Bai giang'sé 10 NHI THUC NEWTON _ Cac bai todn t3 hop néi chung va nhj thire Newton néi riéng li mét trong cdc cau thanh cia cdc dé thi mén Todn trong cdc ki thi tuyén sinh vao Dai hgc, Cao dang nhimg nam gan day tir 2002-2009, Bai giang nay danh dé trinh bay cdc phuong phap giai cac bai todn lién quan dén nhj thtre Newton. Cé hai loai bai toan chinh duge xét dén 6 day: - Céc bai ton lign quan dén hé s6 trong khai trién nhj thire Newton. - Cac bai toan tinh tong c6 sir dung dén nhi thire Newton. §1. CAC BAI TOAN VE HE SO TRONG KHAI TRIEN NHI THUC NEWTON Nhu da biét nhj thre Newton cé dang: 0 (a+b)" = cha B®. (1) k=0 Trong do vé phai cia (1) la tng n+1 sé hang. $6 Cha"-b* 1a sé hang thir k+1 cia tng dy, (k = 0,1,2,....n). Cac bai todn thuge chi dé nay 14 mét dang toan hay ep trong cac ki thi tu inh vao cac trudng Dai hoc, Cao ding trong nhiing nam gan day. No thudng cé dang sau: “Tim diéu kign dé hé s6 cia khai trién (1) théa man mét diéu kién nao day”. Phuong phap giai cdc bai toan nay thudng durge tién hanh nhu sau: - Viét khai trién Newton (1) vi a, b duge chon tir dau bai. Trong mét sé trudng hgp ¢é thé phai xdc dinh s6 n trude (thudng n 1 nghiém coa mot phuong trinh c6 ign quan dén sé té hop). - Tir (1) str dung sé hang thir k+1: Cka"~>b* cia khai trién va yéu cdu dé bai 8 thiét lap nén mot phuong trinh (ma dn cia né thudng 1a k). - Tir nghiém tim duge sé cho ta két qua can tim. Trong qua trinh giai toan ta thudng diing cac két qua dac biét sau: ‘ (14x)" = DChxk = Ch +Cyx + hx? +. CAN”, k=0 0 DV (-1 ckx* = 08 —Chx + C2x? =..+ (=I) Cox", k=0 Dic bigt hon, tacd: C2 +Ch 42 4.48 =2"; ce-ch 402 ~.4(-1)"ct=0. 186Cac dang todn co ban: Loai 1: Tim hé sé cua. * trong mét khai trién nhj the Newton: Thi du I (bé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khoi B - 2007) Tim hé sé cua x'” trong khai trién nhj thisc (2+x)" biét rang: 379 —3"-Fch 43202 3" 3C3 +..4(-1)" Ch =2048. ; : Giii Ap dung céng thire khai trién nhj thtre Newton: 2 =(3-1)" = Socks (-1)"* =37c8 —3" cl 4.322 3303 4.4 (-1)" CR. Vi thé, tir gia thiét ta cd: 2"= 2048 = 2"! => n= 11. Lai dp dung cOng thire khai trién ahi thire Newton ta c6: (2+x)!! =Schats te Tir (1) suy ra hé s6 cia x" img voi k= 1, va dé la sé: C},2' =22. Nhdn xét: Thi dy trén 1a m6t minh hoa day di cho phuong phdp giai ma ching ta da trinh bay trong phan mo dau. Thi dy 2:(Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A ~ 2006) Tim hé sé cita sé hang x”* trong khai trién nhi thtre Newton cia Trude hét xac dinh n tir gia thiét da cho nhu sau: Theo tinh chat cia sé t6 hop, ta cd: 20 Chaat = Cina 2 2n-1 Const = Const Tir db ta.06: Chey + Cnet tot Cnet = Cine + Cina tt CBr C1) Tir (1) ta c6: Conn + (Chast + Cnet tot Ohne) + (Ciha + CIN tet Ci) +Cinh = 242(Cdui + Chay tt Chas) (2) Vi vé trai cita (2) bing 2, nén tir (2) va gid thiét ta e6: 2041 = 24.2(2% -1)=27! <> n=10. 187Theo cong thirc khai trién nhj thre Newton ta cé: (a+r) =(x4 +x)” =Sch (x) (x yr. =k = Schx 70-11k x & 10 Tacé 70 - 11k = 26 =>k = 4. Vay sé hang chita x” ing voi k = 4. Tir dé suy ra hé sé cuia x” Ia Ci =210. . Nhgn xét: MOt lan nita ta thay cdc bude gidi cua cac loai todn trong myc nay tuan theo phuong phap da trinh bay trong phan mé dau. Thi du 3 (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hgc khéi D - 2004) »VOix> 0, Tim cae sé hang khdng chtta x trong khai trién (ax APae(ey Xét phuong trinh 7k — 21= Oak= 3. Vay sé hang khéng chita x la sé hang tmg vai k = 3, Bé la sé C} =35. Chi ¥: Dé thi tuyén sinh Cao dang khdi A, B — 2008 cé dang tuong ty: Tim sé a hang khdng chira x trong khai trién (2 . } . Dap sb: 6528. Thi du 4: (Bé thi Dai hoc khai A - 2003) : Tim hé sé cia sé hang chita x® trong khai trién nhj thire Newton (a+) sbidtring: = CMY) -C8,, = 7(n 43). Trude hét ta tim n tit hé thirc: (n+3)! (n+1)!2! <= (n+2)(n+3)=14(n+3) < (n+2)=14.9 n=12 (do n#3>0) Theo céng thire khai trién nhj thtse Newton ta c6: Cit Chas = 7(n +3) <> CB +05 -Cl,, = 7(n +3) <> =7(n+3) 60-11k 1 12 yea if oa S0-UIk (2) {~+8] = ¥ch(x) [-] -Schx k=0 x ke Tir phuong trinh eo ee a 188