh nht qun c u m bo rng mt client s lun nhn thy nhng d liu mi hn v khng bao gi phi nhn thy nhng d liu c hn nhng g m mnh c trc . iu c ngha l khi mt client thc hin mt thao tc c trn mt bn sao ri tip theo li c trn mt bn sao khc th bn sao th hai kia t nht cng phi c ghi ging vi bn sao u tin. Hnh 41 (a) Kho d liu theo m hnh nht qun c u (b) Kho d liu khng theo m hnh nht qun c u V bn cht th m hnh ny l phin bn hng ngi dng ca m hnh nht qun FIFO (im khc bit ch n ch p dng i vi mt client). 6.3.3 Nht qun ghi u (monotonic - read consistency). M hnh nht qun c u phi m bo iu kin sau: Thao tc ghi trn mc d liu x ca mt tin trnh phi c hon thnh trc bt k mt thao tc ghi no khc trn x bi cng mt tin trnh. Ni cch khc th cc thao tc ghi ln mt mc d liu s c sp xp mt cch c trt t.

Hnh 42 (a) Kho d liu theo m hnh nht qun ghi u (b) Kho d liu khng theo m hnh nht qun ghi u. 6.3.4 Nht qun c kt qu ghi (Read - your - write consistency) Trong m hnh nht qun ny, ngi dng c m bo rng s lun c nhn thy nhng kt qu ghi mi nht. "Tc ng ca mt thao tc ghi ca mt tin trnh ln mc d liu x s lun c nhn thy bi mt thao tc c ln lt trn x ca cng tin trnh ". Hnh 43 (a) Kho d liu theo m hnh nht qun c kt qu ghi (b) Kho d liu khng theo m hnh c kt qu ghi 6.3.5 Nht qun ghi theo sau c (write - follow - read consistency). M hnh nht qun ny ngc vi nht qun c kt qu ghi, n m bo rng mt ngi dng s lun thc hin thao tc ghi ln mt phin bn d liu m t nht cng phi mi bng phin bn cui cng ca n. "Tc ng bi mt thao tc ghi ca mt tin trnh ln mc d liu x s lun c nhn thy bi mt thao tc c lin tip ln x ca cng tin trnh ". Hnh 44 (a) Kho d liu theo m hnh nht qun ghi theo sau c (b) Kho d liu khng theo m hnh ghi theo sau c. 6.4 Cc giao thc phn phi (distribution protocols). 6.4.1 Xp t cc bn sao (replica placement). C 3 kiu bn sao: Cc bn sao thng trc: trong tin trnh hay trn my lun c mt bn sao. S lng cc bn sao thng xuyn ny rt t, thng c tp hp li thnh nhm cc my trm (COWs) hoc trong cc h thng phn chiu (mirrored), thng l cc Web server hay l cc server c cha c s d liu d phng. Bn sao khi u t server: Cc bn sao ny c s dng lm tng hiu nng. Cc bn sao ny c xp t ng da vo yu cu ca server khc. Mt v d in hnh l chng c cc cng ty web hosting s dng nh v v tr a l ca cc bn sao gn nht khi h cn. Cc bn sao khi u t client: Cc bn sao ny c to ra t yu cu ca client, chng hn nh vic cache d liu ca mt trnh duyt. Chng c xp t ng da vo yu cu ca client. Hnh 45 T chc logic ca cc loi bn sao. 6.4.2 Lan truyn cc cp nht C 3 kh nng lan truyn cc cp nht Ch thng bo l c cp nht: Thng dng trong vic cache d liu.Thng bo v vic mt hiu lc ca mt giao thc.Phng php ny tt khi t l cc thao tc c so vi thao tc ghi nh. Truyn d liu cp nht t bn sao ny ti mt bn sao khc.Thc hin tt khi c nhiu thao tc c. Ghi li cc thay i v tp hp cc cp nht li truyn i (ch truyn i cc thay i ch khng truyn c d liu b thay i, v th tit kim c bng thng).

Lan truyn cc thao tc cp nht ti cc bn sao khc (nhn bn ch ng). Tn t bng thng nhng i hi nng lc x l cao v trong nhiu trng hp th cc thao tc l rt phc tp. Cc giao thc ko v y y cp nht: l giao thc do server khi to, trong giao thc ny cc cp nht c lan truyn mi khi c mt server khc yu cu. Ko cp nht: l giao thc do client khi to khi client mun c cp nht. 6.4.3 Cc giao thc bnh dch (epidemic protocol). y l mt giao thc c th dng thc hin m hnh nht qun sau cng. tng c bn ca thut ton bnh dch l: - Gi s rng khng xy ra xung t gia cc thao tc ghi - ghi. - Cc thao tc cp nht ban u c thc hin ch trn mt hay mt vi bn sao (cng t cng tt). - Mt bn sao ch gi cc cp nht ca n ti mt s hu hn cc hng xm. - Vic lan truyn cc cp nht xy ra chm chp v khng phi ngay lp tc. - Cui cng th mi cp nht cng n c tng bn sao. Da trn thut ton bnh dch m c cc m hnh lan truyn cp nht. iu ng lu tm trong m hnh ny l cc cp nht c lan truyn ti cc bn sao vi cng t thng ip cng tt v cng nhiu bn sao b "nhim" cc lan truyn cng nhanh th cng tt. n cui cng nu bn sao no m khng lan truyn c cp nht ca mnh th n s b loi b. Tuy nhin vic loi b c th s khng d dng. Mt trong nhng m hnh lan truyn cp nht c gi l: anti entropy. Trong m hnh ny, mi bn sao c nh k li chn ngu nhin mt bn sao khc v trao i nhng trng thi khc nhau ca mnh, sau mt thi gian th c 2 pha s c nhng trng thi ging ht nhau. Mt m hnh khc l gossiping. Trong m hnh ny mt bn sao c cp nht s "k" cho mt s bn sao khc v nhng cp nht ca mnh v th s lm cho nhng bn sao b nhim nhng cp nht ca mnh. 6.5 Cc giao thc nht qun. 6.5.1 Giao thc Primary-based a. Cc giao thc ghi t xa Vi giao thc ny, tt c cc thao tc ghi c thc hin ch trn mt server t xa. Giao thc ny thng c kt hp vi cc h thng ch khch truyn thng. Mt dng giao thc ghi t xa l giao thc Primary-Backup. Nhc im ca giao thc ny l vn hiu nng. Tt c cc thao tc ghi trong giao thc u chim kh nhiu thi gian, c bit l khi c giao thm giao thc ghi theo khi c s dng. u im ca giao thc ny l - S dng giao thc ghi khng theo khi x l cc cp nht. - Tt c cc thao tc ghi c th c gi n cc bn sao d phng theo cng mt th t, iu ny to iu kin thun li khi thc thi m hnh nht qun tun t.

b. Cc giao thc ghi cc b Trong giao thc ny mt bn sao ca mc d liu c duy tr. Khi c yu cu thao tc ghi, mc d liu c nhn bn t server xa chuyn n server cc b. Vic ny c gi l tip cn theo kiu di tr hon ton. Mt vn c t ra cho cc tin trnh s dng giao thc ny c hoc ghi ln cc mc d liu l: thi gian tht s nh v c mt mc d liu c th cn ln hn c thi gian tin trnh s dng n. Mt dng ca giao thc ghi cc b l l giao thc Primary-backup. Trong giao thc ny bn chnh c di tr n tin trnh ang mun thc hin vic cp nht, ri sau bn d phng s c cp nht. 6.5. 2. Cc giao thc Replicated-write. Trong cc giao thc ny, thao tc ghi c th c tin hnh ti bt k bn sao no. V d: Mt tin trnh c bit s mang cc thao tc cp nht ti tng bn sao. Mt tem thi gian Lamport c th c s dng ly cc thao tc v, tuy nhin phng php ny khng c linh hot cho cc h phn tn. Mt phng php khc l s dng mt b sp xp dy, l mt tin trnh gn cc s ID duy nht cho mi cp nht, sau truyn cc cp nht ti tt c cc bn sao. Giao thc nhn bn ch ng Trong giao thc ny, cc thao tc ghi c truyn n tt c cc bn sao, trong khi cc thao tc c c thc hin cc b. Giao thc ghi c th c truyn s dng giao tip point-to-point hay multicast. u im ca giao thc ny l tt c cc bn sao u nhn c cc thao tc cng lc v theo cng mt trt t, v n cng khng cn nh du mt bn chnh hay phi gi tt c cc thao tc ti mt server. Tuy nhin giao thc ny li i hi phi truyn theo kiu multicast ng hoc phi c mt b sp xp dy tp trung m c 2 phng php ny u kh c th tip cn mt cch linh hot. Trong giao thc ny c mt vn cn quan tm l "triu gi bn sao". trnh cho mt bn sao b gi qun nhiu ln, mt b iu phi c gn mi bn (client v server), iu ny m bo cho vic ch c mt li gi v mt li p c gi i. Giao thc Quorumbased Vi giao thc ny, cc thao tc ghi c thc hin trn mt tp nh nht cc bn sao. Khi thc hin mt thao tc c, ngi dng cng phi lin h vi mt tp cc bn sao tm ra phin bn mi nht ca d liu. Trong giao thc ny tt c cc mc d liu c kt hp vi mt s phin bn (version number). Mi ln mt mc b sa i th s phin bn ca n cng c tng ln. Giao thc ny nh ngha ra s i biu c v s i biu ghi, hai i biu ny s xc nh s bn sao phi c lin h trc khi thc hin thao tc c v

ghi. S i biu c phi ln hn tng s bn sao, v th tng ca s i biu c v ghi phi ln hn tng s bn sao. Bng cch ny, mt ngi mun thc hin mt thao tc c th phi m bo vic lin h vi t nht mt bn sao c cha phin bn mi nht ca mc d liu. Vic la chn s lng i biu da vo t l gia thao tc c v ghi cng vi cost (bandwidth...) khi thc hin phng php giao tip gia cc nhm. Cache-coherence protocols Cache l mt dng c bit ca nhn bn, n c iu khin bi client thay v c iu khin bi server. C nhiu gii php cho vic cache d liu. Vi chin lc pht hin s c kt, l chin lc xc nh khi no th s khng nht qun tht s b pht hin v t loi b nhng d liu gy ra s khng nht qun, th c 2 gii php khc nhau. - Vi gii php tnh, ti thi im bin dch chng trnh th nhng ch th ph s c thm vo pht hin nhng d liu khng nht qun. - Vi gii php ng th ti thi im chy chng trnh th c nhng on m kim tra tnh khng nht qun ca d liu cache vi d liu ca server. Vi chin lc p buc s c kt, l chin lc xc nh xem d liu cache c gi nht qun vi d liu lu trn server nh th no, th c 2 cch buc gi liu phi c kt vi nhau. l: - cho server gi i mt thng ip v s khng hp l mi khi d liu b thay i. - Cp nht cc k thut lan truyn. Cc thao tc ghi d liu vo cache c tin hnh nh sau: - Vi cache ch c ra (Read-only Cache) th cc cp nht c thc hin bi server (bng giao thc y) hoc bi client (bng giao thc ko mi khi client nhn thy d liu cache c). - Vi cache ghi thng (Write-Through Cache) th client s thay i ni dung ca cache, sau s gi cc cp nht n cho server. - Vi cache ghi li (Write-Back Cache) th client tr hon s lan truyn cc cp nht, cho php nhiu cp nht c to ra cc b sau gi nhng cp nht mi nht cho server (vic ny c kh nng nh hng mnh n hiu nng). Chng 7: Chu li (Fault Tolerance) 7.1 Chu li v mt s khi nim lin quan 7.1.1 Mt s khi nim c bn. a. Cc khi nim. Tnh chu li lin quan nhiu ti khi nim h c th tin cy c (dependable system). Thut ng "c th tin cy c" bao gm cc thuc tnh sau: Tnh sn sng (availability): h thng c tnh sn sng l h thng lun sn sng hot ng tt mi thi im. Tnh tin cy (Reliability): mt h thng c tnh tin cy l h thng c kh nng hot ng trong mt thi gian di m khng b gin on, khng xy ra li. Tnh an ton (Safety): h thng c tnh an ton l h thng m khi xy ra li cng khng dn ti thm ha. Cc h thng cn phi c an ton cao l cc

h thng iu khin. Kh nng bo tr (Maintainability):h thng c kh nng bo tr l h thng c kh nng phc hi li c sau khi c li. Nu s phc hi ny din ra t ng th c th ni h thng ny cng c tnh sn sng cao. Tnh chu li cn c lin quan ti khi nim iu khin li (Fault control). iu khin li bao gm ngn nga li, loi b li v d bo li vi mc tiu xy dng thnh cng kh nng chu li cho h thng. b. Phn loi li. Li c phn chia thnh cc loi sau: Li nht thi (Transient faults): L loi li xut hin mt ln ri bin mt. Cch khc phc: thc hin li hot ng c li ny Li lp (Intermittent faults): L loi li m chng xut hin, ri bin mt, sau li xut hin li v c tip tc nh th. Li ny thng gy ra cc hu qu trm trng v chng rt kh xc nh c. Cch khc phc: s dng b sa li cho h thng (fault doctor) khc phc li. Li lu di (Permanent faults):L loi li vn tn ti ngay c khi thnh phn gy li c sa cha. 7.1.2 Cc m hnh li. Li sp (crash failure): khi server gp li ny th n s b treo, trc server vn hot ng tt cho n khi ngng hot ng. Khi server gp li ny, n s khng th lm g c na. Mt v d hay gp li ny l h iu hnh ca cc my c nhn. Khi h iu hnh ngng hot ng th ch cn cch duy nht l khi ng li. Li b st (omission failure): l li m mt server khng th p ng c yu cu gi ti n. Ngi ta chia n thnh hai loi: Li khi nhn thng ip gi ti: gp li ny, server khng nhn c yu cu ngay c t client gn n nht v mc d kt ni gia server vi client c thit lp. Li khi nhn thng ip ch lm cho server khng nhn bit c cc thng ip gi ti n m khng h nh hng n trng thi ca server. Li khi gi thng ip: server vn nhn c cc yu cu, vn hon thnh yu cu nhng v mt l do no li khng th gi kt qu ti my yu cu. Mt trong nhng l do thng gp l do b nh m gi y. Trong trng hp gp li ny, server cn chun b tnh hung clien s gi li yu cu gi . Li thi gian (timing failure): l li xy ra khi server phn ng li qu chm, sau c thi gian cho php. Trong mt h thng lun c cc rng buc v mt thi gian. Nu bn gi gi n bn nhn nhanh qu, b nh m ca bn nhn khng cha th s gy ra li. Tng t, server phn ng li chm qu, vt qu khong timeout quy nh sn cng s gy ra li, nh hng n hiu nng chung ca h thng. Li p ng (Response failure): l li khi server tr li khng ng. y l mt kiu li rt ngim trng v c phn chia thnh hai loi: Li v mt gi tr: l li khi server tr li li yu cu ca client vi gi tr

khng chnh xc. V d khi s dng cc my tm kim, kt qu tr v khng h lin quan g ti yu cu ca ngi s dng. Li v chuyn trng thi: l li khi server hot ng trch hng khi lung iu khin. C ngha l server tr li cc yu cu c gi ti mt cch khng theo nh mong i. Li bt k (Arbitrary failure): mt server c th to ra mt li bt k bt k thi gian no. y l loi li nguy him nht. C th c hai kh nng xy ra: Th nht: mt server to ra mt kt qu sai m khng th pht hin ra c. Th hai: server b li c lin kt vi cc server khc to ra mt kt qu sai. Ta c th xt mt vo li bt k hay gp sau : li fail-stop, li fail-silent v li fail-safe. Vi fail-stop, server b treo, ngng hot ng v c thng bo ti cc tin trnh khc. Vi fail-silent, server t ngt hot ng chm li v th lm cho cc tin trnh khng th kt thc c, nh hng n hiu nng ca h thng. Li fail-safe l li m khi server to ra kt qu ngu nhin nhng cc tin trnh nhn dng cc kt qu ny l khng c gi tr. 7.2 Cc phng php che giu li. 7.2.1 Che giu li bng d tha. C ba loi d tha: d tha thng tin, d tha thi gian v d tha vt l. D tha thng tin : b sung thm cc bit d tha pht hin li v phc hi li. V d trong vic truyn d liu thng thm vo cc bit kim tra chn l, m Haming, CRC... pht hin li v khi phc li. D tha thi gian: khi mt hot ng c thc hin, nu d tha thi gian n c th c thc hin li. K thut d tha thi gian ph hp khi li l ngn v khng lin tc. V d: khi mt giao tc b hy gia chng, n c th c thc hin li m khng gy nguy hi g. D tha vt l: b sung thm ti nguyn 7.2.2 Khi phc tin trnh. a. Cc vn khi thit k. Nguyn tc: t chc cc tin trnh ging nhau vo cng mt nhm. Hot ng: khi nhm nhn c thng bo th thng bo ny s c gi ti tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm. Nu c tin trnh no trong nhm b li th s c tin trnh khc thay th . c im: cc nhm ny c th l ng. Tnh ng th hin cc mt sau: S lng cc nhm l khng c nh: c th to thm hay hy b mt nhm. S lng cc tin trnh trong cng mt nhm l khng c nh: mt tin trnh c th gia nhp hay ri khi nhm. Mt tin trnh c th l thnh vin ca nhiu nhm trong cng thi im. Do tnh ng m cn phi a ra cc c ch qun l nhm: qun l mi quan h gia cc nhm v qun l thnh vin trong mt nhm. Phn loi nhm: da trn cu trc bn trong th nhm c phn thnh hai loi: Nhm ngang hng: - Tt c cc tin trnh trong nhm l ngang hng nhau. - Khi thc hin mt cng vic no s phi c mt qu trnh bu c (vote)

xc nh xem tin trnh no ph hp thc hin cng vic . - u im: khi mt tin trnh b li th ch lm cho kch thc ca nhm gim i ch khng nh hng n hot ng ca c nhm. - Nhc im: do phi c qu trnh bu c nn tn thi gian (delay &overhead). Hnh 46. Nhm ngang hng. Nhm phn cp: - Trong mi nhm s c mt tin trnh gi vai tr qun l gi l coordinator, cn cc tin trnh khc ng vai tr thc hin (worker). Cc tin trnh thc hin chu s iu khin ca coordinator. - Khi c yu cu gi n nhm, yu cu ny s c gi ti coordinator. Coordinator s quyt nh xem tin trnh no trong nhm m nhim cng vic mt cch ph hp nht v chuyn yu cu nhn c n tin trnh . - u im: khng b tr nh kin trc ngang hng. - Nhc im: khi coordinator gp s c th ton b hot ng ca nhm s b dng li. Hnh 47. Nhm ngang hng Cc phng php qun l thnh vin trong nhm: Phng php 1: dng mt server gi l group server Server ny cha tt c cc thng tin v cc nhm v cc thnh vin ca tng nhm. u im: hiu qu, d s dng Nhc im: nu server b li th khng th qun l c ton b h thng v cc nhm c th phi xy dng li t u cc cng vic mnh thc hin. Phng php 2: phng php phn tn. Khi tin trnh mun gia nhp hay ri khi nhm th n phi gi bn tin thng bo ti tt c cc tin trnh khc. Phng php 3: yu cu vic gia nhp/ ri khi nhm phi ng b vi bn tin gi hay nhn. Khi mt tin trnh gia nhp nhm n s nhn tt c cc bn tin t nhm . Khi mt tin trnh ri khi nhm th n s khng c nhn bt k bn tin no t nhm na v khng mt thnh vin no ca nhm c nhn c cc bn tin t n b. Che giu li v nhn bn. C hai phng php nhn bn : bng giao thc primary-based v bng giao thc replicated-write Bng giao thc primary-based: Cc tin trnh trong nhm t chc theo m hnh phn cp. Nu coordinator ca nhm chnh dng hot ng th coordinator ca cc nhm sao lu s thc hin cc gii thut la chn nhm chnh mi (mc d n c th m nhim cng vic ). Bng giao thc replicated-write : Cc tin trnh trong nhm t chc theo m hnh nhm ngang hng.Vn l cn nhn bn vi s lng l bao nhiu 7.2.3 Che giu li trong truyn thng client/server tin cy.

Vic che giu li trong h phn tn tp trung vo trng hp c tin trnh b li. Nhng ta cng phi xt n trng hp cc giao tip b li. Thng thng, mt knh giao tip c th gp cc li: li sp , li b st, li thi gian v li ty . Vic xy dng mt knh truyn thng tp trung vo che giu li sp v li ty . a. Truyn thng im - im . Trong h phn tn, truyn thng im - im tin cy c thit lp bng cch s dng cc giao thc truyn tin cy nh TCP. TCP che giu c li b st bng cch dng c ch thng bo ACK/NACK v vic thc hin truyn li. TCP khng che giu c li sp . Khi xy ra li sp th kt ni TCP s b hy. Ch c mt cch che giu li sp l h thng phi c kh nng t ng to mt kt ni mi. b. RPC khi xy ra li v cch khc phc Vi h thng RPC, nm lp li c th xy ra l: - Client khng th nh v c server: Nguyn nhn gy li l do server v client dng cc phin bn khc nhau hoc do chnh server b li. Khc phc bng cch s dng cc ngoi l (exception) bt li nh ngn ng java v iu khin tn hiu (signal handle) nh ngn ng C. Hn ch ca phng php ny l khng phi ngn ng no cng h tr ngoi l hay iu khin tn hiu. Nu t vit mt ngoi l hay iu khin tn hiu th s ph hy tnh trong sut. - B mt bn tin yu cu t client gi n server: y l loi li d x l nht: h iu hnh hay client stub kch hot mt b m thi gian (timer) khi gi i mt yu cu. Khi timer tr v gi tr 0 m khng nhn c bn tin phn hi t server th n s gi li yu cu . Nu bn client nhn thy c qu nhiu yu cu phi gi li th n s xc nhn rng server khng hot ng v s quay li thnh kiu li "khng nh v c server" - Server b li ngay sau khi nhn c yu cu t client: Lc ny li phn chia thnh hai loi: Loi 1: Sau khi thc hin xong yu cu nhn c th server b li. Phng php khc phc: sau server s gi thng bo hng cho client Loi 2: Va nhn c yu cu t client server b li ngay. Phng php khc phc: client ch cn truyn li yu cu cho. Vn t ra lc ny l client khng th ni cho server bit yu cu no l yu cu c gi li. Khi gp li kiu ny, pha my server s thc hin theo 3 k thut sau: K thut 1: i n khi no server hot ng tr li, n s c thc hin yu cu nhn c trc khi li . Nh th RPC thc hin t nht mt ln. K thut 2: server sau khi c khi phc n s khng thc hin yu cu nhn c trc khi b li m s gi li thng bo hng cho client bit client gi li yu cu. Vi k thut ny th RPC thc hin nhiu ln nht. K thut 3: khng thc hin g m bo c. Khi server b li, client khng h hay bit g c. Kiu ny, RPC c th c thc hin nhiu ln cng c th khng thc hin ln no.

Cn client th c th thc hin theo 4 chin lc sau: Mt l: Client khng thc hin gi li cc yu cu. V th khng bit bao gi yu cu mi thc hin c hoc c th khng bao gi c thc hin. Hai l: Client lin tc gi li yu cu: c th dn ti trng hp mt yu cu c thc hin nhiu ln. Ba l: Client ch gi li yu cu no khi khng nhn c bn tin ACK phn hi t server thng bo nhn thnh cng. Trng hp ny, server dng b m thi gian. Sau mt khong thi gian xc nh trc m khng nhn c ACK th client s gi li yu cu . Bn l: Client gi li yu cu nu nhn c thng bo hng t server. - Mt bn tin phn hi t server gi tr v client: Phng php khc phc: thit k cc yu cu c c tnh khng thay i gi tr (idempotent). Client nh s th t cho cc yu cu, server s nhn ra c u l yu cu c gi li nh cc s t t ny. Do server s khng thc hin lp li cc yu cu. Tuy nhin server vn phi gi tr v bn tin thng bo yu cu no b tht lc. Hoc ta c th s dng mt bit phn header ca yu cu phn bit yu cu no l yu cu c gi li. - Client b li ngay sau khi gi yu cu ti server: Client gi yu cu ti server ri b li trc khi nhn c tr li t server gi v. Cng vic m server thc hin nhng khng c ch no i nhn c gi l mt "orphan". Nh th s gy lng ph chu k CPU. C 4 gii php c a ra trong trng hp ny l: Mt l: trc khi gi i yu cu no , client stub s to ra mt bn ghi xc nh cng vic cn thc hin ny v lu li. Nh th, khi c phc hi sau khi li, client s ly li bn ghi v v vic thc hin cc orphan ang din ra s dng li. Phng php ny c nhiu nhc im: Chi ph trang b a lu li mi bn ghi cho mi RPC. Orphan c th t mnh thc hin RPC to ra mt grandorphan nn rt kh xc nh. Hai l: chia thi gian hot ng lin tc ca client thnh cc s lin tc gi l cc thi k. Mi khi cc clietn khi phc tr li th s ch thi k ny li tng ln mt n v. Lc ny clietn s gi thng bo n tt c cc my khc thng bo s thi k mi ca mnh. Khi nhn dc thng bo ny th cc orphan s dng li Ba l: khi nhn c bn tin thng bo thi k mi, mi my s kim tra xem mnh c ang thc hin mt tnh ton t xa no khng. Nu c, my s c xc nh xem client no gi yu cu ny. Nu khng xc nh c th qu trnh tnh ton ny s b hy b. Bn l: quy nh mi RPC ch c mt khong thi gian xc nh T thc hin, sau khi gp li, clietn s pho i thm mt khong thi gian T trc khi khi ng li nhn cc orphan. Vn t ra l phi la chn gi tr T nh th no cho hp l. 7.2.4 Che giu li trong truyn thng nhm tin cy (dng multicasting) a. Multicasting tin cy c bn (Basic Reliable-multicasting). Sau khi cc tin trnh c phn nhm th mt tin trnh khc mun thc hin multicast tc l s gi bn tin ti tt c cc tin trnh trong nhm .

Multicast tin cy l phi c c ch m bo bn tin n c tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm. Khi xy ra li th s p dng phng php sau che giu li: Phng php: nh s cc bn tin cn gi. Cc bn tin c lu ti mt buffer ca bn gi v vn lu cho n khi nhn c bn tin ACK bo v t bn nhn. Nu bn nhn xc nh l b mt mt bn tin no th n s gi v mt bn tin NACK yu cu gi li. V thng thng, bn gi s t ng gi li bn tin sau trong khong thi gian xc nh no m n khng nhn c bn tin ACK bo v. Hnh 48. (a). Truyn bn tin (b). Bn tin phn hi b. Multicast tin cy m rng. tng hiu qu cng vc khi lm vic vi mt s lng ln cc tin trnh th a ra m hnh multicast tin cy m rng. Vi m hnh ny s khng gi tr v bn tin ACK bo nhn thnh cng m ch gi tr v cho tin trnh nhn bn tin NACK thng bo khi c li truyn.Vic ny c thc hin bng giao thc SRM (Scalable Reliable Multicasting). c th thc hin multicast tin cy cho mt nhm ln cc tin trnh th thc hin t chc cc nhm theo cu trc dng cy. Cu trc ca cy : - Gc l nhm cha tin trnh gi. - Cc nt l cc nhm c cha tin trnh nhn. Hnh 49. Multicast tin cy dng cy Vic thc hin multicast c thc hin cho cc nhm nh . Vic chia thnh cc nhm nh hn ny cho php s dng cc kch bn multicast tin cy cho tng nhm nh . Trong mi nhm nh s c mt tin trnh lm coordinator. Coodinator c kh nng iu khin vic truyn li khi nhn c thng bo truyn li. Coodinator ca mi nhm s c b m (history buffer) ring. - Nu Coordinator ca mi nhm khng nhn c bn tin m th n s gi yu cu truyn li ti coordinator ca nt cha n. - Trong kch bn truyn tin cy s dng bn tin ACK th khi coordinator nhn thnh cng mt bn tin m n s gi bn tin ACK ti coordinator ca nt cha n. - Nu coordinator ca mt nhm nhn c bn tin ACK bo nhn thnh cng bn tin m ca tt c cc tin trnh trong nhm gi v th n s xa bn tin m khi b m ca n. nh gi: vi phng php phn cp ny th xy ra vn v cu trc cy. Rt nhiu trng hp yu cu cy phi c cu trc ng nn phi c mt c ch tm ng cho cy ny c. Multicast nguyn t (Atomic multicast ). T tng chnh: khi mt tin trnh mun gi bn tin cho mt tp cc tin trnh khc theo kiu multicast, n s khng gi bn tin ti tt c cc tin trnh ca nhm cha cc tin trnh nhn m ch gi n mt nhm nh cc tin trnh cn nhn bn tin . Vn t ra: phi m bo gi c bn tin ti tt c cc tin trnh trong

nhm hoc khng c gi ti bt k tin trnh no nu mt tin trnh trong nhm b li sp . Mt s thut ng: Group view (khung nhn nhm): tng chnh ca atomic multicast l mt tin trnh thc hin multicast bn tin m th ch thc hin lin kt ti mt danh sch cc tin trnh cn nhn bn tin m ch khng phi ton b nhm. Danh sch cc tin trnh ny tng ng vi mt khung nhn nhm (group view)- mt tp nh cc tin trnh ca mt nhm ln. View change (thay i khung nhn): khi ang thc hin multicast ti mt group view G m c mt tin trnh xin gia nhp nhm hay xin ra khi nhm th s thay i vc ny s c gi ti tt c cc thnh vin cn li trong nhm. Do , cc tin trnh cn li trong G s nhn c hai bn tin: m: bn tin cn nhn vc: bn tin thng bo c thay i trong G. Nu tt c cc tin trnh trong G u cha nhn c vc th thao tc multicast bn tin m c thc hin. Nu mt trong s cc tin trnh trong G nhn c vc th pho m bo rng khng mt tin trnh no khc trong G c nhn m na ng b o (Virtual sychronous). T tng chnh: m bo bn tin ch c multicast ti tt c cc tin trnh khng c li. Nu tin trnh gi b sp trong qu trnh multicast th qu trnh ny b hy ngay d bn tin c gi ti mt vi tin trnh khc trong nhm ri. Hnh 50 Nguyn l ng b o 1: P1 tham gia vo nhm c sn ba thnh vin: P2,P3, P4. 2: P2 thc hin multicast bn tin ti tt c cc tin trnh cn li. 3: P1 thc hin multicast bn tin ti tt c cc tin trnh cn li. 4: P3 multicast ti tin trnh P2 , P4 thnh cng nhng P1 cha nhn c th P3 b sp . Lc ny ng b o s hy tt c cc bn tin c gi trc cho P2, P4, thit lp trng thi trc khi sp ca P3 l cha gi bn tin d. 5: nhm lc ny ch cn P1, P2, P4 v P4 thc hin multicast bn tin, 6: P3 c khi phc v xin gia nhp li nhm. 7: P3 gia nhp nhm thnh cng. 7.3 Cam kt phn tn. M hnh thit lp cam kt phi l m hnh phn cp v coordinator lnh trch nhim thit lp cam kt phn tn. cam kt mt pha n gin, coordinator thng bo vi tt c cc thnh vin cn li hoc l thc hin hoc l khng thc hin mt thao tc no . Nu thnh vin no khng thc hin c cng khng th bo li cho coordinator bit. Do ngi ta a m hnh mi l cam kt hai pha v cam kt ba pha 7.3.1 Cam kt hai pha. Xt mt giao dch phn tn vi cc thnh vin l mt tp cc tin trnh chy

mt my khc vi gi thit khng c li xy ra. Cam kt hai pha gm hai: Pha bu c (voting phase )v pha quyt nh (Decision phase). Vi pha bu c: bao gm hai bc thc hin: - Coordinator gi mt bn tin thng bo yu cu bu c VOTE_REQUEST ti tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm. - Sau khi nhn c bn tin VOTE_REQUEST ca coordinator, nu c th thc hin c th thnh vin s gi li cho coordinator thng bo chp nhn bu c VOTE_COMMIT, nu khng, s gi li cho coordinator thng bo t chi VOTE_ABORT. Pha quyt nh: gm hai bc thc hin: - Coordinator tp hp tt c cc bu c ca cc thnh vin. Nu tt c u ng chp nhn giao dch th coordinator s gi mt bn tin GLOBAL_COMMIT ti tt c cc thnh vin. Tuy nhin, ch cn mt thnh vin gi thng bo t chi th coordinatorquyt nh hy giao dch trn v s gi mt bn tin GLOBAL_ABORT cho tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm. - Cc thnh vin sau khi gi thng bo chp nhn ti coordinator s i phn hi t coordinator. Nu n nhn v thng bo GLOBAL_COMMIT th giao dch s c chp thun, cn nu nhn c GLOBAL_ABORT th giao dch s b hy. Cam kt hai pha a ra mt s cc trng thi hu hn nh hnh 7.17 a, b (394). Cc trng thi ca mt coordinator l: INIT, WAIT, ABORT, COMMIT. Cn cc trng thi ca mt thnh vin bt k l : INIT, READY, ABORT, COMMIT. Hnh 51 (a) My trng thi hu hn cho coordinator trong cam kt 2 pha (b). My trng thi hu hn cho thnh vin Nhc im ca cam kt hai pha: Nhc im chnh ca cam kt hai pha l tn nhiu thi gian ch i. C coordinator v cc thnh vin cn li u phi ch mt bn tin no c gi n cho mnh. Nhc im th hai l nu coordinator b li th hot ng ca c h thng s b nh hng. 7.3.2 Cam kt 3 pha khc phc nhc im ca cam kt hai pha trong trng hp coordinator b li, ngi ta a ra m hnh cam kt ba pha. Cc trng thi kh ging hai pha nhng thm mt trng thi PRECOMMIT. Hnh 52 (a) My trng thi hu hn cho coordinator trong cam kt 2 pha (b). My trng thi hu hn cho thnh vin 7.4 Phc hi. Phc hi l cc phng php a trng thi b li sang trng thi lnh (fault free). C hai cch tip cn cho phc hi li: phc hi li (back forward) v phc hi tin (forward recovery).

Phc hi li: khi thc hin phc hi li s thc hin phc hi trng thi lnh ca h thng trc khi c li v cho h thng chy li t im . c th thc hin c iu ny phi s dng cc im checkpoint. Ti cc im ny s sao lu trng thi hin hnh ca h thng khi khi phc s cho chy im checkpoint gn nht. Vic thc hin theo phng php ny l rt tn km. Phc hi tin: chuyn h thng t trng thi li sang trng thi mi vi cc thng tin tip tc thc hin Chng 8: An ton - An ninh. (Security) 8.1 t vn . 8.1.1 Cc mi e da, chnh sch v c ch an ton , an ninh. a. Cc mi e da. H thng my tnh lun b e da bi cc nguy c mt an ton. Mt trong nhng cng vic bo v h thng l lm sao gip h thng trnh khi cc nguy c . C 4 loi cc mi e da an ton: Interception (chn bt): ch thnh phn khng c php cng c th truy cp n cc dch v hay cc d liu, "nghe trm" thng tin ang c truyn i. Interruption (t on): l mi e da m lm cho dch v hay d liu b mt mt, b hng, khng th dng c na... Modification (thay i): l hin tng thay i d liu hay can thip vo cc dch v lm cho chng khng cn gi c cc c tnh ban u. Fabrication (gi mo): l hin tng thm vo d liu ban u cc d liu hay hot ng c bit m khng th nhn bit c n cp d liu ca h thng. b. Cc c ch an ton, an ninh. C 4 c ch an ton, an ninh c a ra: Mt m (Cryptography): l vic thc hin chuyn i d liu theo mt quy tc no thnh dng mi m k tn cng khng nhn bit c. Xc thc (Authentication): l cc thao tc nhn dng ngi dng, nhn dng client hay server... y quyn (Authorization).: chnh l vic phn nh quyn hn cho mi thnh phn ng nhp thnh cng vo h thng. Quyn hn ny l cc quyn s dng dch v, truy cp d liu... Kim ton (Auditing): l cc phng php xc inh c client truy cp n d liu no v bng cch no. 8.1.2 Cc vn khi thit k. a. iu khin (focus of control). C ba cch tip cn: Chng cc thao tc bt hp l: vic ny thc hin bng cch bo m ton vn chnh cc d liu m khng quan tm n vic phn tch s hp l ca thao tc. Hnh 53 Chng cc thao tc bt hp l

Chng cc triu gi thao tc khng c y quyn.: khng bo m ton vn d liu m tp trung vo cc thao tc. Thao tc no l bt hp l s b hy b ngay. Hnh 54. Chng cc triu gi thao tc khng c y quyn Chng ngi s dng khng c y quyn: cch tip cn ny li tp trung vo qun l ngi dng. Xc nh ngi dng v cc vai tr ca h trong h thng c khng quan tm n m bo d liu hay qun l cc thao tc ca ngi dng. Hnh 55. Chng ngi s dng khng c y quyn b. Phn tng cc c ch an ton (Layer of security mechanism) Mt vn quan trng trong vic thit k mt h thng an ton l quyt nh xem c ch an ton an ninh c t tng no. Vic xc nh v tr t ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu cu ca client v cc dch v an ton, an ninh ca tng tng. Trong mt h phn tn, c ch an ton, an ninh c t tng middleware. c. Phn tn cc c ch an ton (Distribution of security mechanism) Xt khi nim TCB (Trusted Computing Base): l tp hp tt c cc c ch an ton, an ninh trong h phn tn, cc c ch ny phi tun theo mt rng buc an ton no . 8.1.3 Mt m (Cryptography) Mt c ch an ton, an ninh c bn trong h phn tn l m mt. T tng c bn l: bn gi m ha bn tin cn truyn, truyn bn tin m ha i, bn nhn s gii m bn tin nhn c thnh bn tin ban u. Gi: Bn tin ban u l P. Kha m ha l Ek. Bn tin c m ha theo kha Ek l C: C=Ek(P). Kha gii m l Dk. Bn tin c gii m theo kha gii m: P=Dk(C). C hai loi h thng mt m: mt m i xng (symmetric cryptosystem) v mt m bt i xng (asymmetric cryptosystem). a. Mt m i xng: dng kha b mt.. Vi mt m i xng: kha m ha v kha gii m l ging nhau. Ta c: P=Dk(Ek( P ) ) . C bn nhn v bn gi u phi c kha trn, kha phi c gi b mt. Nguyn l chung ca gii thut DES (Data Encryption Standard): Hnh 56 nguyn l chung ca DES Thc hin trn cc khi d liu 64 bit. Mi khi ny c m ha qua 16 vng lp, mi vng c mt kha m ha 48 bit ring. 16 kha ny c sinh ra t 56 bit kha chnh.

u vo ca vng lp m ha th i l d liu c m ha ca vng lp th (i-1). 64 bit d liu qua mi vng lp c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau: Li-1 v Ri-1, cng bng 32 bit . Phn d liu bn phi Ri-1 c ly lm phn bn tri ca d liu cho vng sau: Ri-1= Li. Hm f vi u vo l Ri-1 v kha Ki sinh ra khi 32 bit c XOR vi Li-1 sinh ra Ri. Hnh 57 .Mt vng m ha Phng php sinh kha ca gii thut DES: Hnh 58. Sinh kha theo gii thut DES Mi kha 48 bit cho mi vng lp c sinh ra t kha chnh 56 bit nh sau: hon v kha chnh, chia i thnh hai phn 28 bit. Ti mi vng, mi mt na s quay tri mt hoc hai bit, sau ly ra 24 bit kt hp vi 24 bit ca na cn li to ra kha. b. Mt m bt i xng: dng kha cng khai. Mt m bt i xng: kha m ha v kha gii m l khc nhau. Ta c: P=DkD(EkD ( P )). Trong h thng ny, mt kha s c gi b mt cn mt kha s c cng khai. Xt gii thut RAS (c t theo tn ca cc nh pht minh ra n:Rivest, Shamir, Adleman) : Cch sinh kha ca gi thut RAS: thc hin theo 4 bc: - Chn 2 s chnh ln: p,q - Tnh n = p.q v z = (p-1).(q-1) - Chn mt s d lin quan n z - Tnh ton e sao cho e.d =1 mod z. Nh th d c th dng gii m cn e dng m ha. Ta c th cng khai mt trong hai s ny, ty thut ton. Nguyn l chung ca gii thut RAS: Coi bn tin c truyn i l mt dy cc s nh phn. Chia bn tin m thnh cc khi c kch thc c nh mi sao cho 0<= mi <=m. bn gi, vi mi khi mi s tnh mt gi tr ci = mei (mod n) ri gi i.Bn nhn s gii m bng cch tnh: mi = cdi (mod n) . Nh vy, m ha cn bit e v n cn gii m th cn bit d v n. 8.2 Knh an ton (Secure channels). 8.2.1 Xc thc (Authentification). a. Xc thc da trn kha b mt. Nguyn l chung: bn gi mun giao tip vi bn nhn s gi mt yu cu A ti bn nhn. Bn nhn tr li bng mt yu cu RB . Bn gi s m ha yu cu RB bng kha b mt KA,B v gi v cho bn nhn. Bn nhn xc thc c bn gi nh nhn bit c yu cu RB mnh gi trong gi tin va nhn. Lc ny bn gi mun xc thc bn nhn s tip tc gi yu cu RA ti bn nhn. Bn nhn s li m ha RA bng kha b mt KA,B v gi v cho bn nhn. V nh th bn nhn xc nh c bn gi, sau qu trnh trao i s c thc hin.

Hnh 59 Xc thc da trn kha b mt Mt m hnh ci tin hn l thu gn s lng bn tin ch cn li 3 bn tin gia bn nhn v bn gi. Hnh 60. Xc thc da trn kha b mt nhng dng 3 bn tin Nhng hin nay, giao thc hay c dng l "reflection attack" nh c m t trong hnh v sau: Hnh 61. Reflection Attack b. Xc thc da trn trung tm phn phi kha. Nu h thng gm N host, mi host phi chia s mt kha mt vi N-1 host khc th h thng cn qun l N.(N-1)/2 kha, v mi host phi qun l N-1 kha. Nh vy nu N ln s rt kh khn trong vic qun l. Do , khc phc hin tng trn ta s dng trung tm phn phi kha KDC (Key Distribution Center). T tng chnh: bn gi s gi bn tin ti trung tm phn phi kha thng bo mnh mun giao tip vi bn nhn. KDC s gi cho c bn gi v bn nhn mt bn tin c cha kha b mt KA,B . Bn tin gi cho bn nhn s c m ha bng KA,KDC . Bn tin gi cho bn gi s c m ha bng KB,KDC . Hnh 62 Nguyn l ca KDC Cch tip cn th hai l KDC s gi c hai bn tin cha kha b mt KA,KDC (KA,B ) v KB,KDC (KA,B ) cho bn gi v bn gi c nhim v gi cho bn nhn kha c KDC m ha KB,KDC (KA,B ) . Hnh 63 Dng ticket c. Xc thc da trn kha cng khai. Hnh 64. Xc thc da trn kha cng khai. Bn gi m ha yu cu bng kha cng khai K+B ca bn nhn. Bn nhn ny l ni duy nht c th gii m bn tin bng K-B. Bn nhn s m ha yu cu ca bn gi cng vi yu cu ca chnh mnh v kha KA,B va to ra bng kha cng khai K+A ca bn gi nhm xc thc bn gi. Cui cng, bn gi s gi li cho bn nhn yu cu RB ca bn nhn gi i xc thc. 8.2.2 Tnh ton vn v tnh mt ca thng ip. a. Ch k s. Ch k s m bo tnh ton vn ca thng ip. C nhiu cch thit lp ch k s cho thng ip: Cch 1: dng h mt m kha cng khai l RSA. Hnh 65 Ch k s cho mt bn tin dng kha cng khai Bn gi s m ha bn tin bng kha ring K-A ca mnh, sau s m ha

tip ni dung bn tin v phin bn ch k bng kha cng khai K+B ca bn nhn. Bn tin c m ha ny s c truyn i cng bn tin m. Bn nhn sau khi nhn c bn tin s gii m gi tin, ly phin bn ch k ca m v so snh vi m xc thc rng bn tin ny c gi t bn gi v cng kim tra xem c thay i trn ng truyn hay khng. Cch 2: dng hm bm. Hm bm H dng tnh ton mt bn tin c di c nh l mt chui bit h t mt bn tin c di ty m. Nu gi tr m thay bng gi tr m' th H(m') cng c gi tr khc gi tr h = H(m), do ta c th d dng xc nh c nhng thay i trn bn tin m trn ng truyn. Hnh 66. Ch k s cho mt bn tin dng message digest Bn gi s tnh ton cc bn tin c di c nh t bn tin m v m ha bng kha ring ca mnh. Bn tin c m ha ny s c truyn i cng bn tin m. Khi nhn, bn nhn gii m bn tin v thc hin so snh vi bn tin m c truyn i xc nh c rng bn tin ny gi t bn gi v c k bng ch k s. b. Kha phin Trong mt knh trao i an ton, sau pha xc thc s tin hnh truyn thng. Mi knh truyn thng c xc nh bi mt kha phin tng ng. Khi phin truyn kt thc th kha phin tng ng cng b hy b. 8.2.3 Truyn thng nhm an ton a. Truyn thng nhm b mt M hnh n gin l tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm s cng c mt kha b mt m ha v gii m cc bn tin. iu kin tin quyt cho m hnh ny l phi m bo rng tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm pha gi bia mt kha . M hnh th hai l dng mt kha b mt cho tng cp thnh vin trong nhm. Khi mt trong hai thnh vin kt thc phin truyn th thnh vin cn li vn s dng kha giao tip vi thnh vin khc trong nhm. Vi m hnh ny phi duy tr ti N (N-1)/2 kha. M hnh th ba l dng kha cng khai. Mi mt thnh vin trong nhm s phi duy tr mt cp kha cng khai v kha ring, trong kha cng khai c dng bi tt c thnh vin trong nhm. b. Server nhn bn an ton Vic nhn bn cc server thng dng trong vic chu li cho h phn tn nhng i khi cng c dng m bo tnh tin cy cho h thng. 8.3 Kim sot truy nhp (Access Control). 8.3.1 Cc kha cnh tng qut trong kim sot truy cp. a. Ma trn kim sot truy cp (Access Control Matrix). Trong ma trn iu khin truy cp, mt hng biu din cho mt ch th (subject), mt ct biu din cho mt i tng (object). Gi ma trn kim sot truy nhp l M. M[s,o]: a ra danh sch cc php ton m ch th s c th yu cu trn i tng o. Khi mt ch th s gi mt phng thc m ca i tng o th monitor s kim tra trong danh sch M[s,o], nu m khng c trong danh

sch ny th li triu gi b hy b. Thng thng h thng phi lm vic vi rt nhiu user nn c hng nghn ch th cn qun l. Do xy dng mt ma trn thc nh trn l khng hp l. Gii php ra l s dng danh sch kim sot truy cp. b. Danh sch kim sot truy cp (Access Control List). Mi mt i tng s duy tr mt danh sch cc truy cp hp l ca cc ch th mun truy cp n gi l ACL nh trnh c s tn ti ca cc entry rng nh ma trn kim sot truy nhp. Hnh 67 s dng ACL c. Min bo v (Protection Domains). Vi vic s dng ACL, tuy khc phc c nhc im ca ma trn kim sot truy nhp nhng vn c kch thc ln nn a ra cch s dng min bo v. Min bo v l mt tp cc cp (i tng, truy cp hp l), mi cp ny s cho ta mt i tng v cc thao tc hp l trn n. Mi mt yu cu u thuc mt min bo v no . Khi mt yu cu gi n, monitor s tm trong min bo v tng ng yu cu ny. t hiu qu cao hn, ngi ta dng kt hp min bo v vi vic phn nhm cc i tng. 8.3.2 Tng la (Firewall). Firewall dng ngn chn cc lung khng c php. Firewall c hai loi chnh l: Packet - filtering gateway: loi ny hot ng nh mt router cho php hoc khng cho php gi tin chuyn qua mng da trn a ch ngun v a ch ch phn header ca gi tin. Loi ny thng dng ngn chn cc gi tin t ngoi i vo trong mng. Appllication - level gateway: loi firewall ny khng ch kim tra header ca gi tin gi n hay gi i m cn kim tra ni dung ca gi tin . Mt v d c bit cho loi ny l proxygateway. 8.4 Qun tr an ton - an ninh (Security management ). 8.4.1 Qun tr kha. a. Thit lp kha. Vic to ra kha b mt gia bn truyn v bn nhn c thc hin nh sau: Bn A v bn B u to ra hai s ln l n v g - hai s ny c th c cng khai. Bn A s to ra mt s ln khc l x, bn B to ra s ln y v gi b mt chng. Bn A s gi cho bn B: n, g v (gx mod n). Bn B s thc hin tnh (gx mod n)y= gxy mod n. do s xc nh c kha b mt x ca bn A. ng thi, bn B cng gi cho bn A (gy mod n). Bn A thc hin tnh ton (gy mod n)x= gxy mod n nh cng xc nh c kha b mt y ca bn B. Hnh 68 Nguyn l ca Diffie - Hellman key exchange

b. Phn pht kha. Trong h m mt i xng, kha b mt to ra phi c truyn i trn knh mt ring . Hnh 69 Phn pht kha theo knh ring. Trong h mt m dng kha cng khai, kha cng khai phi m bo cng mt cp vi mt kha b mt. Kha cng khai c truyn i nh mt bn r trn ng truyn v phi c h tr xc thc. Kha b mt c truyn i trn mt knh ring v cng phi c xc thc. Thng thng, kha cng khai thng cthay bng mt chng ch kha cng khai (public - key certificate). Chng ch ny bao gm mt kha cng khai v mt xu nh danh xc nh c kha mt lin kt vi n. b. Thi gian tn ti ca chng ch. Khi cn hy b mt chng ch ta c th thc hin theo nhiu phng php: Cch 1: s dng danh sch cc chng ch b hy b CRL (certification revocation list). Khi cllient kim tra mt chng ch th n cng kim tra trong danh sch CRL kim tra xem chng ch ny b hy hay khng. Nh th mi client phi c cp nht danh sch ny thng xuyn. Cch 2: mi chng ch t ng ht hiu lc sau mt thi gian xc nh no . Nhng nu mun hy chng ch trc thi gian th vn phi dng n danh sch CRL nh trn. Cch 3: gim thi gian tn ti c hiu lc ca mt chng ch xung gn bng 0. Khi client phi thng xuyn kim tra chng ch xc inh thi gian c hiu lc ca kha cng khai. 8.4.2 Qun tr nhm an ton. Xt nhm G, kha mt CKG c chia s vi tt c cc thnh vin ca nhm m ha thng ip ca nhm. Nhm cn c thm 1 cp kha cng khai/ring (KG+, KG-) giao tip vi cc thnh vin ca nhm khc. Tin trnh P mun tham gia vo nhm G s gi yu cu tham gia JR. RP (Reply pad) v kha b mt KP,G c m ha s dng kha cng khai KG+ ca nhm. JR c gn bi P v n c gi i cng vi chng ch cha kha cng khai ca P. Khi mt thnh vin nhm Q nhn mt yu cu t P, n s xc thc P, xc nh tem thi gian T m bo rng P vn cn gi tr ti thi im gi. Sau ly ra kha cng khai ca P kim tra tnh hp l ca JR. Nu P c chp nhn vo nhm, Q tr li thng ip GA nhn dng P v cha N (nonce). RP c s dng m ha kha giao tip ca nhm CKG. P s dng kha KG- m ha cng vi CKG. Sau thng ip GA c gn cho Q s dng kha KP,G. 8.4.3 Qun tr y quyn (Authorization management ) S dng capability xc nh quyn truy cp ti nguyn ca tin trnh chim gi n. Mt capability l mt t nh danh 128 bit, cu trc bn trong c m t nh sau:

48 bit u tin c khi to khi i tng c to ra bi server ca i tng. 48 bt ny c gi l server port. 24 bit tip theo c s dng xc nh i tng ti server nh sn. 8 bit tip theo xc nh quyn truy cp ca holder ca capability Trng check (48bit cui) c dng to ra mt capability tht (khng th gi mo c). Khi mt i tng c khi to, server ca i tng chn ly mt trng check ngu nhin v lu tr n trong c capability v trong c table ring ca server S y quyn(delegation) S y thc quyn truy nhp l mt k thut quan trng thc thi s bo v trong h thng my tnh v c bit hn l trong h phn tn. tng c bn rt n gin: bng vic chuyn quyn truy nhp t tin trnh ny sang tin trnh khc, n s tr nn d dng hn phn tn cng vic gia cc tin trnh m khng lm nh hng ti vic bo v ti nguyn. C vi cch thc thi s y quyn, mt cch l s dng proxy.