Exercise 1: Give the entailment of the following sentences: 1. Susans sister bought two houses.

Entailment: Susans sister bought St: a house. 2. Bob ate three sandwiches. Someone ate three sandwiches. Bob did St to three sandwiches Bob ate three of St. St happened. 3. The president was assassinated. The president was dead. 4. Marys brother bought three horses. Presupposition: Mary exists, Mary has one brother Entailment: Marys brother bought St, someone bought 3 horses. 5. John ran a marathon. Someone ran a marathon. 6. The President of Polvenia is a bachelor. The President of Polvenia is unmarried. 7. Who stole the Mona Lisa this morning? St was stolen this morning. 8. Elephants are neither stupid nor ugly.(downward entailment) Elephants are not stupid Elephants are not ugly. 9. Some cows are brown.(upward entailment) Some animals are brown. Exercise 2: Identify the entailment of the following sentences. Choose the best answer for each question: 1. Mickey lives with Bill and Jane who are married to each other. a. Mickey lives with his parents. b. Mickey lives with two people. c. Mickey lives with exactly two people. 2. Jane and Mike are going to London. a. Jane is going to London. b. Jane and Mike are traveling on the same train. 3. Jack saw a dog come through the door. a. Exactly one dog came through the door. b. There is a dog that Jack saw. c. Jack is a person. 4. Jane knows that Bill likes sushi. a. Bill likes sushi. b. Jane is animate. 5. John believes that Peter likes Paul. a. Peter likes Paul. b. John is animate. 6. John doesnt know that Peter likes Paul.

a. Peter likes Paul. b. John is animate. 7. Every Italian student passed the test. a. John failed the test. b. John passed the test. c. At least one student passed the test. 8. Not everyone can come to the party. a. Someone will come to the party. b. No one can come to the party. c. It is not the case that everyone can come to the party. d. There is a party. Exercise 3: Fill in the blank with the most suitable words: 1. entailment includes some different characteristics EXCEPT FOR A. It does not depend on the context in which the sentence is used B. When one set of objects is included in another, entailment also occurs C. Entailment involves the relation of inclusion D. entailment is concerned with the utterance meaning Answer: D sentence meaning 2. Entailment is a relationship that applies between two propositions, where the truth of one implies the truth of the other because of the meanings of .. A. words B. phrases C. sentence D. utterance Answer : A 3. The speaker will communicate, typically by stress, which entailment is assumed to be more important for interpreting intended meaning than any others. Which entailment is it? A. background entailment B. two-way entailment C. foreground entailment D. one-way entailment Answer: C 4. Every child who is born this year of dragon is very clever. (sentence 1) entails: Most children who are born this year of dragon is very clever. Which entailment did student use? A. one-way entailment B. foreground entailment C. two-way entailment D. background entailment Answer: A 5. . asserts that a state of affair existed or .. is the characteristic of all declarative sentences. A. Presupposition B. Deixis C. Assertion D. Anaphora Answer: C 6. Presupposition consists of types. A. 4 B.5 C.6 D.7 Answer: D (cu ny kh v ch c sch mi c) Potential, existential, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, counter-factual presupposition.