Giáo trình hệ tính CCNA 2

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LI NI U Cun sch Gio trnh h tnh CCNA 2 c bin son da trn chng trnh o to chuyn vin mng ca Cisco. Ln xut bn th nht c bn c nhit tnh n nhn. y l chng trnh hc c tnh thc t cao. Trong bi cnh cng ngh pht trin lin tc nn gio trnh cn c cp nht bm st thc tin. chnh l l do chng ti gii thiun bn cun gio trnh mi trong ln xut bn ny. Gio trnh ny tng g vi k hc th hai trong chng trnh o to CCNA ca Cisco. Sch gm c 11 chng, cc ch c trnh by c h thng v c ng. Ni dung chnh ca tp hai l kho st thnh phn cu trc v hot ng ca router, ng thi hng dn ngi c cu hnh c bn cho router. So vi phin bn c, phin bn mi c cp thm hai phn mi l: Giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP) v danh sch kim tra truy nhp (Access Control List). Bn cnh , cc phn v cu trc router, cu hnh router v x l s c cho router cng c b sung thm nhiu chi tit mi so vi phin bn c. Cun sch khng ch l mt gio trnh hu ch cho cc hc vin mng CCNA m cn l ti liu b ch cho cc bn c mun tr thnh nhng nh networking chuyn nghip. Mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon thin hn song chc rng khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch. Nhm bin son mong nhn c c kin ng gp qu bu ca bn c. MK.PUB Mk.pub@minhkhai.com.vn www.minhkhai.com.vn
LI NG Knh tha qu bn c gn xa, Ban xut bn MK.PUB trc ht xin by t lng bit n v nim vinh hnh trc nhit tnh ca ng o Bn c i vi t sch MK.PUB trong thi gian qua. Khu hiu chng ti l: * Lao ng khoa hc nghim tc. * Cht lng v ngy cng cht lng hn. * Tt c v Bn c. Rt nhiu Bn c gi mail cho chng ti ng gp nhiu kin qu bu cho t sch. Ban xut bn MK.PUB xin c knh mi qu Bn c tham gia cng nng cao cht lng t sch ca chng ta. Trong qu trnh c, xin cc Bn ghi ch li cc sai st (d nh, ln) ca cun sch hoc cc nhn xt ca ring Bn. Sau xin gi v a ch: E-mail: mk.book@minhkhai.com.vn mk.pub@minhkhai.com.vn Hoc gi v: Nh sch Minh Khai 249 Nguyn Th Minh Khai, Q.I, Tp. H Ch Minh Nu Bn ghi ch trc tip ln cun sch, ri gi cun sch cho chng ti th chng ti s xin hon li cc ph bu in v gi li cho bn cun sch khc. Chng ti xin gi tng mt cun sch ca sch MK.PUB ty chn la ca Bn theo mt danh mc thch hp s c gi ti Bn. Vi mc ch ngy cng nng cao cht lng ca t sch MK.PUB, chng ti rt mong nhn c s hp tc ca qu Bn c gn xa. MK.PUB v Bn c cng lm !
MK.PUB MC LC LI NI U ................................................................................................. 3 MC LC......................................................................................................... 3 CHNG 1: WAN V ROUTER................................................................... 5 GII THIU ................................................................................................... 13 1.1. WAN.................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1. Gii thiu v WAN ................................................................... 13 1.1.2. Gii thiu v router trong mng WAN ..................................... 15 1.1.3. Router LAN v WAN ............................................................... 17 1.1.4. Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN ......................................... 19 1.1.5. Cc bi thc hnh m phng ..................................................... 21 1.2. Router ................................................................................................. 21 1.2.1. Cc thnh phn bn trong router ............................................... 21 1.2.2. c im vt l ca router ......................................................... 24 1.2.3. Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router ........................................ 25 1.2.4. Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router ......................................... 25 1.2.5. Thit lp kt ni vo cng console ............................................ 26 1.2.6. Thc hin kt ni vi cng LAN .............................................. 28 1.2.7. Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN ............................................. 29 TNG KT .................................................................................................... 31
CHNG 2: GII THIU V ROUTER .................................................... 33 GII THIU .................................................................................................. 33 2.1. Phn mm h iu hnh Cisco IOS .................................................... 33 2.1.1. Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS........................................... 33 2.1.2. Giao din ngi dng ca router ............................................... 33 2.1.3. Cc ch cu hnh router ........................................................ 34 2.1.4. Cc c im ca phn mm Cisco IOS ................................... 35 2.1.5. Hot ng ca phn mm Cisco IOS ........................................ 38 2.2. Bt u vi router ............................................................................... 40 2.2.1. Khi ng router ....................................................................... 40 2.2.2. n LED bo hiu trn router ................................................... 42 2.2.3. Kho st qu trnh khi ng router .......................................... 43 2.2.4. Thit lp phin kt ni bng HyperTerminal ............................ 45 2.2.5. Truy cp vo router ................................................................... 45 2.2.6. Phm tr gip trong router CLI ................................................. 46 2.2.7. M rng thm v cch vit cu lnh ......................................... 48 2.2.8. Gi li cc lnh s dng ....................................................... 49 2.2.9. X l li cu lnh ....................................................................... 50 2.2.10. Lnh show version ................................................................... 51 TNG KT CHNG .................................................................................. 52
CHNG 3: CU HNH ROUTER............................................................. 53 GII THIU .................................................................................................. 53 3.1. Cu hnh router ................................................................................... 54 3.1.1. Ch giao tip dng lnh CLI ................................................ 54 3.1.2. t tn cho router ...................................................................... 55 3.1.3. t mt m cho router ............................................................... 55 3.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh show .................................................... 56 3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serial .................................................................. 58 3.1.6. Thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnh ................. 59 3.1.7. Cu hnh cng Ethernet ............................................................. 60 3.2. Hon chnh cu hnh router ................................................................ 61 3.2.1. Tm quan trng ca vic chun ho tp tin cu hnh ................ 61 3.2.2. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip ........................................ 61 3.2.3. Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip ............................... 62 3.2.4. Thng ip ng nhp ................................................................ 63 3.2.5. Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD) ................................. 63 3.2.6. Phn gii tn my ...................................................................... 64 3.2.7. Cu hnh bng host .................................................................... 65 3.2.8. Lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh .............................. 65 3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnh ....................................... 66
TNG KT CHNG ................................................................................. 67 CHNG 4: CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC ......... 69 GII THIU .................................................................................................. 69 4.1. Kt ni v khm ph cc thit b ln cn ............................................ 70 4.1.1. Gii thiu v CDP ..................................................................... 70 4.1.2. Thng tin thu nhn c t CDP ............................................... 71 4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP ................ 72 4.1.4. Xy dng bn mng ............................................................. 76 4.1.5. Tt CDP ..................................................................................... 76 4.1.6. X l s c ca CDP ................................................................. 77 4.2. Thu thp thng tin v cc thit b xa ............................................... 77 4.2.1. Telnet ......................................................................................... 77 4.2.2. Thit lp v kim tra qu trnh khi ng router ...................... 78 4.2.3. Ngt, tm ngng phin Telnet ................................................... 79 4.2.4. M rng thm v hot ng Telnet ........................................... 80 4.2.5. Cc lnh kim tra kt ni khc .................................................. 81 4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IP ........................................................... 84 TNG KT .................................................................................................... 84 CHNG 5: QUN L PHN MM CISCO IOS .................................... 85 GII THIU .................................................................................................. 85 5.1. Kho st v kim tra hot ng router ............................................... 86
5.1.1. Cc giai on khi ng router khi bt u bt in ..................... 86 5.1.2. Thit b Cisvo tm v ti IOS nh th no ..................................... 86 5.1.3. S dng lnh boot system .............................................................. 87 5.1.4. Thanh ghi cu hnh............. 88 5.1.5. X l s c khi khi ng IOS .............. 89 5.2. Qun l tp tin h thng Cisco ....................... 91 5.2.1. Khi qut v tp tin h thn IOS ........................ 91 5.2.2. Quy c tn IOS......................................... 94 5.2.3. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng TFTP .................................. 95 5.2.4. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng cch ct-dn........................ 99 5.2.5. Qun l Cisco IOS bng TFTP .................. 100 5.2.6. Qun l IOS bng Xmodem ................................... 103 5.2.7. Bin mi trng.............................. 105 5.2.8. Kim tra tp tin h thng.... 106 TNG KT ............................................................................................. 106 CHNG 6: NH TUYN V CC GIAO THC NH TUYN ............ 107 GII THIU .................................. 107 6.1. Gii thiu v nh tuyn tnh ................................................................. 108 6.1.1. Gii thiu v nh tuyn tnh .......................................................... 108 6.1.2. Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh........................................................ 108
6.1.3. Cu hnh ng c nh ................................................................. 110 6.1.4. Cu hnh ng mc nh cho router chuyn gi i ...................... 112 6.1.5. Kim tra cu hnh ........................................................................... 114 6.1.6. X l s c...................................................................................... 114 6.2. Tng qut v nh tuyn ......................................................................... 116 6.2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc nh tuyn ................................................. 116 6.2.2. Autonomous system (AS) (H thng t qun) ............................... 117 6.2.3. Mc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn v h thng t qun ............... 117 6.2.4. Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn................................................. 118 6.2.5. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch ....... 118 6.2.6. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt 121 6.3. Tng qut v giao thc nh tuyn ......................................................... 121 6.3.1. Quyt nh chn ng i .............................................................. 123 6.3.2. Cu hnh nh tuyn........................................................................ 123 6.3.3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ................................................................ 126 6.3.4. H t qun, IGP v EGP................................................................. 128 6.3.5. Trng thi ng lin kt ............................................................... 130 TNG KT......................................................................................................... 132
CHNG 7: GIAO THC NH TUYN THEO VECTOR KHONG CCH .... 133
GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 133
7.1. nh tuyn theo vector khong cch ...................................................... 134 7.1.1. Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ....................................................... 134 7.1.2. Li nh tuyn lp........................................................................... 135 7.1.3. nh ngha gi tr ti a.................................................................. 136 7.1.4. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng split horizon................................ 137 7.1.5. Router poisoning............................................................................. 138 7.1.6. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi ............. 140 7.1.7. Trnh lp vng vi thi gian holddown ......................................... 140 7.2. RIP .......................................................................................................... 142 7.2.1. Tin trnh ca RIP........................................................................... 142 7.2.2. Cu hnh RIP................................................................................... 142 7.2.3. S dng lnh ip classless ................................................................ 144 7.2.4. Nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP .................................. 146 7.2.5. Kim tra cu hnh RIP .................................................................... 149 7.2.6. X l s c v hot ng cp nht ca RIP ................................... 151 7.2.7. Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip .................................................................................................................. 153 7.2.8. Chia ti vi RIP .............................................................................. 154 7.2.9. Chia ti cho nhiu ng ............................................................... 156 7.2.10. Tch hp ng c nh vi RIP .................................................. 158
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7.3. IGRP ....................................................................................................... 160 7.3.1. c im ca IGRP ........................................................................ 160 7.3.7. Kim tra cu hnh IGPR ................................................................. 171 7.3.8. X l s c ca IGPR ..................................................................... 171 TNG KT ........................................................................................................ 173 CHNG 8: THNG IP IU KHIN V BO LI CA TCP/IP........ 175 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 175 8.1. Tng qut v thng ip bo li ca TCP/IP ...................................... 176
8.1.1. Giao thc Thng ip iu Khin Internet (IMCP) .................... 176 8.1.3. Truyn thng ip IMCP................................................................ 177 8.1.4. Mng khng n c .................................................................... 177 8.1.5. S dng lnh ping kim tra xem a ch ch c n c hay khng ........................................................................................................ 178 8.1.6. Pht hin ng di qu gii hn ................................................... 179 8.1.7. Thng ip echo ............................................................................. 180 8.1.8. Thng ip Destination Unreachable.......................................... 181 8.1.9. Thng bo cc loi li khc............................................................ 182 8.2. Thng ip iu khin ca TCP/IP...................................................... 183
8.2.1. Gii thiu v thng ip iu khin ............................................... 183 8.2.2. Thng i ICMP redirect/change request....................................... 184
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8.2.3. ng b ng h v c tnh thi gian truyn d liu .................. 186 8.2.4. Thng ip Information request v reply ....................................... 187 8.2.6. Thng ip tm router ................................................................ 189 8.2.7. Thng ip Router solicitation ....................................................... 189 8.2.8. Thng ip bo nghn v iu khin lung d liu ....................... 190 TNG KT......................................................................................................... 191 CHNG 9: C BN V X L S C ROUTER ..................................... 193 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 193 9.1. Kim tra bng nh tuyn .......................................................................... 194 9.1.1. Lnh show ip route ......................................................................... 194 9.1.2. Xc nh gateway ........................................................................... 196 9.1.3. Chn ng chuyn gi t ngun n ch............................... 197 9.1.4. Xc nh a lp 2 v lp 3 ............................................................ 198 9.1.5. Xc nh ch s tincy ca cc con ng .................................... 198 9.1.6. Xc nh thng s nh tuyn ......................................................... 199 9.1.7. Xc nh trm k tip...................................................................... 201 9.1.8. Kim tra thng tin nh tuyn c cp nht mi nht.................. 202 9.1.9. S dng nhiu ng n cng mt ch....................................... 203 9.2. Kim tra kt ni mng ............................................................................... 205 9.2.1. Gii thiu v vic kim tra kt ni mng ....................................... 205
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9.2.2. Cc bc tin hnh x l s c ...................................................... 206 9.2.3. X l s c theo lp ca m hnh OSI ........................................... 208 9.2.4. S dng cc n bo hiu tm s c ca Lp 1 ......................... 209 9.2.5. S dng lnh ping x l s c Lp 3 ..................................... 209 9.2.6. S dng Telnet x l s c Lp 7 .......................................... 211 9.3. Tng qut v qu trnh x l mt s s c ca router............................... 212 9.3.1. S dng lnh show interfaces x l s c Lp 1 ...................... 212 9.3.2. S dng lnh show interfaces x l s c Lp 2 ..................... 216 9.3.3. S dng lnh show cdp x l s c .......................................... 217 9.3.4. S dng lnh traceroute x l s c .......................................... 218 9.3.5. X l cc s c v nh tuyn ........................................................ 219 9.3.6. S dng lnh show controllers serial x l s c ...................... 222 TNG KT......................................................................................................... 225 CHNG 10: TCP/IP ........................................................................................ 227 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 227 10.1. Hot ng ca TCP............................................................................... 228 10.1.1 Hot ng ca TCP........................................................................ 228 10.1.2 Qu trnh ng b hay qu trnh bt tay 3 bc............................ 228 10.1.3 Kiu tn cng t chi dch v DoS (Denial of Service)................ 230 10.1.4 Ca s v kch thc ca s.......................................................... 231
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10.1.6 ACK xc nhn ............................................................................... 234 10.2. Tng quan v port lp vn chuyn . .................................................. 236 10.2.1. Nhiu cuc kt ni gia 2 host. .................................................... 236 10.2.2. Port dnh cho cc dch v............................................................. 238 10.2.3. Port dnh cho client ...................................................................... 240 10.2.4. Ch port v cc ch s port ni ting............................................. 240 10.2.5. V d v trng hp m nhiu phin kt ni gia 2 host............. 240 10.2.6. So snh gia a ch IP, a ch MAC v s port ......................... 241 TNG KT......................................................................................................... 241 CHNG 11: DANH SCH KIM TRA TRUY CP ACLs ......................... 243 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 243 11.1 C bn v danh sch kim tra truy cp.................................................. 244 11.1.1 ACLs lm vic nh th no? ......................................................... 246 11.1.2 Kim tra ACLs............................................................................... 254 11.2.1 Danh sch kim tra truy cp ACLs..................................................... 256 11.2.1 ACLs c bn ................................................................................. 256 11.2.2 ACLs m rng ............................................................................... 258 11.2.3 ACLs t tn .................................................................................. 259 11.2.4 V tr t ACLs .............................................................................. 261 11.2.5 Bc tng la ................................................................................ 262
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11.2.6 Gii hn truy cp vo ng vty trn router ................................. 263 TNG KT......................................................................................................... 265
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CHNG 1 WAN V ROUTER GII THIU Mng din rng (WAN) l mng truyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt ln. WAN c nhiu c im quan trng khc vi LAN. Trong chng ny, trc tin cc bn s c mt ci nhn tng th v cc k thut v cc giao thc ca mng WAN. ng thi trong chng ny cng s gii thch nhng c im ging nhau v khc nhau gia LAN v WAN. Bn cnh , kin thc v cc thnh phn vt l ca router cng rt quan trng. Kin thc ny s l nn tng cho cc k nng v kin thc khc khi bn cu hnh router v qun tr mng nh tuyn. Trong chng ny, cc bn s c kho st thnh phn vt l bn trong v bn ngoi ca router v cc k thit kt ni vi nhiu cng khc nhau trn router. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau: Xc nh t chc quc t chu trch nhim v cc chun ca WAN. Gii thch s khc nhau gia LAN v WAN, gia cc loi a ch m mi mng s dng. M t vai tr ca router trong WAN. Xc nh cc thnh phn vt l bn trong ca router v cc chc nng tng ng. M t cc c im vt l ca router. Xc nh cc loi cng trn router. Thc hin cc kt ni n cng Ethernet, cng ni tip WAN v cng console trn router. 1.1. WAN 1.1.1 Gii thiu v WAN
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WAN l mngtruyn d liu qua nhng vng a l rt rng ln nh cc bang, tnh, quc gia Cc phng tin truyn d liu trn WAN c cung cp bi cc nh cung cp dch v, v d nh cc cng ty in thoi. Mng WAN c mt s c im sau: WAN dng kt ni cc thit b cch xa nhau bi nhng a l ln. WAN s dng dch v ca cc cng ty cung cp dch v, v d nh: Regional Bell Operating Conpanies (RBOCs), Sprint, MCI, VPM internet servies, Inc., Altantes.net WAN s dng nhiu loi lin kt ni tip khc nhau. WAN c mt s im khc vi LAN. V d nh: LAN c s dng kt ni cc my tnh n l, cc thit b ngoi vi, cc thit b u cui v nhiu loi thit b khc trong cung mt to nh hay mt phm vi a l nh. Trong khi WAN c s dng kt ni cc chi nhnh ca mnh, nh m thng tin c trao i d dng gia cc trung tm. Mng WAN hot ng ch yu lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu m hnh OSI. WAN kt ni cc mng LAN li vi nhau. Do , WAN thc hin chuyn i cc gi d liu gia cc router, switch v cc mng LAN m n kt ni. Sau y l cc thit b c s dng trong WAN: Router: cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau, bao gm Internet v cc giao tip WAN. Loi switch c s dng trong WAN cung cp kt ni cho hot ng thng tin lin lc bng thoi video v d liu. Modem: bao gm: giao tip vi dch v truyn thoi; CSU/DSU (Chanel service units/ Digital service units) giao tip vi dch v T1/E1; TA/NT1 (Terminal Adapters /Network Terminal 1) giao tip vi dch v ISDN (Integrate Services Digital Network). Server thng tin lin lc: tp trung x l cuc gi ca ngi dng.
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Hnh 1.1.1: Cc thit b WAN Cc giao thc lp Lin kt d liu ca mng WAN m t v cch thc m gi d liu c vn chuyn gia cc h thng trn mt ng truyn d liu. cc giao thc ny c thit k cho cc dch v chuyn mch im-n-im, a im, a truy nhp, v d nh: FrameRelay. Cc tiu chun ca mng WAN c nh ngha v qun l bi cc t chc quc t sau: Lin hip vin thng quc t - lnh vc tiu chun vin thng ITUT (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector), trc y l U ban c in thoi v in tn quc t - CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone). T chc quc t v tiu chun ISO (International Organization for Standardization). T chc c trch v k thut Internet IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Lin hip cng nghip in t - EIA (Eletronic Industries Association). 1.1.2 Gii thiu v router trong mng WAN
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Hnh 1.1.2 Router l mt loi my tnh c bit. N cng c cc thnh phn c bn ging nh my tnh: CPU, b nh, system bus v cc cng giao tip. Tuy nhin router c kt l thc hin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router c thit k l thc hin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router kt ni hai h thng mng vi nhau v cho php hai h thng ny c th lin lc vi nhau, ngoi ra router cn thc hin vic chn la ng i tt nht cho d liu. Cng ging nh my tnh cn phi c h iu hnh chy cc trnh ng dng th router cng cn phi c h iu hnh chy cc tp tin cu hnh. Tp tin cu hnh cha cc cu lnh v cc thng s iu khin lung d liu ra vo trn router. c bit l router cn s dng giao thc nh tuyn truyn quyt nh chn ng i tt nht cho cc gi d liu. Do , tp tin cu hnh cng cha cc thng tin ci t v chy cc giao thc nh tuyn trn router. Gio trnh ny s gii thch r cch xy dng tp tin cu hnh t cc cu lnh IOS router c th thc hin c cc chc nng c bn. Lc ban u c th bn thy tp tin cu hnh rt phc tp nhng n cui gio trnh ny bn s thy n d hiu hn nhiu. Cc thnh phn chnh bn trong router bao gm: b nh RAM, NVRAM, b nh flash, ROM v cc cng giao tip. RAM, hay cn gi l RAM ng (DRAM- Dynamic RAM) c cc c im v chc nng nh sau Lu bng nh tuyn.
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Lu bng ARP. C vng b nh chuyn mch nhanh. Cung cp vng nh m cho cc gi d liu Duy tr hng i cho cc gi d liu. Cung cp b nh tm thi cho tp tin cu hnh ca router khi router ang hot ng. Thng tin trn RAM s b xo mt khi router khi ng li hoc b tt in. c im v chc nng ca NVRAM: Lu gi tp tin cu hnh khi ng ca router. Ni dung ca NVRAM vn c lu gi khi router khi ng li hoc b tt in. c im v chc nng ca b nh flash: Lu h iu hnh IOS. C th cp nht phn mm lu trong Flash m khng cn thay i chip trn b x l. Ni dung ca Flash vn c lu gi khi router khi ng li hoc b tt in. Ta c th lu nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca phn mm IOS trong Flash. Flash l loi ROM xo v lp trnh c (EPROM). c im v chc nng ca cc cng giao tip: Kt ni router vo h thng mng nhn v chuyn gi d liu. Cc cng c th gn trc tip trn mainboard hoc l di dng card ri. 1.1.3 Router LAN v WAN
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Hnh 1.1.3a: Phn on mng LAN vi router Router va c s dng phn on mng LAN va l thit b chnh trong mng WAN. Do , tn router c c cng giao tip LAN v WAN. Thc cht l cc k thut WAN c s dng kt ni cc router, router ny giao tip vi router khc qua ng lin kt WAN. Router l thit b xng sng ca mng Intranet ln v mng Internet. Router hot ng Lp 3 v thc hin chuyn gi d liu da trn a ch mng. Router c hai chc nng chnh l: chn ng i tt nht v chuyn mch gi d liu. thc hin chc nng ny, mi router phi xy dng mt bng nh tuyn v thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau.
Hnh 1.1.3b: Kt ni router bng cc cng ngh WAN
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Ngi qun tr mng c th duy tr bng nh tuyn bng cch cu hnh nh tuyn tnh, nhng thng thng thi bng nh tuyn c lu gi ng nh cc giao thc nh tuyn thc hin trao i thng tin mng gia cc router.
Hnh 1.1.3c V d: nu my tnh X mun thng tin lin lc vi my tnh Y mt chu lc khc v vi my tnh Z mt v tr khc na trn th gii, khi cn phi c nh tuyn c th truyn d liu v ng thi cng cn phi c cc ng d phng, thay th m bo tin cy. Rt nhiu thit k mng v cng ngh c a ra cho cc my tnh nh X Y, Z c th lin lc vi nhau. Mt h thng mng c cu hnh ng phi c y cc c im sau: C h thng a ch nht qun t u cui n u cui Cu trc a ch phi th hin c cu trc mng. Chn c ng i tt nht. nh tuyn ng v tnh. Thc hin chuyn mch. 1.1.4 Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN Mng WAN hot ng ch yu lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu. iu ny khng c ngha l nm lp cn li ca m hnh OSI khng c trong mng WAN. iu
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ny n gin c ngha l mang WAN ch khc vi mng LAN lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu. Hay ni cch khc l cc tiu chun v giao thc s dng trong mng WAN lp 1 v lp 2 l khc vi mng LAN. Lp Vt l trong mng WAN m t cc giao tip thit b d liu u cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) v thit b u cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuitterminal Equipment). Thng thng, DCE l thit b pha nh cung cp dch v v DTE l thit b kt ni vo DCE. Theo m hnh ny th DCE c th l modem hoc CSU/DSU. Chc nng ch yu ca router l nh tuyn. Hot ng nh tuyn din ra lp 3 lp Mng trong khi WAN hot ng lp 1 v 2. Vy router l thit b LAN hay WAN? Cu tr li l c hai. Router c th l thit b LAN, hoc WAN, hoc thit b trung gian gia LAN v WAN hoc c th l LAN v WAN cng mt lc. Mt trong nhng nhim v ca router trong mng WAN l nh tuyn gi d liu lp 3, y cng l nhim v ca router trong mng LAN. Tuy nhin, nh tuyn khng phi l nhim v chnh yu ca router trong mng WAN. Khi router s dng cc chun v giao thc ca lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu kt ni cc mng WAN th lc ny nhim v chnh y ca router trong mng WAN khng phi l nh tuyn na m l cung cp kt ni gia cc mng WAN vi cc chun vt l v lin kt d liu khc nhau. V d: mt router c th c mt giao tip ISDN s dng kiu ng gi PPP v mt giao tip ni tip T1 s dng kiu ng gi FrameRelay. Router phi c kh nng chuyn i lung bit t loi dch v ny sang dch v khc. V d: chuyn i t dch v ISDN sang T1, ng thi chuyn kiu ng gi lp Lin kt d liu t PPP sang FrameRelay. Chi tit v cc giao thc lp 1 v 2 trong mng WAN s c cp tp sau ca gio trnh ny. Sau y ch lit k mt s chun v giao thc WAN ch yu cc bn tham kho:
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Hnh 1.1.4a: Cc chun WAN lp Vt l
Hnh 1.1.4b: Cc kiu ng gi d liu WAN Lp lin kt d liu Cc chun v giao thc WAN lp vt l: EIA/TIA-232,449, V24, V35, X21, EIA530, ISDN, T1, T3, E1, E3, Xdsl, sonet (oc-3, oc-12, oc-48, oc-192). Cc chun v giao thc WAN lp lin kt d liu: HDLC, FrameRelay, PPP, SDLC, SLIP, X25, ATM, LAMB, LAPD, LAPF.
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1.1.5 Cc bi thc hnh m phng Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng trong phng lab, cc mng c kt ni bng cp serial trong thc t khng kt ni trc tip nh vy c. V d: trn thc t, mt router New York v mt router Sydney, Australia. Ngi qun tr mng Australia phi kt ni vo router New York thng qua m my WAN x l s c trn router New York. Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng, cc thit b trong dm my WAN c gi lp bng cp DTE-DCE kt ni trc tip t cng S0/0 ca router ny n cng S0/1 ca router kia (ni back-to-back). 1.2 1.2.1 Router Cc thnh phn bn trong router
Cu trc chnh xc ca router rt khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn router. Trong phn ny ch gii thiu v cc thnh phn c bn ca router. CPU n v x l trung tm: thc thi cc cu lnh ca h iu hnh thc hin cc nhim v sau: khi ng h thng, nh tuyn, iu khin cc cng giao tip mng. CPU l mt b giao tip mng. CPU l mt b vi x l. Trong cc router ln c th c nhiu CPU. RAM: c s dng lu bng nh tuyn, cung cp b nh cho chuyn mch nhanh, chy tp tin cu hnh v cung cp hng i cho cc gi d liu. Trong a s router, h iu hnh Cisco IOS chy trn RAM. RAM thng c chia thnh hai phn: phn b nh x l chnh v phn b nh chia s xut/nhp. Phn b nh chia s xut/nhp c chia cho cc cng giao tip lm ni lu tr tm cc gi d liu.Ton b ni dung trn RAM s b xo khi tt in. Thng thng, RAM trn router l loi RAM ng (DRAM Dynamic RAM) v c th nng thm RAM bng cch gn thm DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module). Flash: B nh Flash c s dng lu ton b phn mm h iu hnh Cisco IOS. Mc nh l router tm IOS ca n trong flash. Bn c th nng cp h iu hnh bng cch chp phin bn mi hn vo flash. Phn mm IOS c th di dng nn hoc khng nn. i vi hu ht cc router, IOS c chp ln RAM trong qu trnh khi ng router. Cn c mt s router th IOS c th chy trc tip
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trn flash m khng cn chp ln RAM. Bn c th gn thm hoc thay th cc thanh SIMM hay card PCMCIA nng dung lng flash. NVRAM (Non-volative Random-access Memory): L b nh RAM khng b mt thng tin, c s dng lu tp tin cu hnh. Trong mt s thit b c NVRAM v flash ring, NVRAM c thc thi nh flash. Trong mt s thit b, flash v NVRAM l cng mt b nh. Trong c hai trng hp, ni dung ca NVRAM vn c lu gi khi tt in. Bus: Phn ln cc router u c bus h thng v CPU bus. Bus h thng c s dng thng tin lin lc gia CPU vi cc cng giao tip v cc khe m rng. Loi bus ny vn chuyn d liu v cc cu lnh i v n cc a ch ca nh tng ng. ROM (Read Only Memory): L ni lu on m ca chng trnh kim tra khi khi ng. Nhim v chnh ca ROM l kim tra phn cng ca router khi khi ng, sau chp phn mm Cisco IOS t flash vo RAM. Mt s router c th c phin bn IOS c dng lm ngun khi ng d phng. Ni dung trong ROM khng th xo c. Ta ch c th nng cp ROM bng cch thay chip ROM mi. Cc cng giao tip: L ni router kt ni vi bn ngoi. Router c 3 loi cng: LAN, WAN v console/AUX. Cng giao tip LAN c th gn c nh trn router hoc di dng card ri. Cng giao tip WAN c th l cng Serial, ISDN, cng tch hp n v dch v knh CSU (Chanel Service Unit). Tng t nh cng giao tip LAN, cc cng giao tip WAN cng c chip iu khin c bit. Cng giao tip WAN c th nh trn router hoc dng card ri. Cng console/AUX l cng ni tip, ch yu c d dng cu hnh router. Hai cng ny khng phi l loi cng kt ni mng m l kt ni vo my tnh thng qua modem hoc thng qua cng COM trn my tnh t my tnh thc hin cu hnh router. Ngun in: Cung cp in cho cc thnh phn ca router, mt s router ln c th s dng nhiu b ngun hoc nhiu card ngun. Cn mt s router nh, ngun in c th l b phn nm ngoi router.
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Hnh 1.2.1a
Hnh 1.2.1b
1.2.2
c im vt l ca router
Khng nht thit l bn phi bit v tr ca cc thnh phn vt l trong router mi c th s dng c router. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, v d nh nng cp b nh chng hn, nhng kin thc ny li rt hu dng. Cc loi thnh phn v v tr ca chng trong router rt khc nhau tu theo tng loi phin bn thit b.
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Hnh 1.2.2a: Cu trc bn trong ca router 2600
Hnh 1.2.2b: Cc loi kt ni bn ngoi ca router 2600 1.2.3 Cc loi kt ni ngoi ca router
Router c ba loi kt ni c bn l: cng LAN, WAN v cng qun l router. Cng giao tip LAN cho php router kt ni vo mi trng mng cc b LAN. Thng thng, cng giao tip LAN l cng Ethernet. Ngoi ra cng c cng Token Ring v ATM (Asynchronous Tranfer Mode). Kt ni mng WAN cung cp kt ni thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v n cc chi nhnh xa hoc kt ni vo Internet. Loi kt ni ny c th l ni tip hay bt k loi giao tip WAN, bn cn phi c thm mt thit b ngoi vi nh CSU chng
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hn ni router n nh cung cp dch v. i vi mt s loi giao tip WAN khc th bn c th kt ni trc tip router ca mnh n nh cung cp dch v. Chc nng ca port qun l hon ton khc vi ai loi trn. kt ni LAN, WAN kt ni router v mng router nhn v pht cc gi d liu. Trong khi , port qun l cung cp cho bn mt kt ni dng vn bn bn c th cu hnh hoc x l trn router. Cng qun l thng l cng console hoc cng AUX (Auxilliary). y l loi cng ni tip bt ng b EIA-232. Cc cng ny kt ni vo cng COM trn my tnh. Trn my tnh, chng ta s dng chng trnh m phng thit b u cui thit lp phin kt ni dng vn bn vo router. Thng qua kiu kt ni ny, ngi qun tr mng c th qun l thit b ca mnh.
Hnh 1.2.3 1.2.4 Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router
Cng console v cng AUX l cng qun l trn router. Loi cng ni tip bt ng b ny c thit k khng phi kt ni mng m l cu hnh router. Ta thng s dng cng console thit lp cu hnh cho router v khng phi router no cng c cng AUX. Khi router hot ng ln u tin th cha c thng s mng no c cu hnh c. Do router cha th giao tip vi bt k mng no. chun b khi ng v cu hnh router, ta dng thit b u cui ASCII kt ni vo cng console trn router. Sau ta c th dng lnh cu hnh, ci t cho router. Khi bn nhp cu hnh cho router thng qua cng console hay cng AUX, router c th kt ni mng x l s c hoc theo di hot ng mng.
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bn c th cu hnh router t xa bng cch quay s qua modem kt ni vo cng console hay cng AUX trn router.
Hnh 1.2.4: Kt ni modem vo cng console hay cng AUX Khi x l s c, bn nn s dng cng console thay v cng AUX. V mc nh l cng console c th hin th qu trnh khi ng router, thng tinhot ng v cc thng ip bo li ca router. Cng console c s dng khi c mt dch v mng khng khi ng c hoc b li, khi khi phc li mt m hoc khi router b s c nghim trng. 1.2.5 Thit lp kt ni v cng console
Cng console l loi cng qun l, cung cp ng kt ni ring vo router. Cng ny c s dng thit lp cu hnh cho router, theo di hot ng mng v khi phc router khi gp s c nghim trng. kt ni PC vo cng console bn cn c cp rollover v b chuyn i RJ45DB9. Cisco c cung cp b chuyn i ny ni PC vo cng console. PC hay thit b u cui phi c chng trnh m phng thit b u cui VT100. Thng thng phn mm ny l HyperTerminal. Sau y l cc bc thc hin kt ni PC vo cng console: 1. Cu hnh phn mm gi lp thit b u cui nh sau:
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Chn ng cng COM. Tc band l 9600. Data bits: 8 Parity: None Stop bits: 1 Flow control: None
Hnh1.2.5a: Kt ni PC vo cng console trn router 2. router. 3. 4. Cm u cp cn li vo b chuyn i RJ45-DB9. Gn u DB9 ca b chuyn i vo cng COM trn PC. Cm mt u RJ45 ca cp rollover vo cng console trn
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Hnh 1.2.5b: Cu hnh hyper terminal kt ni vo console 1.2.6 Thc hin kt ni vi cng LAN
Trong hu ht cc mi trng mng LAN hin nay, router c kt ni vo LAN bng cng Ethernet hoc Fast Ethernet. Router giao tip vi mng LAN thng qua hub hoc switch. Chng ta s dng cp thng ni router v hub/switch. i vi tt c cc loi router c cng 10/100BaseTx chng ta u phi s dng cp UTP CAT5 hoc cao hn. Trong mt s trng hp ta c th kt ni trc tip cng Ethernet trn router vo my tnh hoc vo router khc bng cp cho. Khi thc hin kt ni, chng ta phi lu cp ng cng v nu cm sai c th gy h hng cho router v thit b khc. Trn router c rt nhiu loi cng khc nhau nhng hnh dng cng lai ging nhau. V d nh: cng Ethernet, ISDN BRI, console, AUX, cng tch hp CSU/DSU, cng Token Ring u s dng cng 8 chn l RJ45, RJ48 hoc RJ49. 1.2.7 Thc hin kt ni vi cng WAN
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Kt ni WAN c nhiu dng khc nhau. Mt kt ni WAN s dng nhiu k thut khc nhau thc hin truyn d liu qua mt vng a l rng ln. Cc dch v WAN thng c thu t nh cung cp dch v. Chng ta c 3 loi kt ni WAN nh sau: kt ni thu knh ring, kt ni chuyn mch - mch, kt ni chuyn mch gi.
Hnh 1.2.7a i vi tng loi dch v WAN, thit b thuc s hu ca khch hng (CPE Customer Premises Equipment), thng thng l router, c gi l thit b d liu u cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Thit b DTE ny c kt ni vo nh cung cp dch v thng qua thit b kt cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuitterminating Equipment), thng thng l modem hay CSU/DSU. Thit b DCE ny c s dng chuyn i d liu t DTE sang dng ph hp vi dch v ca nh cung cp dch v. Hu ht cc cng WAN trn router u l cng Serial. Cng vic chn la cho ng loi cp s rt d dng khi bn tr li c 4 cu hi sau: Loi kt ni trn thit b Cisco l loi no? Cisco router s dng nhiu loi u ni khc nhau cho cng Serial. Nh trong hnh 1.2.7b, cng bn tri l cng Smart Serial, cng bn phi l cng DB-60. La chon
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cp Serial kt ni h thng mng l mt phn then cht trong qua trnh thit lp WAN.
Hnh 1.2.7b H thng mng c kt ni v thit b DTE hay DCE? DTE v DCE l hai loi cng serial khc nhau. im khc nhau quan trng gia hai loi ny l: thit b DCE cp tn hiu xung ng h cho qu trnh thng tin lin lc trn bus. Bn nn tham kho ti liu ca thit b xc nh DTE v DCE. Thit b i hi chun tn hiu no? mi loi thit b khc nhau s s dng loi chun Serial khc nhau. Mi chun s quy c tn hiu truyn trn cp v loi u ni 2 u cp. Bn nn tham kho ti liu ca thit b xc nh chun tn hiu ca thit b.
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Hnh 1.2.7c Cp c loi u ni c hay ci? Nu u ni c chn cm ra ngoi th l u c. Nu u ni ch c l cm cho cc chn th l u ci
Hnh 1.2.7d TNG KT
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Sau y l cc im quan trng bn cn nm c trong chng ny: Khi nim v WAN v LAN. Vai tr ca router trong WANs v LANs. Cc giao thc WAN. Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho cng giao tip. Xc nh v m t cc thnh phn bn trong router. c im vt l ca router. Cc loi cng thng gp trn router. Cch kt ni vo cng console, cng LAN v WAN.
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CHNG 2 GII THIU V ROUTER GII THIU Cc k thut ca Cisco u c xy dng da trn h iu hnh mng Cisco (ISO). Phn mm IOS iu khin qu trnh nh tuyn v chuyn mch trn cc thit b kt ni lin mng. Do ngi qun tr mng phi nm vng v IOS. Trong chng ny, chng ti s gii thiu c bn v kho st cc c im ca IOS. Tt c cc cng vic cu hnh mng t n gin nht n phc tp nht u da trn mt nn tng c bn l cu hnh router. Do trong chng ny cng gii thiu v cc k thut v cng c c bn cu hnh router m chng ta s s dng trong sut gio trnh ny. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th: Nm c mc ch ca IOS. M t hot ng c bn ca IOS. Nm c cc c im ca IOS. Nm c phng thc thit lp phin giao tip bng dng lnh vi router. Chuyn i gia cc ch cu hnh router. Thit lp kt ni bng HyperTerminal vo router. Truy cp vo router. S dng tnh nng tr gip trong giao tip bng dng lnh. X l li khi nhp cu lnh. 2.1 Phn h iu hnh Cisco IOS
2.1.1 Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS Tng t nh my tnh, router v switch khng th hot ng c nu khng c h iu hnh. Cisco gi h iu hnh ca mnh l h iu hnh mng Cisco hay gi
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tt l Cisco IOS. H iu hnh c ci trn cc Cisco router v Catalysst Switch. Cisco IOS cung cp cc dch v mng nh sau: nh tuyn v chuyn mch. Bo m v bo mt cho vic truy cp vp ti nguyn mng. M rng h thng mng. 2.1.2 Giao din ngi dng ca router Phn mm Cisco s dng giao din dng lnh (CLI Command line interface) cho mi trng console truyn thng. IOS l mt k thut c bn, t c pht trin cho nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau ca Cisco. Do hot ng c th ca tng IOS s rt khc nhau tu theo tng loi thit b. Chng ta c nhiu cch khc nhau truy cp vo giao din CLI ca router. Cch u tin l kt ni trc tip t my tnh hoc thit b u cui vo cng console trn router. Cch th hai l s dng ng quay s qua modem hoc kt ni null modem vo cng AUX trn router. C hai cch trn u khng cn phi cu hnh trc cho router. Cch th ba l telnet vo router. thit lp phin telnet vo router th trn router t nht phi c mt cng c cu hnh a ch IP, cc ng vty c cu hnh cho php truy cp v t mt m. 2.1.3 Cc ch cu hnh router Giao din dng lnh ca Cisco s dng cu trc phn cp. Cu trc ny i hi bn mun cu hnh ci g th phi vo ch tng ng. V d: nu bn mun cu hnh cng giao tip no ca router th bn phi vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip . T ch ny tt c cc cu hnh c nhp vo ch c hiu lc i vi cng giao tip tng ng m thi. Tng ng vi mi ch cu hnh c mt du nhc c trng ring v mt tp lnh ring. IOS c mt trnh thng dch gi l EXEC. Sau khi bn nhp mt cu lnh th EXEC s thc thi ngay cu lnh . V l do bo mt nn Cisco IOS chia phin bn lm vic ca EXEC thnh hai ch l: ch EXEC ngi dng v ch EXEC c quyn. Sau y l cc c im ca ch EXEC ngi dng v ch EXEC c quyn:
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Ch EXEC ngi dng ch cho php thc thi mt s cu lnh hin th cc thng tin c bn ca router m thi. Ch ny ch xem ch khng cho php thc hin cc cu lnh lm thay i cu hnh router. Ch EXEC ngi dng c du nhc l >. Ch EXEC c quyn cho php thc hin tt c cc cu lnh ca router. Bn c th cu hnh ngi dng phi nhp mt m trc khi truy nhp vo ch ny. Ngoi ra, tng thm tnh bo mt bn c th cu hnh thm userID. iu ny cho php ch nhng ngi no c php mi c th truy cp vo router. Ngi qun tr mng phi ch EXEC c quyn mi c th s dng cc cu lnh cu hnh hoc qun l router. T ch EXEC c quyn bn c th chuyn vo cc ch c khc nhau nh ch cu hnh ton cc chng hn. Ch EXEC c quyn c xc nh bi du nhc #. chuyn t ch EXEC ngi dng sang ch EXEC c quyn hn dng lnh enable ti du nhc >. Nu mt m c ci t th router s yu cu bn nhp mt m. V l do bo mt nn cc thit b mng Cisco khng hin th mt m trong lc bn nhp chng. Sau khi mt m c nhp vo chnh xc th du nhc > chuyn thnh # cho bit bn ang ch EXEC c quyn. Bn g du chm hi (?) du nhc ny th s thy router hin th ra nhiu cu lnh hn so vi ch EXEC ngi dng.
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Hnh 2.1.3 2.1.4 Cc c im ca phn mm Cisco IOS Cisco cung cp rt nhiu loi IOS cho cc loi sn phm mng khc nhau. ti u ho phn mm IOS cho nhiu loi thit b, Cisco pht trin nhiu loi phn mm Cisco IOS. Mi loi phn mm IOS ph hp vi tng loi thit b, vi mc dung lng b nh v vi nhu cu ca khch hng. Mc d c nhiu phn mm IOS khc nhau cho nhiu loi thit b vi nhiu c tnh khc nhau nhng cu trc lnh cu hnh c bn th vn ging nhau. Do k nng cu hnh v x l s c ca bn c th ng dng cho nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau. Tn ca Cisco IOS c quy c chia ra thnh ba phn nh sau: Phn th nht th hin loi thit b m phn mm IOS ny c th s dng c. Phn th hai th hin cc c tnh ca phn mm IOS. Phn th ba th hin ni chy phn mm IOS trn router v cho bit phn mm ny c cung cp di dng nn hay khng nn. Bn c th la chn cc c tnh c bit ca IOS nh phn mm Cisco Software Advisor. Cisco Software Advisor l mt cng c cung cp cc thng tin hin ti v cho php bn chn la cc c tnh cho phu hp vi yu cu ca h thng mng The name has three parts, separated by dashes: e.g. xxx-yyy-ww: xxxx = Platform yyyy = Feature ww = Format where It execute from if compressed Name Codes Platform (Hardware) (Partial list) C1005 1005
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C1600 1600 C1700 1700, 1720, 1750 C2500 25xx, 3xxx, 5100, AO (11.2 and later only) C2600 2600 C2800 Catalyst 2800 C2900 2910, 2950 C3620 3620 C3640 3640 C4000 4000 (11.2 and later only) C4500 4500, 4700 Feature (Partial list) B Appletalk Boot Boot image C Commserver file (CiscoPro) Drag IOS based diagnostic images G ISDN subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP, IPX, Atalk) I IP subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, WAN, Remote Node, Terminal Services) N IPX Q Async T Telco return (12.0) Y Reduced IP (SNMP, IP RIP/IGRP/EIGRP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP) (C1003/4) Z Managed moderns 40 40 bit encryption 56 56 bit encryption Format (Where the image runs in the route) F Flash M Ram R Rom L Rebcatable Compression Type Z Zip compressed (note lower case) X M zip compressed W STAC compress Hnh 2.1.4a Khi bn chn mua IOS mi th mt trong nhng iu quan trng bn cn phi ch l s tng thch gia IOS vi b nh flash v RAM trong router. Thng thng
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th cc phin bn mi c thm nhiu c tnh mi th li i hi thm nhiu b nh. Bn c th dng lnh show version kim tra phn IOS hin ti v dung lng flash cn trng. Trn trang web h tr ca Cisco c mt s cng c gip bn xc nh dung lng flash v RAM cn thit cho tng loi IOS. Trc khi ci t phn mm Cisco IOS mi ln router, bn phi kim tra xem router c dung lng b nh hay khng. xem dung lng RAM bn dng lnh show version: <output omited> cisco 1721 (68380) processor (revision c) with 3584k/512K bytes of memory. Dng trn cho bit dung lng ca b nh chnh v b nh chia s trn router. C mt s thit b s dng mt phn DRAM lm b nh chia s. Tng hai dung lng trn l dung lng tht s ca DRAM trn router. xem dung lng ca b nh flash bn dung lnh show flash: GAD#show flash <output omitted> 1599897 bytes total (10889728 bytes free)
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Hnh 2.1.4b 2.1.5 Hot ng ca phm mm Cisco IOS Thit b Cisco IOS c 3 ch hot ng sau: ROM monitor Boot ROM Cisco IOS. Thng thng trong qu trnh khi ng router, mt trong cc ch hot ng trn c ti ln RAM chy. Ngi qun tr h thng c th ci t gi tr cho thanh ghi iu khin ch khi ng mc nh router.
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Ch ROM monitor thc hin qu trnh bootstrap v kim tra phn cng. Ch ny c s dng khi phc li h thng khi b li ngim trng hoc khi ngi qun tr mng b mt mt m. Chng ta ch c th truy cp vo ch ROM monitor bng ng kt ni vt l trc tip vo cng console trn router. Ngoi ra chng ta khng th truy cp vo ch ny bng bt k cng no khc. Khi router ch boot ROM, ch c mt phn chc nng ca Cisco IOS l hot ng c. Ch boot ROM cho php bn chp c ln b nh flash, nn ch ny thng c s dng thay th phn mm Cisco IOS trong flash. Bn dng lnh copy tftp flash chp phn mm IOS trn TFTP server vo b nh flash trn router.
Hnh 2.1.5a Router mun hot ng bnh thng th phi cht c ton b phn mm IOS trong flash. mt s thit b, phn mm IOS c chy trc tip t flash. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc Cisco router u chp phn mm IOS ln RAM ri chy t RAM. Mt s phn mm IOS lu trong flash di dng nn v c gii nn khi chp ln RAM. Bn dng lnh show version xem cc thng tin v phn mm IOS, trong c hin th gi tr cu hnh ca thanh ghi. Cn nu bn mun xem h thng cn bao nhiu dung lng b nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS mi th bn dng lnh show flash.
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Hnh 2.1.5b 2.2 Bt u vi router
2.2.1 Khi ng router Router khi ng bng cch ti bootstrap, h iu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. Nu router khng tm thy tp tin cu hnh th s t ng vo ch ci t. Khi bn hon tt vic cu hnh trong ch ci t th tp tin cu hnh s c lu trong NVRAM. cho router bt u hot ng, qu trnh khi ng phn mm Cisco IOS thc hin 3 cng on sau: Kim tra phn cng ca router v bo m l chng hot ng tt. Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS. Tm v thc thi tp tin cu hnh khi ng hoc vo ch ci t nu khng tm thy tp tin ny.
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Hnh 2.2.1a: Cc bc khi ng router Khi router mi c bt in ln th n thc hin qu trnh t kim tra POST (Power on self test). Trong qu trnh ny, router chy mt trnh t ROM kim tra tt c cc thnh phn phn cng trn router, v d nh kim tra hot ng ca CPU, b nh v cc cng giao tip mng. Sau khi hon tt qu trnh ny, router bt u thc hin khi ng phn mm. Sau qu trnh POST, router s thc hin cc bc sau:
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Bc 1: Chy chng trnh np bootstrap t ROM. Bootstrap ch n gin l mt tp lnh thc hin kim tra phn cng v khi ng IOS. Bc 2: Tm IOS. Gi tr khi ng trn thanh ghi cu hnh s quyt nh vic tim IOS u. Nu gi tr ny cho bit l ti IOS t flash hay t mng thi cc cu lnh boot system trong tp tin cu hnh s cho bit chnh xc v tr v tn ca IOS. Bc 3: Ti h iu hnh c ti xung v bt u hot ng th cc bn s thy hin trn mn hnh console danh sch cc thnh phn phn cng v phn mm c trn router. Bc 4: Tp tin cu hnh lu trong VNRAM c chp ln b nh chnh v c thc thi tng dng lnh mt. Cc cu lnh cu hnh thc hin khi ng qu trnh nh tuyn, t a ch cho cc cng giao tip mng v thit lp nhiu c tnh hot ng khc cho router. Bc 5: Nu khng tm thy tp tin cu hnh trong VNRAM th h iu hnh s i tm TFTP server. Nu cng khng tm thy mt TFTP server no th ch ci t s c khi ng. Trong ch ci t, cc bn khng th cu hnh cho cc giao thc phc tp ca router. Mc ch ca ch ci t ch l cho php ngi qun tr mng ci t mt cu hnh ti thiu cho router khi khng th tm c tp tin cu hnh t nhng ngun khc. Trong ch ci t, cu tr li mc nh c t trong du ngoc vung [] sau mi cu hi. Bn c th nhn phm Ctrl-C bt k lc no kt thc qu trnh ci t. Khi tt c cc cng giao tip mng trn router s ng li. Khi bn hon tt cu hnh trong ch ci t, bn s gp cc dng thng bo nh sau: [0] Go to the IOS command promt without saving this config. [1] Return back to the setup without saving this config. [2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.
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Enter your selection [2]: Hnh 2.2.1b: Ch ci t ca router
2.2.1. n LED bo hiu trn router
Hnh 2.2.2 Cisco router s dng n LED bo hiu cc trng thi hot ng ca router. Cc loi n LED ny s khc nhau tu theo cc loi router khc nhau. Cc n LED ca cc cng trn router s cho bit trng thi hot ng ca cc cng. Nu en LED ca mt cng no b tt trong khi cng ang hot ng v c kt ni ng th chng t l c s c i vi cng . Nu mt cng hot ng lin tuc th n LED ca cng sng lin tc. Cn n LED OK bn phi cng AUX s bt sng sau khi router hot ng tt.
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2.23. Kho st qu trnh khi ng ca router
Hnh 2.2.3a: Thng tin hin th trong qu trnh khi ng router V d hnh 2.2.3a cho thy ni dung cc thng ip c hin th trn mn hnh console trong sut qu trnh khi ng ca router. Cc thng tin ny s khc nhau tu theo cc loi cng c trn router v tu theo tng phin bn Cisco IOS. Do hnh 2.2.3a ch l mt v d tham kho ch khng pn nh chnh xc ton b nhng g c hin th.
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Trong hnh 2.2.3b, cu VNRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase cho bit router ny cha c cu hnh hoc l NVRAM b xo. Thng thng khi router c cu hnh th tp tin cu hnh c lu trong NVRAM, sau ta phi cu hnh thanh ghi router s dng tp tin cu hnh ny. Gi tr mc nh ca thanh ghi cu hnh l 0x2102, khi router s khi ng vi Cisco IOS ti t b nh flash v tp tin cu hnh ti t NVRAM.
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Hnh 2.2.3c: Thng tin hin th trong qu trnh khi ng router
Da vo thng tin nh hnh 2n2n3c, chng ta c th xc nh c phin bn ca phn mm boottrap v IOS ang c s dng trn router. Ngoi ra bn cng xc nh c phin bn ca router, b x l l loi g, cung lng ca b nh v mt s cc thng tin khc ca router nh: S lng cc cng giao tip. Cc loi cng giao tip. Dung lng NVRAM. Dung lng b nh flash. 2 Thit lp phin kt ni bng HyperTerminal Tt c cc Cisco router u c cng console ni tip bt ng b TIA/EIA-232 (RJ45). Chng ta cn phi c cp v b chuyn i kt ni t thit b u cui console vo cng console trn router. Thit b u cui console c th l mt thit b u cui ASCII hoc l mt PC c chy chng trnh m phng HyperTerminal. kt ni PC c cng console chng ta dng cp rollover v b chuyn i RJ45DB9.
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Thng s mc nh ca cng console l: 9000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow control. Cng console khng c h tr iu khin lung bng phn cng. Sau y l bc thc hin kt ni mt thit b u cui vo cng console trn router: Kt ni thit b u cui vo cng console trn router bng cp rollover v b chuyn i RJ45-DB9 hoc RJ45-DB25. Cu hnh thit b u cui hoc cu hnh phn mm m phng trn PC vi cc thng s sau: 96000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow control. Truy cp vo router cu hnh router bn phi truy cp vo giao din ngi dng ca router bng thit b u cui hoc bng ng truy cp t xa. Sau khi truy cp c vo router thi bn mi c th nhp cc cu lnh cho router. V l do bo mt nn router c 2 mc truy cp: Mc EXEC ngi dng: ch c mt s cu lnh dng xem trng thi ca router. mc ny, bn khng th thay i c cu hnh ca router. Mc EXEC c quyn: bao gm tt c cc cu lnh cu hnh router. Ngay sau khi truy cp c vo router bn s gp du nhc ca ch EXEC ngi dng. s dng c ton b tp lnh bn phi chuyn vo ch EXEC c quyn. du nhc > bn g lnh enable. du nhc password: bn phi nhp mt m ng vi mt m c cu hnh cho router trc bng lnh enable secret hoc enable password. Nu mt m ca router c cu hnh bi c 2 lnh trn th mt m ca cu lnh enable secret s c p dng. Sau khi hon tt cc bc trn bn s gp du nhc # cho bit l bn ang ch EXEC c quyn. T ch ny bn mi c th truy cp vo ch cu hnh ton cc ri sau l cc ch cu hnh ring bit hn nh: Ch cu hnh cng giao tip. Ch cu hnh cng giao tip con. Ch cu hnh ng truy cp. Ch cu hnh router.
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Ch cu hnh route-map. T ch EXEC c quyn, bn g disable hoc exit tr v ch EXEC ngi dng. tr v ch EXEC c quyn t ch cu hnh ton cc, bn dng lnh exit hoc Ctrl-Z. Lnh Ctrl-Z c th s dng tr v ngay ch EXEC c quyn t bt k ch cu hnh ring bit no.
Hnh 2.2.5a
2.2.6. Phm tr gip trong router CLI Khi bn g du chm hi (?) du nhc th router s hin th danh sch cc lnh tng ng vi ch cu hnh m bn ang . Ch --More-- cui mn hnh cho bit l phn hin th vn cn tip. xem trang tip theo, bn nhn nhanh
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Spacebar. Cn nu bn mun hin th tip tng dng mt th bn nhn phm Enter hoc Return. Bn c th nhn tng dng mt th bn nhn phm bt k no khc quay tr v du nhc.
Hnh 2.2.6a: Danh sch lnh s dng ch EXEC ngi dung
chuyn vo ch EXEC c quyn bn g enable hoc g tt l ena cng c. Nu mt m c ci t vo cho router th router s yu cu bn nhp mt m. Sau khi bn vo c ch ny ri th bn g du chm hi (?), bn
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s thy l danh sch cc cu lnhdung ch ch EXEC c quyn nhiu hn hn danh sch cc cu lnh m bn thy trong ch EXEC ngi dng. Tuy nhin cc tp lnh ny s khc nhau tu theo cu hnh ca router v tu theo tng phin bn phn mm Cisco IOS. By gi gi s bn mun ci t ng h cho router nhng bn lai khng bit phi dng lnh no thi khi chc nng tr gip ca router s gip bn tm c cu lnh ng. Bn thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Dng du chm hi tm cu lnh ci t ng h. Trong danh sch cc cu lnh c hin th bn s tm c lnh clock. 2. Kim tra c php cu lnh khai bo gi. 3. Bn nhp gi, pht, giy theo ng c php cu lnh. Bn s gp cu thng bo l cu lnh cha hon tt nh hnh 2.2.6b. 4. Bn nhn Ctrl-P hoc phm mi tn () li lnh va mi nhp. cui cu lnh bn thm mt khong trng v du chm hi (?) xem phn k tip ca cu lnh. Sau bn nhp li y cu lnh. 5. Nu bn gp du (^) th c ngha l cu lnh b nhp sai. V tr ca du (^) s cho bit v tr m cu lnh t u cho ti v tr m du (^) ch sai ri bn s nhp thm du chm hi (?) thm c php ng tip theo ca cu lnh. 6. Bn nhp li y cu lnh theo ng c php ri nhn phm Enter hoc Return thc thi cu lnh. 2.2.7. M rng thm v cch vit cu lnh Trong giao din ngi dng ca router, router c th c ch h tr son tho cu lnh. Bn c th s dng cc t hp phm nh hnh 2.2.7a di chuyn con tr trn dng lnh m bn ang vit khi bn cn phi chnh sa cu lnh . Trong cc phin bn phn mm hin nay, ch h tr son tho cu lnh l hon ton t ng. Tuy nhin nu ch ny ln nh hng khi bn bit cc script th bn c th tt bng lnh terminal no editing trong ch EXEC c quyn. Command Ctrl-A Description Moves to the beginning of the command line
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Esc-B Ctrl-B (or right arrow) Ctrl-E Ctrl-F (or left arrow) Esc-F
Moves back one word Moves back one character Moves to the end of the command line Moves forward one character Moves forward one word
Khi son tho cu lnh, mn hnh s cun ngang khi cu lnh di qu mt hang. Khi con tr n ht l phi th dng lnh s dch sang tri 10 khong trng. Khi 10 k t u tin ca cu lnh s khng nhn thy c trn mn hnh na. Bn c th cun li xem bng cch nhn Ctrl-B hoc nhn phm mi tn () cho ti khi mn hnh cun ti u cu lnh. Hoc bn c th nhn Ctrl-A chuyn ngay v u dng lnh. Trn hnh 2.2.7b l v d khi mt cu lnh di qu mt hnh. Du ($) cho bit l cu lnh c dch sang tri. Phm Ctrl-Z c s dng quay tr v ch EXEC c quyn t bt k ch cu hnh ring bit no.
Hnh 2.2.7b 2.2.8. Gi li cc lnh s dng

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Khi cu hnh router, router co lu li mt s cc lnh bn s dng. iu ny c bit c ch khi bn mun lp li cc cu lnh di v phc tp. Vi c ch ny bn c th thc hin cc vic sau: Ci t kchthc vng b m lu cc cu lnh s dng. Gi li cc cu lnh s dng. Tt chc nng ny i. Mc nh l router s lu li 10 cu lnh trong b m. Bn c th thay i s lng cu lnh m router lu li bng lnh terminal history size hoc history size. Ti a l 255 cu lnh c th lu li c. Nu bn mun gi li cu lnh va mi s dng gn nht th bn nhn Ctrl-P hoc phm mi tn (). Nu bn tip tc nhn th mi ln nhn nh vy bn s gi li tun t cc cu lnh trc na. Nu bn mun gi lui l mt cu lnh sau th bn nhn Ctrl-N hoc nhn phm mi tn (). Tng t, nu bn tip tc nhn nh vy thi mi ln nhn bn s gi li mt lnh . Khi g lnh, bn ch cn g cc k t router phn bit vi mi cu knh khc ri nhn phm Tab th router s t ng hon tt cu lnh cho bn. Khi bn dng phm Tab m router hin th c cu lnh th c ngha l router nhn bit c cu lnh m bn mun nhp. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc router u c them chc nng cho bn nh du khi v copy. Nh bn c th copy cu lnh trc ri dn hoc chn vo cu lnh hin ti. Lnh Ctrl-P or up arrow key Ctrl-N or down arrow key Router>show history Router>Terminal history number-of-lines Router>terminal no editing Router>terminal editing <Tab> Gii thch lnh Gi li lnh ngay trc Gi li lnh ngay sau Xem cc lnh s dng cn lu trong b m size Ci t dung lng b m lu cc lnh s dng Tt chc nng son tho lnh nng cao M chc nng son tho lnh nng cao Hon tt cu lnh
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X l li cu lnh Li cu lnh thng l do bn g sai. Sau khi bn g mt cu lnh b sai th bn s gp du bo li (^). Du bo li (^) t v tr m cu lnh bt u b sai. Da vo v vn dng chc nng tr gip ca h thng bn s tm ra v chnh sa li li c php ca cu lnh. Router#clock set 13:32:00 February 93 % Invalid input detected at ^ marker Trong v d trn, du bo li cho bit cu lnh b sai s 93. Bn g li cu lnh t u ti v tr b li ri thm du chm hi (?) nh sau: Router # clock set 13:32:00 February ? <1993-2035>Year Sau bn nhp li cu lnh vi s nm ng nh c php trn: Router#clock set 13:32:00 February 1993 Sau khi bn g xong cu lnh ri nhn phm Enter m cu lnh b sai th bn c th dng phm mi tn () gi cu lnh va mi nhp. Sau bn dng cc phm mi tn sang phi, sang tri di chuyn con tr ti v tr b sai sa li. Nu cn xo cc k t th bn c th dng phm <backspace>. Lnh show version Lnh show version dng hin th cc thng tin v phin bn phn mm Cisco IOS ang chy trn router, trong c c thng tin v gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh. Trong hnh di cc bn s thy nhung thng tin c hin th do lnh show version bao gm: Phin bn IOS v mt t thng tin c trng. Phin bn phn mm Bootstrap ROM. Phin bn phn mm Boot ROM. Thi gian hot ng ca router. Phng thc khi ng router ln gn y nht. Tn v v tr lu phn mm h iu hnh. Phin bn phn cng ca router.
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Gi tr ci t ca thanh ghi cu hnh.
Chng ta thng s dng lnh show version xc nh phin bn ca phn mm IOS v xem gi tr thanh ghi ci t cho qua trnh khi ng ca router. TNG KT Sau khi kt thc chng ny, chng ta nm c cc nh sau: Mc ch ca IOS. Hot ng c bn ca IOS. Xc nh cc c tnh khc nhau ca cc phin bn IOS khc nhau.
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Cc phng php thit lp phin kt ni CLI vo router. S khc nhau gia 2 ch EXEC ngi dng v EXEC c quyn Thit lp phin kt ni vo router bng HyperTerminal. Truy cp vo router. S dng ch tr gip ca router trong giao din dng lnh. S dng c ch h tr son tho cu lnh. Gi li cc cu lnh s dng. X l li cu lnh. S dng lnh show version.
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CHNG 3 CU HNH ROUTER GII THIU Cu hnh router cho router thc hin nhiu chc nng mng phc tp l mt cng vic y th thch. Tuy nhin bc bt u cu hnh router th khng kh lm. Nu ngay t bc ny bn c gng thc hnh nhiu lm quen v nm vng c cc bc di chuyn gia cc ch cu hnh ca router th cng vic cu hnh phc tp v sau s tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. Trong chng ny s gii thiu v cc ch cu hnh c bn ca router v mt s lnh cu hnh n gin. K nng c v hiu mt cch r rng cc tp tin cu hnh l mt k nng rt quan trng ca ngi qun tr mng. Cisco IOS c cung cp mt s cng c cho ngi qun tr mng thm mt s thng tin cn thit vo tp tin cu hnh. Cng ging nh nhng ngi lp trnh phi c ti liu ca tng bc lp trnh th ngi qun tr mng cng cn c cung cp thng tin cng nhiu cng tt khi m h thng mng do ngi khc qun tr. Khi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th: t tn cho router. Ci t mt m cho router. Kho st cc lnh show. Cu hnh cng Ethernet trn router. Thc hin mt s thay i trn router. Lu cc thay i li. Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip trn router. Cu hnh thng ip hng ngy cho router. Cu hnh bng host cho router. Hiu c tm quan trng ca vic ghi nhn li v lu d phng cu hnh ca router.
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3.1. Cu hnh router 3.1.1. Ch giao tip dng lnh CLI
Hnh 3.1.1
Tt c cc cu lnh lm thay i cu hnh router u xut pht t ch cu hnh ton cc. Tu theo bn mun thay i thay i phn cu hnh c bit no ca router th bn chuyn vo ch chuyn bit tng ng. Cc ch cu hnh chuyn bit ny u l ch con ca ch cu hnh ton cc. Cc cu lnh c s dng trong ch cu hnh ton cc l nhng cu lnh c tc ng ln ton b h thng. Bn s dng cu lnh sau di chuyn vo ch cu hnh ton cc:
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Ch : S thay i ca du nhc cho bit bn ang ch cu hnh ton cc Router # configure terminal Router(config)# Ch cu hnh ton cc l ch cu hnh chnh. T ch ny bn c th chuyn vo cc ch chuyn bit nh: Ch cu hnh cng giao tip. Ch cu hnh ng truy cp. Ch cu hnh router. Ch cu hnh cng con. Ch cu hnh b iu khin.
Khi bn chuyn vo ch cu hnh chuyn bit no th du nhc s thay i tng ng. Cc cu lnh trong ch c tc ng i vi cc cng hay cc tin trnh no lin quan n ch cu hnh thi. Bn dng lnh exit tr v ch cu hnh ton cc hoc bn dng phm Ctrl-Z quay v thng ch EXEC c quyn. 3.1.2. t tn cho router Cng vic u tin khi cu hnh router l t tn cho router. Trong ch cu hnh ton cc, bn dng lnh sau: Router(config)#hostname Tokyo Tokyo (config)# Ngay sau khi bn nhn phm Enter thc thi cu lnh bn s thy du nhc i t tn mc nh (Router) sang tn m bn va mi t (Tokyo). 3.1.3. t mt m cho router Mt m c s dng hn ch vic truy cp vo router. Thng thng ta lun t mt m cho ng vty v console trn router. Ngoi ra mt m cn c s dng kim sot s truy cp vo ch EXEC c quyn trn router. Khi , ch
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nhng ngi no c php mi c th thc hin vic thay i tp tin cu hnh trn router. Sau y l cc lnh m bn cn s dng thc hin vic t mt m cho ng console: Router(config)#line console 0 Router(config-line)#password <password> Router(config-line)#login Chng ta cng cn t mt m cho mt hoc nhiu ng vty kim sot cc user truy nhp t xa vo router v Telnet. Thng thng Cisco router c 5 ng vty vi th t t 0 n 4. Chng ta thng s dng mt mt m cho tt c cc ng vty, nhng i khi chng ta nn t thm mt m ring cho mt ng d phng khi c 4 ng kia u ang c s dng. Sau y l cc lnh cn s dng t mt m cho ng vty: Router(config)#line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)#password <password> Router(config-line)#login Mt m enable v enable secret c s dng hn ch vic truy cp vo ch EXEC c quyn. Mt m enable ch c s dng khi chng ta ci t mt m enable secret v mt m ny c m ho cn mt m enable th khng. Sau y l cc lnh dng t mt m enable secret: Router(config)#enable password <password> Router(config)#enable secret <password> i khi bn s thy l rt khng an ton khi mt m c hin th r rng khi s dng lnh show running-config hoc show startup-config. trnh iu ny bn nn dng lnh sau m ho tt c cc mt m hin th trn tp tin cu hnh ca router: Router(config)#service password-encryption
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Lnh service password-encryption s p dng mt c ch m ho n gin ln tt c cc mt m cha c m ho. Ring mt m enable secret th s dng mt thut ton m ho rt mnh l MD5.
Hnh 3.1.3 3.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh show Chng ta c rt nhiu lnh show c dng kim tra ni dung cc tp tin trn router v tm ra s c. Trong c hai ch EXEC c quyn v EXEC ngi dng, khi bn g show? Th bn s xem c danh sch cc lnh show. ng nhin l s lnh show dng c trong ch EXEC c quyn s nhiu hn trong ch EXEC ngi dng.
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Hnh 3.1.4 Show interface - hin th trng thi ca tt c cc cng giao tip trn router. xem trng thi ca mt cng no th bn thm tn v s th t ca cng sau lnh show interface. V d nh: Router#show interface serial 0/1
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Show controllers serial - hin th cc thng tin chuyn bit v phn cng ca cc cng serial. Show clock - hin th ng h c ci t trn router. Show hosts - hin th danh sch tn v a ch tng ng. Show users - hin th tt c cc user ang kt ni vo router. Show history - hin th danh sch cc cu lnh va mi c s dng. Show flash hin th thng tin b nh flash v tp tin IOS cha trong . Show version - hin th thng tin v router v IOS ang chy trn RAM. Show ARP - hin th bng ARP trn router. Show protocol - hin th trng thi ton cc v trng thi ca cc cng giao tip c cu hnh giao thc lp 3. Show startup-configuration - hin th tp tin cu hnh ng chy trn RAM. 3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serial Chng ta c th cuhnh cng serial bng ng console hoc vty. Sau y l cc bc cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng serial: 1. 2. 3. 4. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Vo ch cu hnh cng serial. Khai bo a ch v subnet mask. t tc clock nu u cp cm vo cng serial l DCE. Nu u cp l DTE th chng ta c th b qua ny. 5. Khi ng serial.
Mi mt cng serial u phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask chng c th nh tuyn cc gi IP. cu hnh a ch IP chng ta dng lnh sau: Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config)#ip address <ip address> <netmask> Cng serial cn phi c tn hiu clock iu khin thi gian thc hin thng tin lin lc. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, thit b DCE, v d nh CSU, s l thit b cung cp tn hiu clock. Mc nh th Cisco router lad thit b DTE nhng chng ta c th cu hnh chng thnh thit b DCE.
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Trong mi trng lm lab th cc ng lin kt serial c kt ni trc tip vi nhau. Do phi c mt u l DCE cp tn hiu clock. Bn dng lnh clockrate ci t tc clock. Sau y l cc tc clock m bn c th t cho router (n v ca tc clock l bit/s): 1200, 2400, 9600, 19200, 38400, 56000, 64000, 72000, 125000, 148000, 500000, 800000, 1000000, 1300000, 2000000, 4000000. Tuy nhin s c mt s tc bn khng s dng c tu theo kh nng vt l ca tng cng serial. Mc nh th cc cng giao tip trn router u ng. Nu bn mun m hay khi ng cc cng ny th bn phi dng lnh no shutdown. Nu bn mun ng cng li bo tr hoc x l s c th bn dng lnh shutdown. Trong mi trng lm lab, tc clock thng c s dng l 56000. Sau y l cc lnh c s dng ci t tc clock v khi ng cng serial: Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown 3.1.6. Thc hin vic thm bt, dch chuyn v thay i tp tin cu hnh Nu bn cn chnh sa tp tin cu hnh th bn phi di chuyn vo ng ch cu hnh v thc hin cn thit. V d:nu bn cn m mt cng no trn router th trc ht bn phi vo ch cu hnh ton cc, sau vo ch cu ca cng ri dng lnh no shutdown. kim tra nhng g m bn va mi thay i, bn dng lnh show runningconfig. Lnh ny s hin th ni dung ca tp tin cu hnh hin ti. Nu kt qu hin th c nhng c nhng chi tit khng ng th bn c th chnh sa li bng cch thc hin mt hoc nhiu cch sau: Dng dng no ca cc lnh cu hnh. Khi ng li router vi tp tin cu hnh nguyn thu trong NVRAM. Chp tp tin cu hnh d phng t TFTP server. Xo tp tin cu hnh khi ng bng lnh erase startup-config,sau khi ng li router v vo ch ci t.
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lu tp tin, cu hnh hin ti thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng lu trong NVRAM, bn dng lnh nh sau: Router#copy running-config startup-config
Hnh 3.1.6. 3.1.7. Cu hnh cng Ethernet Tng t nh cng serial, chng ta c th cu hnh cng Ethernet bng ng console hoc vty. Mi cng Ethernet cng cn phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask c th thc hin nh tuyn cc gi IP qua cng . Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh Ethernet: Vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Vo ch cu hnh cng Ethernet. Khai bo a ch v subnet mask. Khi ng cng Ethernet.
Mc nh l cc cng trn router u ng. Do , bn phi dng lnh no shutdown m hay khi ng cng. Nu bn cn ng cng li bo tr hay x l s c th bn dng lnh shutdown.
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Hnh 3.1.7 3.2. Hon chnh cu hnh router 3.2.1. Tm quan trng ca vic chun ho tp tin cu hnh
Trong mt t chc vic pht cc quy nh dnh cho cc tp tin cu hnh l rt cn thit. T ta c th kim sot c cc tp tin no cn bo tr, lu cc tp tin u v nh th no. Cc quy nh ny c th l nhng quy nh c ng dng rng ri hoc cng c th ch c gi tr trong mt phm vi no . Nu khng c mt quy nh chung cho t chc ca mnh th h thng mng ca bn s tr nn ln xn v khng m bo c hot ng thng sut. 3.2.2. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip Trn cc cng giao tip bn nn ghi ch li mt s thng tin quan trng, v d nh ch s mch m cng ny kt ni vo, hay thng tin vo router khc, v phn on mng m cng ny kt ni n. Da vo cc cu ch thch ny, ngi qun tr mng c th bit c l cng giao tip ny kt ni vo u.
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Cu ch thch ch n gin l ghi ch thm cho cc cng giao tip, ngoi ra n hon ton khng c tc ng g i vi hot ng ca router. Bn nn vit cu ch thch theo mt nh dng chung v mi cng giao tip c mt cu ch thch ring. Tu theo cu trc mng v quy c chung, bn c th quyt nh l ghi ch nhng thng tin no lin quan n cng giao tip gip cho tp tin cu hnh c r rng hn, gip cho vic xc nh s c c nhanh hn.
Hnh 3.2.2 3.2.3. Cu hnh ch thch cho cc cng giao tip Trc tin bn phi vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ri t ch cu hnh ton cc bn chuyn vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip. Ti y bn g lnh description v cu ch thch m bn mun. Sau y l cc bc cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao tip: 1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal. 2. Vo ch cu hnh cng giao tip (v d l cng Ethernet 0): interface Ethernet 0. 3. Nhp lnh description v theo sau l cu ch thch. 4. Thot khi ch cu hnh giao tip tr v ch EXEC c quyn bng cch nhn phm Ctrl-Z. 5. Lu li cu hnh va ri vo NVRAM bng lnh copy running-config startupconfig. Sau y l 2 v d v cch vit cu ch thch:
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Interface Ethernet 0 Description LAN Engineering, Bldg.2 Interface serial 0 Description ABC network 1, circuit 1
LAB_A# config terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL_Z LAB_A (config)# interface Ethernet 0 LAB_A (config-if)#description LAN Engineerinng, Bldg. 2
Hnh 3.2.3 3.2.4. Thng ip ng nhp Thng ip ng nhp c hin th khi bn ng nhp vo h thng. Loi thng ip ny rt hu dng khi bn cn cnh bo trc khi n gi tt h thng mng. Tt c mi ngi u c th nhn thy thng ip ng nhp. Cho nn bn nn dng cc thng ip mng tnh cnh bo, thu ht s ch . Cn nhng thng ip cho n mi ngi ng nhp vo router l khng thch hp lm. V d mt thng ip nh sau: This is a secure system, authorized access only! (y l h thng c bo mt, ch dnh cho nhng ngi c thm quyn!) c s dng cnh bo nhng v khch ving thm bt hp php.
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Hnh 3.2.4 3.2.5. Cu hnh thng ip ng nhp (MOTD)
Hnh 3.2.5 Thng ip MOTD c th hin th trn tt v cc thit b u cui kt ni vo router. cu hnh thng ip MOTD bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti y bn dng lnh banner motd, cch mt khong trng, nhp k t phn cch v d nh k t #, ri vit cu thng bo, kt thc bng cch nhp k t phn cch mt ln na. Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh thng ip MOTD: 1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal 2. Nhp lnh nh sau: banner motd # The message of the day goes here #. 3. Lu cu hnh va ri bng lnh copy running-config startup-config. 3.2.6. Phn gii tn my
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Phn gii tn my l qu trnh my tnh phn gii t tn my thnh a ch IP tng ng. c th lin h vi cc thit b IP khc bng tn th cc thit b mng nh router cng cn phi c kh nng phn gii tn my thnh a ch IP. Danh sch gia tn my v i ch IP tng ng c gi l bng host. Bng host c th bao gm tt c cc thit b mng trong t chc ca mnh. Mi mt a ch IP c mt tn my tng ng. Phn mm Cisco IOS c mt vng m lu tn my v a ch tng ng. Vng b m ny gip cho qu trnh phn gii tn thnh a ch c nhanh hn. Tuy nhin tn my y khng ging nh tn DNS, n ch c ngha i vi router m n c cu hnh m thi. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh bng host trn router vi bt k tn no vi IP no v cc thng tin ny ch c ngha i vi router m thi. The following is an exemple of the configuration of a host table on a router: Router(config)#ip host Auckland 172.16.32.1 Router(config)#ip host Beirut 192.168.53.1 Router(config)#ip host Capetown 192.168.89.1 Router(config)#ip host Denver 10.202.8.1 Hnh 3.2.6 3.2.7. Cu hnh bng host khai bo tn cho cc a ch IP, u tin bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti y dng lnh ip host, theo sau l tn ca thit b v tt c cc IP ca n. Nh vy tn my ny s nh x vi tng a ch IP ca cc cng trn thit b . Khi bn c th dng lnh ping hay telnet ti thit b bng tn ca thit b hay a ch IP tng ng u c. Sau ay l cc bc thc hin cu bng host: 1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc ca router. 2. Nhp lnh ip host theo sau l tn ca router v tt c cc a ch IP ca cc cng trn router . 3. Tip tc nhp tn v a ch IP tng ng ca cc router khc trong mng
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4. Lu cu hnh vo NVRAM.
Hnh 3.2.7 3.2.8. Lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh Tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b mng s quyt nh s hot ng ca h thng. Cng vic qun l tp tin cu hnh ca cc thit b bao gm cc cng vic sau: Lp danh sch v so snh vi tp tin cu hnh trn cc thit b ang hot ng. Lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh lnh server mng. Thc hin ci t v nng cp cc phn mm. Chng ta cn lu d phng cc tp tin cu hnh s dng trong trng hp c s c. Tp tin cu hnh c th c lu trn server mng, v d nh TFTP server, hoc l lu trn a v ct ni an ton. Ngoi ra chng ta cng nn lp h s i km vi cc tp tin ny. 3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh sa tp tin cu hnh Chng ta c th dng lnh copy running-config tftp sao chp tp tin cu hnh ang chy trn router vo TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin: Bc 1: nhp lnh copy running-config tftp. Bc 2: nhp a ch IP ca my m chng ta s lu tp tin cu hnh ln . Bc 3: nhp tn tp tin.
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Bc 4: xc nhn li cu lnh bng cch tr li yes
Hnh 3.2.9a Chng ta c th s dng tp tin cu hnh lu trn server mng cu hnh cho router. thc hin iu ny bn lm theo cc bc sau: 1. Nhp lnh copy tftp running-config. 2. du nhc tip theo bn chn loi tp tin cu hnh my hay tp tin cu hnh mng. Tp tin cu hnh mng c cha cc lnh c th thc thi cho tt c cc router v server trong mng. Cn loi tp tin cu hnh my th ch s cc lnh thc thi cho mt router m thi. du nhc k tip, bn nhp a ch IP ca my no m bn ang lu tp tin cu hnh trn . V d nh trn hnh 3.2.9b: router c cu hnh t TFTP server c a ch IP l 131.108.2.155. 3. Sau nhp tn ca tp tin hoc l chp nhn ly tn mc nh. Tn ca tp tin theo quy tc ca UNIX. Tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh my l hostname-config, cn tn mc nh cho loi tp tin cu hnh mng l netword-config. Trong mi trng DOS th tn tp tin b gii hn vi 8 k t v 3 k t m rng (v d nh: router.cfg). Cui cng bn xc nhn li tt c cc thng tin va ri. Bn lu trn hnh th s thy l du nhc chuyn
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ngay sang tn Tokyo. iu ny chng t l router c cu hnh li ngay sau khi tp tin cu hnh va c ti xung. Tp tin cu hnh trn router cng c th c lu vo a bng cch sao chp di dng vn bn ri lu vo a mm hoc a cng. Khi no cn chp tr li rouer th bn dng chc nng son tho c bn ca chng trnh m phng thit b u cui ct dn cc dng lnh vo router.
Hnh 3.2.9b TNG KT CHNG Sau y l phn tng kt cc chnh m bn cn nm khi cu hnh router. Router c cc ch sau: Ch EXEC ngi dng. Ch EXEC c quyn. Ch cu hnh ton cc. Cc ch cu hnh khc.
Bn c th dng giao din dng lnh ca router thc hin mt s thay i cho cu hnh ca router nh: t tn cho router.
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t mt m cho router. Cu hnh cc cng giao tip trn router. Chnh sa tp tin cu hnh. Hin th tp tin cu hnh.
Ngoi ra, bn cn nh mt s im quan trng sau: Xy dng mt cu hnh chun l yu t quan trng thnh cng trong vic bo tr bt k h thng mng ca mt t chc no. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao tip c th mang mt s thng tin quan trng gip cho ngi qun tr mng nm c cu trc h thng mng v x l s c nhanh hn. Thng ip ng nhp s cung cp cc thng bo cho ngi dng khi h ng nhp vo router. Phn gii tn my thnh a ch IP cho php router c th chuyn i nhanh t my ra a ch. Cng vic lp h s v lu d phng tp tin cu hnh l ht sc quan trng bo m cho h thng mng lun hot ng thng sut.
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CHNG 4 CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC GII THIU i khi ngi qun tr mng s phi x l nhng h thng mng m khng c h s y v chnh xc. Trong nhng tnh hung nh vy th giao thc CDP-Cisco Discovery Protocol s l mt cng c rt hu ch gip bn xy dng c cu trc c bn v h thng mng. CDP l mt giao thc hot ng khng ph thuc vo mi trng truyn ca mng, giao thc ny l c quyn ca Cisco c s dng pht hin cc thit b xung quanh. CDP s hin th thng tin v cc thit b kt ni trc tip m bn ang x l. Tuy nhin y khng phi l mt cng c thc s mng. Trong nhiu trng hp, sau khi router c cu hnh v i vo hot ng th nh qun tr mng s kh c th kt ni trc tip vo router cu hnh hay lm g khc. Khi , Telnet, l mt ng dng ca TCP/IP, s gip ngi qun tr mng thit lp kt ni t xa vo ch giao tip dng lnh (CLI) ca router xem, cu hnh v x l s c. y l mt cng c ch yu ca cc chuyn gia mng. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s nm c cc kin thc sau: Bt v tt CDP. Cch s dng lnh show cdp neighbors. Cch xc nh cc thit b ln cn kt ni vo cng giao tip. Ghi nhn thng tin v a ch mng ca cc thit b ln cn bng cch s dng CDP. Thit lp kt ni Telnet. Kim tra kt ni Telnet. Kt thc phin Telnet. Tm ngng mt phin Telnet. Thc hin cc kim tra kt ni khc. X l s c vi cc kt ni t xa. 4.1. Kt ni v khm ph cc thit b ln cn 4.1.1. Gii thiu v CDP
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TCP/IP
Novell IPX
AppleTalk Others
CDP discovers and shows information about directtl connected Cisco devices LANS Frame Relay ATM Others
Hnh 4.1.1 CDP l giao thc lp 2 kt ni vi lp vt l di v lp mng trn nh hnh v. CDP c s dng thu thp thng tin t cc thit b ln cn, v d nh thit b l loi thit b no, trn thit b cng no l cng kt ni v kt ni vo cng no trn thit b ca chng ta, phin bn phn cng ca thit b l gCDP l giao thc hot ng c lp vi mi trng truyn mng v c th chy trn tt c cc thit b ca Cisco trn nn giao thc truy cp mng con SNAP (Subnet Access Protocol). Phin bn 2 ca CDP (CDPv2) l phin bn mi nht ca giao thc ny. Cisco IOS t phin bn 12.0(3)T tr i c h tr CDPv2. Mc nh th Cisco IOS (t phin bn 10.3 n 12.0(3) chy CDP phin bn 1). Khi thit b Cisco c bt ln, CDP t ng hot ng v cho php thit b d tm cc thit b ln cn khc cng chy CDP. CDP hot ng lp lin kt d liu v cho php 2 thit b thu thp thng tin ln nhau cho d 2 thit b ny c th chy giao thc lp mng khc nhau. Mi thit b c cu hnh CDP s gi mt thng ip qung co theo nh k cho cc router khc. Mi thng ip nh vy phi c t nht mt a ch m thit b c th nhn c thng ip ca giao thc qun l mng c bn SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) thng qua a ch . Ngoi ra, mi thng ip qung co cn c thi hn sng hoc l thi hn lu gi thng tin. y l khong thi gian cho cc thit b lu gi thng tin nhn c trc khi xo b thng tin i. Bn cnh vic pht thng ip, mi thit b cng lng nghe theo
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nh k nhn thng ip t cc thit b ln cn khac thu thp thng tin v chng. 4.1.2. Thng tin thu nhn c t CDP CDP c s dng ch yu pht hin tt c cc thit b Cisco khc kt ni trc tip vo thit b ca chng ta. Bn s dng lnh show cdp neighbors hin th thng tin v cc mng kt ni trc tip vo router. CDP cung cp thng tin v tng thit b CDP lng ging bng cch truyn thng bo CDP mang theo cac gi tr type length (TLVs). TLVs c hin th bi lnh show cdp neighbors s bao gm cc thng tin v: Device ID: Ch s danh nh (ID) ca thit b lng ging. Local interface: Cng trn thit b ca chng ta kt ni n thit b lng ging, Hold time: thi hn lu gi thng tin cp nht. Capability: loi thit b. Platform: phin bn phn cng ca thit b. Port ID: ch s danh nh (ID) ca cng trn thit b lng ging kt ni vo thit b ca chng ta. VTP management domain name: tn min qun l ca VTP (ch c CDPv2). Native VLAN: VLAN mc nh trn router (ch c CDPv2). Half/Full duplex: ch hot ng song cng hay bn song cng. Trong hnh 4.1.2, router v tr thp nht khng kt ni trc tip vp router m ngi qun tr mng ang thc hin kt ni console. Do xem c cc thng tin CDP ca router ny, ngi qun tr mng phi Telnet vo router kt ni trc tip vi router .
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Hnh 4.1.2
4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP Ch cu hnh ca router thc hin cu Chc nng ca cu lnh lnh Cdp run Ch cu hnh ton cc Khi ng cdp trn router. Cdp enable Ch cu hnh cng Khi ng CDP trn cng giao tip. giao tip tng ng Clear cdp counters Ch EXEC ngi dng Xo ng h m lu lng tr v 0 Show cdp entry Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th thng tin v mt (&/device-name thit b lng ging m ta [*][protocol/version]) cn. Thng tin hin th c th c gii hn thoe giao thc hay theo phin bn. Show cdp Ch EXEC c quyn Hin th khong thi gian gia cc ln pht thng Lnh
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Show cdp interface [type Ch EXEC c quyn number] Show cdp neighbors [type Ch EXEC c quyn number] [detial]
ip qung co CDP, s phin bn v thi gian cn hiu lc ca cc thng ip ny trn tng cng ca router. Hin th thng tin v nhng cng c chy CDP Hin th cc thng tin v nhng thit b m CDP pht hin c: loi thit b, tn thit b, thit b kt ni vo cng no trn thit b ca chng ta. Nu bn c s dng t kho detail th ban s c thm thng tin v VLAN ID, ch hot ng song cng, tn min VTP.
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Hnh 4.1.3a
Hnh 4.1.3b
Hnh 4.1.3c
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Hnh 4.1.3d
Hnh 4.1.3e 4.1.4. Xy dng bn mng
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CDP l mt giao thc c thit k v hot ng kh nh, n gin. Cc gi CDP c kch thc nh nhng li mang nhiu thng tin hu ch v cc thit b lng ging Cisco. Bn c th s dng cc thng tin ny xy dng s mng ca cc thit b. Bn c th Telnet vo cc thit b lng ging ri dng lnh show cdp neighbors tm tip cc thit b khc kt ni vo thit b ny. 4.1.5. Tt CDP tt ton b CDP trn router, bn dng lnh no cdp run ch cu hnh ton cc. Khi bn tt ton b CDP th khng c cng no trn router cn chy c. i vi Cisco IOS phin bn 10.3 tr i, CDP chy mc nh trn tt c cc cng c th gi v nhn thng tin CDP. Tuy nhin cng c mt s cng nh cng Asynchronous chng hn th mc nh l CDP tt trn cc cng ny. Nu CDP ang b tt trn mt cng no th bn c th khi ng li CDP bng lnh cdp enable trong ch cu hnh cng giao tip tng ng. Cn nu bn mun tt CDP trn mt cng no th bn dng lnh no cdp enable trong ch cu hnh cng .
Hnh 4.1.5 4.1.6. X l s c ca CDP

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Lnh Clear cdp table Clear cdp counters Show cdp traffic Show debugging Debug cdp adjacency Debug cdp events Debug cdp ip Debug cdp packets Cdp timer Cdp holdtime Show cdp
M t Xo bng thng tin ca CDP v cc thit b lng ging Xo b m lu lng tr v 0. Hin th b m ca CDP, bao gm s lng gi CDP gi v nhn, s lng li checksum Hin th thng tin v cc loi debug ang chy trn router Kim tra thng tin CDP v cc thit b lng ging Kim tra cc hot ng ca CDP Kim tra thng tin CDP IP Kim tra thng tin v cc gi CDP Ci t thi gian nh k gi gi CDP cp nht Ci t thi gian lu gi thng tin cho cc gi CDP cp nht c pht i Hin th thng tin ton cc ca CDP, bao gm thi gian inh cp nht v thi gian lu gi thng tin
4.2. Thu thp thng tin v cc thit b xa 4.2.1. Telnet Telnet l giao thc gi lp u cui o nm trong b giao thc TCP/IP. N cho php thit lp kt ni t xa vo thit b. Lnh Telnet c s dng kim tra hot ng phn mm lp ng dng gia 2 my. Telnet hot ng lp ng dng ca m hnh OSI. Telnet hot ng da trn c ch TCP m bo vic truyn d liu gia client v cc server. Mt router c th cho php thc hin ng thi nhiu phin kt ni Telnet. ng vty 0-4 trn router l ng dnh cho Telnet. 5 ng Telnet ny c th thc hin cng lc. Chng ta cn lu rng vic s dng Telnet kim tra kt ni lp ng dng ch l vic ph. Telnet c s dng ch yu thit lp kt ni t xa vo thit b. Telnet l mt chng trnh ng dng n gin v thng dng nht.
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Hnh 4.21. 4.2.2. Thit lp v kim tra kt ni Telnet Lnh Telnet cho php ngi dng thc hin Telnet t mt thit b Cisco ny sang thit b khc. Chng ta khng cn phi nhp lnh connect hay telnet thit lp kt ni Telnet m chng ta c th nhp tn hoc a ch IP ca router m chng ta mun Telnet vo. Khi kt thc phin Telnet, bn dng lnh exit hoc logout. thit lp kt ni Telnet, bn dng mt trong cc lnh sau: Denver>connect paris Denver>paris Denver>131.108.100.152 Denver>telnet paris
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Hnh 4.2.2a Router cn phi c bng host hoc l trong mng phi c dch v DNS phn gii tn my m chng ta nhp vo. Nu khng th bt buc bn phi dng a ch IP. Telnet c s dng kim tra xem bn c th kt ni t xa vo mt router hay khng. V d nh hnh 4.2.2b: nu bn Telnet ch EXEC ngi dng v EXEC c quyn u c. Nu bn c th truy cp t xa vo router thi c ngha l c t nht mt ng dng TCP/IP kt ni vo c router . Mt kt ni Telnet thnh cng chng t rng cc ng dng lp trn hot ng tt.
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Hnh 4.2.2b Nu bn c th Telnet vo mt router ny m khng Telnet vo c router khc th c th s c l do sai tn, a ch hoc do cp quyn truy cp. Sai st c th nm router m bn ang x l hoc nm router m bn Telnet ti. Trong trng hp ny, bc tip theo bn nn c gng ping th. Lnh ping cho php chng ta kim tra kt ni lp Mng t u n cui. Khi bn Telnet xong, bn c th ngt kt ni. Mc nh th sau 10 pht m khng c bt k hot ng no kt ni Telnet s t ng ngt. Hoc l bn c th ngt kt ni Telnet bng lnh exit. 4.2.3. Ngt, tm ngng phin Telnet Telnet c mt c tnh quan trng l bn c th tm ngng mt phin Telnet. Tuy nhin c mt rc ri l khi bn s dng phm enter sau khi tm ngng phin Telnet th phn mm Cisco IOS s t ng quay tr li kt ni Telnet va mi tm ngng trc . M phm enter l phm rt hay c s dng. Do khi bn tm ngng mt phin Telnet th rt c th sau bn s kt ni li vo mt router khc. iu ny rt nguy him khi bn thc hin thay i cu hnh router. Do bn cn ch cn thn cu hnh ca router trc khi tm ngng phin Telnet trn router . Mi mt phin Telnet ch c tm ngng trong mt khong thi gian gii hn. quay tr li kt ni Telnet m bn tm ngng bn ch cn nhn phm Enter. Bn dng lnh show session xem cc kt ni Telnet ang c m.
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Sau y l trnh t cc bc bn ngt kt ni Telnet: Nhp lnh disconnect. Tip theo sau lnh ny l tn hoc a ch IP ca router. V d: Denver>disconnect paris Sau y l cc bc thc hin tm ngng phin Telnet: Nhn t hp phm Ctrl-Shift-6 cng lc, bung ra ri nhn tip ch x. Nhp tn hoc a ch IP ca router.
Hnh 4.2.3 4.2.4. M rng thm v hot ng Telnet Trn router c th m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc. Chng ta c th chuyn i qua li gia cc phin Telnet ny. Bn c th n nh s lng phin Telnet c php m ng thi trn router bng lnh session limit. chuyn i qua li gia cc phin Telnet, bn tm ngng phin Telnet hin ti v quay tr li phin mi m trc . Nhn t hp phm Ctrl-Shift-6 cng lc, bung ra ri nhn tip ch x: tm thot khi kt ni hin ti, quay li du nhc EXEC.
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Ti du nhc EXEC, bn c th thit lp phin kt ni mi. Router 2500 ch cho php m 5 phin Telnet cng lc. Bn c th m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc v tm ngng bng t hp phm CtrlShift-6, x. Nu bn dng phm Enter th Cisco IOS s t ng quay li kt ni va mi tm ngng trc . Cn nu bn dng lnh resume th bn phi nhp thm ch s ID bng lnh show session.
Hnh 4.2.4 4.2.5. Cc lnh kim tra kt ni khc h tr vic kim tra ni mng c bn, nhiu giao thc mng c h tr giao thc phn hi (echo). Giao thc phn hi c s dng kim tra vic nh tuyn cc gi d liu. Lnh ping thc hin gi i mt gi d liu ti my ch v ch nhn gi tr li v t my ch. Kt qu ca giao thc phn hi gip bn xc nh tin cy ca ng truyn ti my ch, thi gian tr trn ng truyn, my ch c n c hay khng, c hot ng hay khng. Lnh ping l lnh c bn kim tra kt ni. Bn c th dng lnh ny ch EXEC ngi dng hy EXEC c quyn u c.
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Hnh 4.2.5a Hnh 4.2.5a l v d cho bit phn hi hnh cng cho 5 gi gi i ca lnh ping 172.16.1.5. Du chm than (!) cho bit l phn hi thnh cng. Nu bn nhn c mt hay nhiu du chm thay v du chm than (!) th iu c ngha l router ht thi gian ch gi phn hi t my ch. Lnh ping s dng giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol giao thc thng ip iu khin internet). Lnh traceroute l mt cng c l tng bn tm ng i ca gi d liu trn mng. Lnh traceroute cng tng t nh lnh ping, ch khc l lnh ping th ch kim tra kt ni t u cui n u cui, cn lnh traceroute th kim tra tng chng mt dc theo ng truyn. Bn c th thc hin lnh traceroute ch EXEC ngi dng hay EXEC c quyn u c. Trong v d hnh 4.2.5b, bn thc hin lnh traceroute t router York n router Rome. ng truyn ny phi i qua router London v Paris. Nu c router no khng n c th kt qu phn hi l du sao (*) thay v tn ca router . Trong trng hp nh vy, lnh traceroute vn s tip tc c gng gi n trm k tip cho n khi bn nhn t hp phm Ctrl-shift-6.
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Hnh 4.2.5b Vic kim tra c bn cng tp trung ch yu vo lp Mng. Bn dng lnh show ip route kim tra bng nh tuyn ca router cho h thng mng. Lnh ny s c cp chi tit hn trong chong sau. Sau y l cc bc thc hin ping: Nhp lnh ping, theo sau l a ch IP hoc tn ca my ch. Nhn phm Enter. Sau y l cc bc thc hin lnh traceroute: Nhp lnh traceroute, theo sau l a ch IP hoc tn ca my ch. Nhn phm Enter. 4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IP S c v a ch l s c xy ra ph bin nht trong mng IP. Sau y l 3 lnh thng c s dng x l cc s c lin quan n a ch: Ping: s dng giao thc ICMP kim tra kt ni vt l v a ch IP ca lp Mng. y l lnh kim tra c bn.
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Telnet: kim tra kt ni phn mm lp ng dng gia ngun v my ch. y l lnh kim tra kt ni hon chnh. Traceroute: cho php xc nh v tr li trn ng truyn t my ngun n my ch. Lnh trace s dng gi tr Time to Live to thng ip t mi router trn ng truyn. TNG KT Kt thc chng ny bn cn nm c nhng chnh nh sau: M v tt CDP S dng lnh show cdp neighbors. Xc nh c cc thit b lng ging kt ni vo cc cng trn thit b ca mnh. Thu nhp thng tin v cc thit b lng ging bng cch s dng CDP. Thit lp kt ni Telnet. Kt thc kt ni Telnet. Tm ngng kt ni Telnet. Thc hin kim tra kt ni. X l s c ca kt ni u cui t xa.
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CHNG 5 QUN L PHN MM CISCO IOS GII THIU Cisco router khng th hot ng c nu khng c h iu hnh mng Cisco (IOS). Mi router trong qu trnh khi ng u c bc tm v ti IOS. Chng ny s m t chi tit cc bc khi ng ca router v cho bn thy tm quan trng ca qu trnh ny. Cc thit b mng Cisco hot ng vi nhiu loi tp tin khc nhau, trong c h iu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. Ngi qun tr mng hay bt k ai mun qun tr cho h thng mng hot ng tri chy v tin cy th phi bo tr cc tp tin ny cn thn, bo m rng thit b ang chy ng phin bn phn mm v cc tp tin h thng ca Cisco v cc cng c hu dng qun l cc tp tin ny. Khi hon tt chng ny , cc bn c th thc hin c nhng vic sau: 5.1. 5.1.1. Xc nh c router ang giai on no ca qu trnh khi ng. Xc nh c cc thit b Cisco tm v ti Cisco IOS nh th no. S dng cc lnh boot system. Xc nh gi tr ca thanh ghi cu hnh. M t khi qut cc tp tin m Cisco IOS s dng v chc nng tng ng ca chng. Nm c ni m router lu cc loi tp tin khc nhau. M t khi qut cu trc tn ca IOS. Lu v khi phc tp tin cu hnh bng cch s dng TFTP v ct dn. Ti IOS bng TFTP. Ti IOS bng Xmodem. Kim tra tp tin h thng bng cc lnh show. Kho st v kim tra qu trnh khi ng router Cc giai on khi ng router khi bt u bt in
Mc tiu chnh ca qu trnh khi ng router l khi ng cc hot ng ca router. Router phi hot ng vi tin cy cao thc hin kt ni cho bt k
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loi mng no. Do , qu trnh khi ng router phi thc hin cc cng vic nh sau: Kim tra phn cng ca router Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS. Tm v thc hin cc cu lnh cu hnh, trong bao gm cc cu hnh giao thc v a ch cho cc cng giao tip.
ROM Bootstrap Load bootstrap
Flash TFTP Server ROM NVRAM TFTP Server Console Tp tin cu hnh Tm v ti tp tin cu hnh hoc vo ch ci t H iu hnh mng Cisco Tm v ti h iu hnh
5.1.2. Thit b Cisco tm v ti nh th no Ngun mc nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS th khc nhau tu theo phin bn phn cng ca thit b, nhng hu ht cc router u tm lnh boot system lu trong NVRAM. Phn mm Cisco IOS c th c ti t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Nhng ngun ny chng ta c th cu hnh hoc router s s dng qu trnh tm v ti phn mm mc nh ca n. Gi tr ci t cho thanh ghi cu hnh s cho php router tm IOS nh sau: Lnh boot system cu hnh cho router ni m router tm ta IOS. Router s s dng cc cu lnh ny theo th t khi khi ng.
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Nu trong NVRAM khng c cc cu lnh boot system th h thng s mc nh l s dng Cisco IOS trong b nh flash. Nu trong b nh flash cng khng c IOS th router s c gng s dng TFTP ti IOS v. Router s s dng gi tr ci t cu hnh bit tn tp tin lu trn server mng.
Ci t thanh ghi cu hnh, lu trong NVRAM, gi tr ci t cho thanh ghi cu hnh khc nhau s cho php router xc nh v tr ti IOS khc nhau
Router# configure terminal Router(config)# boot system Router(config)# boot system tftp_address Router(config)# boot system [Ctrl-Z] Router# copy running-config
flash IOS_filename tftp IOS_filename ROM startup-config
Khng tm thy lnh boot system trong NVRAM.
B nh Flash khng c IOS.
Ti Cisco IOS mcnh trong b nh Flash. Ti Cisco IOS mc nh t TFTP server.
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5.1.3
S dng lnh boot system 5.1.4 Hnh 5.1.3S dng lnh boot system
Th t cc v tr m router tm h iu hnh c ci t trong phn khi ng ca thanh ghi cu hnh. Gi tr mc nh ca thanh ghi cu hnh c th thay i bng lnh config-register trong ch cu hnh ton cc. Thng s ca lnh ny s ng s hex. Thanh ghi cu hnh l thanh ghi 16 bi lu trong NVRAM. 4 bit thp ca thanh ghi cu hnh th hin cho phn khi ng router. u tin, ta dng lnh show version xem gi tr hin ti ca thanh ghi cu hnh v cng m bo l gi tr ca 12 trn khng c g thay i. Sau ta dng lnh cnig-register thay i gi tr cho thanh ghi, ta ch cn i gi tr ca s hex cui cng m thi. Ta thay i gi tr phn khi ng ca thanh ghi cu hnh theo hng dn sau: router khi ng vo ch ROM monitor, ta t gi tr cho thanh ghi cu hnh l 0xnnn0, trong nnn l gi tr ca 12 bit trn, khng thuc phn khi ng. Cn 0 l gia trj ca phn khi ng trn thanh ghi cu hnh, do 4 bit phn ny c gi tr nh phn l 0000. T ch ROM monitor, ta c th khi ng h thng bng lnh b. cu hnh cho h thng t ng khi ng t ROM, ta t gi tr cho thanh ghi cu hnh l 0xnnn1, trong nnn l gi tr ca 12 bit trn, khng thuc phn khi ng. Cn 1 l gi tr ca 4 bit phn khi ng trn thanh ghi cu hnh, nh vy 4 bit ny c gi tr nh phn l 0001. cu hnh cho h thng s dng cac cu lnh boot system trong NVRAM, ta t gi tr cho thanh ghi cu hnn bt k gi tr no nm trong khng 0xnnn2 0xnnnF. Khi , 4 bit trong phn khi ng ca thanh ghi cu hnh s c gi tr nh phn l 0010-1111. Mc nh gia tr thanh ghi l 0x2102 v router s dng lnh boot system trong NVRAM.
5.1.5 S dng lnh boot system

Khi router khng khi ng c th c th l do mt trong nhng nguyn nhn sau:
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Mt tp tin cu hnh hoc cu lnh boot system b sai. Gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh b sai. B nh flash b trc trc. H hng phn cng.
Khi router khi ng, router s tm cu lnh boot system trong tp tin cu hnh. Lnh boot system c th ci t cho router khi ng t IOS khc thay v t IOS trong flash. xc nh xem router khi ng t IOS no, bn dng lnh show version v tm dng ni v phn mm khi ng h thng. S dng lnh show running-config v tm cu lnh boot system nm ngay phn u ca tp tin cu hnh. Nu cu lnh boot system ch sai IOS th chng ta xo lnh i bng lnh no ca cu lnh . Router#show version Cisco Interface Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-JK803S-M), Version 12.2 (17a), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco System, Inc Complie Thu 19-Jun-03 16:35 by pwade Image text-base: 0x8000808C, data-base: 0x815F7B34 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.2 (7r) [cmong 7r], RELEASE SOFTWARE fc1) Danang uptime is 1 hour, 2 minutes System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is flash:c2600-jk8o3s-mz.122-17a.bin This product contains cryptographic features and subject to United States and local country laws goverining import, export, transfer and use. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic product does not imply third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption. Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for compliance with US and local coutry laus. By using this product, you compliance with US and local laws, return this product immediately. A summary of US laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at: http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html
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If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to export@cisco.com Cisco 2620XM (MOC860P) professor (revision 0x100) with 59392K/6144K bytes of memory Processor board ID JAE0718065A (41148118384) M860 processor: part number 5, mask 2 Bridging software X25 software, Version 3.0.0 Super LAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp) TN3270 Emulation software Basic Rae ISDN software, Version 1.1. 1 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 2 Low-speed serial (sync/async) network interface(s) 1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s) 32K bytes of non-voltatile configuration memory. 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write) Configuration register is 0x2102 Gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh khng ng cng dn n vic router khng ti c IOS v gia tr thanh ghi ny s cho router bit l ti IOS t u. Chng ta kim tra gi tr thanh ghi bng lnh show version v c dng cui cng trong kt qu hin th ca lnh ny. Gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh s khc nhau i vi cc bin bn phn cng khc nhau. Bn c th tham kho gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh trn a CD ti liu ca Cisco hc trn website ca Cisco. Sau bn chnh sa li gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh ri lu vo tp tin cu hnh khi ng. Nu s c vn tip tc xy ra th c th l tp tin trong b nh flash b li. Thng thng, trong trng hp nh vy bn s gp cc thng bo li trong qua trnh khi ng router. V d nh mt s cu thng bo nh sau: Open: read errorrequested 0x4 bytes, got 0x0 Trouble reading device magic number Boot: cannot open flash: Boot: cannot determine first file name on device flash:
Nu dng l tp tin trong flash b li th bn cn chp li IOS mi ln router.

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Nu tt c cc nguyn nhn trn vn khng ng th c th l router b li phn cng. Trong trng hp nh vy th bn nn lin h vi trung tm h tr k thut ca Cisco (TAC Terminal Assistance Centre). Mc d li h phn cng rt him gp nhng n vn c kh nng xy ra. Lu : Bn khng th xem gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh bng lnh show runningconfig hay show start-up config c, 5.2. Qun l tp tin h thng Cisco 5.2.1. Khi qut v tp tin h thng Cisco Hot ng ca router v switch ph thuc vo phn mm ci trn n. C 2 loi phn mm cn phi c thit b hot ng l: h iu hnh v tp tin cu hnh. H iu hnh c s dng cho hu ht cc thit b Cisco l h iu hnh lin mng Cisco, gi tt l Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System). Phn mm Cisco IOS cho php thit b thc hin cc chc nng ca router hay switch. Mt tp tin IOS khong vi megabyte. Phn mm th 2 c s dng cho router v switch l tp tin cu hnh. Tp tin cu hnh cha cc hng dn v hot ng nh tuyn hay chuyn mch ca thit b. Ngi qun tr mng l ngi to tp tin cu hnh cc thit b Cisco thc hin cc chc nng theo ng thit k ca mnh. Mt s thng s m bn c th cu hnh c l a ch IP ca cc cng trn router, giao thc nh tuyn v cc mng m giao thc nh tuyn c thc hin qung b Thng thng, mt tp tin cu hnh t vi trm n vi ngn byte. Mi loi phn mm c lu thnh tng tp tin ring bit trong tng b nh khc nhau. IOS c lu trong loi b nh c gi l flash. Flash lu gi n nh tp tin IOS v tp tin IOS ny c s dng khi ng router. Flash cho php chng ta nng cp IOS v lu c nhiu IOS khc nhau. Trong cu trc ca mt s loi router, IOS c copy ln RAM v chy trn RAM. Tp tin cu hnh c lu trong b nh NVRAM v tp tin ny c s dng khi khi ng router. Do tp tin cu hnh c lu trong NVRAM c gi l tp tin cu hnh khi ng. Khi thit b khi ng, tp tin cu hnh khi ng c
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chp ln RAM. Khi tp tin ny c chy trn RAM v lun c cp nht khi ang chy. Do tp tin ang chy trn RAM c gi l tp tin cu hnh hot ng.
Hnh 5.2.1a Bt u t phin bn 12 ca IOS, h thng tp tin Cisco IOS, gi tt l IFS (IOS File System), cung cp mt giao tip chung cho tt c cc h thng tp tin m router ang s dng. IFS cung cp mt phng php chung thc hin qun l ton b h thng tp tin ang s dng cho router. Cng vic ny bao gm tp tin trong b nh flash, h thng tp tin mng (TFTP, rcp v FTP), c/vit d liu (NVRAM, tp tin cu hnh hot ng, ROM). IFS s dng cc tin t nh trong hnh 5.2.1b xc nh h thng tp tin trn thit b. Prefix Bootflash: Flash: Descripton Bootflash memory Flash memory. This prefix is available on all platform. For platform that do not have a device named flash, the prefix flash: is allased to slot0:. Therefore, the prefix flash: can be used to refer to the main flash memory storage area on all platform Flash load helper log files File Transfer protocol (FTP) network sever NVRAM Remote copy protocol (rcp) network server First Personal Computer Memory Card International Assiciontion
Flh: ftp: Nvram: Rcp: Slot0:
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Slot1: System: Tftp:
(PCMCIA) flash memory card Second PCMCIA flash memory card Contains the system memory, including the running configuration TFTP nework server Hnh 5.2.1b
Pre IOS Version 12.0 Commands IOS Version 12.x Commands Configure network (pre-Cisco IOs Copy ftp: system: runnig-config Copy crp: system: runnig-config Release 10.3) Copy tftp: system: runnig-config Copy rcp running config Copy tftp running-config Copy ftp: system: runnig-config Configure overwrite-network {pre-Cisco IOS Release 10.3} Copy crp: system: runnig-config Copy rcp stratup-config Copy tftp: system: runnig-config Copy tftp satrup-config Show configuration (pre-Cisco IOS More nvram:startup-config release 10.3) Write erase (pre-Cisco IOS release 10.3) Erase nvram: Erase starup-config Write erase (pre-Cisco IOS release 10.3) Copy system: running-config Copy running-config startup-config Nvram: startup-config Write network pre-Cisco IOS release Copy system: runnig-config ftp: 10.3) Copy system: runnig-config crp: Copy running-config startup-config rcp Copy system: runnig-config tftp: Copy running-config startup-config tftp Write terminal pre-Cisco IOS release More system: running-config 10.3) Show runnig -config Hnh 5.2.1c IFS s dng quy c URL xc nh tp tin trn thit b v trn mng. Quy c URl xc nh v tr ca tp tin ng sau du hai chm nh sau [[[//v tr]/th mc]/tn tp tin]. IFS cng h truyn ti tp tin FTP. 5.2.2. Quy c tn IOS Cisco pht trin rt nhiu phin bn IOS khc nhau. Cc phin bn ny h tr cho cc phin bn phn cng vi nhiu c tnh khc nhau. Hin nay Cisco vn ang tip tc pht trin nhiu phin bn IOS mi.
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phn bit gia cc phin bn khc nhau, Cisco c mt quy lut t tn cho IOS. Mt tn ca IOS bao gm nhiu phn, mi phn th hin phin bn phn cng, cc c tnh h tr v s pht hnh. Phn u tin ca tp tin IOS cho bit IOS ny c thit k cho phin bn phn cng no. Phn th hai ca tn tp tin IOS cho bit tp tin ny c h tr cc c tnh no. C rt nhiu c tnh khc nhau chn la. Cc c tnh ny c ng gi trong Cisco IOS. Mi Cisco IOS ch c mt s c tnh ch khng c ton b tt c cc c tnh. Bn cnh , cc c tnh ny cn c phn loi nh sau: C bn: cc c tnh dnh cho tng phin bn phn cng, v d: IP, IP/FW. M rng (Plus): l cc c tnh m rng hn mc c bn, v d IP Plus, IP/FW Plus, Enterprise Plus. M ho: vn l cc c tnh c bn hay m rng nh trn nhng c thm 56 bit m ho. V d: IP/ATM PLUS IPSEC 56, Plus 56, Enterprise Plus 56. T Cisco IOS phin bn 12.2 tr i, c tnh m ho c thit k thnh 2 loi l k8/k9: o K8: 64 bit m hoa tr xung. o K9: hn 64 bit m ho. Phn th 3 ca tn tp tin cho bit nh dng ca tp tin . Phn ny cho bit IOS c lu trong flash di dng nn hay khng, ri IOS s c gii nn chy u. Nu IOS lu trong flash di dng nn th n s c gii nn, chp ln RAM trong qu trnh khi ng router. Dng tp tin nh vy gi l tp tin khng c nh. Cn loi tp tin c nh th chy trc tip trn flash lun m khng cn chp ln RAM. Phn th 4 ca tp tin cho bit phin bn ca IOS. Phin bn cng mi th s trong phn ny cng ln.
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Hnh 5.2.2 5.2.3. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng TFTP Trn Cisco router v switch, tp tin cu hnh hot ng c trn RAM v ni cu hnh khi ng l NVRAM. Khi b mt tp tin cu hnh th ta phi c tp tin cu hnh khi ng d phng. Mt trong nhng ni m chng ta c th lu d phng tp tin cu hnh l TFTP server. Chng ta dng lnh copy running-config tftp chp tp tin cu hnh ln TFTP server. Sau y l cc bc thc hin: Nhp lnh copy running-config tftp. du nhc k tip, nhp a ch IP ca TFTP server m bn nh lu tp tin cu hnh. t tn cho tp tin hoc l ly tn mc nh. Xc nhn li cc chn la va ri bng cch g yes. Sau ny bn c th khi phc li cu hnh router bng cch chp tp tin cu hnh lu d phng trn TFTP server v router. Sau y l cc bc thc hin: Nhp lnh copy running-config. du nhc k tip, nhp a ch IP ca TFTP sever. K tip, nhp tn ca tp tin cu hnh m mnh mun chp.
Xc nhn li cc chn la ri.
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Hnh 5.2.3a
Hnh 5.2.3b 5.2.4. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng cch ct dn Mt cch khc to tp tin cu hnh d phng l chp li kt qu hin th ca lnh show running-config. T thit b u cui kt ni vo router, chng ta chp li kt qu hin th ca lnh show running-config ri dn vo mt tp tin vn bn,
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sau lu li. Tuy nhin tp tin vn bn ny phi chnh sa li mt cht trc khi chng ta c th s dng n khi phc li cu hnh router. Sau y l cc bc thc hin bn chp li tp tin cu hnh khi bn s dng Hyper Terminal: Chn Transfer. Chn Capture Text. t tn cho tp tin vn bn m chng ta s chp tp tin cu hnh ra. Chn Start bt u qu trnh chp. Chn hin th ni dung ca tp tin cu hnh bng lnh show running-config. Nhn phm space bar mi khi c du nhc --More-- xut hin. Sau khi tp tin cu hnh hin th y , bn kt thc qu trnh chp bng cch: 8. Chn Transfer. 9. Chn Capture. 10. Chn Stop. Sau khi qu trnh chp hon tt, bn cn xo bt mt s hang trong tp tin cu hnh sau ny chng ta c th s dng tp tin vn bn ny dn li vo router. Ngoi ra, bn c th them mt s hang ch thch vo tp tin cu hnh. Cc hng ch thch ny c bt u bng du chm than (!) u hng. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Bn c th s dng Notepad chnh sa tp tin cu hnh. Bn Notepad, chn File>Open. Chn tn ca tp tin cu hnh m bn va chp c. Nhn phm Open. Sau y l nhng hng trong tp tin cu hnh m bn cn xo: Show running-config Building configuration Current configuration: -MoreBt k hng no sau dng End
Bn them lnh no shutdown vo cui mi phn cu hnh ca cc cng giao tip. Sau chn File>Save lu li tp tin cu hnh.
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Sau ny, t kt ni bng HyperTerminal bn c th khi phc li tp tin cu hnh cho router. Trc tin, bn phi xo ht tp tin cu hnh ang c trong router bng lnh erase startup-config ch EXEC c quyn. Sau khi ng li router bng lnh reload. Sau y l cc bc thc hin chp li tp tin cu hnh cho router t kt ni HyperTerminal: Chuyn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Trn HyperTerminal chn Transfer>Send Text File. Chn tn ca tp tin cu hnh m bn cn chp ln router. Tng dng trong tp tin cu hnh s c nhp vo y nh lc bn g lnh vy. Theo di qu trnh chp xem c xy ra li g hay khng. Sau khi tp tin cu hnh c chp xong, bn nhn Ctrl-Z thot khi ch cu hnh ton cc. Lu li thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng bng lnh copy running-config startup-config.
Hnh 5.2.4a: Qu Trnh chp tp tin cu hnh t router thnh tp tin vn bn bng kt ni HyperTerminal
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Hnh 5.2.4b: Qu trnh chp tp tin cu hnh vo router bng kt ni HyperTerminal 5.2.5. Qun l Cisco IOS bng TFTP Thnh thong router cng cn lu d phng hoc nng cp IOS. u tin sau khi mua router, chng ta cn lu li IOS d phng. Bn c th t IOS ny trn mt server trung tm chung vi cc IOS khc. Cc IOS ny c s dng thay th hay nng cp cho cc router, switch trong h thng mng. Server phi c chy dch v TFTP v chng ta chp IOS t server ln router bng lnh copy tftp flash ch EXEC c quyn. Sau khi nhp lnh trn, router s hin th du nhc yu cu bn nhp a ch IP ca TFTP server. Sau router s yu cu bn xo flash. Router thng yu cu bn xo flash khi b nh flash khng cn ch trng lu them IOS mi. Router s hin th mt chui cc ch e trong sut qu trnh xo flash. Sau khi xo xong flash, router bt u ti IOS mi v. Router s hin th mt chui cc du chm than (!) trong sut qu trnh chp. Mt IOS c th ln khong vi Megabyte nn qu trnh ny cng s tn mt khong thi gian.
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Sau khi chp xong, router s kim tra li IOS mi trong flash. Sau khi kim tra hon tt th lc ny router sn sang cho bn khi ng li s dng IOS mi.
Hnh 5.2.5
5.2.6. Qun l IOS bng Xmodem Khi khi ng router m IOS lu trong flash b xo mt hoc b li th bn phi khi phc li IOS t ch ROM monitor (ROMmon). nhiu thit b Cisco, ch ROMmon c hin th bi du nhc rommon 1> Bc u tin bn cn phi xc nh xem ti sao router khng ti c IOS t flash. Nguyn nhn l do mt IOS hay IOS b li. Bn kim tra flash bng lnh dir flash: Nu trong flash vn c mt IOS bnh thng th bn th khi ng router bng IOS ny bng lnh boot flash:. V d: nu trong flash c rommon 1>boot flash:c2600-is-mz.121-5 Nu router khi ng bnh thng th c 2 vn bn cn kim tra xem ti sao router li khi ng vo ch ROMmon m khng khi ng t IOS trong flash. u tin, bn dung lnh show version kim tra gi tr ca thanh ghi cu hnh xem c ng gi tr mc nh hay khng. Nu gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh ng th
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bn dung lnh show startup-config xem c lnh boot system no cu hnh cho router khi ng vo ch ROM monitor hay khng. Nu router vn khng khi ng c hoc l bn khng thy c IOS no trong flash th bn cn phi chp mt IOS mi. T ch ROMmon, bn c th chp tp tin IOS bng Xmodem qua ng console hoc bng TFTP. Chp IOS bng Xmodem t ch ROMmon. Trc tin, bn cn phi c tp tin IOS trn my tnh nh HyperTerminal chng hn. Bn c th chp IOS vi tc mc nh ca ng console l 9600, hoc l bn c th nng tc ln 115200. Trong ch ROMmon, bn dng lnh confreg, router s hin th cc gi tr m bn c th thay i c. Sau bn s gp cu hi change console baud rate? y/n [n];, nhp ch y xc nhn tc mi. Sau khi thay i tc ng console v khi ng li router vo ch ROMmon, bn nn kt thc phin kt ni c (tc 9600) v thit lp li phin kt ni HyperTerminal mi vi tc mi l 115200 bit/s.
Hnh 5.2.6a By gi bn dng lnh xmodem chp phn mm IOS t PC. Cu trc cu lnh ny nh sau: xmodem c image_file_name. V d: bn chp IOS c tn l c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin th bn g lnh nh sau:
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Xmodem c c2600--mz.122-10a.bin Tham s -c l cho qu trnh Xmodem s dng CRC (Cyclic Raunancy Check) kim tra li trong sut qu trnh chp. Sau router s hin th mt dng thng bo cha bt u qu trnh chp v mt thng ip cnh bo. Thng ip ny cnh bo l ni dung b nh flash s b mt nu chng ta tip tc qu trnh ny v yu cu chng ta xc nhn c tip tc hay khng. Nu chng ta xc nhn cho tip tc th router s bt u thc hin chp IOS.
Hnh 5.2.6b: Lnh Xmodem
Lc ny bn cn cho bt u qu trnh Xmodem t chng trnh gi lp u cui. Trong HyperTerminal bn chn Transfer>Send File. Trong ca s ca Send File: bn chn tn v v tr lu tp tin IOS, chn giao thc l Xmodem, ri bt u qu trinh truyn. Trong sut qu trnh truyn, ca s Send File s hin th trng thi truyn. Khi qu trnh truyn hon tt, bn s gp mt thng ip cho bit l b nh flash ang b xo, sau IOS c chp vo flash. Cui cng bn gp thng ip Dowbload Complete!. Trc khi khi ng li router, bn cn phi ci t li tc
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ng cnle l 9600 v t li gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh l 0x2102 bng lnh config-register 0x2102. Trong lc router ang khi ng li th bn nn kt thc phin kt ni 115200 v thit lp li phin kt ni mi vi tc 9600. 5.2.7. Bin mi trng Bn c th khi phc IOS bng TFTP. Chp IOS bng TFTP trong ch ROMmon l cch nhanh nht khi phc IOS cho router. thc hin cch ny, bn ci t bin mi trng ri dng lnh tftpdnld. Ch ROMmon c chc nng rt gii hn v cha ti c tp tin cu hnh khi khi ng router. Do router khng h c IP hay cu hnh cho cng giao tip no. Cc bin mi trng s cung cp cho router mt cu hnh ti thiu cho php chy TFTP chp IOS. TFTP trong ch ROMmon ch hot ng c vi cng LAN u tin trn router, do bn cn ci t cc c tnh IP cho cng LAN ny. ci t gi tr cho cc bin mi trng, u tin bn nhp tn bin, tip theo l du bng (=) ri n gi tr ci t cho bin (TN BIN = gi tr ci t). Vi d: bn mun t a ch IP l 10.0.0.1 th du nhc ca ch ROMmon bn nhp cu lnh l: IP_ADDRESS=10.0.0.1 Sau y l cc bin ti thiu m bn cn phi t s dng cho lnh tfpnld: IP_ADDRESS: a ch IP cho cng LAN. IP_SUBNET_MASK:subnet mask cho cng LAN. DEFAULT_GATEWAY: ng mc nh cho cng LAN. TFTP_SERVER: a ch IP ca TFTP server. TFTP_FILE: tn tp tin IOS lu trn server.
kim tra li gi tr ca cc bin mi trng, bn dng lnh set.
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Hnh 5.2.6c: Ca s Send File Sau khi ci t xong cc bin mi trng, bn nhp lnh tftpdnld, khng c tham s no tip theo ht. Router s hin th li gi tr cc bin, theo sau l thng ip cnh bo qu trnh ny s xo flash v yu cu chng ta xc nhn c cho tip tc qu trnh ny hay khng. Trong qu trnh chp, router hin th du chm than (!) cho bit nhn c cc gi d liu. Sau khi nhn xong tp tin IOS, router bt u xo flash ri chp tp tin IOS mi vo flash. Bn s gp mt thng bo khi qu trnh ny hon tt. Sau , t du nhc ca ch ROMmon, bn c th khi ng li router bng cch nhp ch i. Router s khi ng li vi IOS mi trong flash. 5.2.8. Kim tra tp tin h thng C rt nhiu lnh kim tra tp tin h thng ca router. Trong bn c th s dng lnh show version. Lnh show version c th kim tra c tp tin hin ti trong flash v tng dung lng ca b nh flash. Ngoi ra lnh ny cn cung cp thm mt s thng tin v ln ti IOS gn nht nh: trong ln khi ng gn nht, router ti IOS no, t u; gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh hin ti l bao nhiu. Nu v tr m router ti IOS trong flash b mt hoc b li, hoc l c lnh boot system trong tp tin cu hnh khi ng.
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Bn cnh , bn c th dng lnh show flash kim tra tp tin h thng. Lnh ny kim tra c trong flash hin ang c tp tin IOS no, tng dung lng flash cn trng l bao nhiu. Chng ta thng dng lnh ny xem b nh flash c dung lng cho IOS mi hay khng. Nh cc phn trn cp, tp tin cu hnh c th c cc lnh boot system. Lnh boot system xc nh cho router v tr ti IOS khi khi ng. Chng ta c th cu hnh nhiu lnh boot system v router s thc thi theo th t cc cu lnh ny trong tp tin cu hnh. Router# show version Router#show version Cisco Interface Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-JK803S-M), Version 12.2 (17a), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1986-2006 by Cisco System, Inc Complie Thu 19-Jun-03 16:35 by pwade Image text-base: 0x8000808C, data-base: 0x815F7B34 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.2 (7r) [cmong 7r], RELEASE SOFTWARE fc1) SGCTT-HCM uptime 1 week, 1 day, 1 hour, 9 minutes System restarted by power-on System image file is flash:c2500-d-l.120-10 Cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision N) with 2048K/2048 K bytes of memory Processor board ID 23101339, with hardware revise 00000000 Bridging software X25 software, Version 3.0.0 Super LAT software (copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp) TN3270 Emulation software Basic Rae ISDN software, Version 1.1. 1 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 2 Low-speed serial (sync/async) network interface(s) 1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s) 32K bytes of non-voltatile configuration memory. 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write) Configuration register is 0x2102 Hnh 5.2.8a
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TNG KT Sau y l cc chnh cc bn cn nm c trong chng ny: Xc nh qu trnh khi ng router. Nm c cc thit b Cisco tm v ti IOS nh th no. S dng lnh boot system. Xc nh gi tr thanh ghi cu hnh. X l s c. Xc nh tp tin Cisco IOS v chc nng ca n. Nm c cc v tr m router lu cc loi tp tin khc nhau. Nm c cu trc tn ca IOS. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng TFTP. Qun l tp tin cu hnh bng ct dn. Qun l IOS bng TFTP. Qun l IOS bng Xmodem. Kim tra tp tin h thng bng cc lnh show.
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CHNG 6 NH TUYN V CC GIAO THC NH TUYN GII THIU nh tuyn n gin ch l tm ng i t mng ny n mng khc. Thng tin v nhng con ng ny c th l c cp nht t ng t cc router khc hoc l do ngi qun tr mng ch nh cho router. Chng ny s gii thiu cc khi nim v nh tuyn ng, cc loi giao thc nh tuyn ng v phn tch mi loi mt giao thc tiu biu. Ngi qun tr mng khi chn la mt giao thc nh tuyn ng cn cn nhc mt s yu t nh: ln ca h thng mng, bng thng cc ng truyn, kh nng ca router. loi router v phin bn router, cc giao thc ang chy trong h thng mng. Chng ny m t chi tit v s khc nhau gia cc giao thc nh tuyn gip cho nh qun tr mng trong vic chn la mt giao thc nh tuyn. Khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau: Gii thch c ngha ca nh tuyn tnh. Cu hnh ng c nh v ng mc nh cho router. Kim tra v x l s c lin quan n ng c nh v ng mc nh ca router. Phn bit cc loi giao thc nh tuyn. Nhn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nhn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. M t c im c bn ca cc giao thc nh tuyn thng dng. Phn bit giao thc nh tuyn ni b. Phn bit giao thc nh tuyn ngoi vi. Cu hnh RIP (Routing Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn) cho router. 6.1 Gii thiu v nh tuyn tnh 6.11 .Gii thiu v nh tuyn
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nh tuyn l qu trnh m router thc hin chuyn gi d liu ti mng ch .Tt c cc router dc theo ng i u da vo a ch IP ch ca gi d liu chuyn gi theo ng hng n ch cui cng . thc hin c iu ny ,router phi hc thng tin v ng i ti cc mng khc .Nu router chy nh tuyn ng th router t ng hc nhng thng tin ny t cc router khc .Cn nu router chy nh tuyn tnh th ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh cc thng tin n cc mng khc cho router . i vi nh tuyn tnh ,cc thng tin v ng i phi do ngi qun tr mng nhp cho router .Khi cu trc mng c bt k thay i no th chnh ngi qun tr mng phi xo hoc thm cc thng tin v ng i cho router .Nhng loi ng i nh vy gi l ng i c nh .i vi h thng mng ln th cng vic bo tr mng nh tuyn cho router nh trn tn rt nhiu thi gian .Cn i vi h thng mng nh ,t c thay i th cng vic ny mt cng hn .Chnh v nh tuyn tnh i hi ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh mi thng tin v ng i cho router nn n khng c c tnh linh hot nh nh tuyn ng .Trong nhng h thng mng ln ,nh tuyn tnh thng c s dng kt hp vi giao thc nh tuyn ng cho mt s mc ch c bit. 6.1.2. Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh. Hot ng ca nh tuyn tnh c th chia ra lm 3 bc nh sau: u tin ,ngi qun tr mng cu hnh cc ng c nh cho router Router ci t cc ng i ny vo bng nh tuyn . Gi d liu c nh tuyn theo cc ng c nh ny . Ngi qun tr mng cu hnh ng c nh cho router bng lnh iproute.C php ca lnh iproute nh hnh 6.1.2a:
Hnh 6.1.2a
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Trong 2 hnh 6.1.2.c v 6.1.2.c l 2 cu lch m ngi qun tr ca router Hoboken cu hnh ng c nh cho router n mng 172.16.1.0/24 v 172.16.5.0/24 . hnh 6.1.2.b,cu lnh ny ch cho router bit ng n mng ch i ra bng cng giao tip no .Cn hnh 6.1.2.c ,cu lnh ny ch cho router bit a ch IP ca router k tip l g n c mng ch .C 2 cu lnh u ci t ng c nh vo bng nh tuyn ca router Hoboken.im khc nhau duy nht gia 2 cu lnh ny l ch s tin cy ca 2 ng c nh tng ng trn bng nh tuyn ca router s khc nhau.
Hnh 6.1.2.b
Hnh 6.1.2.c Ch s tin cy l mt thng s o lng tin cy ca mt ng i .Ch s ny cng thp th tin cy cng cao .Do ,nu n cng mt ch th con ng no c ch s tin cy thp hn th ng c vo bng nh tuyn ca router trc .Trong v d trn,ng c nh s dng a ch IP ca trm k tip s c ch s tin cy mc nh l 1,cn ng c nh s dng cng ra th c ch s tin cy
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mc nh l 0 .Nu bn mun ch nh ch s tin cy thay v s dng gi tr mc nh th bn thm thng s ny vo sau thng s v cng ra/a ch IP trm k ca cu lnh .Gi tr ca ch s ny nm trong khong t 0 n 255. Waycross (config)# ip router 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.4.1.130 Nu router khng chuyn c gi ra cng giao tip c cu hnh th c ngha l cng giao tip ang b ng,ng i tng ng cng s khng c t vo bng nh tuyn . i khi chng ta s dng ng c nh lm ng d phng cho ng nh tuyn ng .Router s ch s dng ng c nh khi ng nh tuyn ng b t . thc hin iu ny ,bn ch cn t gi tr ch s tin cy ca ng c nh cao hn ch s tin cy ca giao thc nh tuyn ng ang s dng l c . 6.1.3. Cu hnh ng c nh Sau y l cc bc cu hnh ng c nh : 1. Xc nh tt c cc mng ch cn cu hnh ,subnet mask tng ng v gateway tng ng .Gateway c th l cng giao tip trn router hoc l a ch ca trm k tip n c mng ch . 2. Bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc ca router . 3. Nhp lnh ip route vi a ch mng ch ,subnet mask tng ng v gateway tng ng m bn xc nh bc 1.Nu cn th bn thm thng s v ch s tin cy . 4. Lp li bc 3 cho nhng mng ch khc 5. Thot khi ch cu hnh ton cc , 6. Lu tp tin cu hnh ang hot ng thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng bng lnh copy running config statup-config. Hnh 6.1.3 l v d v cu hnh ng c nh vi cu trc mng ch c 3 router kt ni n gin .Trn router Hoboken chng ta phi cu hnh ng i ti mng 172.16.1.0 v 172.16.5.0.C 2 mng ny u c subnet mask l 255.255.255.0 Khi router Hoboken nh tuyn cho cc gi n mng ch l 172.16.1.0 th n s dng cc ng i c nh m ta cu hnh cho router nh tuyn ti router Sterling ,cn gi no n mng ch l 172.16.5.0 th nh tuyn ti router Waycross.
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Hnh 6.1.3 khung pha trn ca hnh 6.1.3,c 2 cu lnh u ch ng c nh cho router thng qua cng ra trn router .Trong cu lnh ny li khng ch nh gi tr cho ch s tin cy nn trn bng nh tuyn 2 ng c nh nay c ch s tin cy mc nh l 0.ng c ch s tin cy bng 0 l tng ng vi mng kt ni trc tip vo router . khung bn di ca hnh 6.1.3, 2 cu lnh ch ng c nh cho router thng qua a ch ca router k tip .ng ti mng 172.168.1.0 c a ch ca router k tip l 172.16.2.1,ng ti mng 172.16.5.0 c a ch ca router k tip l 172.16.4.2 .Trong 2 cu ny cng khng ch nh gi tr cho ch s tin cy nn 2 ng c nh tng ng s c ch s tin cy mc nh l 1. 6.1.4 Cu hnh ng mc nh cho router chuyn gi i ng mc nh l ng m router s s dng trong trng hp router khng tm thy ng i no ph hp trong bng nh tuyn ti ch ca gi d liu
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.Chng ta thng cu hnh ng mc nh cho ng ra Internet ca router v router khng cn phi lu thng tin nh tuyn ti tng mng trn Internet .Lnh cu hnh ng mc nh thc cht cng l lnh cu hnh ng c nh ,c th l cu lnh nh sau: Ip route 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0[next hop-address/outgoing interface ] Subnet 0.0.0.0 khi c thc hin php ton AND logic vi bt k a ch IP ch no cng c kt qu l mng 0.0.0.0 .Do ,nu gi d liu c a ch ch m router khng tm c ng no ph hp th gi d liu s c nh tuyn ti mng 0.0.0.0. Sau y l cc bc cu hnh ng mc nh : Vo ch cu hnh ton cc , Nhp lnh ip route vi mng ch l 0.0.0.0 v subnet mask tng ng l 0.0.0.0. Gateway ca ng mc nh c th l cng giao tip trn router k tip .Thng thng th chng ta nn s dng a ch IP ca router k tip lm gateway . Thot khi ch cu hnh ton cc , Lu li thnh tp tin cu hnh khi ng trong NVPAM bng lnh copy running config. Tip tc xt v d trong phn 6.1.3 :router Hoboken c cu hnh nh tuyn d liu ti mng 172.16.1.0 trn router Sterling v ti mng 1720160.5.0 trn router Wacoss ch ng ti tng mng mt .Nhng cch ny th khng phi l mt gii php hay cho nhng h thng mng ln. Sterling kt ni n tt c cc mng khc thng qua mt cng Serial 0 m thi .Tng t waycrooss cng vy .Waycross ch c mt kt ni n tt c cc mng khc thng qua cng Serial 1 m thi .Do chng ta cu hnh ng mc nh cho Sterling v v Waycrooss th 2 router ny s s dng ng mc nh nh tuyn cho gi d liu n tt c cc mng no khng kt ni trc tip vo n .
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Hnh 6.1.4a
Hnh 6.1.4b 6.1.5.Kim tra cu hnh ng c nh Sau khi cu hnh ng c nh ,chng ta phi kim tra xem bng nh tuyn c ng ,c nh m chng ta cu hnh hay cha ,hot ng nh tuyn c ng hay khng .Bn dng lnh show running config kim tra ni dung tp tin
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cu hnh ang chy trn RAM xem cu lnh cu hnh ng c nh c nhp vo ng cha .Sau bn dng lnh show ip route xem c ng c nh trong bng nh tuyn hay khng . Sau y l cc bc kim tra cu hnh ng c nh : ch c quyn ,bn nhp lnh show running-config xem tp tin cu hnh ang hot ng . Kim tra xem cu lnh cu hnh ng c nh c ng khng .Nu khng ng th bn phi vo li ch cu hnh ton cc ,xo cu lnh sai i v nhp li cu lnh mi . Nhp lnh show ip roule. Kim tra xem ng c nh m bn cu hnh c trong bng nh tuyn hay khng 6.1.6. X l s c Xt v d trong phn 6.1.3:router Hoboken c cu hnh ng c nh ti mng 172.16.1.0 trn Sterling v ti mng 172.16.5.0 trn waycross .Vi cu hnh nh vy th node trong mng 172.16.1.0 Sterling khng th truyn d liu cho node trong mng 172.16.5.0 c .By gi trn router Sterling ,bn thc hin lnh ping ti mt node trong mng 172.16.5.0.Lnh ping khng thnh cng .Sau bn dng lnh traceroute n node m bn va mi ping xem lnh traceroute b rt u .Kt qu ca cu lnh traceroute cho thy router Sterling nhn c gi ICMP tr li t router Hoboken m khng nhn c t router waycross.Chng ta telnet vo router Hoboken .T router Hoboken chng ta th ping n node trong mng 172.16.5.0 .Lnh ping ny s thnh cng v Hoboken kt ni trc tip vi waycross.
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Hnh 6.1.6a
Hnh 6.1.6b
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Hnh 6.1.6c 6.2 Tng quan v nh tuyn ng 6.2.1 Gii thiu v giao thc nh tuyn ng Giao thc nh tuyn khc vi giao thc c nh tuyn c v chc nng v nhim v . Giao thc nh tuyn c s dng giao tip gia cc router vi nhau. Giao thc nh tuyn cho php router ny chia s cc thng tin nh tuyn m n bit cho cc router khc .T ,cc router c th xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn ca n. Sau y l mt s giao thc nh tuyn : Routing information Protocol(RIP) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP) Enhanced Inteior Gateway Routing Protocol(EIGRP) Open Shortest Path First(OSPF) Cn giao thc c nh tuyn th c s dng nh hng cho d liu ca ngi dng .Mt giao thc c nh tuyn s cung cp y thng tin v a ch lp mng gi d liu c th truyn i t host ny n host khc da trn cu trc a ch .
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Sau y l cc giao thc c nh tuyn: Internet Protocol (IP) Internetwork Packet Exchange(IPX) 6.2.2.Autonmous sytem(AS) (H thng t qun ) H t qun (AS) l mt tp hp cc mng hot ng di cng mt c ch qun tr v nh tuyn .T bn ngoi nhn vo ,mt AS c xem nh mt n v . T chc ng k s Internet ca M (ARIN-American Regitry of Internet Numbers)l ni qun l vic cp s cho mi AS .Ch s ny di 16 bit .Mt s giao thc nh tuyn ,v d nh giao thc IRGP ca Cisco,i hi phi c s AS xc nh khi hot ng .
Hnh 6.2.2:Mt AS l bao gm cc router hot ng di cng mt c ch qun tr
6.2.3. Muc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn v h thng t qun Mc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn l xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn .Bng nh tuyn ny mang thng tin v cc mng khc v cc cng giao tip trn router n cc mng ny .Router s dng giao thc nh tuyn qun l thng tin nhn c t cc router khc ,thng tin t cu hnh ca cc cng giao tip v thng tin cu hnh cc ng c nh .
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Giao thc nh tuyn cp nht v tt c cc ng ,chn ng tt nht t vo bng nh tuyn v xo i khi ng khng s dng c na .Cn router th s dng thng tin trng bng nh tuyn chuyn gi d liu ca cc giao thc c nh tuyn . nh tuyn ng hot ng trn c s cc thut ton nh tuyn .Khi cu trc mng c bt k thay i no nh m rng thm ,cu hnh li ,hay b trc trc th khi ta ni h thng mng c hi t .Thi gian cc router ng b vi nhau cng ngn cng tt v khi cc router cha ng b vi nhau v cc thng tin trn mng th s nh tuyn sai. Vi h thng t qun (AS) ,ton b h thng mng ton cu c chia ra thnh nhiu mng nh, d qun l hn.Mi AS c mt s AS ring ,khng trng lp vi bt k AS khc ,v mi AS c c ch qun tr ring ca mnh . 6.2.5 Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn a s cc thut ton nh tuyn c xp vo 2 loi sau : Vect khong cch Trng thi ng lin kt . nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin truyn bn sao ca bng nh tuyn t router ny sang router khc theo nh k .Vic cp nht nh k gia cc router gip trao i thng tin khi cu trc mng thay i .Thut ton nh tuyn theo vct khong cch cn c gi l thut ton Bellman-Ford. Mi router nhn c bng nh tuyn ca nhng router lng ging kt ni trc tip vi n .V d nh hnh 6.2.5a :router B nhn c thng tin t router A .Sau router B s cng thm khong cch t router B n router (v d nh tng s hop ln )vo cc thng tin nh tuyn nhn c t A.Khi router B s c bng nh tuyn mi v truyn bng nh tuyn ny cho router lng ging khc l router C.Qu trnh ny xy ra tng t cho tt c cc router lng ging khc. Chuyn bng nh tyn cho router ln ging theo nh k
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v tnh li vect khong cch
Hnh 6.2.5.a Router thu thp thng tin v khong cch n cc mng khc ,t n xy dng v bo tr mt c s d liu v thng tin nh tuyn trong mng. Tuy nhin , hot ng theo thut ton vect khong cch nh vy th router s khng bit c chnh xc cu trc ca ton b h thng mng m ch bit c cc router lng ging kt ni trc tip vi n m thi . Khi s dng nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,bc u tin l router phi xc nh cc router lng ging vi n .Cc mng kt ni trc tip vo cng giao tip ca router s c khong cch l 0.Cn ng i ti cc mng khng kt ni trc tip vo router th router s chn ng tt nht da trn thng tin m n nhn ct cc router lng ging .V d nh hnh v 6.2.5b :router A nhn c thng tin v cc mng khc t router B .Cc thng tin ny c t trong bng nh tuyn vi vect khong cch c tnh ton li cho bit t router A n mng ch th i theo hng no ,khong cch bao nhiu. Bng nh tuyn c cp nht khi cu trc mng c s thay i .Qu trnh cp nht ny cng din ra tng bc mt t router ny n router khc.Khi cp nht ,mi router gi i ton b bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging
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.Trong bng nh tuyn c thng tin v ng i ti tng mng ch :tng chi ph cho ng i ,a ch ca router k tip .
Hnh 6.2.5b
Hnh 6.2.5c
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Mt v d tng t vect khong cch m bn thng thy l bng thng tin ch ng cc giao l ng cao tc .Trn bng ny c cc k hiu cho bit hng i ti ch v khong cnh ti l bao xa. 6.2.6. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt l thut ton Dijkstras hay cn gi l thut ton SPF (Shortest Path First tm ng ngn nht).Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thc hin vic xy dng v bo tr mt c s d liu y v cu trc ca ton b h thng mng . nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s dng nhng cng c sau: Thng ip thng bo trng thi ng lin kt (LSA-Link-state Advertisement): LSA l mt gi d liu nh mang thng tin nh tuyn c truyn i gia cc router . C s d liu v cu trc mng :c xy dng t thng tin thu thp c t cc LSA . Thut ton SPF :da trn c s d liu v cu trc mng ,thut ton SPF s tnh ton tm ng ngn nht . Bng nh tuyn :cha danh sch cc ng i c chn la . Qu trnh thu thp thng tin mng thc hin nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt: Mi router bt u trao i LSA vi tt c cc router khc, trong LSA mang c s d liu da trn thng tin ca cc LSA. Mi router tin hnh xy dng li cu trc mng theo dng hnh cy vi bn than n l gc ,t router v ra tt c cc ng i ti tt c cc mng trong h thng .Sau thut ton SPF chn ng ngn nht a vo bng nh tuyn. Trn bng nh tuyn s cha thng tin v cc ng i c chn vi cng ra tng ng.Bn cnh , router vn tip tc duy tr c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng v trng thi ca cc ng lin kt. Router no pht hin cu trc mng thay i u tin s pht thng tin cp nht cho tt c cc router khc.Router pht gi LSA, trong c thng tin v router mi, cc thay i v trng thi ng lin kt. Gi LSA ny c pht i cho tt c cc router khc.
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Hnh 6.2.6a Mi router c c s d liu ring v cu trc mng v thut ton SPF thc hin tnh ton da trn c s d liu ny .
Hinh 6.2.6b
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Khi router nhn c gi LSA th n s cp nht li c s d liu ca n vi thng tin mi va nhn c. Sau SPF s tnh li chn ng li v cp nht li cho bng nh tuyn . nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c mt s nhc im sau: B s l trung tm ca router phi tnh ton nhiu i hi dung lng b nh phi ln Chim dng bng thng ng truyn Router s dng nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s phi cn nhiu b nh hn v hot ng x l nhiu hn l s dng nh tuyn theo vect khong cch .Router phi c b nh lu c s d liu v cu trc mng ,bng nh tuyn .Khi khi ng vic nh tuyn ,tt c cc router phi gi gi LSA cho tt c cc router khc,khi bng thng ng truyn s b chim dng lm cho bng thng dnh cho ng truyn d liu ca ngi dng b gim xung. Nhng sau khi cc router thu thp thng tin xy dng c s d liu v cu trc mng th bng thng ng truyn khng b chim dng na .Ch khi no cu trc mng thay i th router mi pht gi LSA cp nht v nhng gi LSA ny chim mt phn bng thng rng rt nh . 6.3 Tng qut v giao thc nh tuyn 6.3.1. Quyt nh chn ng i Router c 2 chc nng chnh l : Quyt nh chn ng i Chuyn mch Qu trnh chn ng i c thc hin lp Mng.Router da vo bng nh tuyn chn ng cho gi d liu ,sau khi quyt nh ng ra th router thc hin vic chuyn mch pht gi d liu . Chuyn mch l qu trnh m router thc hin chuyn gi t cng nhn vo ra cng pht i .im quan trng ca qu trnh ny l router phi ng gi d liu cho ph hp vi ng truyn m gi chun b i ra Trong cc hnh 6.3.1a-6.3.1e cho thy cch m router s dng a ch mng quyt nh chn ng cho gi d liu .
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Hnh 6.3.1a
Hnh 6.3.1b
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Hnh 6.3.1c
Hnh 6.3.1d
Hnh 6.3.1e 6.3.2 Cu hnh nh tuyn cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn ,bn cn cu hnh trong ch cu hnh ton cc v ci t cc c im nh tuyn .Bc u tin , ch cu hnh ton cc ,bn cn khi ng giao thc nh tuyn m bn mun ,v d nh RIP ,IRGP,EIGRP hay OSPF. Sau ,trong ch cu hnh nh tuyn ,cng vic chnh l bn khi bo a ch IP .nh tuyn ng thng s dng broadcst v multicast trao i thng tin gia cc router .Router s da vo thng s nh tuyn chn ng tt nht ti tng mng ch.
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Lnh router dng khi ng giao thc nh tuyn . Lnh network dng khai bo cc cng giao tip trn router m ta mun giao thc nh tuyn gi v nhn cc thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn . Sau y l cc v d v cu hnh nh tuyn: GAD(config)#router rip GAD(config-router)#network 172.16..0.0 a ch mng khai bo trong cu lnh network l a ch mng theo lp A,B,hoc C ch khng phi l a ch mng con (subnet)hay a ch host ring l .
6.3.3 Cc giao thc nh tuyn lp Internet ca b giao thc TCP/IP , router s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn IP thc hin vic nh tuyn .Sau y l mt s giao thc nh tuyn IP: RIP giao thc nh tuyn ni theo vect khong cch IGRP- giao thc nh tuyn ni theo vect khong cch Cisco. OSPF giao thc nh tuyn ni theo trng thi ng lin kt EIGRP- giao thc m rng ca IGRP BGP- giao thc nh tuyn ngoi theo vect khong cch RIP (Routing information Protocol)c nh ngha trong RPC 1058. Sau y l cc c im chnh ca RIP : L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch S dng s lng hop lm thng s chn ng i Nu s lng hop ti ch ln hn 15 th gi d liu s b hu b Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l 30 giy IGRP (Internet gateway routing Protocol)l giao thc c pht trin c quyn bi Cisco .Sau y l mt s c im mnh ca IGRP: L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch S dng bng thng ,ti , tr v tin cy ca ng truyn lm thng s la chn ng i Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l 90 giy
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OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)l giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt .Sau y l cc c im chinhs ca OSPF : L giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c nh ngha trong RFC 2328 , S dng thut ton SPF tnh ton chn ng i tt nht , Ch cp nht khi cu trc mng c s thay i , EIGRP L giao thc nh tuyn nng cao theo vect khong cch ,v l giao thc c quyn ca Ciso.Sau y l cc c im chnh ca EIGRP: L giao thc nh tuyn nng cao theo vect khong cch , C chia ti. C cc u im ca nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. S dng thut ton DUAL (Diffused Update Algorithm) tnh ton chn ng tt nht. Cp nht theo nh k mc nh l 90 gy hoc cp nht khi c thay i v cu trc mng. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) l giao thc nh tuyn ngoi. Sau y l cc c im chnh ca BGP. L giao thc nh tyn ngoi theo vect khong cch, c s dng nh tuyn gia cc ISP hoc gia ISP v khch hng , c s dng nh tuyn lu lng Internet gia cc h t qun (AS). 6.3.4 H t qun, IGP v EGP Giao thc nh tuyn ni c thit k s dng cho h thng mng ca mt n v t chc m thi .iu quan trng nht i vi vic xy dng mt giao thc nh tuyn ni l chn thng s no v s dng nhng thng s ra sao chn ng i trong h thng mng . Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi c thit k s dng gia 2 h thng mng c 2 c ch qun l khc nhau .Cc giao thc loi ny thng c s dng nh tuyn gia cc ISP .Giao thc nh tuyn IP ngoi thng yu cu phi c 3 thng tin trc khi hot ng , l : Danh sch cc router lng ging trao i thng tin nh tuyn , Danh sch cc mng kt ni trc tip m giao thc cn qung b thng tin nh tuyn . Ch s ca h t qun trn router .
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Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi vi cn phi phn bit cc h t qun .Cc bn nn nh rng mi h t qun c mt c ch qun tri ring bit .Gia cc h thng ny phi c mt giao thc giao tip c vi nhau . Mi mt h t qun c mt con s xc nh c cp bi t chc ng k s Internet ca M (ARIN America Registry of Internet Number) hoc c cp bi nh cung cp dch v. Con s ny l s 16 bit. Cc giao thc nh tuyn nh IGRP v EIGRP ca Cisco i hi phi khai bo s AS khi cu hnh
Hnh 6.3.4 6.3.5. Vect khong cch Thut ton vect khong cch (hay cn gi l thut ton Bellman-Ford)yu cu mi router gi mt phn hoc ton b bng nh tuyn cho cc router lng ging kt ni trc tip vi n .Da vo thng tin cung cp bi cc router lng ging ,thut ton vect khong cch s la chn ng i tt nht . S dng cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng tn t ti nguyn ca h thng nhng tc ng b gia cc router li chm v thng s c s dng chn ng i c th khng ph hp vi nhng h thng mng ln .Ch yu cc giao thc nh tyn theo vect khong cch ch xc nh ng i bng khong cch (s lng hop) v hng i (vect) n mng ch.Theo thut ton ny ,cc router s trao i bng nh tuyn vi nhau theo nh k .Do vy ,loi
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nh tuyn ny ch n gin l mi router ch trao i bng nh tuyn vi cc router lng ging ca mnh .Khi nhn c bng nh tuyn t router lng ging ,router s ly con ng no n mng ch c chi ph thp nht ri cng thm khong cch ca mnh vo thnh mt thng tin hon chnh v con ng n mng ch vi hng i ,thng s ng i t chnh n n ch ri a vo bng nh tuyn gi i cp nht tip cho cc router k cn khc .RIP v IGRP l 2 giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch . Chuyn bng nh tuyn cho router lng ging theo nh k v tnh li vect khong cch
Hnh 6.3.5a
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Hnh 6.3.5b 6.3.6. Trng thi ng lin kt Thut ton chn ng theo trng thi ng lin kt (hay cn gi l thut ton chn ng ngn nht )thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn cho tt c cc router khi bt u chy xy dng mt bn y v cu trc h thng mng .Mi router s gi gi thng tin ti tt c cc router cn li .Cc gi ny mang thng tin v cc mng kt ni vo router .Mi router thu thp cc thng tin ny t tt c cc router khc xy dng mt bn cu trc y ca h thng mng .T router t tnh ton v chn ng i tt nht n mng ch a ln bng nh tuyn .Sau khi ton b cc router c hi t th giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt ch s dng gi thng tin nh cp nht ,v s thay i cu trc mng ch khng gi i ton b bng nh tuyn .Cc gi thng tin cp nht ny c truyn i cho tt c router khi c s thay i xy ra ,do tc hi t nhanh. Do tc hi t nhanh hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,nn giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt t b lp vng hn .Mc d cc giao thc loi ny t b li v nh tuyn hn nhng li tiu tn nhiu ti nguyn h thong hn .Do chng mc tin hn nhng b li chng co kh nng m rng hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch .
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Khi trng thi ca mt ng lin kt no thay i th gi qung b trng thi ng lin kt LSA c truyn i trn khp h thng mng .Tt c cc router u nhn c gi thng tin ny v da vo iu chnh li vic nh tuyn ca mnh .Phng php cp nht nh vy tin cy hn ,d kim tra hn v tn t bng thng ng truyn hn so vi kiu cp nht ca vect khong cch .OSPF v IS IS l 2 giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.
Hnh 6.3.6a
Hnh 6.3.6b
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Tng kt Sau y l cc im quan trng m cc bn cn nm c trong chng ny: Router s khng chuyn gi tin nu khng tm c ng ti ch ng c nh l do ngi qun tr mng cu hnh cho router ng mc nh l mt loi c bit ca ng c nh .ng mc nh l con ng cui cng cho router s dng khi khng tm c ng no ti ch Ta c th s dng cc lnh sau kim tra cu hnh ca ng c nh v ng mc nh :show ip router ,ping ,traceroute. Kim tra v x l s c lin quan n ng c nh v ng mc nh . Cc giao thc nh tuyn H t qun Mc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn v h t qun Cc loi giao thc nh tuyn c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt Quyt nh chn ng i Cu hnh nh tuyn Cc giao thc nh tuyn: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP H t qun, IGP v EGP nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt
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CHNG 7 GIAO THC NH TUYN THEO VECT KHONG CCH GII THIU
Giao thc nh tuyn ng gip cho cuc sng ca ngi qun tr mng tr nn n gin hn nhiu. Nh c nh tuyn ng m ngi qun tr mng khng cn tn thi gian cu hnh ng c nh v chnh sa li chng khi c s c. Vi nh tuyn ng, router c th t ng cp nht v thay i vic nh tuyn theo s thay i ca h thng mng. Tuy nhin nh tuyn ng cng c nhng vn ca n .Trong chng ny s cp n cc vn ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v cc phng php m nhng nh thit k s dng gii quyt nhng vn ny. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch c s dng rng ri trn th gii .Mc d RIP khng c nhng kh nng v c im nh nhng giao thc nh tuyn khc nhng RIP da trn nhng chun m v s dng n gin nn vn c cc nh qun tr mng a dng .Do RIP l mt giao thc tt ngi hc v mng bc u lm quen .Trong chng ny s gii thiu cu hnh RIP v x l s c i vi RIP . Ging nh RIP, IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)cng l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nhng khc vi RIP, IGRP l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco ch khng phi l mt giao thc da trn cc chun m. IGRP phc tp hn so vi RIP, s dng nhiu thng s chn ng i tt nht n ch nhng IGRP vn l mt giao thc s dng n gin .Trong chng ny cng s gii thiu cu hnh IGRP v x l s c i vi IGRP. Sau khi hon tt chng trnh ,cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau : M t c tai sao nh tuyn lp vng li xy ra i vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch . M t c cc phng php c s dng m bo cho cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nh tuyn ng. Cu hnh RIP S dng lnh ip classless
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X l s c ca RIP Cu hnh RIP chia ti Cu hnh ng c nh cho RIP Kim tra cu hnh RIP Cu hnh IGRP Kim tra hot ng ca IGRP X l s c IGRP 7.1. nh tuyn theo vect khong cch 7.1.1. Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn Bng nh tuyn c cp nht theo chu k hoc khi cu trc mng c s thay i .im quan trng i vi mt giao thc nh tuyn l lm sao cp nht bng nh tuyn mt cch hiu qu .Khi cu trc mng thay i ,thng tin cp nht phi c x l trong ton b h thng .i vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch th mi router gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi n.Bng nh tuyn bao gm cc thng tin v ng i ti mng ch nh:tng chi ph (v d nh khong cch chng hn )tnh t bn thn router n mng ch ,a ch ca trm k tip trn ng i.
Hnh 7.1.1 7.1.1. Li nh tuyn lp
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Hnh 7.1.2 nh tuyn lp c th xy ra khi bng nh tuyn trn cc router cha c cp nht hi t do qu trnh hi t chm. 1. Trc khi mng 1 b li ,tt c cc router trong h thng mng u c thng tin ng v cu trc mng v bng nh tuyn l chnh xc .Khi chng ta ni cc router hi t .Gi s rng :router C chn ng n Mng 1 bng con ng qua router Bv khong cch ca con ng ny t router C n Mng 1 v 3 (hops)(Ngha l nu i t router C n Mng 1 theo con ng ny th cn cch 3 router na). 2. Ngay khi mng 1 b li, router E lin gi thng tin cp nht cho router A. Router A lp tc ngng vic nh tuyn v Mng 1. Nhng router B, C v D vn tip tc vic ny v chng vn cha hay bit v vic Mng 1 b li. Sau router A cp nht thng tin v Mng 1 cho router B v D. Router B,D lp tc ngng nh tuyn cc gi d liu v Mng 1 nn n vn nh tuyn cc gi d liu n Mng 1 qua router B. 3. n thi im cp nht nh k ca router C, trong thng tin cp nht ca router C gi cho router D vn c thng tin v ng n Mng 1 qua router B. Lc ny router D thy rng thng tin ny tt hn thng tin bo Mng 1 b li m n va nhn c t router A lc ny. Do router D cp nht li thng tin ny vo bng nh tuyn m khng bit rng nh vy l sai .Lc ny, trn bng nh tuyn, router D c ng ti Mng 1 l i qua router C. Sau router D ly bng nh tuyn va mi cp nht xong gi cho router A. Tng t, router A cng cp nht li ng n Mng 1 lc ny l qua
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router D ri gi cho router Bv E. Qu trnh tng t tip tc xy ra router B,E. Khi , bt k gi d liu no gi ti Mng 1 u b gi lp vng t router C ti router B ti router A ti router D ri ti router C. 7.1.3. nh ngha gi tr ti a Vic cp nht sai v Mng 1 nh trn s b lp vng nh vy hoi cho n khi no c mt tin trnh khc ct t c qu trnh ny. Tnh trng nh vy gi l m v hn, gi d liu s b lp vng trn mng trong khi thc t l Mng 1 b ngt.
Vi vect khong cch s dng thng s l s lng hop th mi khi router chuyn thng tin cp nht cho router khc ,ch s hop s tng ln 1.Nu khng c bin php khc phc tnh trng m v hn ,th c nh vy ch s hop s tng ln n v hn.
Bn thn thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cch c th t sa li c nhng qu trnh lp vng ny c th ko di n khi no m n v hn. Do trnh tnh trng li ny ko di, giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nh ngha gi tr ti a.
Bng cch ny ,giao thc nh tuyn cho php vng lp ko di n khi thng s nh tuyn vt qua gi tr ti a. V d nh hnh v di, khi thng s nh tuyn l 16 hop ln hn gi tr ti a l 15 th thng tin cp nht s b router hu b. Trong bt k trng hp no, khi gi tr ca thng s nh tuyn vt qua gi tr ti a th xem nh mng l khng n c.
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Hnh 7.1.3 7.1.4. Trnh nh tuyn lp vng bng split horizone Mt nguyn nhn khc gy ra lp vng l router gi li nhng thng tin nh tuyn m n va nhn c cho chnh router gi nhng thng tin . Phn sau y s phn tch cho cc bn thy s c xy ra nh th no: 1. Router A gi mt thng tin cp nht cho router B v D thng bo l Mng 1 b ngt. Tuy nhin router C vn gi cp nht cho router B l router C c ng n Mng 1 thng tin qua router D, khong cch ca ng ny l 4. 2. Khi router B tng lm l router C vn c ng n Mng 1 mc d con ng ny c thng s nh tuyn khng tt bng con ng c ca router B lc truc. Sau router B cng cp nht cho router A v ng mi n Mng 1 m router B va mi nhn c. 3. Khi router A s cp nht li l n c th gi d liu n Mng 1 thng qua router B. Router B th nh tuyn n Mng 1 thng qua router C. Router C li nh tuyn n Mng 1 thng qua router D. Kt qu l bt k gi d liu no n Mng 1 s ri vo vng lp ny. 4. C ch split-horizon s trch c tnh hung ny bng cch: Nu router B hoc D nhn c thng tin cp nht v Mng 1 t router A th chng s khng gi li thng tin cp nht v Mng 1 cho router A na. Nh , splithorizon lm gim c vic cp nht thng tin sai v gim bt vic x l thng tin cp nht.
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Hnh 7.1.4 7.1.5. Route poisoning Route poisoning c s dng trnh xy ra cc vng lp ln v gip cho router thng bo thng l mng khng truy cp c na bng cch t gi tr cho thng s nh tuyn (s lng hop chng hn )ln hn gi tr ti a. V d nh hnh 7.1.5 : khi Mng 5 b ngt th trn bng nh tuyn ca router E gi tr hop cho ng n Mng 5 l 16,gi tr ny c ngha l Mng 5 khng truy cp c na .Sau router E cp nht cho router C bng nh tuyn ny ,trong ng n Mng 5 c thng s hop l 16 c gi l route poisoning .Sau khi router C nhn c cp nht v route poisoning t router E ,router C s gi ngc tr li thng tin ny cho router E .Lc ny ta gi thng tin cp nht v Mng 5 t router C gi ngc li cho router E l route poison reverse.Router C lm nh vy m bo l n gi thng tin route poisoning ra tt c cc ng m n c . Khi route poisoning c s dng kt hp vi cp nht tc thi s gip rt ngn thi gian hi t gia cc router v khi router khng cn phi ch ht 30 giy ca chu k cp nht mi v route poisoning. Tm li ,route poisoning c ngha l khi c mt con ng no b ngt th router s thng bo v con ng vi thng s nh tuyn ln hn gi tr ti a
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.C ch route poisoning khng h gy mu thun vi c ch split horizon .Split horizon c ngha l khi router gi thng tin cp nht ra mt ng lin kt th router khng c gi li nhng thng tin no m n va nhn vo t ng lin kt .By gi ,router vn gi li nhng thng tin nhng vi thng s nh tuyn ln hn gi tr ti a th kt qu vn nh vy .C ch ny gi l split horizon kt hp vi poison reverse. Khi mng 5 b ngt ,Router E s dng route poisoning bng cch t gi tr 16 trn bng nh tuyn cho bit mng ny khng n c na .
Hnh 7.1.5 7.1.6 Trch nh tuyn lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi Hot ng cp nht bng nh tuyn gia cc router lng ging c thc hin theo chu k .V d :c sau 30 giy RIP thc hin cp nht mt ln .Ngoi ra cn c c ch cp nht tc thi thng bo v mt thay i no trong bng nh tuyn .Khi router pht hin ra c mt thay i no trong cu trc th n lp tc gi thng ip cp nht cho cc router lng ring thng bo v s thay i . Nht l khi c mt ng no b li khng truy cp c na th router phi cp nht tc thi thay v i n ht chu k. C ch cp nht tc thi kt hp vi route poisoning s m bo cho tt c cc router nhn c thng tin khi c mt ng no b ngt trc khi thi gian holddown kt thc. C ch cp nht tc thi cho ton b mng khi c s thay i trong cu trc mng gip cho cc router c cp nht kp thi v khi ng thi gian holddown nhanh hn.
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V d nh hnh 7.1.6: router C cp nht tc thi ngay khi mng 10.4.0.0 khng truy cp c na. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, router B cng pht thng bo v mng 10.4.0.0 ra cng S0/1. n lt router A cng s pht thng bo ra cng Fa0/0. NetWordk 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Vi cp nht tc thi, router s gi thng ip ngay thng bo s thay i trong bng nh tuyn ca mnh
Hnh 7.1.6 7.1.7. Trnh lp vng vi thi gian holddown Tnh trng lp vng n v hn nh cp phn 7.1.2 c th trnh c bng cch s dng thi gian holddown nh sau: Khi router nhn c t router lng ging mt thng tin cho bit l mt mng X no by gi khng truy cp c na th router s nh du vo con ng ti mng X l khng truy cp c na v khi ng thi gian holddown. Trong khong thi gian holddown ny, nu router nhn c thng tin cp nht t chnh router lng ring lc ny thng bo l mng X truy cp li c th router mi cp nht thng tin v kt thc thi gian holddown. Trong sut thi gian holddown nt router nhn c thng tin cp nht t mt router lng ring khc (khng phi l router lng ging pht thng tin cp nht v mng X lc ny) nhng thng tin ny cho bit c ng n mng X vi thng
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s nh tuyn tt hn con ng m router trc th n s b qua, khng cp nht thng tin ny. C ch na gip cho router trnh c vic cp nht nhm nhng thng tin c do cc router lng ging cha hay bit g v vic mng X khng truy cp c na. Khng thi gian holddown bo m cho tt c cc router trong h thng mng c cp nht xong v thng tin mi. Sau khi thi gian holddown ht thi hn, tt c cc router trong h thng u c cp nht l mng X khng truy cp c na, khi cc router u c th nhn bit chnh xc v cu trc mng. Do , sau khi thi gian holddown kt thc th cc router li cp nht thng tin nh bnh thng.
Hnh 7.1.7
7.2.RIP 7.2.1. Tin trnh ca RIP IP RIP c m t chi tit trong 2 vn bn. Vn bn u tin l RFC1058 v vn bn th 2 l Tiu chun Internet(STD)56. RIP c pht trin trong nhiu nm bt u t phin bn 1 (RIPv1) RIP ch l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch cho n phin bn 2(RIPv2)
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RIP tr thnh giao thc nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch. RIPv2 c nhng u im hn nh sau: Cung cp thm nhiu thng tin nh tuyn hn. C c ch xc minh gia cc router khi cp nht bo mt cho bng nh tuyn. C h tr VLSM(variable Length Subnet Masking-Subnet mask c chiu di khc nhau). RIP trnh nh tuyn lp vng m n v hn bng cch gii hn s lng hop ti a cho php t my gi n my nhn, s lng hop ti a cho mi con ng l 15. i vi cc con ng m router nhn c t thng tin cp nht ca router lng ging, router s tng ch s hop ln 1 v router xem bn thn n cng l 1 hop trn ng i. Nu sau khi tng ch s hop ln 1 m ch s ny ln hn 15 th router s xem nh mng ch khng tng ng vi con ng ny khng n c. Ngoi ra, RIP cng c nhng c tnh tng t nh cc giao thc nh tuyn khc. V d nh : RIP cng c horizon v thi gian holddown trnh cp nht thng tin nh tuyn khng chnh xc. Cc c im chnh ca RIP L giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Thng s nh tuyn l s lng hop. Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s lng hop ln hn 15 th gi d liu s b hu b. Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy. 7.2.2. Cu hnh RIP Lnh router rip dng khi ng RIP. Lnh network dng khai bo nhng cng giao tip no ca router c php chy RIP trn . T RIP s bt u gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng tng ng RIP cp nht thng tin nh tuyn theo chu k. Khi router nhn c thng tin cp nht c s thay i no th n s cp nht thng tin mi vo bng nh tuyn. i vi nhng con ng ti mng ch m router hc c t router lng ging th n s tng ch s hop ln 1 a chi ngun ca thng tin cp nht ny s l a ch trm k tip RIP
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ch chon mt con ng tt nht n mng ch, tuy nhin n cng c th s dng nhiu con ng c ch s bng nhau n cng 1 ch. Chng ta c th cu hnh cho RIP thc hin cp nht tc thi khi cu trc mng thay i bng lnh ip rip triggered. Lnh ny ch p dng cho cng serial ca router. Khi cu trc mng thay i, router no nhn bit c s thay i u tin s cp nht vo bng nh tuyn ca n trc, sau n lp tc gi thng tin cp nht cho cc router khc thng bo v s thay i . Hot ng ny l cp nht tc thi va n xy ra hon ton c lp vi cp nht inh k. hnh 7.2.2 l mt v d v cu hnh ca RIP
Hnh 7.2.2 BHM(config)#router rip- chn RIP lm giao thc nh tuyn cho router. BHM(config- router)#network10.0.0.0- khai bo mng kt ni trc tuyn vo router. BHM (config- router) #network 192.168.13.0-khai bo mng kt ni trc tuyn vo router. Cc cng trn router kt ni vo mng 10.0.0.0 v 192.168.13.0 s thc hin gi v nhn thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn. Sau khi khi ng RIP trn cc mng ri chng ta c th thc hin thm mt s cu hnh khc. Nhng cu hnh ny khng bt buc phi lm, chng ta ch cu hnh thm nu thy cn thit:
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iu chnh cc thng s nh tuyn. iu chnh cc thng s v thi gian hot ng ca RIP. Khai bo phin bn ca RIP m ta ang s dng(RIPv1 hay RIPv2). Cu hnh cho RIP ch gi thng tin nh tuyn rt gn cho mt cng no . Kim tra thng tin nh tuyn IP rut gn. Cu hnh cho IGRP v RIP chy ng thi . Khng cho php RIP nhn thng tin cp nht t mt a ch IP no . M hoc tt ch split horizon. Kt ni RIP vo mng WAN. Tm li, cu hnh RIP, chng ta c th bt u t ch cu hnh ton cc nh sau: Router(config)# router rip khi ng giao thc nh tuyn RIP. Router(config- router)#network network- number- khai bo cc mng m RIP c php chy trn . 7.2.3. S dng lnh ip classless. Khi router nhn c gi d liu c a ch ch l mt subnet khng c trn bng nh tuyn ca router. Trn bng nh tuyn ca router khng c chnh xc subnet vi subnet ch ca gi d liu. V d: mt t chc s dng a ch mng 10.10.0.0/16, khi subnet 10.10.10.0/24 c supernet l 10.10.0.0/16. Trong trng hp nh vy, ta dung lnh ip classless router khng hy b d liu m s chuyn gi ra ng n a ch supernet, nu c. i vi phn mn Cisco IOS phin bn 11.3 tr v sau, mc nh l lnh ip classlet c chy trong cu hnh ca router. Nu bn tt lnh ny i th dng lnh NO ca cu lnh ny. Tuy nhin, nu khng c chc nng ny th tt c cc gi c a ch ch l mt subnet c cng supernet vi cc i ch mng khc ca router nhng li khng c trong bng nh tuyn. y chnh l c im quan trng ca giao thc nh tuyn theo lp. Nu mt a ch mng ln c chia thnh cc subnet con ch khng c ton b cc subnet. Khi gi d liu no c a ch ch l mt subnet nm trong a ch mng ln nhng li khng c trn bng nh tuyn ca router th router s hy b.
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Hnh 72.2.3a.khi khng c lnh ip classless. C ch ny b nhm ln nht khi router c cu hnh ng mc nh. T mt a ch mng ln chia thnh nhiu subnet con. Kt ni trc tip vo router ch c mt s subnet. Khi router xy dng bng nh tuyn, trn bng nh tuyn ng nhin c cc subnet ca mng kt ni trc tip vo router. Cn nhng subnet no khng c th router coi nh subnet khng tn ti. Do , khi router nhn c gi d liu c a ch ch l mt subnet khng c trn bng nh tuyn nhng li c cng supernet vi cc mng kt ni trc tip vo router th router xem nh mng ch khng tn ti v hy b gi d liu cho d trn bng nh tuyn ca router c cu hnh ng mc inh. Lnh ip classless s gii qut vn ny bng cch cho php router khng cn quan tm n lp ca a ch ch na. khi router khng tm thy c c th mng ch trn bng nh tuyn th n s s dng ng mc nh chuyn gi i.
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Hnh 7.2.3b: Khi c lnh ip classless. 7.2.4. nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP. Router nh tuyn theo RIP phi da vo cc router lng ging hc thng tin n cc mng m khng kt ni trc tip vo router. RIP s dng thut ton inh tuyn theo vect khong cch c nhc im chnh tc hi t chm. Trng thi hi t l khi tt c cc router trong h thng mng u c thng tin inh tuyn v h thng mng ging nhau v chnh xc. Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng gp vn v nh tuyn lp vng v m n v hn. y l hu qu khi cc router cha c hi t nn truyn cho nhu nhng thng tin c cha c cp nht ng. gii nhng vn ny RIP s dng nhng k tht sau nh ngha gi tr ti a Split horizon. Poison reverse. Thi gian holddown. Cp nht tc thi. C mt s k thut i hi bn phi cu hnh cn mt s khc th khng cn cu hnh g c hoc ch cn cu hnh mt cht thi.
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RIP gii hn s hop ti a l 15. Bt k mng ch no c s hop ln hn 15 th xem nh mng khng m c. iu ny lm cho RIP b hn ch khng s dng c cho nhng h thng mng ln nhng n gip cho RIP trnh c li m n v hn. Lut split horizon la: khi gi thng tin cp nht ra mt hng no th khng gi li nhng thng tin m router nhn c t hng . Trong mt s cu hnh mng th bn cn phi tt c ch split horizon: GAD (config-if)#no ip splithorizon Thi gian holddown l mt thng s m bn c th thay i nu cn. Khong thi gian holddown gip cho router trnh b lp vng m n v hn nhng ng thi n cng lm tng thi gian hi t gia cc router. Trong khong thi gian ny, router khng cp nht nhng ng no c thng s nh tuyn khng tt bng con ng m router c trc , nh vy th c khi c ng khc thay th cho ng c tht nhng router cng khng cp nht. Thi gian holddown mc nh ca RIP l 180 giy. Bn c th iu chnh thi gian holddown ngn li t tng tc hi t nhng bn nn cn nhc k. Thi gian holddown l tng l phi di hn khong thi gian di nht c th cho ton b h thng mng c cp nht song. V d nh hnh di, chng ta c 4 router. Nu mi router c thi gian cp nht l 30 giy th thi gian ti a cho c 4 router cp nht xong l 120 giy nh vy thi gian holddown phi di hn 120 giy. t thay i thi gian holddown bn dng lnh sau Router(config- router)#timers basic update invalid holddown flush[sleeptime]
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Hnh 7.2.4 Mt l do khc lm nh hng n tc hi t l chu k cp nht. chu k cp nht mc nh ca RIP l 30 giy . Bn c th iu chnh cho chu k cp nht di hn tip kim bng thng ng truyn hoc rt ngn chu k cp nht li tng tc hi t. thay i chu k cp nht, bn dng lnh sau GAD(config- router)#update-timer seconds. Cn mt vn na m ta thng gp i vi giao thc nh tuyn l ta khng mun cho cc giao thc ny gi cc thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng no . Sau khi bn nhp lnh network khai bo a ch mng l lp tc RIP bt u gi cc thng tin nh tuyn ra tt c cc cng c a ch mng nm trong mng m bn va khai bo. Nh qun tr mng c th khng cho php gi thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng no bng lnh passive interface. GAD(config- router)#passive- interface Fa0/0. RIP l giao thc broadcast. Do , khi mun chy RIP trong mng non-broadcast nh Frame Relay th ta cn phi khai bo cc router RIP lng ging bng lnh sau: GAD(config- router) # neighbor ip address
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Phn mn Cisco IOS mc nhin nhn gi thng tin ca c RIP phin bn 1 v 2 nhng ch gi i gi thng tin bng RIP phin bn 1. Nh qun tr mng c th cu hnh cho router ch gi v nhn gi phin bn 1 hoc l ch gi gi phin bn 2bng cc lnh sau: GAD(config- router) # version {1/2} GAD(config- if) # ip rip send version 1 GAD(config- if) # ip rip send version 2 GAD(config- if) # ip rip send version 1 2 GAD(config- if) # ip rip receive version 1 GAD(config- if) # ip rip receive version 2 GAD(config- if) # ip rip receive version 1 2 7.2.5.kim tra cu hnh RIP C nhiu lnh c th s dng kim tra cu hnh RIP c ng hay khng. Trong hai lnh thng c s dng nhiu nht l Show ip route v show ip protocols. Lnh show ip protocols s hin th cc giao thc nh tuyn IP ang c chy trn router. Kt qu hin th ca lnh ny c th gip bn kim tra c phn ln cu hnh ca RIP nhng cha phi l y , ton b. sau y l mt s im bn cn ch kim tra: C ng l giao thc nh tuyn RIP c cu hnh hay khng. RIP c cu hnh gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng vo, c chnh xc hay khng. Cc a ch mng c khai bo trn router chy RIP c ng hay khng.
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Hnh 7.2.5a. Lnh show ip router c s dng kim tra xem nhng ng i m router hc c t cc router RIP lng ging c c ci t vo bng nh tuyn khng trn. Trn kt qu hin th bng nh tuyn, bn kim tra cc ng c nh du bng ch R u dng l nhng ng m router hc c t cc router RIP lng ging. Bn cng nn nh rng cc router lun c mt khong thi gian hi t vi nhau, do cc thng tin mi c th cha c hin th ngay trn bng nh tuyn c. Ngoi ra cn c mt s lnh khc m bn c th s dng kim tra cu hnh RIP : Show interface interface. Show ip interface interface. Show running config
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Hnh 7.2.5b. 7.2.6. X l s c v hot ng cp nht ca RIP Hu ht cc li cu hnh RIP u do khai bo cu lnh network sai, subnet khng lin tc hoc l do split horizon. Lnh c tc dng nht trong vic tm li ca RIP trong hat ng cp nht l lnh debug ip rip Lnh debug ip rip s hin th tt c cc thng tin nh tuyn m RIP gi v nhn. V d trong hnh 7.2.6a cho thy kt qu hin th ca lnh debug ip rip. Sau khi nhn c thng tin cp nht , router s x l thng tin ri sau gi thng tin mi va cp nht ra cc cng. Trong hnh 7.2.6a cho thy router chy RIP phin bn 1 v RTP gi cp nht theo kiu broadcast(a ch broadcast 255.255.255.255). S trong ngoc n l a ch ngun ca gi thng tin cp nhth RIP.
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Hnh 7.2.6a C rt nhiu im quan trng m bn cn ch trong kt qu hin th ca lnh debug ip rip. Mt s vn phi v d nh subnet khng lin tc hay trng subnet, c th pht hin c nh lnh ny. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy bn s thy l cng mt mng ch nhng router gi thng tin i th mng ch li c thng s inh tuyn thp hn so vi khi router nhn vo trc .
Hnh 7.2.6b. Subnet khng lin tc
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Hnh 7.2.6c: Trng Subnet Ngoi ra cn mt s lnh c th s dng x l s c ca RIP: Show ip database. Show ip protocols( summary). Show ip route. Debug ip rip{ events}. Show ip interface brief. 7.2.7. Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip Router c th thc hin chn lc thng tin nh tuyn khi cp nht hoc khi gi thng tin cp nht. i vi router s dng giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch, c ch ny c tc dng v router nh tuyn da trn cc thng tin nh tuyn nhn c t cc router lng ging. Tuy nhin, i vi cc router s dng giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt th c ch trn khng hiu qu v cc giao thc nh tuyn ny quyt nh chn ng i da trn c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt ch khng da vo thng tin nh tuyn nhn c. Chnh v vy m cch thc hin ngn khng cho router gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip c cp di y ch s dng cho cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nh RIP, IGRP thi. Bn c th s dng lnh passive interface ngn khng cho router gi thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng no . Lm nh vy th bn s ngn c h thng mng khc hc c cc thng tin nh tuyn trong h thng ca mnh.
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i vi RIP v IGRP, lnh passive interface s lm cho router ngng vic gi thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn cho mt router lng ging no , nhng router vn tip tc lng nghe v nhn thng tin cp nht t router lng ging .
Hnh 7.2.7 7.2.8. Chia ti vi RIP Router c th chia ti ra nhiu ng khi c nhiu ng tt n cng mt ch. Bn c th cu hnh bng tay cho router chia ta ra cc ng hoc l cc giao thc nh tuyn ng c th t tnh ton chia ti. RIP c kh nng chia ti ra ti a l su ng c chi ph bng nhau, cn mc nh th RIP ch chia ra lm 4 ng. RIP thc hin chia ti bng cch s dng ln lt v lun phin tng ng. Trong hnh7.2.8a l v d cho ta thy RIP chia ti ra 4 ng c chi ph bng nhau. u tin router bt u vi ng s 1 ri sau ln lt cc ng 2-3-4 ri1-23-4-1 v c tip tc lun phin nh vy. v thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng hop ln cc ng ny c xem l nh nhau, RIP khng cn quan tm n tc ca mi ng. Do ng 56kbps cng ging nh ng 155Mbps.
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Hnh 7.2.8a Trong hnh 7.2.8b l v d v kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route. Trong , bn thy c hai phn, mi phn m t v mt ng. Trong phn m t v ng th hai c du(*) u dng. Du (*) ny cho bit con ng ny l con ng k tip s c s dng.
Hnh 7.2.8b 7.2.9. Chia ti cho nhiu ng

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Router c kh nng chia ti ra nhiu ng chuyn cc gi d liu n cng mc ch. Chng ta c th cu hnh bng tay cho router thc hin chia ti hoc l cc giao thc nh tuyn ng nh RIP ,IGRP,EIGRP v OSPF s t ng tnh ton. Khi router nhn c thng tin cp nht v nhiu ng khc nhau n cng mt ch th router s chn ng no c ch s tin cy(Admintrative distance) nh nht t vo bng nh tuyn. Trong trng hp cc ng ny c cng ch s tin cy th router s chon ng no c chi ph thp nht hoc l ng no c thng s nh tuyn nh nht. Mi giao thc nh tuyn s c cch tnh chi ph khc nhau v bn cn phi cu hnh cc chi ph ny router thc hin chia ti. Khi router c nhiu ng c cng ch s tin cy v cng chi ph n cng mt ch th router s thc hin vic chia ti. Thng thng th router c kh nng chia ti n 6 ng c cng chi ph( gii hn ti a s ng chia ti l ph thuc vo bng nh tuyn ca Cisco IOS), tuy nhin mt s giao thc nh tuyn ni (IGP) c th c gii hn ring. V d nh EIGRP ch cho php ti a l 4 ng. Mc nh th hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn IP u chia ti ra 4 ng. ng c nh th chia ti ra 6 ng. Ch ring BGP l ngoi l, mc nh ca BGP l ch cho php nh tuyn 1 ng n 1 ch.
Hnh 7.2.9a
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S ng ti a m router c th chia ti l t 1 n 6 ng. thay i s ng ti a cho php bn s dng lnh sau: Router(config- router) #maximum-paths[number]. IGRP c th chia ti ln ti a l 6 ng. RIP da vo s lng hop chn ng chia ti, trong khi IGRP th da vo bng thng chn ng chia ti. V d nh hnh 7.2.9a, c ba ng n mng X : T E qua B qua A, thng s nh tuyn l 30. T E qua C qua A , thng s nh tuyn l 20. T E qua D qua A, thng s nh tuyn l 45. Router E s chn ng th 2 v ng E C-A c thng s nh tuyn 20 l nh nht. Khi nh tuyn IP, Cisco IOS c hai c ch chia ti l: chia ti theo gi d liu v chia ti theo a ch ch. Nu router chuyn mch theo tin trnh th router s chia gi d liu ra cc ng. cch ny gi l chia ti theo gi d liu. Cn nu router chuyn mch nhanh th router s chuyn tt c gi d liu n cng mc ch ra mt ng. Cc gi d liu n host khc nhng trong cng mt mng ich th s ti ra ng k tip. Cch ny gi l chia ti theo a ch ch.
Hnh 7.2.9b ng c nh l ng do ngi qun tr cu hnh cho router chuyn gi ti mng ch theo ng m mnh mun. Mt khc, lnh cu hnh ng c nh cng c s dng khai bo cho ng mc nh. Trong trng hp router
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khng tm thy ng no trn bng nh tuyn chuyn gi n mng ch th router s s dng ng mc nh. Router chy RIP c th nhn c thng tin v ng mc nh t nhng thng tin cp nht ca cc router RIP lng ging khc. Hoc l bn thn router c cu hnh ng mc nh s cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ny cho cc router khc. Bn c th xa ng c nh bng lnh no ip route. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh ng c nh bn cnh nh tuyn ng. Mi mt giao thc nh tuyn ng c 1 ch s tin cy(AD).Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh mt ng c nh ti cng mng ch vi ng nh tuyn ng nhng vi ch s AD ln hn ch s AD ca giao thc nh tuyn ng tng ng. Khi ng nh tuyn ng c ch sAD nh hn ln lun lun c router chn la trc. Khi ng nh tuyn ng b s c khng s dng c na th router s s dng ti ng nh tuyn c nh chuyn gi n mng ch. Nu bn cu hnh ng c nh ch ra mt cng m RIP cng chy trn cng th RIP s gi thng tin cp nht v ng c nh ny cho ton b h thng mng. V khi , ng c nh c xem nh l kt ni trc tip vo router ln n khng cn bn cht l mt ng c nh na. Nu bn cu hnh ng c nh ch ra mt cng m RIP khng chy trn cng th RIP s khng gi thng tin cp nht v ng c nh , tr khi bn phi cu hnh thm lnh redistribute static cho RIP. Khi mt cng giao tip b ngt th tt c cc ng c nh ch ra cng u b xa bi bng nh tuyn. Tng t nh vy khi router khng cn xc nh c trm k tip trn ng c nh cho gi d liu ti mng ch th ng c nh cng s b xa khi bng nh tuyn. Trong hnh 7.2.10a v 7.2.10b chng ta thy khi ng nh tuyn ng ca RIP b s c th ng c nh m ta cu hnh cho router GAD c s dng thay th. ng c nh nh vy c gi l ng c nh d phng. Nh trong v d ny chng ta thy l ng c nh c cu hnh vi ch s AD l 130 ln hn ch s AD ca RIP (120). Bn cch , bn nn nh l trn router BHM cng cn cu hnh ng mc nh tng ng.
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Hnh 7.2.10a
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Hnh 7.2.10b 7.3.IGRP 7.3.1. c im ca IGRP IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn ni v nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch chn la ng i bng cch so sch vect khong cch. Router chy giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin bng inh tuyn theo nh k cho cc router lng ging. Da vo thng tin cp nht, router thc hin 2 nhim v sau : Xc nh mng ch mi. Cp nht s c v ng i trn mng
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IGRP l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch do Cisco pht trin nn. IGRP thc hin cp nht theo chu k 90 giy / ln v ch gi thng tin cp nht trong phm vi mt h t qun. Sau y l cc c im chnh ca IGRP: Kh nng thch ng vi cc cu trc mng phc tp v khng xc nh. Kh nng linh hot vi cc c tnh bng thng v tr khc nhau. Kh nng m rng cho h thng mng ln. Mc nh th IGRP s dng bng thng v tr lm thng s nh tuyn. Ngoi ra IGRP cn c th cu hnh s dng nhiu thng s khc nh tuyn. Sau y l cc thng s m IGRP c th s dng nh tuyn: Bng thng. tr. ti. tin cy 7.3.2 Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP Bn dng lnh show ip protocols xem cc thng s, cc thng tin v mng v cc chnh sch chn lc ca cc giao thc nh tuyn ang hot ng trn router. Trong bn s thy c cch tnh ton thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP nh trong hnh 7.3.2. Mi mt thng s c h s t K1 K5. K1 l h s ca bng thng, K3 l h s ca tr. Mc nh th K1 v K3 c gi tr l 1, cn K2 , K4 v K5 c gi tr l 0. Vic tnh ton thng s nh tuyn t nhiu thng s ca ng i nh vy s cho kt qu chnh xc hn so vi RIP ch da vo mt thng s l s lng hop. Nguyn tc th ng no c thng s nh tuyn nh nht l ng tt nht.: Sau y l cc thng s ca ng i m IGRP s dng tnh ton thng s nh tuyn : Bng thng :Gi tr bng thng thp nht ca ng truyn . tr :Tng tr dc theo ng truyn . tin cy : tin cy trn mt ng lin kt n ch c xc nh da trn hot ng trao i cc thng ip keepalive.
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ti : ti ca ng truyn tnh bng bit/ giy . MTU :n v truyn ti a trn ng truyn . Thng s nh tuyn c tnh da vo mt cng thc tnh t 5 thng s trn.Mc nh th trong cng thc ny ch c bng thng v tr .Cn nhng thng s khc th ch c s dng khi c cu hnh .Bn c th cu hnh bng thng v tr cho cng giao tip ca router.Bn dng lnh show ip route s xem c gi tr ca thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP t trong ngoc vung .ng no c bng thng ln hn s c thng s nh tuyn nh hn , tng t ng no c tr t hn th s c thng s nh tuyn nh hn. 7.3.3. Cc loi ng trong IGRP IGRP thc hin qung b nhng loi ng sau : ng ni b. ng h thng. ung ngoi vi. ng ni b l nhng ng ch i gia cc subnet kt ni vo cng mt cng ca router .Nu mt cng giao tip ca router kt ni vo mt mng khng c chia thnh nhiu subnet th router khng cn c ng ni b trong mng .
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ng h thng l nhng ng i gia cc mng trong cng mt h t qun.Router hoc v ng h thng bng cch nhn bit cc mng kt ni trc tip vo n v hc t cc thng tin cp nht t cc router IGRP khc .Trong IGRP ,cc thng tin v ng h thng khng c thng tin v subnet tng ng.
Hnh 7.3.3 ung ngoi vi l nhng ng i ra ngoi h t qun (autonomous system).Thng thng th y l gateway ca router i ra ngoi .Phn mm Cisco IOS s chn mt ng trong s nhng ng ngoi vi ca IGRP lm gateway .Router s s dng n ng gateway khi mng ch l mt mng khng kt ni trc tip vo router v router khng tm c mt ng no khc n mng ch .Nu trong mt h t qun c nhiu ng ngoi vi kt ni ra ngoi th mi router c th chn cho mnh mt gateway khc nhau. 7.3.4. Tnh n nh ca IGRP IGRP cng c s dng mt s k thut tng tnh n nh trong hot ng nh tuyn ca n nh: Thi gian holddown Split horizon. Poison reverse Holddowns :
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Thi gian holddown c s dng trch cho router cp nht nhng thng tin c pht ra do chu k cp nht nhng li l nhng thng tin c , cha c cp nht mi. Split horizons: Split horizons l nguyn tc gip cho router trnh b lp vng bng cch ngn khng cho router gi li nhng thng tin cp nht ra mt hng m n va nhn c t chnh hng . Poison resverse: Split horizons ch trnh c lp vng gia 2 router kt ni trc tip vi nhau ,cn poison resverse c th trnh c vng lp ln hn .Thng thng ,khi mt ng no c thng s nh tuyn c tng dn ln l ng b lp vng .Khi router phi pht ra thng tin poison resverse xa con ng v t con ng vo trng thi holddown .i vi IGRP th khi mt con ng c thng s nh tuyn tng ln theo h s 1.1 hoc ln hn na th n s pht i thng tin cp nht poison resverse cho con ng . Ngoi ra, IGRP cn c nhiu thng s v thi gian khc nh: chu k cp nht ,thi gian invalid, thi gian holddown ,thi gian xa. Thng s ca chu k cp nht cho bit thi gian bao lu th router thc hin gi thng tin cp nht mt ln .i vi IGRP chu k mc nh l 90 gy. Gi tr ca thi gian invalid cho bit trong khong thi gian bao lu th router vn thc hin gi thng tin cp nht bnh thng v mt ng no trc khi xc nhn chc chn l con ng khng cn s dng c na .trong IGRP , thi gian invalid mc nh l bng 3 ln chu k cp nht . Nu c mt mng ch bt u c t vo trng thi holddown th thi gian holddown l khong thi gian m router s khng cp nht bt k thng tin cp nht no v mng ch nu thng s nh tuyn xu hn con ng router c trc . Trong IGRP ,thi gian holddown mc nh bng 3 chu k cp nht cng thm 10giy. Cui cng ,thi gian xa l khong thi gian m router phi ch trc khi tht s xa mt con ng trong bng nh tuyn .Trong IGRP ,thi gian xa bng 7 ln chu k cp nht.
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Thieu vbn
. Hnh 7.3.5 7.3.6 S chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP

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Vi s ra i ca IGRP vo u thp nin 80 ,Cisco Sytems tr thnh cng ty u tin khc phc c cc nhc im ca RIP khi nh tuyn gia cc router ni b .IGRP quyt nh chn ng da vo bng thng v tr ca cc ng lin kt mng .IGRP hi t nhanh hn RIP nn cng trch c lp vng tt hn .Hn na ,IGRP khng cn b gii hn bi s lng hop nh RIP na .Nh nhng u im trn, IGRP c th pht trin c cho cc h thng mng c cu trc ln v phc tp . Sau y l cc bc chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP : 1. Km tra xem trn router c chy RIP hay khng .
Hnh 7.3.6a
Hnh 7.3.6b
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2. Cu hnh IGRP cho router A v B .
Hnh 7.3.6c 3. Nhp lnh show ip protocols trn router A v B .
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Hnh 7.3.6d
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Hnh 7.3.6e 4. Nhp lnh show ip route trn router A v B.
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Hnh 7.3.6f
Hnh 7.3.6g 7.3.7 Kim tra cu hnh IGRP kim tra xem IGRP c cu hnh ng cha bn dng lnh show ip route v kim tra cc ng ca IGRP c nh du bng ch I u dng . Ngoi ra cn cc lnh sau bn c th s dng kim tra cu hnh IGRP : Show interface interface Show running-config
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Show running-config interface interface Show running-config | begin interface interface Show running-config | begin igrp Show ip protocols kim tra xem cng Ethernet c cu hnh ng cha th bn dng lnh show interface fa0/0. kim tra IGRP c chy trn router cha th bn dng lnh show ip protocols. 7.3.8 X l s c ca IGRP Phn ln cc s c ca IGRP l do bn khai bo sai lnh network ,a ch mng IP khng lin tc ,khai bo s AS sai .
Hnh 7.3.8a Sau y l cc lnh c s dng tm s c ca IGRP : Show ip protocols Show ip route Debug ip igrp events Debug ip igrp transactions Ping Traceroute
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Hnh 7.3.8b
Hnh 7.3.8c Nu ch s AS sai th bn c th sa li ch s ny nh hnh trn . Tng kt Sau y l cc im quan trong bn cn nm c trong chng ny: Giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin bo tr thng tin nh tuyn nh th no . Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ,vng lp c th xut hin nh th no .
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C ch nh ngha gi tr ti a trnh m v hn . Trnh vng lp bng split horizon . Route poisoning. Trnh lp vng bng c ch cp nht tc thi . Trnh lp vng bng thi gian holddown . Ngn khng cho router gi thng tin cp nht v nh tuyn ra mt cng . Chia ti ra nhiu ng . Tin trnh RIP Cu hnh RIP S dng lnh ip classless. Nhng vn thng gp khi cu hnh RIP Chia ti vi RIP Tch hp ng c nh vi RIP Kim tra cu hnh RIP c im ca IGRP Thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP Cc loi ng trong IGRP Tnh n nh ca IGRP Cu hnh ca IGRP S chuyn i t RIP sang IGRP Kim tra cu hnh IGRP X l s c ca IGRP
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CHNG 8 THNG IP IU KHIN V BO LI CA TCP/IP
GII THIU IP l mt giao thc t n lc ti a (Best - effort) chuyn gi ti ch. N khng h c c ch no xc nhn d liu c chyn ti ch .D liu c th gp s c trn ng i ti ch v rt nhiu l do nh phn cng b h hng, cu hnh sai hoc thng tin nh tuyn khng ng. gip xc nh cc s c xy ra ,IP s dng giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol) thng bo cho my ngun bit l s c xy ra trong qu trnh truyn d liu. Chng ny s m t cc loi thng ip bo li khc nhau ca ICMP v trng hp no th chng c s dng.
Bn thn IP khng c c ch gi thng ip iu khin v bo li nn n s dng ICMP thc hin vic gi nhn cc thng ip iu khin v bo li cho host trn mng. Chng ny s tp trung nhiu vo cc thng ip iu khin .y l nhng thng ip cung cp thng tin v cu hnh ,nh tnh cho host .Am hiu v thng ip iu khin ca ICMP l mt phn rt quan trng gip bn x l s c mng v hiu c mt cch y v mng IP.
Sau y hon tt chng ny ,bn c th thc hin c nhng vic sau: M t ICMP. M t cu trc ca thng ip ICMP. Xc nh loi thng ip bo li ICMP. Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan n tng loi thng ip bo li ICMP. M t thng ip iu khin ICMP. Xc nh c ccloi thng ip iu khin ICMP c s dng trong mng ngy nay. Xc nh nguyn nhn lin quan n thng ip iu khin ICMP. 8.1.Tng qut v thng ip bo li ca TCP/IP
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8.1.1. Giao thc thng ip iu khin Interne (ICMP) IP l mt phng thc truyn d liu khng tin cy trn mng. N l mt giao thc t n lc ti a truyn d liu ti ch. Trong , IP khng h c mt c ch no xc nhn l d liu n ch. Nu mt thit b trung gian trn ng i nh router chng hn b s c, hay l thit b ch khng kt ni vo mng nn d liu khng truyn ti ch th IP khng h c c ch no thng bo cho ngi gi bit l qu trnh truyn d liu b s c. Giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet (ICMP) l mt giao thc ca b TCP/IP b sung cho khim khuyt ny ca IP. ICMP khng khc phc c s khng tin cy ca IP. ICMP ch n gin l pht i cc thng ip thng bo v s c. Vn v tin cy th s c gii quyt cc lp trn nu cn thit. 8.1.2 . Thng bo li v khc phc li. ICMP l mt giao thc thng bo li ca IP. Khi qu trnh truyn d liu xy ra li th ICMP c s dng thng bo li cho ni gi d liu. V d nh hnh 8.2.1. My 1 chuyn d liu cho my 6 nhng cng Fa0/0 trn Router C b ngt, khi Router C s dng ICMP gi thng bo li cho My 1 bit l d liu khng truyn c ti ch. ICMP khng khc phc c s c m n ch n gin l thng bo v s c xy ra.
Hnh 8.2.1
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Router C nhn c gi d liu t My 1, n ch bit c a ch IP ngun ch ca gi d liu thi. Router C khng th bit chnh xc con ng m gi d liu i n c Router C. Do khi gi thng bo li th Router C ch c th gi cho My 1 ch khng gi cho Router A v B. Nh vy l thng bo ICMP ch gi cho thit b ngun ca gi d liu ch khng gi cho cc router. 8.1.3.Truyn thng ip ICMP Thng ip ICMP c ng gi ging nh cc d liu khc khi truyn i bng IP. Hnh 8.1.3 cho thy d liu ca ICMP c ng gi trong gi IP nh th no.
Thng ip ICMP cng c truyn i nh cc gi d liu khc cho nn n cng c th gp s c. iu ny dn ti mt vn l nu mt thng ip bo li gp s c th s lm pht sinh thm cc thng ip bo li na v iu ny lm cho mng cng b nghn hn khi s c vn xy ra v cn ang tn ti trn mng. Chnh v vy, cc thng ip bo li ca ICMP s khng to thm cc thng ip bo li cho chnh n .Nh vy th cc thng ip bo li cng c kh nng l khng bao gi n n c my ngun ca gi d liu.
Hnh 8.1.3 8.1.4. Mng khng n c thc hin c vic thng tin lin lc trn mng th cc iu kin c bn cn phi c .Trc tin l thit b gi v nhn d liu phi c cu hnh ng b giao thc TCP/IP.Vic ny bao gm ci t b giao thc TPC/IP v cu hnh a ch IP.,subnet mask cho thit b .Ngoi ra bn cn phi khai bo Defoult gateway nu thit b cn truyn d liu ra ngoi phm vi cc b .Th hai l cc thit b trung gian phi thc hin vic nh tuyn ng chuyn gi t ngun n ch .Router l thit b thc hin nhim v ny .Do router phi
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c cu hnh b TCP/IP cho cc cng giao tip v s dng giao thc nh tuyn thch hp .
Nu 2 iu kin trn khng c p ng th h thng mng khng th thc hin thng tin lin lc c .V d nh khi mt thit b gi d liu n mt a ch IP khng tn ti hoc l thit b ch b ngt kt ni ra khi mng . Router cng l nguyn nhn ca s c nu cng giao tip trn router b ngt hoc router khng c thng tin cn thit tm ra ng ti mng ch .Nhng trng hp nh vy u c xem l mng ch khng n c . Hnh 8.1.4 minh ha cho trng hp router khng th gi gi d liu n ch do router khng bit ng n mng ch , router gi thng ip ICMP v cho my ngun thng bo l mng ch khng n c .
Hnh 8.1.4 8.1.5 S dng lnh ping kim tra xem a ch ch c n c khng Giao thc ICMP c th c s dng kim xem c n c mt a ch no hay khng .ICMP s gi thng ip echo request n my ch .Nu my ch nhn c echo request th s tr li li thng ip echo reply cho my ngun .Nu my ngun nhn c echo reply th iu khng nh l my ch c th n c bng giao thc IP.
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Lnh ping khi to cc thng ip echo request .V d nh hnh 8.1.5a v 8.1.5b ,chng ta s dng lnh ping vi a ch IP ch .Lnh ping gi i 4 gi echo request v nhn v 4 gi echo reply xc nhn kt ni IP gia 2 thit b hot ng tt.
Hnh 8.1.5a
Hnh 8.1.5b 8.1.6. Pht hin ng di qu gii hn Gi d liu khi truyn i trn mng c th b truyn lng vng v khng bao gi n c ch .iu ny c th xy ra khi thng tin nh tuyn b sai ,v d nh 2 router c gi mt gi d liu qua li cho nhau v router ny ngh rng router kia mi l trm k tip n ch .
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Giao thc nh tuyn c quy trnh c quy nh gii hn xc nh mng ch khng n c .V d nh RIP c s hop gii hn l 15 .iu ny c ngha l gi d liu ch c php i qua ti a 15 router.
Khi con ng m gi d liu i qua b lp vng hoc c qu nhiu hop th khi gi d liu vt qua gi tr hop ti a ,gi tr Time-to-live (TTl)ca gi dliu cng ht thi gian v gi tr TTL c ci t khp vi s hop ti a c nh ngha ca giao thc nh tuyn.Mi mt gi d liu u c mt gi tr TTL .Mi router sau khi x l gi d liu s gim gi tr TTL i 1 .Khi gi tr TTL bng 0 th router s hy b gi d liu .Khi ICMP dng thng ip Time exceeded thng bo cho my ngun bit l TTL ca gi d liu b ht thi gian . 8.1.7.Thng ip echo Nh bt k cc loi gi d liu khc ,thng ip ICMP cng c nh dng ring .Mi mt loi thng ip ICMP c mt c im ring nhng tt c cc gi ICMP u bt u bng 3 phn : Type Code Checksum Phn type cho bit loi thng ip no ca ICMP c gi i. Phn Code cho bit chi tit hn v loi thng ip ICMP .Phn checksum cng tng t nh trong cc loi gi d liu khc ,phn ny c s dng kim tra li cho d liu.
Trong hnh 8.1.7a l cu trc ca thng ip ICMP echo request v echo reply .Trong ch s Type v Code tng ng vi mi loi thng ip .Phn Identifier v Sequence Number s khc nhau i vi tng gi echo request v echo reply .Ch s trong 2 phn ny c s dng xc nh echo reply tng ng vi echo request no.Cn phn Data cha cc thng tin b sung ca thng ip echo request v echo reply.
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Hnh 8.1.7a
Hnh 8.1.7b 8.1.8.Thng ip Destination Unreachable Khng phi lc no gi d liu cng chuyn c n ch .V d nh h hng phn cng ,cu hnh giao thc khng ng ,cng giao tip b ngt ,thng tin nh tuyn sai l nhng nguyn nhn c th gy ra lm cho gi d liu khng th chuyn c ti ch .Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th ICMP gi thng ip Destination Unreachable cho my gi thng bo l gi d liu khng chuyn c ti ch . Trong hnh 8.1.8a l cu trc ca thng ip Destination Unreachable. Gi tr 3 trong phn Type cho bit y l thng ip Destination Unreachable .Gi tr trong phn Code s cho bit nguyn nhn ti sao khng chuyn c gi d liu n ch .V d nh phn Code c gi tr 0 c ngha l mng ch khng n c .
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Hnh 8.1.8a
Hnh 8.1.8b Khi gi d liu c chuyn t mng Token-ring ra mng Ethernet th thng phi phn mnh ra thnh cc gi nh hn .Nu gi d liu khng cho php phn mnh th gi d liu khng th chuyn ra c ,khi thng ip Destination Unreachable s c gi i.Thng ip ICMP ny cng c gi i khi cc dch v lin quan n IP nh FTP ,Web khng tim thy .iu quan trong khi x l s c mng IP l bn cn phi hiu c cc nguyn nhn khc nhau to nn thng ip ICMP Destination Unreachable. 8.1.9.Thng bo cc loi li khc Khi thit b x l gi d liu khng chuyn gi d liu i c do mt s li phn Header ca gi d liu .Loi d liu ny khng lin quan g n host ch hay mng ch nhng n vn lm cho gi d liu khng th chuyn c n ch .Trong trng hp ny ,thng ip ICMP Parameter Problem,Type 12 s c gi v cho my ngun.
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Trong hnh 8.1.9 l cu trc ca thng ip Parameter Problem.Trong c phn Pointer .Khi gi tr Code l 0 ,phn Pointer cho bit octet no trong gi d liu b li .
Hnh 8.1.9 8.2.Thng ip iu khin ca TCP/IP 8.2.1.Gii thiu v thng ip iu khin ICMP l mt phn ca b giao thc TCP/IP .Thc t l tt c cc h thng IP u phi bao gm ICMP .L do ca vic ny ht sc n gin .Trc ht l IP khng c c ch no m bo l d liu c chuyn ti ch ,hon ton khng thng bo g cho host bit khi s c xy ra .IP khng c c ch cung cp thng ip thng bo hoc iu khin cho host .V ICMP thc hin vic ny cho IP .
Hnh 8.2.1 Khng ging nh thng ip bo li ,thng ip iu khin khng phi c to ra l do mt gi d liu hay do li ca qu trnh truyn d liu .M cc thng ip iu khin c dng thng bo cho host bit v tnh trng nghn
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mch trn mng hay thng bo cho host bit l c mt gateway tt hn dn n mng ch Cng ging nh tt c cc gi ICMP khc ,thng ip iu khin c ng gi trong gi IP .ICMD s dng gi IP truyn thng ip trn mng .
ICMP c rt nhiu loi thng ip iu khin khc nhau .Mt s loi thng gp nht c th hin hnh 8.2.1. 8.2.2.Thng ip ICMP redirect/change request Thng ip iu khin ICMP thng gp nht l redirect/change request.Loi thng ip ny c to ra bi gateway m thng thng chnh l router .Tt c cc host khi mun thng tin lin lc vi cc mng IP u phi c cu hnh default gateway. Default gateway l a ch ca mt cng trn router kt ni vo cng mt mng vi host .Nh trong hnh 8.2.2a ,mt host c ni vo router v router ny c kt ni ra Internet.Host B c cu hnh default gateway l a ch IP ca cng Fa0/0trn router.Host B s s dng a ch IP ny n cc mng khc .Bnh thng host B ch kt ni n mt gateway.Tuy nhin cng c trng hp mt host kt ni vo mng 2 hay nhiu router.Trong trng hp , default gateway ca host s cn dng redirect/change request thng bo cho host bit v mt gateway khc tt hn n mt mng ch no .
Hnh 8.2.2a
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Trong hnh 8.2.2b l mt v d cho trng hp cn s dng ICMP redirect.Host H gi d liu cho Host C trong mng 10.0.0.0/8 .V mng ch khng kt ni trc tip vo Host H nn Host H gi gi n default gateway ca n l Router R1 .Router R1 tm trn bng nh tuyn tm ng n mng 10.0.0.0/8 th thy rng chuyn gi ti ch router phi gi gi ny ngc tr ra cng m n va mi nhn gi d liu vo .Khi router R1 s chuyn gi d liu i v ng thi gi thng ip ICMP redirect/change request ti Host H thng bo l Host H nn s dng Router R2 lm gateway cho tt c cc gi dliu n mng 10.0.0.0/8 .
Hnh 8.2.2b Default gateway ch gi thng ip ICMD redirect/change request khi gp cc iu kin sau : Cng m router nhn gi d liu vo cng chnh l cng m router s chuyn gi d liu i. a ch IP ca my ngun l cng mt mng /subnet vi a ch IP ca trm k tip . Gi d liu nhn c khng phi gi ngc li my ngun . Con ng m router thc hin thng bo cho host khng phi l ng mc nh ca router v cng khng phi l ca mt ICMP redirect no khc. Router phi c cu hnh thc hin redirect.(Mc nh l Cisco router thc hin gi ICMP redirect.Bn c th dng lnh no ip redirect tt chc nng ny trn mt cng no ca router ).
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Thng ip ICMP redirect /change request c cu trc nh hnh 8.2.2c.Trong phn Type c gi tr l 5 ,phn Code c gi tr l 0,1,2 hoc 3.
Phn Router Internet Address cha a ch IP ca gateway mi .V d nh trn : trong thng ip redirect ca Router R1 gi cho Host H ,phn Router Internet Address s c gi tr l 172.16.1.200,y l a ch IP ca cng E0 trn Router R2 .
Hnh 8.2.2c
Hnh 8.2.2d 8.2.3.ng b ng h v c tnh thi gian truyn d liu B giao thc TCP/IP cho php h thng mng ny kt ni vi h thng mng khc cch nhau rt xa thng qua nhiu h thng mng trung gian .Mi mt h thng mng c mt c ch ng b ng h ring .Do khi mt host mng khc s dng phn mm cn ng b thi gian thc hin lin lc th c th s gp rc ri .Thng ip ICMP Timestamp c thit k gii quyt vn ny .
Thng ip ICMP timestamp request cho php mt host hi gi hin ti trn mt my khc .My c hi s dng thng ip ICMP timestamp reply tr li .
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Phn Type trong thng ip ICMP timestamp c gi tr l 13 (timestamp request )hoc 14(timestamp reply ) .Phn Code lun c gi tr l 0 v loi thng ip ny khng c g khc hn. Phn Originate timestamp l thng tin v gi hin ti trn my gi ngay trc khi thng ip ICMP timestamp request c gi i .Phn Recive timestamp l thi im m my ch nhn c yu cu request .Phn Transmit timestamp l thi im trn my tr li ngay trc khi my ny gi thng ip ICMP timestamp reply. Tt c 3 thng s v thi gian trn u c tnh bng s mili giy tnh t thi im na m theo gi Quc t (Univesal Time -UT).
Hnh 8.2.3 Tt c cc thng tin ICMP timestamp reply u c y 3 thng s :thi im gi gi request ,thi im nhn c request v thi im gi gi reply .Da vo 3 thng s ny host c th c lng c khong thi gian d liu truyn trn mng t my ngun n my ch bng cch ly gi tr ca phn Originate Timestamp tr cho gi tr ca phn Transmit timestamp.Kt qu ny cng ch mang tnh cht c lng thi v thi gian truyn tht s cn ph thuc vo lu lng truyn thc t trn mng lc .Ngoi ra ,host cn c th c tnh c gi hin ti trn my ch .
Thng ip ICMP timestamp l mt cch n gin uc on gi trn my ch v c tnh tng thi gian truyn trn mng nhng y cha phi l cch tt nht .Giao thc Network Time Protocol (NTP) lp trn ca giao thc TCP/IP thc hin ng b ng h theo cch tin cy v chnh xc hn. 8.2.4.Thng ip Information request v reply Thng ip ICMP information request v reply cho php host xc nh a ch mng ca n .Hnh 8.2.4 l cu trc ca loi thng ip ny.
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Hnh 8.2.4 Phn Type c 2 gi tr :gi tr 15 tng ng vi thng ip Information reply .Loi thng ip ny ca ICMP c xem l qu li thi .Hin nay ,cc giao thc BOOTP v DHCP c s dng nhiu cung cp a ch mng cho host .
8.2.5 Thng ip Address Mask Khi ngi qun tr mng dng mt a ch IP ln chia ra thnh nhiu subnet ,cc subnet s c subnet mask tng ng .Subnet mask c s dng xc nhn cc bit ca phn Network .Subnet v cc bit ca thnh phn Host trong a ch IP .Nu mt host bit a ch IP ca router th n gi yu cu ti trc tip ca router ,cn nu khng th n s qung b yu cu ca n .Khi router nhn c yu cu ny ,router s dng thng ip Address mask reply tr li .Trong thng ip Address mask reply s c subnet mask chnh xc cho host.V d : mt host trong mng lp B c a ch IP l 172.16.5.2 .Host ny khng bit subnet mask ca mnh nn n broadcast thng ip Address mask request nh sau : Source address:172.16.5.2 Destination address:255.255.255.255 Protocol :ICMP =1 Type :Address Mask Request =AM1 Code :0 Mask:255.255.255.0 Router 172.16.5.2 nhn c thng ip trn v tr li bng thng ip Address mask reply nh sau :
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Source address:172.16.5.1 Destination address:172.16.5.2 Protocol :ICMP =-1 Type :Address Mask Request =AM2 Code :0 Mask:255.255.255.0 Cu trc ca thng ip Address Mask Request v reply c th hin hnh 8.2.5.Thng ip Address Mask Request v reply c cu trc hon ton nh nhau ,ch khc nhau gi tr phn Type .Phn Type c gi tr 17 l tng ng vi request ,cn gi tr 18 l tng ng vi reply .Phn Identifier v Sequnc Number gip phn bit reply no tng ng vi request no ,gi tr hai phn ny thng l 0.Phn Checksum c dng kim tra li cho thng ip ICMP c tnh bt u t phn Type tr i.
Hnh 8.2.5
8.2.6 . Thng ip ca router Khi c host trong mng bt u khi ng v host cha c cu hnh Default gateway th n c th tm gateway bng thng ip Router discovery.Trc tin ,host gi thng ip Router solicitation cho tt c cc router bng cch dng a ch multicast l 224.0.0.2 .Thng ip ny cng c th c gi broadcast gi n c nhng router khng c cu hnh multicast .Khi nhn c thng ip trn ,nu router khng c cu hnh h tr qu trnh ny th router s khng tr li g ht .Cn nu router c h tr qu trnh ny th router s tr li li bng thng ip Router advertisement .Cu trc ca thng tin ip Router advertisement c m t hnh 8.2.6.
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Hnh 8.2.6 8.2.7 . Thng ip Router solicitation Host gi thng ip Router solicitation trong trng hp b mt Default gateway.Thng ip ny c gi multicast v y chnh l bc u tin ca qu trnh tm router cp phn 8.2.6 .Router s tr li li bng thng ip Router Advertisement,trong c cung cp Default gateway cho host .Hnh 8.2.7 l cu trc ca thng ip Router solicitation:
Hnh 8.2.7 8.2.8.Thng ip bo nghn v iu khin lung d liu Nu c nhiu my tnh cng lc truy xut vo cng mt my ch th my ch c th b qu ti .Nghn mch c th xy ra khi lu lng t mng LAN tc cao c truyn ra kt ni WAN c tc thp hn .Nu mng b nghn qu mc th cc gi d liu s b hy b .Thng ip ICMP source-quence gip lm gim lng d liu b hy b .Thng ip ny s c gi cho my gi yu cu my gi gim tc pht gi d liu .Sau khong thi gian ngn ,nghn mch c gii ta v my gi c th tng dn tc truyn ln sau khi khng cn nhn c thng ip source-quence no na .Mc nh l a s cc Cisco router khng thc hin gi thng ip source-quence v c th cc thng ip ny cn lm cho tnh trng tc nghn b tng thm .
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M hnh vn phng nh -vn phng ti nh (SOHO Small Office Home Office)l mt trng hp p dng tt ICMP source-quence .V d mt SOHO c mt mng gm 4 my tnh c ni vi nhau bng cp Cat5 v 4 my ny chia s nhau mt kt ni Internet 56K bng moden .Chng ta thy rng ng kt ni WAN vi bng thng 56K s nhanh chng b qu ti vi mng LAN bng thng 100Mbps ca SOHO ,kt qu l d liu s b mt v phi truyn li nhiu ln .My tnh c kt ni ra Internet v gi vai tr gateway chia s ng truy cp Internet ny cho cc my tnh cn li c th dng thng ip ICMP yu cu cc my tnh khc gim tc truyn trch vic mt mt d liu do nghn mch.
Hnh 8.2.8
TNG KT Sau y l cc im quan trng bn cn nm trong chng ny : IP l c ch t n lc ti a truyn gi d liu .IP s dng thng ip ICMP thng bo cho my ngun bit l d liu khng chuyn ti c n ch . Thng ip ICMP echo request v echo reply cho php ngi qun tr mng kim tra kt ni IP trong qu trnh x l s c mng . Thng ip ICMP cng c vn chuyn bng giao thc IP nn qu trnh truyn thng ip ICMP khng tin cy . Gi ICMP c phn Header ring c bit bt u bng phn Type v Code. Xc nh c nguyn nhn to ra cc thng ip bo li ca ICMP .
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Chc nng ca cc thng ip iu khin ICMP. Thng ip ICMP redirect/change rquest . Thng ip ICMP ng b ng h v c lng thi gian truyn d liu . Thng ip ICMP information request v reply. Thng ip ICMP tm router . Thng ip ICMP router solicitation. Thng ip ICMP bo nghn v iu khin lung d liu.
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Li ni u
Nhn m bo kin thc cn thit cho mt CCNA gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 1 gii thiu khi qut h thng mng s liu theo m hnh phn lp. Trong gio trnh ny ton b kin thc c bn v h thng mng s liu c gii thiu. K tip gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 2 gip bn tm hiu hot dng ca router v hng dn cu hnh c bn cho router vi cc giao thc nh tuyn n gin nh RIP, IGRP. Nh cc bn bit router l thit b quan trng ca mng s liu vi nhim v then cht l nh tuyn . Nhim v nh tuyn ca router khng dng li m c pht trin tt hn. T . gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 3 tip tc phn tch su sc v cc c im hot ng ca tng loi giao thc nh tuyn phc tp khc trong router. c bit hot ng v cch thc cu hnh cho hai giao thc OSPF v EIGRP c trnh by rt chi tit trong gio trnh ny. Ngoi ra gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 3 cn gip cc bn hiu r hot ng ca switch v hng dn cu hnh a switch vo hot ng. Gio trnh ny cng phn tch v so snh chi tit hot ng ca cc loi thit b mng nh reapeater, hub, switch v router. c bit mt s chng gip bn tip cn VLAN v c ch hot ng ca switch trong VLAN v cch thc cu hnh switch, router to cc VLAN Ni tm li mc tiu ca gio trnh h thng my tnh CCNA 3 l gip cc bn nm vng ton b cc kha cnh ni mng c bn cho mt LAN. Chc ccbn t c mc tiu ny v thc s lm ch c mt LAN. Khi kin thc v k nng quan trng cn li cho mt CCNA. L cccng ngh WAN dng kt ni gia cc mng LAN. Ch ny s c trnh by trong gio tnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA 4 Mc d rt c gng trong qu trnh bin son nhng chc khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st rt mong c bn c ng h v ng gp kin. Xin chn thnh cm n
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Li ng
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Mc lc
LI NI U .................................................................................................... 3 LI NG ............................................................................................................ 3 MC LC........................................................................................................... 5 CHNG 1: Gii thiu v nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch ......................... 13 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 13 1.1. VLSM ..................................................................................................... 14 1.1.1. VLSM l g v ti sao phi s dng n........................................ 14 1.1.2. S ph phm khng gian a ch .................................................. 15 1.1.3. Khi no s dng VLSM ............................................................... 16 1,1.4. Tnh ton chi subnet vi SLSM ................................................... 18 1.1.5. Tng hp a ch vi VLSM........................................................ 23 1.1.6. Cu hnh VLSM...................................................................... 24 1.2. RIP phin bn2........................................................................................ 25 1.2.1 Lch s ca RIP............................................................................. 25 1.2.2. c im ca RIP phin bn 2..................................................... 26 1.2.3 So snh RIv1 v RIv2 ................................................................... 27 1.2.4 Cu hnh RIPv2 ............................................................................. 28 1.2.5. Kim tra RIPv2 ............................................................................ 30 1.2.6 X l s c RIPv2......................................................................... 31 1.2.7 ng mc nh....................................................................... 32 TNG KT......................................................................................................... 34
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CHNG 2: OSPF n vng............................................................................ 35 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 35 2.1 Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt ............................... 37 2.1.1 Tng qut v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.. 37 2.1.2 c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. 38 2.1.3 Thng tin nh tuyn c duy tr .................................................. 40 2.1.4 Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ca ng lin kt............... 41 2.1.5 u v nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.............................................................................................................. 43 2.1.6 So snh v phn bit gia nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt ......................................................... 44 2.2 Cc khi nim v OSPF n vng........................................................... 46 2.2.1 Tng qut v OSPF.......................................................................... 46 2.2.2 Thut ng ca OSPF........................................................................ 47 2.2.3 So snh OSPF vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch... 51 2.2.4 Thut ton chon ng ngn nht ................................................... 53 2.2.5 Cc loi mng OSPF........................................................................ 54 2.2.6 Giao thc OSPF Hello ..................................................................... 56 2.2.7 Cc bc hoat ng ca OSPF........................................................ 58 2.3 Cu hn OSPF n vng .......................................................................... 62 2.3.1 Cu hnh tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF .............................................. 62 2.3.2 Cu hnh a ch loopback cho OSPF v quyn u tin cho router 63 2..3.3 Thay i gi tr chi ph ca OSPF .................................................. 68
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2.3.4 Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh cho OSPF .......................................... 69 2.3.5 Cu hnh cc thng s thi gian ca OSPF ..................................... 70 2.3.6 OSPF thc hin qung b ng mc nh ..................................... 71 2.3.7 Nhng li thng gp trong cu hnh OSPF................................... 72 2.3.8 Kim tra cu hnh OSPF.................................................................. 72 TNG KT......................................................................................................... 74 CHNG 3: EIGRP........................................................................................... 75 GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 75 3.1. Cc khi nim ca EIGRP ...................................................................... 77 3.1.1 So snh EIGRP v IGRP ................................................................. 77 3..1.2 Cc khi nim v thut ng ca EIGRP ......................................... 79 3.1.3 Cc c im ca EIGRP ................................................................ 85 3.1.4. Cc k thut ca EIGRP................................................................. 86 3.1.5 Cu trc d liu ca EIGRP ............................................................ 89 3.1.6 Thut ton EIGRP ........................................................................... 91 3.2 Cu hnh EIGRP ...................................................................................... 97 3.2.1 Cu hnh EIGRP .............................................................................. 97 3.2.2. Cu hnh ng tng hp cho EIGRP........................................... 99
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Chng 1: GII THIU V NH TUYN KHNG THEO LP A CH GII THIU Ngi qun tr mng phi c d kin v qun l s pht trin v mt vt l ca h thng mng, v d nh mua hoc thu thm mt tng lu trong to nh, trang b thm cc thit b mi nh switch, router, b tp trung cp k cc thit b Khi thit k h thng mng ngi thit k thng phi chn mt s phn phi a cha cho php m rng mng v sau. Phn phi a ch IP khng c nh chiu di subnet mask l mt k thut phn phi a ch IP hiu qu, c kh nng m rng nhiu hn Vi s pht trin phi thng ca Internet v TCP/IP mi cng ty tp on u phi trin khai s a ch IP ca mnh. Rt nhiu t chc chn la TCP/IP l giao thc c nh tuyn duy nht trong h thng mng ca mn. Nhng tht khng may, TCP/IP khng th lng trc c rng giao thc ca h c ng dng trong mng ton cu cho thng tin thng mi gii tr Hai mi nm trc y,IP phin bn 4 a ra mt m hnh a ch v cng p ng . Trong khi , IP phin bn 6 c xem l mt khng gian a ch trong gii hn th c trin khai th nghim chm chm v c th s thay th IPv4 mt giao thc thng tr Internet hin nay. Trong thi gian ch i s thay i hn hai thp k qua cc k s mng thnh cng trong vic vn dng IPv4 mt cch linh hot h thng mng ca mnh c th tn ti vi s pht trin rng ln ca Internet. VLSM l mt trong nhng k thut tn dng khng gian a ch Ip hiu qu Cng vi s pht trin ca h thng mng p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng giao thc nh tuyn cng phi m rng theo. RIP vn c xem l mt giao thc ph hp cho h thng mng nh v mt s gii hn khin n khng c kh nng m rng. khc phc nhng gii hn ny RIP phin bn 2 c pht trin Sauk hi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th thc hin nhng vic sau: nh ngha VLSM v m t khi qut cc l do s dng n
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Chia mt mng ln thnh cc mng con c kch thc khc nhau bng cch s dng VLSM Cu hnh router s dng VLSM Xc nh cc c tnh ch yu ca RIPv1 hoc RIPv2 Xc n nhng im khc nhau quan trng gia RIPv1 v RIPv2 Cu hnh RIPv2 Kim tra v x l s c hot ng RIPv2 Cu hnh ng mc nh bng lnh ip route v ip default- network 1.1 VLSM 1.1.1 VLSM l g v ti sao phi s dng n Khi mng IP pht trin ln hn, ngi qun tr mng phi c cch s dng khng gian a ch ca mnh mt cch hiu qu hn. Mt trong nhng k thut thng c s dn l VLSM. Vi VLSM ngi qun tr mng c th chia a ch mng c subnet mask di cho mng c t host v a ch mng c subnet mask ngn cho mng nhiu host Khi s dng VLSM th h thng mng phi chy giao thc nh tuyn c h tr VLSM nh OSPF, Intergrated IS IS, EIGRP, RIPv2 v nh tuyn c nh VLSM cho php mt t chc s dng chiu di subnet mask khc nhau trong mt a ch mng ln. VLSM cn c gi l chia subnet trong mt subnet ln hn gip tn dng ti a khng gian a ch Giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch mng ln hn thnh nhiu a ch mng con c kch thc khc nhau nh a ch mng c 30 bit subnet mask , 255.255.255.532 dnh cho cc kt ni mng a ch mng c 24 bit subnet mask, 255.255.255.0 dnh cho cc mng c di 254 user, cc a ch mng c 22 bit subnet mask, 255.255.22. dnh cho cc mng c ti 100 user.
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Hnh 1.1.1. Mt v d v a ch IP theo VLSM 1.1.2 S ph phm khng gian a ch Trc y khi chia subnet cho a ch mng IP subnet u tin v subnet cui cng c khuyn co l khng s dng . Hin nay vi VLSM chng ta c th tn dng subnet u tin v subnet cui cng
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Hnh 1.1.2 Ta xt v d nh hnh 1..1.2. ngi qun tr mng quyt nh mn 3 bit chia subnet cho a ch lp C 192.168.187.0. Nu s dng lun subnet u tin bng cch thm lnh no ip subnet zezo vo cu hnh router ngi qun tr mng s c 7 subnet s dng c mi subnet c 30 a ch host Bt u t Cissco IOS phin bn 12.0, Cissco router mc nh l s dng subnet zezo. By gi mi subnet c phn phi cho mt mng LAN trn routerSydney, Brisbane, Perth v Melbourne nh hnh v 1.1.2.3 subnet cn li c phn phi cho 3 ng kt ni serial gia cc router. Nh vy l khng cn subnet no d phng cho s m rng mng v sau. Trong khi kt ni serial gia 2 router l kt ni im - n im nn ch c cn 2 a chi host l . Nh vy l ph mt 28 a c host trong mi subnet c phn phi cho kt ni WAN ca router. Vi cch chia u , tt c cc subnet c chiu di subnet bng nhau nh vy 1/3 khng gian a ch b ph phm. Cch phn phi a ch nh trn ch ph hp vi mng nh. Nhng d sao th s a ch ny cng thc s ph phm a ch cho cc kt ni im - n - im 1.1.3 Khi no s dng VLSM Thit k s a ch IP sao cho p ng c s m rng sau ny v khng ph phm a ch l mt vic ht sc quan trng. Trong phn ny s trnh by cch s dng VLSM khng lng ph a ch trn cc kt ni im - ni - im Cng vi h thng mng v d phn trc. Ln ny ngi qun tr mng s dng VLSM chia a ch mng lp C 192.168.187.0 thnh nhiu subnet c kch thc khc nhau
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Hnh 1.1.3 Trc tin ta xt mng c nhiu user nht trong h thng mng. Mi mng LAN Sydney, Brisbane, Pert v Melbourpe c khong 30 host. Do p ng cho cc mng LAN ny ngi qun tr mng mn 3 bit chia subnet cho a ch mng 192.168.187.0. Tng t nh v d phn trc, ngi qun tr mng c 7 subnet /27 s dng c. Ly 4 subnet u tin/ 27 phn phi cho cc mng LAN trn router. Sau ngi qun tr mng ly subnet th 6 mn tip 3 bit na
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chia thnh 8 subnet/30 mi subnet /30 ny ch c 2 a ch host. Ly 3 subnet/30 phn phi cho 3 kt ni serial gia cc router. Cc subnet /27 v /30 cn li c dnh s dng v sau 1.1.3 Tnh ton chia subnet vi VLSM
Hnh 1.1.4.a Xt v d nh hnh 1.1.4.a. Hai mng LAN Kuala Lumpur v Bankok yu cu ti thiu 250 host trong mi thng. Nu hai router ny s dng cc giao thc tuyn theo lp a ch khng h tr VLSM nh RIPv1 IGRP v EGP th phi chia subnet u cho ton b h thng mng. iu ny c ngha l chng ta mn 8 bit chia i ch lp B 172.160.0 thnh cc subnet /24 ri phn phi cho tt c cc mng trong h thng. Nh vy mi mng trong h thng u c a ch mng vi 24 bit
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mask ging nhau. Mc d hai subnet 172.16.3.0/24 v 172.16.4.0/24 p ng c cho 2 mng LAN 250 host nhng subnet 172.16.2.0/24 phn phi cho kt ni WAN gia hai router l qu ph. Mt kt ni WAN ch cn 2 a ch host cn li 252 a ch host b b ph.
Hnh 1.1.4.b Nu chng ta s dng k thut VLSM chng ta c th ly subnet 172.16.2.0/24 chia tip thnh cc subnet/30. Sau ly mt subnet 172.16.2/20 t cho kt ni WAN th s lng a ch b mt cho kt ni ny gim i rt nhiu.
Hnh 1.1.4.c By gi ta xt v d nh hnh 1.1.4.c gi s ta c a ch mng lp C 12.168.10.0/24 phn phi cho h thng mng ny.
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u tin chng ta xt mng LAN c nhiu user nht trong h thng. H thng trn hnh 1.1.4.c c mng LAN ln nht l 60 host. Nu chng ta chia subnet nh cch c chng t se ch mn c 2 bit chia subnet cn li 6 bit dnh cho host mi p ng cho mng LAN 60 host. Nhng nh vy chng ta ch toa c 22= 4 subnet, trong s dng c ti a 3 subnet khng p ng cho ton b h thng mng. R rang cch chia subnet u khng th p ng c Chng ta phi s dng VLSM nh sau: 1. Bc u tin chng ta cng xt mng LAN ln nht trong h thng l mng LAN 60 host Perth. p ng cho mng LAN ny chgn ta mn 2 bit u tin chia subnet cho a ch 192.168.10/24. Chng ta s c 4 subnet /26 nh sau: # ID Di a ch host a ch qung b
192.168.10.0
192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62
192.168.10.63
192.168.10.64
192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126
192.168.10.127
192.168.10.128
192.168.10.129 192.168.10.190
192.168.10.191
192.168.10.192
192.168.10.193 192.168.10.254
192.168.10.255
Chng ta ly subnet u tin 192.168.10.0/26 phn phi cho mng LAN 60 host Perth. 2. Bc th 2 chng ta xt ti mng LAN ln th 2 l mng LAN 28 host KL. p ng co mng LAN ny chng ta ly subnet tip theo l 192.168.10.64/26 mn tip 1 bit na tch thnh 2 subnet nh hn nh sau:
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ID
Di a ch host
a ch qung b
192.168.10.64
192.168.10.65 192.168.10.94
192.168.10.95
192.168.10.96
192.168.10.97 192.168.10.126
192.168.10.127
Mi subnet /27 c 5 bit dnh cho phn host nn p ng c ti a 2+-2=30 host. Do ta ly subnet 192.168.10.64/27 phn phi cho mng LAN 28 host Kuala Lumpur. 2 . Bc th 3 chng ta xt tip n cc mng LAN nh hn tip theo. Chng ta cn li hai mng LAN Sydney v Singapore, mi mng 12 host. p ng cho hai mng LAN ny chng ta ly subnet 12.168.10.96/27 trn mn tip 1 bit na tch thnh 2 subnet/28 nh sau: # ID Di a ch host a ch qung b 0 1 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.64 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126 192.168.10.63 192.168.10.127
Mi subnet /28 cn 4 bit dnh cho host nn p ng c ti a 24+ - 2 =14 host. Chng ta ly hai subnet /28 trong bng trn phn phi cho hai mng LAN Sydney v Singapore 3. Bc cui cng by gi chng ta ch cn li ba ng lin kt WAN gia cc router, mi ng lin kt cn 2 a ch host. T u n gi, chng ta s dng ht di a ch t 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.27. By gi chng ta ly tip subnet 192.168.10.128/26 to ra bc 1, mn tip 4 bit to thnh 16 subnet/30 nh sau:
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# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ID 192.168.10.28
Di a ch host
a ch qung b
192.168.10.129 192.168.10.130 192.168.10.131
192.168.10.132 192.168.10.133 192.168.10.134 192.168.10.135 192.168.10.136 192.168.10.137 192.168.10.138 192.168.10.139
192.168.10.140 192.168.10.141 192.168.10.142 192.168.10.143 192.168.10.144 192.168.10.145 192.168.10.146 192.168.10.147 192.168.10.148 192.168.10.149 192.168.10.150 192.168.10.151 192.168.10.152 192.168.10.153 192.168.10.154 192.168.10.156 192.168.10.157 192.168.10.158 192.168.10.155 192.168.10.159
192.168.10.160 192.168.10.161 192.168.10.162 192.168.10.163 192.168.10.164 192.168.10.165 192.168.10.166 192.168.10.167
10 192.168.10.168 192.168.10.169 192.168.10.170 192.168.10.171 11 192.168.10.172 192.168.10.173 192.168.10.174 192.168.10.175 12 192.168.10.176 192.168.10.177 192.168.10.178 13 192.168.10.180 192.168.10.181 192.168.10.182 14 192.168.10.184 192.168.10.185 192.168.10.186 15 192.168.10.188 192.168.10.189 192.168.10.190 192.168.10.179 192.168.10.183 192.168.10.187 192.168.10.191
Chng ta ly 3 subnet /30 u tin trong bng trn phn phi cho cc ng WAN gia cc router: Kt qu s phn phi a ch theo VLSM c th hin hnh 1.1.4.d
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Hnh 1.1.4.d Qu trnh a ch IP theo VLSM trn c tm tt li theo s sau: 1.1.5 Tng hp a ch vi VLSM. Khi s dng VLSM cc bn nn c gng phn b cc subnet lin nhau gn nhau c th tng hp a ch. Trc 1997 khng c tng hp a ch h thng nh tuyn xng sng ca Internet gn nh b sp my ln.
Hnh 1.1.5
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Hnh 1.1.5 l mt v d cho thy s tng hp a ch ln cc router tng trn. Thc cht tng hp a ch l bi ton i ngc li bi ton chia a ch theo VLSM. Nu nh v d phn 1.1.4 l mt bi ton i t mt a ch mng ln 192.168.1.0/24 chi thnh nhiu tng subnet nh hn th by gi bi ton hnh 1.1.5 i ngc li, t cc subnet con tng hp li thnh subnet ln hn. Tng hp dn cho n khi thnh mt a ch mng ln 200.199.48.0/22 i din chung cho ton b cc subnet bn trong h thng. Tng t nh VLSM cc bn mun thc hin c tng hp a ch th phi chy giao thc nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch nh OSPF EIGRP v cc giao thc ny c truyn thng t in v subnet mask i km vi a ch IP subnet trong cc thng tin nh tuyn. Mt khc bn mun tng hp a ch ng th khi chia a ch theo VLSM phn phi cho h thng mng bn phi chi a theo cu trc phn cp nh v d phn 1.1.4 v phn phi cc subnet lin nhau cnh tranh nhau trong cu trc mng. Sau y l mt s nguyn tc bn cn nh: 1. Mi router phi bit a ch subnet c th ca tt c cc mng kt ni trc tip vo n 2. Mi router khng cn phi gi thng tin chi tit v mi subne t ca n cho cc router khc nu nh n c th tng hp cc subnet thnh mt a ch i din c 3. Khi tng hp a ch nh vy bng nh tuyn ca cc router tng trn s c rt gn li 3.1.6 Cu hnh VLSM Sauk hi chia a ch IP theo VLSM xong th bc tip theo l bn cung cp a ch IP cho tng thit b trong h thng. Vic cu hnh a ch IP choa cc cng giao tip ca router vn nh vy. khng c g c bit. V d nh hnh 1.1.6 sau khi phn phi a ch theo VLSM xong bn cu hnh a ch IP cho cc cng giao tip ca router nh sau:
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Hnh 1.1.6 3.2 Rip phin bn 2 1.2.1 Lch s ca RIP Internet l mt tp hp cc h t qun. Mi c mt c ch qun tr, mt cng ngh nh tuyn ring, khc vi cc AS khc. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng bn trong mt AS c gi l giao thc nh tuyn ni vi IGP. thc hin nh tuyn gia cc AS vi nhau chng ta phi s dng mt giao thc ring gi la giao thc nh tuyn ngoi vi EGP. RIP c thit k nh l mt giao thc IGP dng cho cc AS c kch thc nh khng s dng cho cc h thng mng ln v phc tp. RIPv1 l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nn qung b ton b bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging theo nh k. Chu k cp nht ca RIP l 30 giy. Thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng hop, gi tr ti a l 15 hop. RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch, Khi RIP router nhn thng tin v mt mng no t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn ny khng c thng tin v subnet mask i km. Do router s ly subnet mask ca cng p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c t cng ny. Nu subnet mask ny khng ph hp th n s ly subnet mask mc nh theo lp a ch p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c.
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a ch lp A c subnetmask mc nh l 255.0.0 a ch lp B c subnet mask mc nh l 255.255.0.0 a ch lp c c subnet mask mc nh l 255.255.255.0 RIPv1 l giao th c nh tuyn c s dng ph bin v mi router IP u c h tr giao thc ny. RIPv1 c ph bin v tnh n gin v tnh tng thch ton cu ca n. RIPv1 c th chia ti ra ti a l 6 ng c chi ph bng nhau. Sau y l nhng im gii hn ca RIPv1: Khng gi thng tin subnet mask trong thng tin nh tuyn Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch 255.255.255.255 Khng h tr xc minh thng tin nh tuyn Khng h tr VLSM v CIDR RIPv1 c cu hnh n gin nh trong hnh 1.2.1
Hnh 1.2.1 1.2.2 c im ca RIP phin bn 2 RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn n vn c cc c im nh RIPv1 L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s dng s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng, thi gian ny mc nh l 180 giy S dng c c split horizon chng lp vng Gi tr hop ti a l 15 RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cc a ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn. Nh RIPv2 c th h tr VLSM v CIDR
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RIPv2 c h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn. Bn c th cu hnh cho RIP gi v nhn thng tin xc minh trn cng giao tip ca router bng m ho MD hay khng m ho RIPv2 gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch multicast 224.0.0.9 1.2.3 So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2 RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nu c nhiu ng n cng mt ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t nht. Chnh v da vo s lng hop chn ng nn i khi con ng m RIP chn khng phi l ng nhanh nht n ch RIPv1 cho php cc router cp nht bng nh tuyn ca chng theo chu k mc nh l 30 giy. Vic gi thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc nh vy gip cho topo mng c xy dng nhanh chng. trnh b lp vng v tn. RIP gii hn s hop ti a chuyn gi l 15hop . Nu ti c v gi d liu n s b hu b. iu ny lm gii hn kh nng m rng ca RIP. RIPv1 s dng c ch split horizon chng lp vng. Vi c ch ny khi gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip RIPv1 router khng gi ngc tr li cc thng tin nh tuyn m n hc c t chnh cng . RIPv1 cn s dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng. Khi nhn c mt thng bo v mt mng ch b s c router s khi ng thi gian holddown . Trong sut khong thi gian holddown router s khng cp nht tt c cc thong tin c thng s nh tuyn xu hn v mng ch RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn n cng c cc c tnh nh trn. RIPv2 cng l giao thc L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vet khong cch s dng s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn S dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng thi gian ny mc nh l 180 giy S dng c ch spit horizon chng lp vng Gi tr hop ti a RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cca ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn. Nh , RIPv2 c th h tr VLSM v CIDR
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Ripv2 c h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn. Bn c th cu hnh cho RIP gi v nhn thng tin xc minh trn cng giao tip ca router bng m ho MD5 hay khng m ho RIPv2 gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch multicaskt 224.0.0.9 1.2.3 So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2 RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Nu c nhiu ng n cng mt ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t nht. Chnh v ch da vo s lng hop chn ng nn i khi con ng m RIP chn khng phi l ng nhanh nht n ch RIPv1 cho php cc router cp nht bng nh tuyn ca chng theo chu k mc nh l 30 giy. Vic gi thng tin nh tuyn cp nht lin tc nh vy gip cho topo mng c xy dng nhanh chng. trnh b lp vng v tn, RIP gii hn s hop ti a chuyn gi l 15 hop. Nu mt mng ch xa hn 15 router th xem nh mng ch khng th ti c v gi d liu. s b hu b . iu ny lm gii hn kh nng m rng ca RIP , RIPv1 s dng c ch split horizon chng lp vng. Vi c ch ny khi gi thng tin nh tuyn ra mt cng giao tip , RIPv1 router khnggi ngc tr li cc thng tin nh tuyn m n hc c t chnh cng d, RIPv1 cn s dng thi gian holddown chng lp vng. Khi nhn c mt thng bo v mt mng ch b s c, router s khi ng thi gian holddown. Trong sut khong thi gian holddown router s khng cp nht tt c cc thng tin c thng s nh tuyn xu hn v mng ch RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn n cng c cc c tnh nh trn RIPv2 cng l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s dng s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn duy nht . RIPv2 cng s dng thi gian holddown v c ch split horizon trnh lp vng Sau y l cc im khc nhau gia RIPv1 v RIPv2
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RIPv1 Cu hnh n gin nh tuyn theo lp a ch
RIPv2 Cu hnh n gin nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch
Khng gi thng tin v subnet mask C gi thng tin v subnet mask trong trong thng tin nh tuyn. thng tin nh tuyn. Khng h tr VLSM. Do tt c cc H tr VLSM. Cc mng trong h thng mng trong h thng RIPv1 phi c IPv2 c th c chiu di subnet mask khc nhau. cng subnet mask. Khng c c ch xc minh thng tin C c ch xc minh thng tin nh tuyn. nh tuyn. Gi qung b 255.255.255.255. theo a ch Gi multicast theo a ch 224.0.0.9 nn hiu qu hn.
1.2.4. Cu hnh RIPv2 cu hnh mt giao thc nh tuyn ng, chng ta u thc hin cc bc sau Chn giao thc nh tuyn, v d nh RIPv2 chng hn Khai bo cc a ch mng IP cho giao thc nh tuyn khng cn khai bo gi tr subnet mask Khai bo a ch IP v subnet mask cho cc cng router Lnh network khai bo a ch mng IP tham gia v tin trnh nh tuyn. Cng no ca router c a ch IP ri vo trong a ch mng c khai bo lnh network th cng s tham gia vo qu trnh gi v nhn thng tin nh tuyn cp nht. Mt khc lnh network cng khai bo nhng a ch mng m router s thc hin qung co v mng Lnh router rip version 2 xc nh RIPv2 c chn lm giao thc nh tuyn chy trn router
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Hnh 1.2.4.a Trong v d hnh 1.2.4.a router router rip - chn rip lm giao thc nh tuyn Version 2 Xc nh ripv2 Network 172.16.0.0 khai bo a ch mng kt ni trc tip vo router A Network 10.0.0.0 Khai bo a ch mng kt ni trc tip vo router A Khi tt c cc cng trn router A kt ni vo mng hoc subnet trong 172.16.0.0 v 10.0.0.0 s gi v nhn thng tin cp nht RIPv2 A c cu hnh nh sau
Hnh 1.2.4.b 1.2.5 Kim tra RIPv2

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Lnh show ip protocol s hin th cc gi tr ca giao thc nh tuyn v cc thi gian hot ng ca giao thc . Trong v d hnh 1.2.5.a lnh ny cho thy router c cu hnh vi RIP khng nhn c bt k thng tincp nht no t mt router lng ging trong 180 giy hoc hn th nhng con ng hc c t router lng ging s c xem l khng cn gi tr. Nu vn khng nhn thng tin cp nht g c th sau 240 giy, cc con ng ny s b xo khi bng nh tuyn . Trong hnh router A nhn c cp nht mi nhtt router B cch y 12 giy. thi gian holddown 180 giy. Khi c mt con ng c thng bo l b ngt con ng sc t vo trng thi holddown trong 180 giy
Hnh 1.2.5.a Router s gi thng tin v cc ng i trong cc mng c lit k sau dng routing for networks. Router nhn c cc thng tin cp nht t cc router lng ging c lit k sau dng routing information sources ch s tin cy mc nh ca rip l 120 Lnh show ip interface brief c s dng tng hp thng tin trng thi ca cc cng trn router
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Hnh 1.2..5.b Lnh show ip route s hin th ni dng bng nh tuyn Ip . Trong bng nh tuyn cho bit v ng i n cc mng ch m router hc c ng thi cho bit cc thng tin ny c hc nh th no Nu thng tin trong bng nh tuyn b thiu mt ng i no th bn nn dng lnh show running config hoc show ip protocols kim tra li cu hnh nh tuyn 1.2.6 X l s c RIPv2 S dng ln debug ip rip hin th cc thng tin nh tuyn RIP khi chng c gi i v nhn vo. Bn dng lnh no debug all hoc undebug all tt mi debug ang bt Ta xt v d nh hnhf 1.2..6 router A nhn c thng tin v hai mng ch trn cng serial 2 t router lng ging c a ch IP l 10.11.2 . Router A cng gi thng tin cp nht ca n ra hai cng ethernel v serial 2 vi a ch l a ch qung b cng a ch ngoc l a ch IP ngun i khi bn cn gp mt s cu thng bo trong lnh debug ip rip nh sau
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Nhng cu ny xut hin khi router mi khi ng ln hoc khi c mt s c mi xy ra nh mt cng b thay i trng thi hay router b xo mt bng nh tuyn 1.2.7 ng mc nh Mc nh router hc thng tin v ng n mng ch bng 3 cch sau ng c nh l ng do ngi qun tr mng cu hnh bng tay cho router trong ch nh r router k tip ti mng ch. ng c nh c kh nng bo mt cao v khong c hot ng gi thng tin cp nht nh ng nh tuyn ng. ng c nh rt hu dng khi ch c mt ng duy nht n ch khng cn ng no khc phi chn la ng mc nh cng do ngi qun tr mng cu hnh bng tay cho router. Trong khai bo ng mc nh s dng khi router khng bit ng n ch. Vi ng mc nh nh tuyn router s dc ngn gn hn. Khi gi d liu c a ch mng ch m router s gi n ra ng mc nh ng nh tuyn ng l nhng ng do router hc c t cc router khc nh giao thc nh tuyn ng
Hnh 1.2.7 gi s h thng mng ny s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng .Router HK1 c kt ni ra internet,kt ni ny l ung mc nh ca ton b h thng mng bn
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trong.Nhng gi no khn gi n cc mng bn trong ni b m gi ra ngoi th mc nhin s c gi ln ng mc nh ra internet. khai bo ng mc nh cho router HK1chng ta dng ln sau :I b HongKong1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.20.2 Lnh trn l lnh cu hnh ng c nh c bit i din cho bt k mng ch no vi bt k subnetmask no .Xin nhn mnh mt ln na , lnh trn c s dng khai bo ng mc nh cho router no c kt ni ng mc nh vo n Cc router cn li trong h thng, ta dng lnh ip default-network khai bo mng mc nh ny cho cc router: Router(config)#ip default-network 192.168.20.0 Cc router HK2,HK3,HK4 s s dng mang 192.168.20.0 lm mng ch mc nh .Nhng gi d liu no c a ch ch m cc router no khng tm thy trn bng nh tuyn ca chng th chng s gi v mng mc nh 192.168.20.0.Kt qu l cc gi d lieu ny c chuyn t i router HK1. Trn router HK1 , vi khai bo mc nh la iproute 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.20.2, cc gi d liu s c truyn ra ng kt ni vi Internet TNG KT Sau y l cc im quan trng trong chng ny VLSM v l do s dng n Chia a ch mng IP thnh cc subnet c kch thc khc nhau bng VLSM cu hnh router s dng VLSM Dc im chnh ca RIPv1 v RIPv2 im khc nhau quan trng gia RIP1v RIPv2 Cu hnh RTPv2 Kim tra v x l s c hot ng RTPv2 Cu hnh ng mc nh bng lnh ip route v ip default-network .
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Chng 2: OSPF N VNG

GII THIU Giao thc nh tuyn ni vi (IGP) c 2 loi chnh l nh tuyn theo vector khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. C 2 loi giao thc nh tuyn ny u thc hin nh tuyn trong phm vi mt h t qun. Chng s dng 2 phng php khc nhau thc hin cng mt nhim v. Thut ton nh tuyn trng thi theo ng lin kt, hay cn gi l thut ton chn ng ngn nht (SPF Shortest Path First), lu gi mt c s d liu phc tp cc thng tin v cu trc h thng mng. Thut ton ny c y thng tin v cc router trn ng i v cu trc kt ni ca chng. Ngc li, thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cc khng cung cp thng tin c th v cu trc ng i trong mng v hon ton khng c nhn bit v cc router trn ng i. c th cu hnh, kim tra v x l s c ca cc giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt th vic hiu cc hot ng ca chng l iu rt quan trng. Chng ny s gii thch cch lm vic ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt, lit k cc c im ca chng, m t thut ton m chng s dng v ng thi ch ra cc u nhc im ca loi giao thc ny. Ban u, cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIPv1 u l cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Ngy nay, c rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ang c s dng nh RIPv2. IRGP v giao thc nh tuyn lai EIGRP. Khi h thng mng ngy cng pht trin ln hn v phc tp hn th nhng im yu ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch li cng bc l r hn. Router s dng giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch hc thng tin nh tuyn bng cch cp nht bng nh tuyn t cc router lng ging kt ni trc tip. Hot ng cp nht theo nh k ny chim bng thng cao v cch hc thng tin nh tuyn nh vy lm cho mng hi t chm. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt th khc vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Giao thc ny pht cc thng tin v ng i cho mi router cc router trong mng u c ci nhn y v cu trc h thng mng. Hot ng cp nht ch c thc hin khi c s kin thay i, do bng thng c s dng hiu qu hn v mng hi t nhanh hn. Ngay khi c s thay
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i trng thi ca mt ng lin kt, thng tin c pht ra cho tt c cc router trong mng. OSPF l mt trong nhng giao thc quan trng nht ca loi giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. OSPF da trn mt chun m nn n c th c s dng v pht trin bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau. y l mt giao thc phc tp c trin khai cho cc mng ln. Cc vn c bn v OSPF s c cp n trong chng ny. Cu hnh Cisco router cng tng t nh cu hnh cc giao thc nh tuyn khc. u tin OSPF cng phi c khi ng trn router, sau khai bo cc mng m OSPF c php hot ng trn . Ngoi ra, OSPF cng c mt s c tnh ring v cu hnh ring. Cc c tnh ring ny lm cho OSPF tr thnh mt giao thc nh tuyn mnh nhng ng thi to nn nhng thch thc khi cu hnh OSPF. Trong h thng mng ln, OSPF c th c cu hnh m rng trn nhiu vng khc nhau. Nhng trc khi c th thit k v trin khai mng OSPF ln th bn phi nm c cu hnh OSPF trn mt vng. Do chng ny s m t cu hnh OSPF n vng. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th thc hin cc nhim v sau: Xc nh cc c tnh quan trng ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Gii thch c giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt xy dng v duy tr thng tin nh tuyn nh th no. Phn tich v thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi theo trng thi ng lin kt. Xc nh u v nhc im cua loi giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. So snh v phn bit giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Khi ng OSPF trn router. Cu hnh a ch loopback nh quyn u tin cho router. Thay i thng s chi ph thay i quyt nh chn ng ca OSPF. Cu hnh cho OSPF thc hin qu trnh xc minh. Thay i cc thng s thi gian ca OSPF.
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M t cc bc to v qung b ng mc nh vo OSPF. S dng cc lnh show kim tra hot ng ca OSPF. Cu hnh tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF. nh ngha cc thut ng quan trng ca OSPF. M t cc loi mng OSPF. M t giao thc OSPF Hello. Xc nh cc bc c bn trong hot ng ca OSPF.
2.1. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt 2.1.1. Tng quan v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt hot ng khc vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Trong phn ny s gii thch nhng im khc nhau ny. y l nhng kin thc cc k quan trng i vi 1 nh qun tr mng. Mt im khc nhau quan trng m bn cn nh l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s dng phng php trao i thng tin nh tuyn n gin hn. Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thai ng lin kt xy dng v duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp ca thng tin v cu trc mng. Trong khi thut ton nh tuyn theo vect khong cch khng cung cp thng tin c th v ng i trong mng v cng khng c nhn bit v cc router khc trn ng i, th thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c y thng tin v cc router trn ng i v cu trc kt ni ca chng. Loi thc giao V d c im 1.Copy bng nh tuyn cho router lng ging. 2.Cp nht nh k. 3.RIPv1 v RIPv2 s dng s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn. 4.Mi router nhn h thng mng theo s chi phi ca cc router lng ging. 5.Hi t chm.
nh tuyn RIPv1 v RIPv2 theo vect Into Gateway khong cch Routing Protocol (IGRP).
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6.D b lp vng. 7.D cu hnh v d qun tr. 8.Tn nhiu bng thng.
nh tuyn theo trng thai ng lin kt
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Intermediate System to Intermedia Stem (IS-IS)
S dng ng ngn nht. Ch cp nht khi c s kin xy ra. Gi gi thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt cho tt c cc router trong mng. Mi router c ci nhn y v cu trc h thng mng. Hi t nhanh. Khng b lp vng. Cu hnh phc tp hn. i hi nhiu b nh v nng lng x l hn so vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Tn t bng thng hn so vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch.
2.1.2. c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt . Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thu thp thng tin v ng i t tt c cc router khc trong cng h thng mng hay trong cng mt vng c xc nh. Khi tt c cc thng tin c thu thp y th sau mi router s t tnh ton chn ra ng i tt nht cho n n cc mng ch trong h thng. Nh vy mi router c mt ci nhn ring v y v h thng mng,khi chng s khng cn truyn i cc thng tin sai lch m chng nhn c t cc router lng ging.
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Sau y l mt s hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt: p ng nhanh theo s thay i ca h thng mng. Gi cp nht khi h thng mng c s thay i. Gi cp nht nh k kim tra trng thi ng lin kt. S dng c ch hello xc nh router lng ging c cn kt ni c hay khng. Mi router gi multicast gi hello gi lin lc vi cc router lng ging.Gi hello mang thng tin v cc mng kkt ni trc tip vo router.V d nh hnh 2.1.2, P4 nhn bit cc lng ging ca n trong mng Perth3 l P1v P3. LSAs cung cp thng tin cp nht v trng thi ng lin kt ca cc router trong mng.
Hnh 2.1.2. S dng hello xc nh router lng ging trn tng mng.
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Sau y l cc c im hot ng ca router s dng giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt: 1. S dng thng tin t gi hello v LSAs nhn c t cc router lng ging xy dng c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. 2. S dng thut ton SPF xc tnh ton ra ng ngn nht n tng mng. 3. Lu kt qu chon ng trong bng nh tuyn. 2.1.3. Thng tin nh tuyn c duy tr nh th no Phn ny s gii thch giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s dng cc thnh phn sau y nh th no: LSAs. C s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. Thut ton SPF Cy SPF Bng nh tuyn vi ng i v cng ra tng ng nh tuyn cho gi d liu. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c thit k khc phc cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theovect khong cch. V d nh:giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ch trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc router kt ni trc tip vi mnh m thi, trong khi giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn trn mt vng rng ln. Khi c mt s c xy ra trong mng, v d nh c mt router lng ging b mt kt ni , giao thc nh tuyn theo trng ng lin kt lp tc pht cc gi LSAs ra trn ton vng bng 1 a ch multicast c bit. Tin trnh ny thc hin gi thng tin ra tt c cc cng, tr cng nhn c thng tin. Mi router nhn c mt LSA, cp nht thng tin mi ny vo c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. Sau router chuyn tip gi LSA ny cho tt c cc thit b lng ging khc. LSAs lm cho mi router trong vng thc hin tnh ton li ng i. Chnh v vy s lng router trong mt vng nn c gii hn.
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Mt kt ni tng ng vi mt cng trn router. Thng tin v trng thi ca mt lin kt bao gm thng tin v mt cng ca router v mi quan h vi cc router lng ging trn cng . V d nh: thng tin v mt cng trn router bao gm a ch IP, subnet mask, loi mng kt ni vo cng Tp hp tt c cc thng tin trn c lu li thnh mt c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt, hay cn gi l c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. C s d liu ny c s dng tnh ton chn ng tt nht. Router p dng thut ton chn ng ngn nht Dijkstra vo c s d liu v cu trc mng, t xy dng nn cy SPF vi bn thn router l gc. T cy SPF ny, router s chn ra ng ngn nht n tng mng ch. Kt qu chn ng c t trn bng nh tuyn ca router.
Hnh 2.1.3 2.1.4 Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt xy dng v duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp v cu trc h thng mng bng cch trao i cc gi qung co trng thi ng lin kt LSAs(Link State Advertisements) vi tt c cc router khc trong mng. Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c c im sau: Chng c xem nh l mt tp hp cc giao thc SPF.
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Chng xy dng v duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp v cu trc h thng mng. Chng da trn thut ton Dijkstra.
Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt pht trin v duy tr y cc thng tin v mi router trong mng v cu trc kt ni ca chng. iu ny c thc hin nh qu trnh trao i LSAs vi cc router khc trong mng. Mi router xy dng c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng ca mnh nh cc thng tin t cc LSA m n nhn c. Sau router s dng thut ton SP tnh ton chn ng ngn nht n tng mng ch. Kt qu chn ng c a ln bng nh tuyn ca router. Trong sut tin trnh hot ng, mi s thay i trong cu trc h thng mng nh mt thnh phn mng b t hay mng pht trin thm thnh phn mi u c phat hin v p ng theo. Vic trao i LSA c thc hin khi c mt s kin xy ra trong mng ch khng c thc hin theo nh ky. Nh vy tc hi t nhanh hn v khng cn ch ht thi gian nh k cc router mi c hi t.
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Hnh 2.1.4
V d hnh 2.1.4: Ty theo tng giao thc v thng s nh tuyn tng ng, giao thc nh tuyn c th phn bit c hai ng n cng mt ch v s dng ng tt nht. Trong hnh 2.1.4, trn bng nh tuyn c hai ng i t Router A n Router D. Hai ng ny c chi ph bng nhau nn giao thc nh tuyn ghi nhn c hai. C mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c cch nh gi kh nng hot ng ca hai ng v chon ng tt nht. V d, nu ng i qua Router C gp tr ngi nh b nghn mch hoc b h hng th giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c th nhn bit c cc thay i ny v chuyn gi di theo ng qua Router B.
2.1.5 u v nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt Sau y l cc u im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt: S dng chi ph lm thng s nh tuyn chn ng i trong mng. Thng s chi ph ny c th phn nh c dung lng ca ng truyn. Thc hin cp nht khi c s kin xy ra, pht LSAs ra cho mi router trong h thng mng. iu ny gip cho thi gian hi t nhanh hn. Mi router c mt s y v ng b v ton b cu trc h thng mng. Do chng rt kh b lp vng.
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Router s dng thng tin mi nht quyt nh chn ng i. Cn thit k h thng mng mt cch cn thn c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt c th c thu nh li. Nh chng ta c th tit kim c cc tnh ton Dijkstra v hi t nhanh hn. Mi router s dng s cu trc mng ca ring n chn ng. c tnh ny s gip chng ta khi cn x l s c. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c h tr CIDR v VLSM.
Sau y l cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt: Chng i hi nhiu dung lng b nh v nng lc x l cao hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Do chng kh mc tin i vi cc t chc nh, chi phi hn hp v thit b c. Chng i hi h thng mng phi c thit k theo m hnh phn cp, h thng mng c chia ra thnh nhiu cng nh lm gim bt ln v phc tp ca c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng. Chng i hi nh qun tr mng phi nm vng giao thc. Trong sut qu trnh khi ng, cc router thu thp thng tin v cu trc h thng mng xy dng c s d liu, chng pht cc gi LSA ra trn ton b mng. Do tin trnh ny c th lm gim dung lng ng truyn dnh cho d liu khc. 1.1.4. So snh v phn bit gia nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt Trc tin ta xt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Thng tin nh tuyn m cc router gi i l nhng thng tin g v gi cho ai ? Cc router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh v ch gi cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi mnh. Nh chng ta bit ,thng tin trn bng nh tuyn rt ngn gn,ch cho bit tng ng vi mt mng ch l cng no ca router , router k tip c a ch IP l g, thng s nh tuyn ca con ng ny l bao nhiu. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch khng bit c ng i mt cch c th, khng bit v cc router trung gian trn ng i v cu trc kt ni gia chng. Cc bn c th xem ni dung bng nh tuyn trn router bng lnh show ip route. Hn na, bng nh tuyn l kt qu chn ng tt nht ca mi router. Do , khi
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chng trao i bng nh tuyn vi nhau, cc router chn ng da trn kt qu chn ca router lng ging. Mi router nhn h thng mng theo s chi phi ca cc router lng ging. Cc router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thc hin cp nht thng tin nh tuyn theo nh k nn tn nhiu bng thng ng truyn. Khi c s thay i xy ra, router no nhn bit s thay i u tin s cp nht bng nh tuyn ca mnh trc ri chuyn bng nh tuyn bng nh tuyn cp nht cho router lng ging. Router lng ging nhn c thng tin mi, cp nht vo bng nh tuyn c cp nht cho cc router lng ging k tip. Qu trnh cp nht c ln lt nh vy ra ton b h thng. Do thi gian b hi t chm. By gi ta xt n giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Thng tin nh tuyn m cc router gi i l g v gi cho ai? Khi bt u hot ng, mi router s gi thng tin cho bit n c bao nhiu kt ni v trng thi ca mi ng kt ni nh th no, v n gi cho mi router khc trong mng bng a ch multicast. Do mi router u nhn c t tt c cc router khc thng tin v cc kt ni ca chng. Kt qu l mi router s c y thng tin xy dng mt c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt, hay cn gi l c s d liu v cu trc mng. Nh vy, mi router u c mt ci nhn y v c th v cu trc ca h thng mng. T , mi router t tnh ton chn ng i tt nht n tng mng ch. Khi cc router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt hi t xong, khng thc hin cp nht nh k. Ch khi no c s thay i th thng tin v s thay i c truyn i cho tt c cc router trong mng. Do thi gian hi t nhanh v t tn bng thng. Ta thy u im ni tri ca nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt so vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch l thi gian hi t nhanh hn v tit kim bng thng ng truyn hn. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c h tr CIDR v VLSM. Do , chng l mt la chn tt cho mng ln v phc tp. Thc cht giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thc hin nh tuyn tt hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch mi kch c mng. Tuy nhin, giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt khng c trin khai mi h thng mng v chng i hi dung lng b
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nh ln v nng lc x l mnh hn, do c th gy qu ti cho cc thit b x l chm. Mt nguyn nhn na lm cho chng khng c trin khai rng ri l do chng l mt giao thc thc s phc tp, i hi ngi qun tr mng phi c o to tt mi c th cu hnh ng v vn hnh c.
1.2. Cc khi nim v OSPF n vng 2.2.1. Tng qut v OSPF
OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c trin khai da trn cc chun m. OSPF c m t trong nhiu chun ca IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Chun m y c ngha l OSPF hon ton m i vi cng cng, khng c tnh c quyn
Nu so snh vi RIPv1 v v2 th OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn ni vi IGP tt hn v kh nng m rng ca n. RIP ch gii hn trong 15 hop, hi t chm v i khi chn ng c tc chm v khi quyt nh chn ng n khng quan tm n cc yu t quan trng khc nh bng thng chng hn. OSPF khc phc c cc nhc im ca RIP v n l mt giao thc nh tuyn mnh, c kh nng m rng, ph hp vi cc h thng mng hin i. OSPF c th c cu hnh n vng s dng cho cc mng nh.
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Hnh 2.2.1. Mng OSPF ln c thit k phn cp v chia thnh nhiu vng
V d nh hnh 2.2.1, mng OSPF ln cn s dng thit k phn cp v chia thnh nhiu vng. Cc vng ny u c kt ni vo cng phn phi la vng 0 hay cn gi l vng xng sng (backbone). Kiu thit k ny cho php kim sot hot ng cp nht nh tuyn. Vic phn vng nh vy lm gim ti ca hot ng nh tuyn, tng tc hi t, gii hn s thay i ca h thng mng vo tng vng v tng hiu sut hot ng.
2.2.2. Thut ng ca OSPF
Router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt xc nh cc router lng ging v thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ny.
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OSPF thc hin thu thp thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt t cc router lng ging. Mi router OSPF qung co trng thi cc ng lin kt ca n v chuyn tip cc thng tin m n nhn c cho tt c cc lng ging khc.
Hnh 2.2.2.a. Link l mt cng trn router. Link-state: trng thi ca mt ng lin kt gia hai router, bao gm trng thi ca mt cng trn router v mi quan h gia n vi router lng ging kt ni vo cng .
Router x l cc thng tin nhn c xy dng mt c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt trong mt vng. Mi router trong cng mt vng OSPF s c cng mt c s d liu ny. Do mi router s c thng tin ging nhau v trng thi ca cc ng lin kt v lng ging ca cc router khc.
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Hnh 2.2.2.b.. Link-state database (Topological database) danh sch cc thng tin v mi ng lin kt trong vng.
Hnh 2.2.2.c.Area - Tp hp cc mng v cc router c cng ch s danh nh vng. Mi router trong mt vng ch xy dng c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt trong vng . Do , cc router trong cng mt vng s c thng tin ging nhau v trng thi cc ng lin kt. Router nm trong mt vng c gi la router ni vng. Mi router p dng thut ton SPF v c s d liu ca n tnh ton chn ng tt nht n tng mng ch. Thut ton SPF tnh ton chi ph da trn bng thng ca ng truyn. ng no c chi ph nh nht s c chn a vo bng nh tuyn.
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Hnh 2.2.2.d. Cost gi tr chi ph t cho mt ng lin kt. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt tnh chi ph cho mt lin kt da trn bng thng hoc tc ca ng lin kt .
Hnh 2.2.2.e. Routing table hay cn gi l c s d liu chuyn gi. Bng nh tuyn l kt qu chn ng ca thut ton chn ng a da trn c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt.
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Mi router gi mt danh sch cc lng ging thn mt, danh sch ny gi l c s d liu cc lng ging thn mt. Cc lng ging c gi l thn mt l nhng lng ging m router c thit lp mi quan h hai chiu. Mt router c th c nhiu lng ging nhng khng phi lng ging no cng c mi quan h thn mt. Do bn cn lu mi quan h lng ging khc vi mi quan h lng ging thn mt, hay gi tt l mi quan h thn mt. i vi mi router danh sch lng ging thn mt s khc nhau.
Hnh 2.2.2.f. Adjacency database danh sch cc router lng ging c mi quan h hai chiu. Mi router s c mt danh sch khc nhau.
gim bt s lng trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhiu roter lng ging trong cng mt mng, cc router OSPF bu ra mt router i din gi l Designated router (DR) v mt router i din d phng gi l Backup Designated (BDR) lm im tp trung cc thng tin nh tuyn.
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Hnh 2.2.2.g. Design Router (DR) v Backup Designated Router (BDR) l router c tt c cc router khc trong cng mt mng LAN bu ra lm i din. Mi mt mng s c mt DR va BDR ring.
2.2.3. So snh OSPF vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
Trong phn ny chng ta s so snh OSPF vi mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch la RIP. Router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c mt s y v cu trc h thng mng. Chng ch thc hin trao i thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt lc khi ng v khi h thng mng c s thay i. Chng khng pht qung b bng nh tuyn theo nh k nh cc router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt s dng t bng thng hn cho hot ng duy tr bng nh tuyn.
RIP ph hp cho cc mng nh v ng tt nht i vi RIP l ng c s lng hop t nht. OSPF th ph hp vi mng ln, c kh nng m rng, ng i tt nht ca OSPF c xc nh da trn tc ca ng truyn. RIP cng nh cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch u s dng thut ton chn ng n gin. Cn thut ton SPF th rt phc tap. Do , nu router chy giao
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thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch s cn t b nh v nng lc x l thp hn so vi khi chy OSPF.
OSPF chn ng da trn chi ph c tnh t tc ca ng truyn. ng truyn c tc cng cao th chi ph OSPF tng ng cng thp.
OSPF chn ng tt nht t cy SPF.
OSPF bo m khng b nh tuyn lp vng. Cn giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch vn c th b nh tuyn lp vng.
Nu mt kt ni khng n nh, chp chn, vic pht lin tc cc thng tin v trang thi ca ng lin kt ny s dn n tnh trng cc thng tin qung co khng ng b lm cho kt qu chn ng ca cc router b o ln.
OSPF gii quyt c cc vn sau:
Tc hi t. H tr VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask). Kch c mng Chn ng Nhm cc thnh vin.
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Hnh 2.2.3. S c xy ra khi mt kt ni khng n nh lm cho vic cp nht khng ng b.
Trong mt h thng mng ln, RIP phi mt vi pht mi c th hi t c v mi router ch trao i bng nh tuyn vi cc router lng ging kt ni trc tip vi mnh m thi. Cn i vi OSPF sau khi hi t vo lc khi ng, khi c thay i th vic hi t s rt nhanh v ch c thng tin v s thay i c pht ra cho mi router trong vng. OSPF c h tr VLSM nn n c xem l mt giao thc nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch. RIPv1 khng c h tr VLSM, tuy nhin RIPv2 c h tr VLSM. i vi RIP, mt mng ch cch xa hn 15 router xem nh khng n c v RIP c s lng hop gii hn l 15. iu ny lm kch thc mng ca RIP b gii hn trong phm vi nh. OSPF th khng h c gii hn v kch thc mng, OSPF hon ton ph hp cho cc mng va v ln. Khi nhn c t lng ging cc router bao co v s lng hop n mng ch, RIP s cng thm 1 vo thng s hop ny v da vo s lng hop chn ng n mng ch. ng no c khong cch ngn nht hay ni cch khc l c s lng hop t nht s l ng tt nht i vi RIP. Chng ta thy thut ton
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chn ng nh vy rt n gin v khng i hi nhiu b nh v nng lng x l ca router. RIP khng h quan tm n bng thng ng truyn khi quyt nh chn ng. OSPF th chn ng da vo chi ph c tnh t bng thng ca ng truyn. Mi OSPF router u c thng tin y v cu trc ca h thng mng da vo t tnh ton chn ng tt nht. Do thut ton chn ng ny rt phc tp, i hi nhiu b nh v nng lc x l ca router cao hn so vi RIP. RIP s dng cu trc mng dng ngang hng. Thng tin nh tuyn c truyn ln lt cho mi router trong cng mt h thng RIP. OSPF s dng khi nim v phn vng. Mt mng OSPF c th chia cc router thnh nhiu nhm. Bng cch ny, OSPF c th gii hn lu thng trong tng vng. Thay i trong vng ny khng nh hng n hot ng ca cc vng khc. Cu trc phn cp nh vy cho php h thng mng c kh nng m rng mt cch hiu qu. 2.2.4. Thut ton chn ng ngn nht. Trong phn ny s gii thch cch OSPF s dng thut ton chn ng ngn nht nh th no. Theo thut ton ny, ng tt nht l ng c chi ph thp nht. Edsger Wybe Dijkstra, mt nh khoa hc my tnh ngi H Lan, pht minh thut ton ny nn n cn c tn l thut ton Dijkstra. Thut ton ny xem h thng mng l mt tp hp cc nodes c kt ni vi nhau bng kt ni im-n-im. Mi kt ni ny c mt chi ph. Mi node c mt ci tn. Mi node c y c s d liu v trng thi ca cc ng lin kt, do chng c y thng tin v cu trc vt l ca h thng mng. Tt c cc c s d liu ny u ging nhau cho mi router trong cng mt vng. V d nh trn hnh 2.2.4.a, D c cc thng tin l n kt ni ti node C bng ng lin kt c chi ph l 4 v n kt ni n node E bng ng lin kt c chi ph l 1. Thut ton chn ng ngn nht s s dng bn thn node lm im xut pht v kim tra cc thng tin m n c v cc node k cn. Trong hnh 2.2.4.b, node B chn ng n D. ng tt nht n D l i bng ng ca node E c chi ph l 4. Nh vy l gi d liu i t B n D s i theo ng t B qua C qua E ri n D.
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Node B chn ng n node F l ng thng qua node C c chi ph l 5. Mi ng khc u c th b lp vng hoc c chi ph cao hn.
Hnh 2.2.4.a
Hnh 2.2.4.b
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2.2.5. Cc loi mng OSPF Cc OSPF router phi thit lp mi quan h lng ging trao i thng tin nh tuyn. Trong mi mt mng IP kt ni vao router, n u c gng t nht l tr thnh mt lng ging hoc l lng ging thn mt vi mt router khc. Router OSPF quyt nh chn router no lm lng ging thn mt l tu thuc vo mng kt ni ca n. C mt s router c th c gng tr thnh lng ging thn mt vi mi router lng ging khc. C mt s router khc li c th ch c gng tr thnh lng ging thn mt vi mt hoc hai router lng ging thi. Mt khi mi quan h lng ging thn mt c thit lp gia hai lng ging vi nhau th thng tin v trng thi ng lin kt mi c trao i. Giao tip OSPF nhn bit ba loi mng sau: Mng qung b a truy cp, v d nh mng Ethernet. Mng im-ni-im. Mng khng qung b a truy cp (NBMA Nonbroadcast multi-access), v d nh Frame Relay. Loi mng th 4 l mng im-n-nhiu im c th c nh qun tr mng cu hnh cho mt cng ca router.
Hnh 2.2.5.a. Ba loi mng ca OSPF.
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Trong mng a truy cp khng th bit c l c bao nhiu router s c th kt ni c kt ni vo mng. Trong mng im-n-im ch c hai router kt ni vi nhau. Trong mng qung b a truy cp c rt nhiu router kt ni vo. Nu mi router u thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi mi router khc v thc hin trao i thng tin v trng thi ng lin kt vi mi router lng ging th s qu ti. Nu c 10 router th s cn 45 mi lin h thn mt, nu c n router th s c n*(n-1)/2 mi quan h lng ging thn mt cn c thit lp. Gii php cho vn qu ti trn l bu ra mt router lm i din (DR Designated Router). Router ny s thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi mi router khc trong mng qung b. Mi router cn li s ch gi thng tin v trng thi ng lin kt cho DR. Sau DR s gi cc thng tin ny cho mi router khc trong mng bng a ch mutlticast 224.0.0.5. DR ng vai tr nh mt ngi pht ngn chung. Vic bu DR rt c hiu qu nhng cng c mt s nhc im. DR tr thnh mt tm im nhy cm i vi s c. Do , cn c mt router th hai c bu ra lm router i din d phng (BDR Backup Designated Router), router ny s m trch vai tr ca DR nu DR b s c. m bo c DR v BDR u nhn c cc thng tin v trng thi ng lin kt t mi router khc trong cng mt mng, chng ta s dng a ch multicast 224.0.0.6 cho cc router i din.
Hnh 2.2.5.b. DR v BDR nhn cc gi LSAs.

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Trong mng im-ni-im ch c 2 router kt ni vi nhau nn khng cn bu ra DR v BDR. Hai router ny s thit lp mi quan h lng ging thn mt vi nhau.
Hnh 2.2.5.c 2.2.6. Giao thc OSPF Hello Khi router bt u khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn mt cng no th n s gi mt gi hello ra cng v tip tc gi hello theo nh k. Giao thc Hello a ra cc nguyn tc qun l vic trao i cc gi OSPF Hello. Lp 3 ca m hnh OSI, gi hello mang a ch multicast 224.0.0.5. a ch ny ch n tt c cc OSPF router. OSPF router s dng gi hello thit lp mt quan h lng ging thn mt mi xc nh l router lng ging c cn hot ng hay khng. Mc nh, hello c gi i 10 giy 1 ln trong mng qung b a truy cp v mng im-ni-im. Trn cng ni vo mng NBMA, v d nh Frame Relay, chu k mc nh ca hello l 30 giy. Trong mng a truy cp, giao thc hello tin hnh bu DR v BDR. Mc d gi hello rt nh nhng n cng bao gm c phn header ca gi OSPF. Cu trc ca phn header trong gi OSPF c th hin trn hnh 2.2.6.a. Nu l gi hello th trng Type s c gi tr l 1.
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Hnh 2.2.6.a. Phn header ca gi OSPF. Gi hello mang nhng thng tin thng nht gia mi lng ging vi nhau trc khi c th thit lp mi quan h lng ging thn mt v trao i thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt.
Hnh 2.2.6.b. Phn header ca gi OSPF Hello. Cc thng tin trong phn Hello Interval, ea Interval v Router ID phi ng nht th cc router mi c th thit lp mi quan h lng ging thn mt.
2.2.7. Cc bc hot ng ca OSPF
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Khi bt u khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn mt cng no , n s gi gi Hello ra cng v tip tc gi hello theo nh k. Giao thc Hello l mt tp hp cc nguyn tc qun l vic trao i gi Hello. Gi Hello mang cc thng tin cn thng nht gia mi router lng ging trc khi c th thit lp mi quan h thn mt v trao i thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt. Trong mng a truy cp, giao thc Hello s bu ra mt DR v BDR. DR v BDR duy tr mi quan h thn mt vi mi router OSPF cn li trong cng mt mng.
Hnh 2.2.7.a. Bc 1: pht hin cc router lng ging. Trong tng mng IP kt ni vo router, router c gng thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi t nht mt lng ging.
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Hnh 2.2.7.b. Bc 2: bu ra DR v BDR. Qu trnh ny ch c thc hin trong mng a truy cp.
Cc router c mi quan h thn mt ln lt thc hin cc bc trao i thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt. Sau khi hon tt qu trnh ny cc trng thi gi la full state. Mi router gi thng tin qung co v trng thi cc ng lin kt trong gi LSAs (Link-State Advertisements) v gi thng tin cp nht cc trng thi ny trong gi LSUs (Link-State Updates). Mi router nhn cc gi LSAs ny t lng ging ri ghi nhn thng tin vo c s dl iu ca n. Tin trnh ny c lp li trn mi router trong mng OSPF.
Khi c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt y , mi router p dng thut ton SPF t tnh ton chn ng tt nht da trn c s d liu m n c. ng ngn nht l ng c chi ph thp nht n mng ch.
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Hnh 2.2.7.c. Bc 3: p dng thut ton SPF vo c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt chn ng tt nht a ln bng nh tuyn.
Sau cc thng tin nh tuyn cn phi c bo tr. Khi c mt s thay i no v trng thi ca ng lin kt, router lp tc pht thng bo cho mi router khc trong mng. Thi gian Dead interval trong giao thc Hello l mt thng s n gin xc nh mt router lng ging thn mt cn hot ng hay khng.
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Hnh 2.2.7.d. R1 pht hin mt lin kt b t v gi LSU cho DR bng a ch multicast 224.0.0.6. DR gi bo nhn cho R1.
Hnh 2.2.7.e. Tip theo DR gi LSU mi nhn cho tt c cc router cn li trong cng mt mng bng a ch multicast 224.0.0.5. Sau khi nhn c LSU, cc router gi bo nhn li cho DR.
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Hnh 2.2.7.f. Nu router OSPF no cn c kt ni n mng khc th n s chuyn tip LSU ra mng .
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Hnh 2.2.7.g. Sau khi nhn c LSU vi thng tin mi, router OSPF s cp nht vo c s d liu ca n ri p dng thut ton SPF vi thng tin mi ny tnh ton li bng nh tuyn.
2.3. Cu hnh OSPF n vng 2.3.1. Cu hnh tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF
nh tuyn OSPF s dng khi nim v vng. Mi router xy dng mt c s d liu y v trng thi cc ng lin kt trong mt vng. Mt vng trong mng OSPF c cp s t 0 n 65.535. Nu OSPF n vng th l vng 0. Trong mng OSPF a vng, tt c cc vng u phi kt ni vo vng 0. Do vng 0 c gi l vng xng sng.
Trc tin, bn cn khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn router, khai bo a ch mng v ch s vng. a ch mng c khai bo km theo wilcard mask ch khng phi l subnet mask. Ch s danh nh (ID) ca vng c vit di dng s hoc di dng s thp phn c du chm tng t nh IP.
khi ng nh tuyn OSPF bn dng lnh sau trong ch cu hnh ton cc:
Router (config)#router ospf process-id
Process-id l ch s xc nh tin trnh ng tuyn OSPF trn router. Bn c th khi ng nhiu tin trnh OSPF trn cng mt router. Ch s ny c th l bt k gi tr no trong khong t 1 n 65.535. a s cc nh qun tr mng thng gi ch s process-id ny ging nhau trong cng mt h t qun, nhng iu ny l khng bt buc. Rt him khi no bn cn chy nhiu hn mt tin trnh OSPF trn mt router. Bn khai bo a ch mng cho OSPF nh sau:
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Router(config-router)#network address wildcard-mask area area-id
Mi mng c quy c thuc v mt vng. Adress c th l a ch ca ton mng, hoc l mt subnet hoc l a ch ca mt cng giao tip. Wildcard-mask s xc nh chui a ch host nm trong mng m bn cn khai bo.
Hnh 2.3.1. Cu hnh OSPF c bn.
2.3.2. Cu hnh a ch loopback cho OSPF v quyn u tin cho router
Khi tin trnh OSPF bt u hot ng, Cisco IOS s dng a ch IP ln nht ang hot ng trn router lm router ID. Nu khng c cng no ang hot ng th tin trnh OSPF khng th bt u c. Khi router chn a ch IP ca mt cng lm router ID v sau cng ny b s c th tin trnh s b mt router ID. Khi tin trnh OSPF s bi ngng hot ng cho n khi cng hot ng tr li.
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m bo cho OSPF hot ng n nh chng ta cn phi c mt cng lun lun tn ti cho tin trnh OSPF. Chnh v vy cn cu hnh mt cng loopback l mt cng lun l ch khng phi cng vt l. Nu c mt cng loopback c cu hnh th OSPF s s dng a ch ca cng loopback lm router ID m khng quan tm n gi tr ca a ch ny.
Nu trn router c nhiu hn mt cng loopback th OSPF s chn a ch IP ln nht trong cc a ch IP ca cc cng loopback lm router ID.
to cng loopback v t a ch IP cho n bn s dng cc lnh sau:
Router (config)#interface loopback number
Router (config-if)#ip address ip-address subnet-mask
Bn nn s dng cng loopback cho mi router chy OSPF. Cng loopback ny nn c cu hnh vi a ch c subnet mask l 255.255.255.255. a ch 32-bit subnet mask nh vy gi l host mask v subnet mask ny xc nh mt a ch mng ch c mt host. Khi OSPF pht qung co v mng loopback, OSPF s lun lun qung co loopback nh l mt host vi 32-bit mask.
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Hnh 2.3.2.a. Cng loopback ch l mt cng phn mm. xo cng loopback bn dng dng no ca cu lnh to cng.
Trong mng qung b a truy cp c th c nhiu hn hai router. Do , OSPF bu ra mt router i din (DR Designated Router) lm im tp trung tt c cc thng tin qung co v cp nht v trng thi ca cc ng lin kt. V vai tr ca DR rt quan trng nn mt router i din d phng (BDR Backup Designated Router) cng c bu ra thay th khi DR b s c.
i vi cng kt ni vo mng qung b, gi tr u tin mc nh ca OSPF trn cng l 1. Khi gi tr OSPF u tin ca cc router u bng nhau th OSPF s bu DR da trn router ID. Router ID no ln nht s c chn.
Bn c th quyt nh kt qu bu chn DR bng cch t gi tr u tin cho cng cua router kt ni vo mng . Cng ca router no c gi tr u tin cao nht th router chc chn l DR.
Gi tr u tin c th t bt k gi tr no nm trong khong t 0 n 255. Gi tr 0 s lm cho router khng bao gi c bu chn. Router no c gi tr u tin
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OSPF cao nht s c chn lm DR. Router no c v tr u tin th 2 s l BDR. Sau khi bu chn xong, DR v BDR s gi lun vai tr ca n cho d chng ta c t thm router mi vo mng vi gi tr u tin OSPF cao hn.
thay i gi tr u tin OSPF, bn dng lnh ip ospf priority trn cng no cn thay i. Bn dng lnh showip ospf interface c th xem c gi tr u tin ca cng v nhiu thng tin quan trng khc.
Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority number
Router#show ip ospf interfacetype number
Hnh 2.3.2.b. Trong gi hello pht ra cng Fast Ethernet 0/0, trng Router Priority s c gi tr l 50.
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Hnh 2.3.2.c. Gi OSPF Hello.
Hnh 2.3.2.d
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Hnh 2.3.2.e. Bu DR v BDR trong mng qung b a truy cp.
Ta xt v d trong hnh 2.3.2.d. RTA va RTB s thc hin bu DR v BDR trong hai mng Ethernet qung b a truy cp. Cn mng PPP gia RTB v RTC l mng im-ni-im nn khng thc hin bu DR v BDR. Trong mng Ethernet 10.4.0.0/16 kt ni gia RTA v RTB gi s gi tr u tin trn 2 cng Ethernet ca RTA v RTB u bng nhau v bng gi tr mc nh l 1. Khi router no c router ID ln nht trong mng ny s c bu lm DR. Router ID ca RTA l 10.5.0.1, router ID ca RTB l 10.6.0.1. Vy RTB lm DR v RTA lm BDR.
Khong tim thay hinh
Hnh 2.3.2.f Ta xt v d hnh 2.3.2.f. Hai mng 10.2.0.0/30 va 10.2.0.4/30 gia hai kt ni serial ca router HQ router B, router B router Remote l hai mng im-niim nn khng bu DR v BDR trong mng Ethernet 10.4.0.0/16 kt ni gia chng. Tng t cho mng 10.5.0.0/16 gia router A v router Remote. Gi s gi
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tr u tin trn cng fa0 ca router HQ v trn cng fa1 ca router A u bng gi tr mc nh l 1. Router HQ c router ID l 10.4.0.2, router A c router ID l 10.5.0.1, router Remote c router ID l 10.5.0.2. Vy router A s l DR trong mng ny v router A c router ID ln hn router ID ca router HQ. Tng t, router Remote s l DR trong mng 10.5.0.0/16 v router A lm BDR trong mng ny.
Hnh 2.3.2.g
Ta xt v d trong hnh 2.3.2.g. R2 v R3 khng thc hin bu DR v BDR cho mng im-ni-im kt ni gia hai cng serial ca chng. R1, R2 v R3 s tin hnh bu DR v BDR cho mng Ethernet kt ni gia chng. Gi s gi tr u tin ca cng e0 trn cc router u bng 1. R1 c cng Loopback0 nn n s ly a c IP ca cng ny lm router ID. R2 khng c cu hnh cng Loopback nn n ly a ch IP ln nht m n c lm router ID. Do , router ID ca R2 l 192.1.1.2. Tng t, router ID ca R3 l 201.1.1.1. Nh vy R3 c router ID ln nht nn n c bu lm DR trong mng Ethernet 192.1.1.0/24, R2 c router ID ln th 2 nn n c bu lm BDR trong mng ny.
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2.3.3. Thay i gi tr chi ph ca OSPF.
OSPF s dng chi ph lm thng s chn ng tt nht. Gi tr chi ph ny lin quan n ng truyn v d liu nhn vo ca mt cng trn router. Ni tm li, chi ph ca mt kt ni c tnh theo cng thc 108/bng thng, trong bng thng c tnh theo n v bit/s. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr chi ph bng nhiu cch. Cng no c chi ph thp th cng s c chn chuyn d liu. Cisco IOS t ng tnh chi ph da trn bng thng ca cng tng ng. Do , OSPF hot ng ng bn cn cu hnh bng thng ng cho cng ca router.
Router (config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Gi tr bng thng mc nh ca cng Serial Cisco l 1,544Mbps hay 1544kbs
Hnh 2.3.3.a. Gi tr chi ph OSPF mc nh ca Cisco IOS.
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Gi tr chi ph thay i s nh hng n kt qu tnh ton ca OSPF. Trong mi trng nh tuyn c nhiu hng khc nhau, bn s phi thay i gi tr chi ph gi tr chi ph ca hng ny tng thch vi gi tr chi ph ca hng kia. Mt trng hp khc bn cn thay i gi tr chi ph khi s dng Gigabit Ethernet. Gi tr chi ph mc nh thp nht, gi tr 1, l tng ng vi kt ni 100Mbs. Do , khi trong mng va co 100Mbs va Gigabit Ethernet th gi tr chi ph mc nh s lm cho vic nh tuyn c th khng ti u. Gi tr chi phi nm trong khong t 1 n 65.535.
Bn s dng cu lnh sau trong ch cu hnh cng tng ng ci t gi tr chi ph cho cng :
Router (config-if)#ip ospf cost number
Hnh 2.3.3.b. Cu hnh gi tr chi ph cho mt cng ca router.
2.3.4. Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh cho OSPF. Cc router mc nhin tin rng nhng thng tin nh tuyn m n nhn c l do ng router tin cy pht ra v nhng thng tin ny khng b can thip dc ng i.
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m bo iu ny, cc router trong mt vng cn c cu hnh thc hin xc minh vi nhau.
Mi mt cng OSPF trn router cn c mt cha kho xc minh s dng khi gi cc thng tin OSPF cho cc router khc cng kt ni vi cng . Cha kha xc minh, hay cn gi l mt m, c chia s gia hai router. Cha kho ny s dng to ra d liu xc minh (trng Authentication data) t trong phn header ca gi OSPF. Mt m ny c th di n 8 k t. Bn s dng cu lnh sau cu hnh mt m xc minh cho mt cng OSPF:
Router (config-if)#ip ospf authentication-keypassword
Sau khi cu hnh mt m xong, bn cn bt ch xc minh cho OSPF:
Router(config-router)#areaarea-number authentication
Hnh 2.3.4.a. Phn header ca gi OSPF.
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Vi c ch xc minh n gin trn, mt m c gi i di dn vn bn. Do n d dng c gii m nu gi OSPF b nhng k tn cng bt c.
Chnh v vy cc thng tin xc minh nn c mt m li. m bo an ton hn v thc hin mt m thng tin xc minh, bn nn cu hnh mt m message-digest bng cu lnh sau trn cng tng ng ca router:
Router( config-)#ip ospf message-digest-key key
key-id encryption-type md5
MD5 l mt thut ton mt m thng ip message-digist. Nu bn t tham s encryption-type gi tr 0 c ngha l khng th hin mt m, cn gi tr 7 c ngha l thc hin mt m theo cch c quyn ca Cisco.
Tham s key-id l mt con s danh nh c gi tr t 1 n 255. Tham s key l phn cho bn khai bo mt m, c th di n 16 k t. Cc router lng ging bt buc phi c cng s key-id c cng gi tr key.
Sau khi cu hnh mt m MD5 xong bn cn bt ch xc minh message-digest trong OSPF:
Router (config-router)#areaarea-id authentication message-digest
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Hnh 2.3.4.b. Cu hnh c ch xc minh MD5 cho OSPF.
T mt m v ni dung ca gi d liu, thut ton mt m MD5 s to ra mt thng ip gn thm vo gi d liu. Router nhn gi d liu s dng mt m m bn thn router c kt hp vi gi d liu nhn c to ra mt thng ip. Nu kt qu hai thng ip ny ging nhau th c ngha l l router nhn c gi d liu t ng ngun v ni dung gi d liu khng b can thip. Cu trc phn header ca gi OSPF nh trn hnh 2.3.4.a. Trng authentication type cho bit c ch xc minh l c ch no. Nu c ch xc minh l message-digest th trng authentication data s c cha key-id v thng s cho bit chiu di ca phn thng ip gn thm vo gi d liu. Phn thng ip ny ging nh mt con du khng th lm gi c.
2.3.5. Cu hnh cc thng s thi gian ca OSPF
Cc router OSPF bt buc phi c khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng vi nhau mi c th thc hin trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mc nh, khong thi gian bt ng bng bn ln khong thi gian hello. iu ny c ngha l mt router c n 4 c hi gi gi hello trc khi n xc nh l cht.
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Trong mng OSPF qung b, khong thi gian hello mc nh l 10 giy, khong thi gian bt ng mc nh l 40 giy. Trong mng khng qung b, khong thi gian hello mc nh l 30 giy v khong thi gian bt ng mc nh l 120 giy. Cc gi tr mc nh ny c nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca OSPF v i khi bn cn phi thay i chng.
Ngi qun tr mng c php la chn gi tr cho hai khong thi gian ny. tng hiu qu hot ng ca mng bn cn u tin thay i gi tr ca hai khong thi gian ny. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny phi c cu hnh ging nhau cho mi router lng ging kt ni vi nhau.
cu hnh khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng trn mt cng ca router, bn s dng cu lnh sau:
Router (config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval seconds
Router (config-if)#ip ospf dead-interval seconds
Hnh 2.3.5
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2.3.6. OSPF thc hin qung b ng mc nh
nh tuyn OSPF m bo cc con ng n tt c cc mng ch trong h thng khng b lp vng. n c cc mng nm ngoi h thng th OSPF cn phi bit v mng hoc l phi c ng mc nh. Tt nht l s dng ng mc nh v nu router phi lu li tng ng i cho mi mng ch trn th gii th s tn mt lng ti nguyn khng l.
Trn thc t, chng ta khai bo ng mc nh cho router OSPF no kt ni ra ngoi. Sau thng tin v ng mc nh ny c phn phi vo cho cc router khc trong h t qun (AS autonomous system) thng qua hot ng cp nht bnh thng ca OSPF. Trn router c cng kt ni ra ngoi, bn cu hnh mc nh bng cu lnh sau:
Router (config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [interface | next-hop address ]
Mng tm s 0 nh vy tng ng vi bt k a ch mng no. Sau khi cu hnh ng mc nh xong, bn cu hnh cho OSPF chuyn thng tin v ng mc nh cho mi router khc trong vng OSPF:
Router (config-router) #default information originate
Mi router trong h thng OSPF s nhn bit c l c ng mc nh trn router bin gii kt ni ra ngoi.
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Hnh 2.3.6. ng mc nh ch c s dng khi khng tm thy ng no khc trong bng nh tuyn.
2.3.7. Nhng li thng gp trong cu hnh OSPF
OSPF router phi thit lp mi quan h lng ging hoc thn mt vi OSPF router khc trao i thng tin nh tuyn. Mi quan h ny khng thit lp c c th do nhng nguyn nhn sau: C hai bn lng ging vi nhau u khng gi Hello. Khong thi gian Hello v khong thi gian bt ng khng ging nhau gia cc router lng ging. Loi cng giao tip khc nhau gia cc router lng ging. Mt m xc minh v cha kho khc nhau gia cc router lng ging.
Trong cu hnh nh tuyn OSPF vic m bo tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin sau cng v cng quan trng: Tt c cc cng giao tip phi c a ch v subnet mask chnh xc.
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Cu lnh network area phi c wildcard mask chnh xc. Cu lnh network area phi khai bo ng area m network thuc v.
2.3.8. Kim tra cu hnh OSPF
kim tra cu hnh OSPF bn c th dng cc lnh show c lit k trong bng 2.3.8.a. Bng 2.3.8.b lit k cc lnh show hu dng cho bn khi tm s c ca OSPF.
Bng 2.3.8.a. Cc lnh show dng kim tra cu hnh OSPF
Lnh
Gii thch
Show protocol Show route
ip Hin th cc thng tin v thng s thi gian, thng s nh tuyn, mng nh tuyn v nhiu thng tin khc ca tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn ang hot ng trn router. ip Hin th bng nh tuyn ca router, trong l danh sch cc ng tt nht n cc mng ch ca bn thn router v cho bit router hc c cc ng i ny bng cch no.
Show ip ospf Lnh ny cho bit cng ca router c cu hnh ng interface vi vng m n thuc v hay khng. Nu cng loopback khng c cu hnh th ghi a ch IP ca cng vt l no c gi tr ln nht s c chn lm router ID. Lnh ny cng hin th cc thng s ca khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng trn cng , ng thi cho bit cc router lng ging thn mt kt ni vo cng. Show ip ospf Lnh ny cho bit s ln s dng thut ton SPF, ng thi cho bit khong thi gian cp nht khi mng khng c g
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thay i. Show ip ospf Lit k chi tit cc lng ging, gi tr u tin ca chng v trng thi ca chng. neighbor detail Show ip ospf Hin th ni dung ca c s d liu v cu trc h thng database mng trn router, ng thi cho bit router ID, ID ca tin trnh OSPF.
Bng 2.3.8.b. Cc lnh clear v debug dng kim tra hot ng OSPF.
Lnh
Gii thch
Clear ip route * Clear ip route a.b.c.d Debug ip ospf events Debug ip ospf adj
Xo ton b bng nh tuyn. Xo ng a.b.c.d trong bng nh tuyn. Bo co mi s kin ca OSPF. Bo co mi s kin v hot ng quan h thn mt ca OSPF.
TNG KT
Sau y l cc im quan trng bn cm nm c trong chng ny: Cc c im ca nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Thng tin nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c xy dng v bo tr nh th no. Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. u v nhc im ca nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.
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So snh nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Cc thut ng OSPF. Cc loi mng OSPF. Hot ng ca thut ton chn ng ngn nht SPF. Giao thc OSPF Hello. Cc bc c bn trong hot ng ca OSPF. Khi ng OSPF trn router. Cu hnh cng loopback t quyn u tin cho router. Thay i quyt nh chn ng ca OSPF bng cch thay i thng s chi ph. Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh cho OSPF. Thay i cc thng s thi gian ca OSPF. To v qung b ng mc nh. S dng cc lnh show kim tra hot ng ca OSPF.
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Chng 3: EIGRP GII THIU Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) l mt giao thc nh tuyn c quyn ca Cisco c pht trin t Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). Khng ging nh IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch, EIGRP c h tr nh tuyn lin min khng theo lp a ch (CIDR Classless Interdomain Routing) v cho php ngi thit k mng ti u khng gian s dng a ch bng VLSM. So vi IGRP, EIGRP c thi gian hi t nhanh hn, kh nng m rng tt hn v kh nng chng lp vng cao hn. Hn na, EIGRP cn thay th c cho giao thc Novell Routing Information Protocol (Novell RIP) v Apple Talk Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) phc v hiu qu cho c hai mng IPX v Apple Talk. EIGRP thng c xem l giao thc lai v n kt hp cc u im ca c giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn nng cao hn da trn cc c im c giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Nhng u im tt nht ca OSPF nh thng tin cp nht mt phn, pht hin router lng gingc a vo EIGRP. Tuy nhin, cu hnh EIGRP d hn cu hnh OSPF. EIGRP l mt la chn l tng cho cc mng ln, a giao thc c xy dng da trn cc Cisco router. Chng ny s cp n cc nhim v cu hnh EIGRP, c bit tp trung vo cch EIGRP thit lp mi quan h vi cc router thn mt, cch tnh ton ng chnh v ng d phng khi cn thit, ccg p ng vi s c ca mt ng i no . Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b, nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng khng hat ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi
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qun tr mng phi nhanh chng xc nh c s c v x l chng. S c mng thng do nhng nguyn nhn sau: G sai cu lnh Cu hnh danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL khng ng hoc t ACL khng ng ch Cc cu hnh cho router, switch v cc thit b mng khc Kt ni vt l khng tt Ngi qun tr mng cn tip cn vi s c mt cch c phng php, s dng s x l s c tng qut. Trc tin l kim tra s c lp vt l trc ri mi i dn ln cc lp trn. M d chng ny ch tp trung vo x l s c cc hat ng ca giao thc nh tuyn Lp 3 nhng cng rt quan trong cho cc bn khi cn loi tr s c cc lp di. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau: M t s khc nhau gia EIGRP v IGRP M t cc khi nim, k thut v cu trc d liu ca EIGRP Hiu c qu trnh hi t ca EIGRP v cc bc hat ng c bn ca thut ton DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) Thc hin cu hnh EIGRP c bn Cu hnh ng tng hp cho EIGRP M t qu trnh EIGRP xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn Kim tra hot ng ca EIGRP M t 8 bc x l s c tng qut p dng tin trnh logic x l s c nh tuyn. X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn RIP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug. X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn IGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn EIGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn OSPF bng cch s dng lnh show v debug 3.1. Cc khi nim ca EIGRP 3.1.1. So snh EIGRP v IGRP Cisco a ra giao thc EIGRP vo nm 1994 nh l mt phin bn mi m rng v nng cao hn ca giao thc IGRP. K thut vect khong cch trong IGRP vn c s dng cho EIGRP
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EIGRP ci tin cc c tnh ca qu trnh hi t, hat ng hiu qu hn IGRP. iu ny cho php chng ta m rng, ci tin cu trc trong khi vn gi nguyn nhng g xy dng trong IGRP Chng ta s tp trung so snh EIGRP v IGRP trong cc lnh vc sau: Tnh tng thch Cch tnh thng s nh tuyn S lng hop Hat ng phn phi thng tin t ng nh du ng i IGRP v EIGRP hon ton tng thch vi nhau. EIGRP router khng c ranh gii khi hat ng chung vi IGRP router. c im ny rt quan trng khi ngi s dng mun tn dng u im ca c hai giao thc. EIGRP c th h tr nhiu lai giao thc khc nhau cn IGRP th khng. EIGRP v IGRP c cch tnh thng s nh tuyn khc nhau. EIGRP tng thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP s dng thng s 24 bit. Bng cch nhn ln hoc chia i 256 ln, EIGRP c th d dng chuyn i thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP EIGRP v IGRP u s dng cng thc tnh thng s nh tuyn nh sau: Thng s nh tuyn = [K1 * bng thng + (K2 * bng thng/(256 ti) + (K3 * tr)] * [K5/( tin cy + K4)] Mc nh: K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0. Khi K4=K5=0 th phn [K5/ ( tin cy + K4)]trong cng thc khng cn l mt nhn t khi tnh thng s nh tuyn na. Do , cng thc tnh cn li nh sau: Thng s nh tuyn = bng thng + tr IGRP v EIGRP s dng cc bin i sau tnh ton thng s nh tuyn: Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP = 10 000 000 / bng
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thng thc s Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = (10 000 000 / bng thng thc s) * 256 tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP = tr thc s/10 tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = ( tr thc s/10) * 256 IGRP c s lng hop ti a l 255. EIGRP c s lng hop ti a l 224. Con s ny d sc p ng cho mt mng c thit k hp l ln nht. cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh OSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia s thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau th cn phi cu hnh nng cao hn. Trong khi IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS ca h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s thng tin v ng i vi nhau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi cc thng tin v ng i m EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li. EIGRP nh du nhng ng m n hc c t IGRP hay t bt k ngun bn ngoi no khc l ng ngoi vi v nhng con ng ny khng xut pht t EIGRP router. IGRP th khng phn bit ng ngoi vi v ni vi. V d nh hnh 3.1.1, trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route, ng EIGRP c nh du bng ch D, ng ngoi vi c nh du bng ch EX. RTA phn bit gia mng hc c t EIGRP (172.16.0.0) v mng c phn phi t IGRP (192.168.1.0). Trong bng nh tuyn ca RTC, giao thc IGRP khng c s phn bit ny. RTC ch nhn bit tt c cc ng u l ng IGRP mc d 2 mng 10.1.1.0 v 172.16.0.0 l c phn phi t EIGRP.
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3.1.2. Cc khi nim v thut ng ca EIGRP EIGRP router lu gi cc thng tin v ng i v cu trc mng trn RAM, nh chng p ng nhanh chng theo s thay i. Ging nh OSPF, EIGRP cng lu nhng thng tin ny thnh tng bng v tng c s d liu khc nhau. EIGRP lu cc con ng m n hc c theo mt cch c bit. Mi con ng c trng thi ring v c nh du cung cp thm nhiu thng tin hu dng khc. EIGRP c ba lai bng sau: Bng lng ging (Neighbor table) Bng cu trc mng (Topology table) Bng nh tuyn (Routing table) Bng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi router EIGRP lu gi mt bng lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router thn mt vi n. Bng ny tng t nh c s d liu v cc lng ging ca OSPF. i vi mi giao thc m EIGRP h tr, EIGRP c mt bng lng ging ring tng ng. Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi, router s ghi li a ch v cng kt ni ca lng ging vo bng lng ging. Khi lng ging gi gi hello trong c thng s v khong thi gian lu gi. Nu router khng nhn c gi hello khi n nh k th khong thi gian lu gi l khong thi gian m router ch v vn xem l router lng ging cn kt ni c v cn hat ng. Khi khong thi gian lu gi ht m vn khng cn kt ni c v cn hot ng. Khi khong thi gian lu gi ht m vn khng nhn c hello t router lng ging , th xem nh router lng ging khng cn kt ni c hoc khng cn hot ng, thut ton DUAL
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(Difusing Update Algorithm) s thng bo s thay i ny v thc hin tnh ton li theo mng mi. Bng cu trc mng l bng cung cp d liu xy dngj ln mng nh tuyn ca EIGRP. DUAL ly thng tin t bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh ton chn ng c chi ph thp nht n tng mng ch. Mi EIGRP router lu mt bng cu trc mng ring tng ng vi tng loi giao thc mng khc nhau. Bng cu trc mng cha thng tin v tt c cc con ng m router hc c. Nh nhng thng tin ny m router c th xc nh ng i khc thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit. Thut tan DUAL chn ra ng tt nht n mng ch gi l ng knh (successor router). Sau y l nhng thng tin cha trong bng cu trc mng: Feasible distance (FD): l thng tin nh tuyn nh nht m EIGRP tnh c cho tng mng ch. Route source: l ngun khi pht thng tin v mt con ng no . Phn thng tin ny ch c vi nhng ng c hc t ngoi mng EIGRP. Reported disdiance (RD): l thng s nh tuyn n mt router lng ging thn mt thng bo qua. Thng tin v cng giao tip m router s dng i n mng ch. Trng thi ng i: Trng thi khng tc ng (P passive) l trng thi n nh, sn sng s dng c, trng thi tc ng (A active) l trng thi ang trong tin trnh tnh ton li ca DUAL. Bng nh tuyn EIGRP lu gi danh sch cc ng tt nht n cc mng ch. Nhng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn c rt ra t bng t cu trc mng. Router EIGRP c bng nh tuyn ring cho tng giao thc mng khc nhau. Con ng c chn lm ng chnh n mng ch gi l successor. T thng tin trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng, DUAL chn ra mt ng chnh v a ln mng nh tuyn. n mt mng ch c th c n 4 successor. Nhng ng ny c chi ph bng nhau hoc khng bng nhau. Thng tin v successor cng c t trong bng cu trc mng. ng Feasible successor (FS) l ng d phng cho ng successor. ng ny cng c chn ra cng vi ng successor nhng chng ch c lu trong bng cu trc mng nhng iu ny khng bt buc. Router xem hop k tip ca ng Feasible successor di n gn mng ch hn n. Do , chi ph ca Feasible successor c tnh bng chi ph ca chnh n cng vi chi ph vo router lng ging thng bo qua. Trong trng hp successor b s c th router s tm Feasible successor thay th. Mt ng Feasible successor bt buc phi c chi ph m router lng ging thng bo qua thp hn chi ph ca ng successor hin ti. Nu trong bng cu trc mng khng c sn ng Feasible successor th con ng n mng ch tng ng c a vo trng
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thi Active v router bt u gi cc gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging tnh ton li cu trc mng. Sau vi cc thng tin mi nhn c, router c th s chn ra c successor mi hoc Feasible successor mi. ng mi c chn xong s c trng thi l Passive.
Hnh 3.1.2.a. RTA c th c nhiu successor n mng Z nu RTB v RTC gi thng bo v chi ph n mng Z nh nhau
Hnh v 3.1.2.b. Bng cu trc mng cn lu nhiu thng tin khc v cc ng i. EIGRP phn loi ra ng ni vi v ng ngoi vi. ng ni vi l ng xut pht t bn trong h t qun ( Autonomous system) ca EIGRP. EIGRP c dn nhn (Administrator tag) vi gi tr t 0 n 255 phn bit ng thuc loi no. ng ngoi vi l ng xut pht t bn ngoi ca EIGRP. Cc ng ngoi vi l nhng ng c hc t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nh RIP, OSPF v IGRP. ng c nh cng c xem l ng ngoi vi.
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3.1.3. Cc c im ca EIGRP EIGRP hot ng khc vi IGRP. V bn cht EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nng cao nhng khi cp nht v bo tr thng tin lng ging v thng tin nh tuyn th n lm vic ging nh mt giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Sau y l cc u im ca EIGRP so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng thng: Tc hi t nhanh. S dng bng thng hiu qu.
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C h tr VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) v CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing). Khng ging nh IGRP, EIGRP c trao i thng tin v subnet mask nn n h tr c cho h thng IP khng theo lp. H tr nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau. Khng ph thuc vo giao thc nh tuyn. Nh cu trc tng phn ring bit tng ng vi tng giao thc m EIGRP khng cn phi chnh sa lu. V d nh khi pht trin h tr mt giao thc mi nh IP chng hn, EIGRP cn phi c thm phn mi tng ng cho IP nhng hon ton khng cn phi vit li EIGRP. EIGRP router hi t nhanh v chng s dng DUAL. DUAL bo m hot ng khng b lp vng khi tnh ton ng i, cho php mi router trong h thng mng thc hin ng b cng lc khi c s thay i xy ra. EIGRP s dng bng thng hiu qu v n ch gi thng tin cp nht mt phn v gii hn ch khng gi ton b bng nh tuyn. Nh vy n ch tn mt lng bng thng ti thiu khi h thng mng n nh. iu ny tng t nh hot ng cp nht ca OSPF, nhng khng ging nh router OSPF, router EIGRP ch gi thng tin cp nht mt phn cho router no cn thng tin m thi, ch khng gi cho mi router khc trong vng nh OSPF. Chnh v vy m hot ng cp nht ca EIGRP gi l cp nht gii hn. Thay v hot ng cp nht theo chu k, cc router EIGRP gi lin lc vi nhau bng cc gi hello rt nh. Vic trao i cc gi hello theo nh k khng chim nhiu bng thng ng truyn. EIGRP c th h tr cho IP, IPX v Apple Talk nh c cu trc tng phn theo giao thc (PDMs Protocol-dependent modules). EIGRP c th phn phi thng tin ca IPX RIP v SAP ci tin hot ng ton din. Trn thc t, EIGRP c th iu khin hai giao thc ny. Router EIGRP nhn thng tin nh tuyn v dch v, ch cp nht cho cc router khc khi thng tin trong bng nh tuyn hay bng SAP thay i. EIGRP cn c th iu khin giao thc Apple Talk Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP). RTMP s dng s lng hop chn ng nn kh nng chn ng khng c tt lm. Do , EIGRP s dng thng s nh tuyn tng hp
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cu hnh c chn ng tt nht cho mng Apple Talk. L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch, RTMP thc hin trao i ton b thng tin nh tuyn theo chu k. gim bt s qu ti ny, EIGRP thc hin phn phi thng tin nh tuyn Apple Talk khi c s kin thay i m thi. Tuy nhin, Apple Talk client cng mun nhn thng tin RTMP t cc router ni b, do EIGRP dng cho Apple Talk ch nn chy trong mng khng c client, v d nh cc lin kt WAN chng hn. 3.1.4. Cc k thut ca EIGRP EIGRP c rt nhiu k thut mi ci tin hiu qu hot ng, tc hi t v cc chc nng so vi IGRP v cc giao thc nh tuyn khc. Cc k thut ny c tp trung thnh 4 loi nh sau: S pht hin v ti pht hin cc router lng ging. Giao thc truyn ti tin cy (RTD Reliable Transport Protocol). Thut ton DUAL finite state machine. Cu trc tng phn theo giao thc (PDMs Protocol-dependent modules). Router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch dng n gin khng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca n. RIP v IGRP router ch n gin l pht qung b hay multicast cc thng tin cp nht ca n ra mi cng c cu hnh. Ngc li, EIGRP router ch ng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca chng, tng t nh cch lm ca OSPF router.
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Hnh 3.1.4 Qu trnh EIGRP router thit lp mi quan h thn mt c m t trong hnh 3.1.4. EIGRP router S dng cc gi hello rt nh thc hin vic thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi cc router lng ging. Mc nh, hello c gi i theo chu k l 5 giy. Nu router vn nhn c hello t lng ging th n s xem nh lng ging ny v cc ng i ca n vn hot ng. Bng cch thit lp mi quan h ny, EIGRP router c th thc hin c nhng vic sau:
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T ng hc c ng mi khi chng kt ni vo h thng mng. Xc nh mt router khng cn kt ni hoc khng cn hot ng na. Pht hin s hot ng tr li ca cc router. Giao thc vn chuyn tin cy RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol) l giao thc lp vn chuyn, thc hin vic chuyn gi EIGRP mt cch tin cy v c th t n tt c cc lng ging. Trong mng IP, host s dng TCP vn chuyn cc gi mt cch tun t v tin cy. Tuy nhin, EIGRP l mt giao thc c lp vi giao thc mng, do n khng da vo TCP/IP thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn ging nh RIP, IGRP v OSPF lm. khng b ph thuc vo IP, EIGRP s dng RTP lm giao thc vn chuyn ring c quyn ca n m bo vic truyn tin nh tuyn. EIGRP c th yu cu RTP cung cp dch v truyn tin cy hoc khng tin cy tu theo yu cu ca tng trng hp. V d, cc gi hello c truyn theo nh k v cn phi cng nh cng tt nn chng khng cn phi dng ch truyn tin cy. Ngc li, vic truyn tin cy cc thng tin nh tuyn s c th lm tng tc hi t v EIGRP router khng cn ch ht thi hn mi truyn li. Vi RTP, EIGRP c th gi multicast v trc tip cho cc i tc khc nhau cng mt lc, gip ti u hiu qu hot ng. Thnh phn trung tm ca EIGRP l thut ton Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), l b my tnh ton ng i ca EIGRP. Tn y ca k thut ny l DUAL finite-state machine (FSM). FSM l mt b my thut ton nhng khng phi l mt thit b c kh c cc thnh phn di chuyn c. FSM nh ngha mt tp hp cc trng thi c th tri qua, s kin no gy ra trng thi no v s c kt qu g. Ngi thit k s dng FSM lp trnh cch m mt thit b, mt chng trnh my tnh hay mt thut ton nh tuyn s x l nh th no vi mt tp hp cc d liu u vo. DUAL FSM cha tt c cc logic c s dng tnh ton v so snh ng i trong mng EIGRP. DUAL lu tt c cc ng i m lng ging thng bo qua. Da trn thng s nh tuyn tng hp ca mi ng, DUAL so snh v chn ra ng c chi ph thp nht n ch. DUAL m bo mi mt ng ny l khng c lp vng.
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ng chnh c chn ra gi l ng successor. ng successor c lu trn bng nh tuyn v ng thi cng c lu trong bng cu trc mng. EIGRP gi cc thng tin quan trng v ng i v cu trc mng trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp cho DUAL cc thng tin v ng i khi cn thit. Nu c mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL s tm ng thay th hoc mt feasible successor trong bng cu trc mang. Mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca EIGRP l n c thit k thnh tng phn ring bit theo giao thc. Nh cu trc ny, n c kh nng m rng v tng thch tt nht. Cc giao thc c nh tuyn nh IP, IPX v Apple Talk c a vo EIGRP thng qua cc PDM. EIGRP c th d dng tng thch vi giao thc dnh tuyn mi hoc cc phin bn mi ca chng nh IPv6 chng hn bng cch thm PDM vo. Mi PDM chu trch nhim thc hin mi chc nng lin quan n mt giao thc c nh tuyn. V d phn IP- EIGRP chu trch nhim cc vic sau: Gi v nhn cc gi EIGRP cha d liu IP. Thng bo cho DUAL khi nhn c thng tin nh tuyn IP mi. Duy tr kt qu chn ng ca DUAL trong bng nh tuyn IP. Phn phi thng tin nh tuyn m n hc c t cc giao thc nh tuyn IP khc. 3.1.5. Cu trc d liu ca EIGRP Ging nh OSPF, EIGRP da vo nhiu loi gi d liu khc nhau duy tr cc loi bng ca n v thit lp mi quan h phc tp vi router lng ging. C 5 loi gi EIGRP: Hello. Bo nhn. Cp nht. Yu cu.
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p ng. EIGRP da vo cc gi hello pht hin, kim tra v ti pht hin cc router lng ging. Ti pht hin c ngha l router EIGRP khng nhn c hello t mt router lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny li ti lp li thng tin lin lc. Chu k gi hello ca EIGRP router c th cu hnh c. Khong thi gian hello mc nh ph thuc vo bng thng trn tng cng ca router. Trong mng IP, EIGRP router gi hello theo a multicast 224.0.0.10. EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng ging ny c lu s th t (Seq No) v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui cng nhn c t mi router lng ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn ca khong thi gian lu gi, router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi c trng thi Passive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh. Nu router khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh ton li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh, khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k hello. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph hp hn vi h thng ca mnh.
Hnh 3.1.5 OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c. EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong
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thit lp mi quan h n nh m khng cn cc khong thi gian ny phi ging nhau gia chng. Gi hello thng c gi theo ch khng bo m tin cy. iu ny c ngha l khng c bo nhn cho cc gi hello. EIGRP router s dng gi bo nhn xc nhn l nhn c gi EIGRP trong qu trnh trao i tin cy. Giao thc vn chuyn tin cy (RTP Reliable Transport Protocol) cung cp dch v lin lc tin cy gia hai host EIGRP. Gi bo nhn chnh l gi hello m khng c d liu. Khng ging nh hello c gi multicast, cc gi bo nhn ch gi trc tip cho mt my nhn. Bo nhn c th c kt hp vo loi gi EIGRP khc nh gi tr li chng hn. Gi cp nht c s dng khi router pht hin mt lng ging mi. Router EIGRP s gi gi cp nht cho router lng ging mi ny n c th xy dng bng cu trc mng. C th s cn nhiu gi cp nht mi c th truyn ti ht cc thng tin cu trc mng cho router lng ging mi ny. Gi cp nht cn c s dng khi router pht hin s thay i trong cu trc mng. Trong trng hp ny, EIGRP router s gi multicast gi cp nht cho mi router lng ging ca n thng bo v s thay i. Mi gi cp nht u c gi bo m. EIGRP router s dng gi yu cu khi n cn mt thng tin c bit no t mt hay nhiu lng ging ca n. Gi p ng c s dng tr li cho cc gi yu cu. Nu mt EIGRP router mt successor v n khng tm c feasible successor thay th th DUAL s t con ng n mng ch vo trng thi Active. Sau router gi multicast gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging c gng tm successor mi cho mng ch ny. Router lng ging phi tr li bng gi p ng cung cp thng tin hoc cho bit l khng c thng tin no khc c th kh thi. Gi yu cu c th c gi multicast hoc ch gi cho mt my, cn gi p ng th ch gi cho my no gi yu cu m thi. C hai loi gi ny u c gi bo m. 3.1.6. Thut ton EIGRP
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Thut ton DUAL phc tp gip cho EIGRP hi t nhanh. hiu r hn v qu trnh hi t vi DUAL, ta xt v d hnh 3.1.6a. Mi router xy dng mt bng cu trc mng cha cc thng tin v ng i n mng A. Mi bng cu trc mng trong v d cc hnh 3.1.6.a-f c cc thng tin sau: Giao thc nh tuyn l giao thc EIGRP. Chi ph thp nht ca ng n mt mng ch gi l Feasible Distance (FD). Chi ph ca mt ng n mt mng ch do router lng ging thng bo qua gi l Reported Distance (RD). Nguyn tc chn ng Feasible successor: 1. ng feasible successor l ng d phng, thay th cho ng successor khi ng ny b s c. 2. Reported Distance (RD) ca mt ng n mt ch no l chi ph c thng bo t mt router lng ging. Chi ph ny phi nh hn Feasible Distance (FD) ca ng successor hin ti. 3. Nu tho mn iu kin trn th c ngha l khng c vng lp, ng s c chn lm feasible successor 4. ng feasible succesor c th thay th cho ng successor khi cn thit. 5. Nu RD ca mt ng ln hn hoc bng FD ca successor hin ti th ng khng c chn lm feasible successor. 6. Router phi tnh ton cu trc mng bng cch thu nhp thng tin t tt c cc lng ging. 7. Router gi gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging tm thng tin v ng i v chi ph ca ng n mng ch m router ang cn . 8. Tt c cc lng ging phi gi gi p ng tr li cho gi yu cu. 9. Router ghi nhn gi liu mi nhn c vo bng cu trc mng ca mnh. 10. By gi DUAL c th xc nh ng successor mi v feasible
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successor mi nu c da vo thng tin mi.
Hnh 3.1.6.a Ct Topology trong hnh cho bit ng no l ng chnh hay cn gi l successor, ng no l ng d phng hay cn gi l feasible successor (FS). Tuy nhin, bn cn lu l khng nht thit lc no cng phi tm c feasible successor. Mng EIGRP s hot ng theo cc bc m t bn di tin hnh hi t gia cc router. Hin ti cc router c cc thng tin v ng n mng A nh sau: Router C c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B. Router C c mt ng feasible successor l ng qua Router D. Router D c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B. Router D khng c ng feasible successor. Router E c mt ng successor l ng qua Router D. Router E khng c ng feasible successor.
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Sau y s m t mi router thc hin nguyn tc chn feasible successor nh th no khi ng lin kt gia Router D v Router B b t:
Hnh 3.1.6b Trong Router D (hnh 3.1.6b): ng i qua Router B b xo khi bng cu trc mng. ng ny l ng successor. Router khng xc nh c feasible successor trc . Router D phi tnh ton li ng mi. Trong Router C: ng n Mng A qua Router D b t. ng ny b xo khi bng. ng ny l successor ca Router C.
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Hnh 3.1.6.c Trong router D (hnh 3.1.6.c): Router D khng c feasible successor. Do , n khng th chuyn qua ng d phng c. Router D phi tnh ton li cu trc mng. Con ng n Mng A c t vo trng thi Active. Router D gi gi yu cu cho tt c cc lng ging kt ni vi n l Router C v Router E yu cu gi thng tin v mng. Trc , Router C c ng qua Router D. Trc , Router D khng c ng qua Router E. Trong Router E: ng n Mng A thng qua Router D b t. ng ny l ng successor ca Router E. Router E khng c feasible successor.
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Lu rng RD ca ng thng qua Router C l 3, bng vi chi ph ca ng successor qua Router D.
Hnh 3.1.6.d Trong Router C (hnh 3.1.6.d): Router E gi gi yu cu cho Router C. Router C xo ng qua Router E khi bng. Router C tr li cho Router D vi thng tin v ng mi n Mng A. Trong Router D: Trng thi ca ng n Mng A vn l Active v cng vic tnh ton cha hon tt. Router C tr li cho Router D xc nhn l ng n Mng A ang hot ng vi chi ph l 5. Router D vn ang ch p ng t Router E.
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Trong Router E: Router E khng c feasible successor n mng A. Do , Router E nh du trng thi con ng n Mng A l Active. Router E phi tnh ton li cu trc mng. Router E xo ng i qua Router D ra khi bng. Router E gi gi yu cu cho Router C yu cu thng tin v mng. Trc , Router E c thng tin v ng i qua Router C. ng ny c chi ph l 3, bng vi chi ph ca ng successor.
Hnh 3.1.6.e Trong Router E (hnh 3.1.6.e): Router C tr li li thng tin v ng n Mng A c RD l 3. By gi Router E c th chn ng thng qua Router C lm successor mi vi FD l 4 v RD l 3. Trng thi ca ng n Mng A c i t Active sang Passive. Lu : trng thi Passive l trng thi mc nh khi router vn nhn c gi hello
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t trng thi . Do trong v d ny ch cn nh du trng thi Active thi.
Hnh 3.1.6.f Trong Router E (hnh 3.1.6.f): Router E gi p ng cho Router D cung cp thng tin v mng ca Router E. Trong Router D: Router D nhn c gi hi p t Router E vi nhng thng tin v mng ca Router E. Router D ghi nhn con ng n Mng A thng qua Router E. Con ng ny tr thnh mt ng successor na v n c chi ph bng vi ng thng qua Router C v n c RD nh hn FD ca ng thng qua Router C. Qu trnh hi t xy ra gia mi router EIGRP s dng thut ton DUAL.
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3.2. Cu hnh EIGRP 3.2.1. Cu hnh EIGRP Tr thut ton DUAL l phc tp, cn cu hnh EIGRP th kh n gin. Tu theo giao thc c nh tuyn l IP, IPX hay Apple Talk m cu lnh cu hnh EIGRP s khc nhau. Phn sau y ch cp n cu hnh EIGRP cho giao thc IP.
Hnh 3.2.1
Sau y l cc bc cu hnh EIGRP cho IP: 1. S dng lnh sau khi ng EIGRP v xc nh con s ca h t qun: router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system-number Thng s autonomous-system-number xc nh cc router trong mt h t qun. Nhng router no trong cng mt h thng mng th phi c con s ny ging nhau.
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2. Khai bo nhng mng no ca router m bn ang cu hnh thuc v h t qun EIGRP: router(config-router)#network network-number Thng s network-number l a ch mng ca cc cng giao tip trn router thuc v h thng mng EIGRP. Router s thc hin qung co thng tin v nhng mng c khai bo trong cu lnh network ny. Bn ch khai bo nhng mng no kt ni trc tip vo router m thi. V d trn hnh 3.2.1, mng 3.1.0.0 khng kt ni vo Router A nn khi cu hnh EIGRP cho Router A chng ta khng khai bo mng 3.1.0.0. 3. Khi cu hnh cng serial s dng trong EIGRP, vic quan trng l cn t bng thng cho cng ny. Nu chng ta khng thay i bng thng ca cng, EIGRP s s dng bng thng mc nh ca cng thay v bng thng thc s. Nu ng kt ni thc s chm hn, router c th khng hi t c, thng tin nh tuyn cp nht c th b mt hoc l kt qu chn ng khng ti u. t bng thng cho mt cng serial trn router, bn dng cu lnh sau trong ch cu hnh ca cng : router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits Gi tr bng thng khai trong lnh bandwidth ch c s dng tnh ton cho tin trnh nh tuyn, gi tr ny nn khai ng vi tc ca cng. 4. Cisco cn khuyn co nn thm cu lnh sau trong cu hnh EIGRP: router(config-if)#eigrp log-neighbor-changes Cu lnh ny s lm cho router xut ra cc cu thng bo mi khi c s thay i ca cc router lng ging thn mt gip chng ta theo di s n nh ca h thng nh tuyn v pht hin c s c nu c. 3.2.2. Cu hnh ng tng hp cho EIGRP EIGRP t ng tng hp cc ng li theo lp a ch. V d nh hnh 3.2.2a, RTC ch kt ni vo mng con 2.1.1.0 nhng n s pht qung co l n kt ni
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vo mng lp A 2.0.0.0. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, vic t ng tng hp ny c u im l gip cho bng nh tuyn ngn gn.
Hnh 3.2.2.a. EIGRP t ng tng hp ng i theo lp ca a ch IP Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp bn khng nn s dng ch t ng tng hp ng i ny. V d trong mng c s a ch khng lin tc th ch ny phi tt i. tt ch t ng tng hp ng i, bn dng cu lnh sau: router(config-router)#no auto-summary
Hnh 3.2.2.b. Mng c s a ch khng lin tc (hai subnet/24 b ngt chnh gia bi mt subnet/30) vi ch tng hp ng i
Hnh 3.2.2.c. Mng c s a ch khng lin tc c cu lnh no auto-summary. Khi ch t ng tng hp ng i b tt, router s qung co tng subnet
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Hnh 3.2.2.d. Vic tng hp ng i ca EIGRP c th c cu hnh trn tng cng ca router Vi EIGRP, vic tng hp ng i c th c cu hnh bng tay trn tng cng ca router vi gii hn tng hp m bn mun ch khng t ng tng hp theo lp ca a ch IP. Sau khi khai bo a ch tng hp cho mt cng ca router, router s pht qung co ra cng cc a ch c tng hp nh mt cu lnh ci t. a ch tng hp c khai bo bng lnh ip summary-address eigrp nh sau: Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp autonomous-system-number ipaddress mask administrative-distance ng tng hp ca EIGRP c ch s mc nh ca tin cy (administrativedistance) l 5. Tuy nhin, bn c th khai bo gi tr cho ch s ny trong khong t 1 n 255. Xt v d nh hnh 3.2.2.d, RTC c cu hnh nh sau: RTC(config)#router eigrp 2446 RTC(config-router)#no auto-summary RTC(config-router)#exit RTC(config)#interface serial 0/0 RTC(config-if)#ip simmary-address igp 2446 2.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
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Khi , RTC s thm vo bng nh tuyn ca n mt ng tng hp nh sau: D 2.1.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:00:22, Null0 Lu rng ng tng hp c ngun l Null0 ch khng phi l t mt cng c th v ng ny ch c mc ch qung co ch khng phi l i din cho mt ng c th n mng ch. Trn RTC, ng tng hp ny c ch s tin cy (administrative distance) l 5. RTD khng h bit y l ng tng hp nn n ghi nhn thng tin v ng ny t RTC nh mt ng EIGRP bnh thng vi ch s tin cy mc nh ca EIGRP l 90. Trong cu hnh ca RTC, ch t ng tng hp ng i c tt i bng lnh no auto-summary. Nu bn khng tt ch t ng tng hp ny th RTD s nhn c ng thi 2 thng tin, mt l a ch mng tng hp theo lnh ci t trn 2.1.0.0/16 v mt l a ch mng tng hp t ng theo lp ca a ch IP 2.0.0.0/8. Trong a s cc trng hp, khi bn mun cu hnh tng hp a ch bng tay th bn nn tt ch t ng tng hp bng lnh no auto-summary. 3.2.3. Kim tra hot ng ca EIGRP Bn s dng cc lnh show nh trong bng 3.2.3.a kim tra cc hot ng ca EIGRP. Ngoi ra, cc lnh debug l nhng lnh gip bn theo di hot ng EIGRP khi cn thit. Lnh Show ip eigrp Gii thch
Hin th bng lng ging ca EIGRP. S dng tham s type number xc nh c th cng cn xem. T kho details cho neighbors [type php hin th thng tin chi tit hn. number] [details]
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Show ip eigrp
Hin th thng tin EIGRP ca cc cng. S dng cc tham s in nghing cho php gii hn phn thng tin hin th cho tng interfaces [type cng hoc trong tng AS. T kho details cho php hin th number] [asthng tin chi tit hn. number] [details] Show ip eigrp Hin th tt c cc feasible successor trong bng cu trc mng ca EIGRP. S dng cc tham s in nghing gii hn topology [asthng tin hin th theo s AS hay theo a ch mng c th. number] [[ipaddress] mask] Show ip eigrp Tu theo bn s dng t kho no, router s hin th thng tin v cc ng i ang hot ng, ang ch x l hay khng c topology [active | successor. pending | zerosuccessors] Show ip eigrp topology all-links Show ip eigrp Hin th thng tin v mi ng i ch khng ch c feasible successor trong bng cu trc EIGRP. Hin th s gi EIGRP gi i v nhn c.
traffic [as-number] Bn s dng tham s as-number gii hn thng tin hin th trong mt AS c th. Bng 3.2.3a. Cc lnh show dng cho EIGRP
Lnh Debug eigrp fsm
Gii thch Hin th hot ng ca cc EIGRP feasible successor gip chng ta xc nh khi no tin trnh nh tuyn ci t v xo thng tin cp nht v ng i.
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Debug eigrp packet
Hin th cc gi EIGRP gi i v nhn c. Cc gi ny c th l gi hello, cp nht, bo nhn, yu cu hoc hi p. S th t ca gi v ch s bo nhn c s dng gi bo m cc gi EIGRP cng c hin th. Bng 3.2.3.b. Cc lnh EIGRP debug
3.2.4. Xy dng bng lng ging. Router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch dng n gin khng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca n. RIP v IGRP ch n gin l pht qung b hoc multicast thng tin cp nht ra cc cng c cu hnh. Ngc li, EIGRP router ch ng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca n ging nh router OSPF lm. Bng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi EIGRP lu mt bng lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router lng ging thn mt. Bng ny tng t nh c s d liu v lng ging ca OSPF. EIGRP c ring tng bng lng ging cho mi giao thc m EIGRP h tr. EIGRP router s dng cc gi hello rt nh thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi cc router lng ging. Mc nh, hello c gi i theo chu k 5 giy/ln. Nu router vn nhn c u n cc gi hello t mt router lng ging th n vn s hiu rng router lng ging cng vi cc ng i ca n vn cn hot ng. Bng cch thit lp mi quan h thn mt nh vy, EIGRP router thc hin c nhng vic sau: T ng hc c ng mi khi ng ny kt ni vo mng. Xc nh router lng ging b t kt ni hay khng cn hot ng na. Ti pht hin cc router vn trc b xem l t kt ni.
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Hnh 3.2.4.a. Bng lng ging ca EIGRP Sau y l cc thng tin trong bng lng ging: a ch ca router lng ging. Hold time: L khong thi gian lu gi. Nu khng nhn c bt k ci g t router lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi th khi khong thi gian ny ht thi hn, router mi xem kt ni n lng ging khng cn hot ng. Ban u, khong thi gian ny ch p dng cho cc gi hello, nhng cc phin bn Cisco IOS hin nay, bt k gi EIGRP no nhn c sau gi hello u tin u khi ng li ng h o khong thi gian ny. Smooth Round Trip Timer (SRTT): L khong thi gian trung bnh m router gi i mt gi v nhn v mt gi t mt router lng ging. Khong thi gian ny c dng xc nh thi gian truyn li (RTO). Queue count (QCnt): L s lng gi d liu ang xp trong hng i ch c chuyn i. Nu phn ny lun c gi tr khng i ln hn 0 th c th l router ang b nghn mch. Nu phn ny c gi tr 0 c ngha l khng c gi EIGRP no trong hng i.
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Sequence number (Seq No): L s th t ca gi nhn c mi nht t router lng ging. EIGRP s dng ch s ny xc nh gi cn truyn li vi router lng ging. Bng lng ging ny c s dng h tr cho vic gi m bo tin cy v tun t cho cc gi d liu EIGRP, tng t nh TCP thc hin gi bo m cho cc gi IP vy.
Hnh 3.2.4.b. Qu trnh trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia hai router lng ging vi nhau 3.2.5. Pht hin ng i Cc router chy EIGRP gi cc thng tin v ng i trn RAM, do c th p ng nhanh chng. Ging nh OSPF, EIGRP lu cc thng tin ny thnh tng bng hay tng c s d liu. DUAL l thut ton vect khong cch ca EIGRP, n s dng thng tin trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh ton ng c chi ph thp nht n mng ch. ng chnh c chn ra c gi l ng successor. Sau khi tnh
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ton, DUAL t ng successor ln bng nh tuyn v ng thi cng lu ng ny trong bng cu trc mng. DUAL cn c gng tnh ng d phng cho trng hp ng successor b t. ng d phng ny c gi l ng feasible successor. DUAL ch lu ng feasible successor trong bng cu trc mng. ng ny s c s dng thay th khi ng successor n mng ch b t hoc khng bo m tin cy. 3.2.6. Chn ng Nu c mt ng i n mt mng ch b t, DUAL s tm feasible succesor trong bng cu trc mng thay th. Nu khng tm c feasible successor th con ng n mng ch c nh du trng thi Active. Sau , router gi gi yu cu n tt c cc router lng ging yu cu cung cp thng tin v mng ch ang cn x l. DUAL s dng cc thng tin mi nhn c tnh ton li successor v feasible successor mi. Sau khi DUAL hon tt vic tnh ton, ng successor c a ln bng nh tuyn. ng successor v feasible successor c lu trong bng cu trc mng. Con ng n mng ch trn c chuyn t trng thi Active sang trng thi Pasive. Trng thi ny c ngha l con ng n mng ch hot ng v bo m tin cy.
Hnh 3.2.6a. ng successor l ng c chi ph thp nht n mt mng ch. Successor l router k tip trn ng i ny
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Hnh 3.2.6.b. RTA c th ci t nhiu ng successor nu chng c cng chi ph
Hnh 3.2.6.c. Bng cch xc nh ng feasible succesor, EIGRP router c th tm c ng thay th ngay khi ng successor b t. 3.2.7. Bo tr bng nh tuyn DUAL ghi nhn tt c cc ng do lng ging qung co v s dng thng s nh tuyn tng hp so snh gia chng. ng thi DUAL cng m bo mi ng i ny khng b lp vng.
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ng n mt ch c chi ph thp nht s c DUAL a ln bng nh tuyn. ng ny gi l ng successor. ng successor cng c lu trong bng cu trc mng. EIGRP lu cc thng tin quan trng v ng i trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp thng tin y cho DUAL. Da vo DUAL c th chn ng thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit. Khi mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL tm feasible successor trong bng cu trc mng. Nu khng tm thy feasible successor th ng i n mng ch ny c nh du trng thi Active. Sau router gi gi yu cu n tt c cc router lng ging ca n yu cu cung cp thng tin mng. Vi thng tin mi nhn c, DUAL s tnh ton li ng successor v feasible successor mi. Sau khi DUAL tnh ton xong, ng successor c a vo bng nh tuyn. ng successor v feasible successor c t trong bng cu trc mng. Trng thi ca con ng n mng ch ny c chuyn t Active sang Passive. Trng thi ny c ngha l con ng hot ng tin cy. EIGRP router s dng cc gi hello rt nh thit lp mi quan h thn mt vi cc router lng ging. Mc nh, gi hello c gi theo chu k 5 giy/ln. Nu EIGRP router vn nhn c u n cc gi hello theo nh k th c ngha l lng ging cng vi cc con ng ca n vn cn hot ng bnh thng. Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi, router s ghi nhn li a ch v cng kt ni ca lng ging . Thng tin ny c lu trong bng lng ging. Khi router lng ging gi gi hello, trong c thng s v khong thi gian lu gi. y l khong thi gian m router vn ch v xem l router lng ging vn cn hot ng v kt ni li c. Hay ni cch khc, nu router khng nhn c gi hello trong sut khong thi gian lu gi th khi khong thi gian ny kt thc, router lng ging xem nh khng kt ni c na hoc khng cn hot ng na. DUAL s thng bo s thay ny v thc hin tnh ton li vi cu trc mng mi. 3.3. X l s c giao thc nh tuyn 3.3.1. Qu trnh x l s c giao thc nh tuyn
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Tt c cc qu trnh x l s c giao thc nh tuyn u nn tun theo mt s logic tun t. S ny khng phi l mt tin trnh bt buc cng nhc khi x l s c mng. Tuy nhin, n l mt s c bn t ngi qun tr mng c th xy dng mt s x l s c ph hp cho mi trng mng ca mnh. 1. Khi kho st s c mng, c gng lm r nhng m t v s c. Xc nh s c da trn mt lot cc hin tng v cc nguyn nhn c th gy ra. phn tch ng s c, bn xc nh cc du hin chung v sau xc nh xem nguyn nhn no c th gy ra cc hin tng nh vy. V d: host khng tr li dch v khi c yu cu t client, l mt hin tng. Nhng nguyn nhn c th l cu hnh host b thiu, giao tip card b hng hoc thiu lnh cu hnh trn router. 2. Xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra s c Thu nhp cc s kin cn thit gip cho bn xc nh nguyn nhn c th gy ra s c. Hi nhng ngi dng b nh hng bi s c, hi ngi qun l, ngi qun tr mng v mt s ngi quan trng khc. Thu nhp thng tin t nhiu ngun, v d nh h thng qun l mng giao thc phn tch mng, kt qu hin th ca mt s lnh kho st router hoc t cc ghi ch ca phin bn phn mm ang s dng. 3. Da trn nhng thng tin thu thp c, chng ta tp trung ch vo cc nguyn nhn c th. Vi cc thng tin thu thp c bn c th loi tr mt s nguyn nhn. V d: da trn cc thng tin ny, bn c th loi tr s c phn cng tp trung vo s c phn mm. Trong mi trng hp, c gng thu nh s lng nguyn nhn c kh nng gy ra s c chng ta c th ln mt phng n x l hiu qu. 4. Ln phng n hnh ng theo cc nguyn nhn c kh nng cn li. Bt u vi nguyn nhn c kh nng nhiu nht, bn t ra mt phng n trong ch thay i mt thng s mng.
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Ch thay i mt thng s ti mt thi im. iu ny gip cho bn xc nh c gii php cho tng s c c th. Khng nn c thay i nhiu hn mt thng s ti mt thi im. Lm nh vy c th s gii quyt c s c nhng bn li khng th bit c ci no bn thay i gii quyt c hin tng no v nh vy bn s khng rt c kinh nghim cho nhng ln xy ra s c tng t v sau. 5. Thc hin phng n a ra, thc hin tng bc mt cch cn thn ng thi kim tra xem cc hin tng ca s c ht cha. 6. Kho st kt qu xc nhn l s c c gii quyt hay cha. Nu s c c gii quyt xong th qu trnh ca chng ta chm dt. 7. Nu s c vn cn, bn ln phng n cho nguyn nhn c kh nng cao th hai. Quay li bc 4, thay i mt thng s khc v lp li qu trnh cho n khi gii quyt c s c. 8. Mt khi nguyn nhn tht s ca s c c xc nh, c gng x l n. iu quan trng bc ny l ghi li s c v gii php tng ng c th s dng sau ny. Nu n bc ny m mi c gng vn khng thnh cng th bn nn yu cu h tr k thut t nh sn xut thit b. Mt s ngun h tr khc c th gip cho bn l cc chuyn gia hoc cc k s v k thut. Cisco router c mt s tp lnh h tr cho bn theo di v xc nh s c mng: Tp lnh show cho php bn theo di cc hot ng bnh thng ca mng, gip bn khoanh vng khu vc xy ra s c. Tp lnh debug h tr cho bn xc nh s c ca giao thc v ca cu hnh router. Cc cng c TCP/IP nh ping, traceroute v telnet.
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Tp lnh show l cng c quan trng nht gip bn hiu c trng thi hot ng ca router, xc nh cc router lng ging, theo di hot ng tng qut v khoanh vng s c mng. Tp lnh debug cung cp cc thng tin sng v giao thng trn mt cng, cc thng ip bo li bn trong, phn tch cc gi d liu ca mt giao thc no v nhiu thng tin khc c ch. Chng ta ch dng lnh debug xc nh s c ch khng dng n xem cc hot ngbnh thng ca mng. Ch s dng debug tm mt giao thng c bit no hay mt s c no . Bn nn thu hp cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c trc khi s dng lnh debug. Bn dng lnh show debugging xem nhng debug no ang c bt ln trong router. S dng tp lnh show ca Cisco IOS cho cc cng vic sau: Xem cc p ng ca router trong qu trnh ci t. Xem hot ng bnh thng ca mng. Xc nh s c trn cng giao tip, trn my tinh hay trn mt ng dng no. Xc nh khi no mng nghn mch. Xc nh trng thi ca server, client hoc cc lng ging.
Cc cng c mng TCP/IP: Lnh ping m rng c th iu khin tt hn lnh ping c bn. Ping kim tra nhanh tnh kt ni t u cui - n u cui. Traceroute c th c s dng xc nh kt ni no b nghn mch hay b t. Telnet c s dng kim tra mt kt ni hot ng hon chnh t u cui - n - u cui. 3.3.2. X l s c cu hnh RIP
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S c thng gp nht ca RIP lm cho RIP khng thc hin qung co v mt ng no l do VLSM (Variable length subnet mask). RIP phin bn 1 khng h tr VLSM. Do khi RIP khng qung co v mt ng no , bn nn kim tra nhng iu sau: C s c v kt ni Lp 1 hoc Lp 2 hay khng. C cu hnh a ch IP theo s VLSM hay khng. VLSM khng th s dng c vi RIPv1. Cu hnh RIPv1 v RIPv2 c ph hp vi nhau hay khng. Cu lnh network c b thiu hay b sai khng. Cng giao tip trn router c hot ng tt khng. Lnh show ip protocols cung cp cc thng tin v c im v trng thi hin ti ca cc giao thc nh tuyn ang hot ng trn router. RIP gi thng tin nh tuyn ra cc cng giao tip c a ch IP nm trong a ch mng c khai bo trong cu lnh network. V d: nu bn cu hnh xong cng FastEtherrnet 0/1 nhng bn khng khai bo a ch mng ca cng ny cho RIP bng lnh network th RIP s khng gi thng tin nh tuyn ra cng v ng thi cng khng nhn thng bo ny t cng ny. Bn c th dng lnh debug ip rip xem cc thng tin tc thi v hot ng ca RIP. Sau bn dng lnh no debug ip rip, no debug all hoc undebug all tt debug.
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Hnh 3.3.2.a. V d kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip protocols
Hnh 3.3.2.b. V d hin th ca lnh debug ip rip V d trong hnh 3.3.2.b, router R1 ang nhn thng tin cp nht t mt router khc c a ch l 192.168.3.1. Router ny gi thng tin v hai mng ch l 172.30.0.0 v 172.16.0.0. Router R1 cng gi thng tin cp nht ca n ra cng FastEthernet 0/0. C hai router u s dng a ch qung b 255.255.255.255 lm a ch ch
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cho cc gi thng tin nh tuyn ca mnh. Ch s trong ngoc () l a ch ngun c ng gi trong phn IP header. Bn c th s gp cu thng bo nh sau khi router nhn c mt gi khng ng dng chun: RIP: bad version 128 from 160.89.80.43 3.3.3. X l s c cu hnh IGRP IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch c pht trin bi Cisco t gia thp nin 80. IGRP c nhiu c im khc vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nh RIP chng hn. Cc c im ny c lit k trong bng 3.3.3. c im Gii thch
Kh nng m rng IGRP c kh nng nh tuyn cho mng c kch thc ln tng hn nhiu s vi mng s dng RIP. Thng s nh tuyn IGRP s dng thng s nh tuyn tng hp chn phc tp ng linh hot hn. Cc yu t tc ng vo vic chn ng l bng thng, tr, ti v tin cy. Mc nh, thng s nh tuyn ch bao gm bng thng v tr. IGRP khc phc c gii hn 15 hop ca RIP. IGRP c gi tr hop ti a mc nh l 100 nhng bn c th cu hnh cho gi tr ny ln ti 255. Chia ti ra nhiu IGRP c th duy tr ti 6 ng khc nhau gia mt cp ng ngun v ch. Nhng ng ny gia mt cp ngun v ch. Nhng ng ny khng bt buc phi c chi ph bng nhau nh i vi RIP. Vic s dng nhiu ng cho cng mt ch nh vy s tng c bng thng ng truyn hoc c th d phng Bng 3.3.3
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Bn dng lnh router igrp autonomous-system khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn IGRP trn router nh sau: R1 (config)#router igrp 100 Sau , bn dng lnh network network-number khai bo cc a ch ca cc cng trn router tham gia vo qu trnh cp nht IGRP. R1 (config-router)#network 172.30.0.0 R1 (config-router)#network 192.168.3.0 Bn dng cc lnh sau kim tra cu hnh v hot ng ca IGRP: R1#show ip protocols R1#show ip route
Hnh 3.3.3.a
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Hnh 3.3.3.b 3.3.5.X l s c cu hnh OSPF OSPF l 1 giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.Mt lin kt tng ng vi mt cng giao tip trn mt router.Trng thi ca mt ng lin kt bao gm thng tin v cng giao tip v mi quan h vi cc router lng ging kt ni vo cng .V d : thng tin v mt cng giao tip bao gm a ch IP ,subnet mask v loi mng kt ni vo cng cng nh cc router kt ni vo cng ny.Tp hp cc thng tin nh vy to thnh c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt. -S c thng xy ra vi OSPF c lin quan ti quan h vi cc lng ging thn mt v vic ng b c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt.Lnh show ip ospf neighbors s cung cp nhiu thng tin hu ch cho vic x l s c lin quan n vic quan h vi cc router lng ging thn mt. -Bn s dng lnh debug ip ospf events hin th thng tin v cc s kin lin quan n OSPF nh: +Mi quan h lng ging thn mt. +Gi thng tin nh tuyn +Bu router i din(DR)
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+Tnh ton chn ng ngn nht(OSPF) -Nu router c cu hnh nh tuyn OSPF m khng thy c cc lng ging OSPF trn nhng mng kt ni trc tuyn ca n th bn nn thc hin cc vic sau: +Kim tra xem c hai router lng ging vi nhau c cu hnh IP c cng subnet mask ,cng khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng hay cha. +Kim tra xem c hai router lng ging ca nhau c nm trong cng mt vng hay khng. hin th thng tin v mi gi OSPF nhn c ,bn dng lnh debug ip ospf packet.Dng dng no ca cu lnh ny tt debug. Lnh debug ip ospf packet s hin th cc thng tin ca tng gi OSPF m router nhn c.Thng tin hin th thay i mt cht tu theo loi c ch xc minh ang c s dng.
TNG KT Sau khi c xong chng ny ,bn phi tr li c cc cu hi sau: 1. EIGRP l mt giao thc lai,kt hp cc u im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.Vy EIGRP ging giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nhng im no? V ging giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt nhng im no? 2. Bng cu trc mng ca EIGRP v c s d liu v cu trc mng ca OSPF khc nhau nh th no? Sau y l nhng im quan trng trong chng ny: +im khc nhau gia EIGRP v IGRP +Cc khi nim chnh,k thut chnh v cu trc d liu ca EIGRP +Hot ng hi t ca EIGRP v hot ng c bn ca DUAL +Cu hnh IEGRP c bn
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+Cu hnh tng hp ng i cho IEGRP +Qu trnh EIGRP xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn +Kim tra hot ng EIGRP +Tm bc cho qu trnh x l s c ni chung +p dng s logic trn vo qu trnh x l s c nh tuyn +X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn RIP s dng lnh show v debug. +X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn IGRP s dng lnh show v debug +X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn EIGRP s dng lnh show v debug +X l s c tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF s dng lnh show v debug
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CHNG 4: CC KHI NIM V CHUYN MCH
GII THIU Vic thit k LAN uc pht trin v thay i nhiu theo thi gian.Cho n gn y cc nh thit k mng vn cn s dng hub,bridge xy dng h thng mng.Cn hin nay ,switch v router l hai thit b quan trng nht trong LAN,kh nng v hot ng ca hai loi thit b ny khng ngng c nng cao. Chng ny s quay li mt s ngun gc ca cc phin bn Ethernet LAN,tho lun v s pht trin ca Ethernet/802.3 v cu trc pht trin nht ca LAN.Mt ci nhn v hon cnh lch s ca s pht trin LAN v cc thit b mng khc nhau lm vic lp 1, lp 2, lp 3 ca m hnh OSI s gip chng ta hiu r hn ti sao cc thit b mng c pht trin nh vy. Cho n gn y hu ht cc mng Ethernet vn cn c s dng Repeater. Khi hiu qu hot ng ca cc mng ny tr nn xu i v c qu nhiu thit b cng chia s mt mi trng truyn th cc k s mng mi lp thm Bridge chia mng thnh nhiu min ng mng nh hn. Khi h thng mng cng pht trin ln hn v phc tp hn, Bridge c pht trin thnh Switch nh by gi, cho php phn on cc nh h thng mng. Cc mng ngy nay c xy dng da trn Switch v router, thm ch c thit b bao gm c hai chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch. Switch hin i c kh nng thc hin nhiu nhim v phc tp khc nhau trong mng. Chng ny s gii thiu v cch phn on mng v m t hot ng c bn ca Switch. Switch l thit b Lp 2 uc s dng tng bng thng v gim nghn mch. Mt Switch c th phn mng LAN thnh cc on siu nh, l nhng on mng ch c Host. Nh vy mt min ln c chia thnh nhiu min nh ko c ng .L mt thit b lp 2 nn LAN Switch c th to uc nhiu min ng nhng tt c cc Host kt ni vo Switch vn nm trong cng mt min qung b.
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Sau khi hon tt chng ny cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau: + M t lch s v chc nng ca Ethernet chia s,bn song cng + nh ngha ng trong mng Ethernet + nh ngha phn on cc nh (microsegment) + nh ngha CSMA/CD + M t mt s thnh phn quan trng nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca mng + M t chc nng ca Repeater + nh ngha tr mng + nh ngha thi gian truyn + M t chc nng c bn ca Fast Ethernet + Xc nh on mng s dng Router,Switch v Bridge + M t hot ng c bn ca Switch + nh ngha tr ca Ethernet Switch + Gii thch s khc nhau gia chuyn mch lp 2 v lp 3 + nh ngha chuyn mch i xng v bt i xng + nh ngha b nh hng i + So snh v phn bit gia chuyn mch store-and-forward v cut-through + Hiu c s khc nhau gia Hub,Bridge,Switch + M t chc nng chnh ca Switch + Lit k cc ch chuyn gi chnh ca Switch + Xc nh on mng LAN
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+ Xc nh on mng cc nh s dng Switch + M t tin trnh lc ti + So snh v phn bit min ng v min qung b + Xc nh loi cp cn thit kt ni my trm vo Switch + Xc nh loi cp cn thit kt ni Switch vo Switch 4.1. Gii thiu Ethernet/802.3 LAN 4.1.1. S pht trin ca Ethernet/802.3 LAN - K thut LAN u tin s dng cu trc thick Ethernet v Thin Ethernet. Nm c cc gii hn ca 2 loi cu trc ny l rt quan trng thy c v tr ca chuyn mch LAN ngy nay. - Thm HUB hay cn gi l b tp trung vo mng l mt ci tin da trn k thut thick v thin Ethernet. Hub l thit b lp 1 v i khi uc coi l mt b tp trung Ethernet hay Repeater a port. S dng Hub trong mng cho php kt ni c nhiu user hn. Loi Hub ch ng cn cho php m rng khong cch ca mng v n thc hin ti to li tn hiu d liu.Hub ko h c quyt nh g i vi tn hiu d liu m n nhn uc. N ch n gin l khuch i v ti to li tn hiu m n nhn c v chuyn ra cho tt c cc thit b ni vo n. - Ethernet c bn l k thut chia s cng 1 bng thng cho mi ngi dng trong 1 phn on LAN. iu ny ging nh mt xe hi cng chy vo mt ln ng vy. Con ng ny ch c mt ln ng nn ti mt thi im ch c 1 xe hi chy trn m thi. Cc user kt ni v cng mt Hub chia s bng thng trn cng mt ng truyn.
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Hnh 4.1.1.a.Kt ni user dng Hub.Cc user trn cng mt Hub truy sut cng mt bng thng ng truyn cng ging nh nhiu xe hi cng r vo mt ln ng vy.Con ng ny ch c mt ln ng nn ti mt thi im ch c mt xe r m thi. - ng l mt hu qu tt yu ca mng Ethernet. Nu c hai hay nhiu thit b cng truyn cng mt lc th ng s xy ra. iu ny cng ging nh 2 xe cng tranh ginh mt ln ng v xy ra ng . Khi ng xy ra mi giao thng trn ng truyn s b ngng li cho n khi s ng c vn hi. Khi s lng ng qu ln, thi gian p ng ca h thng mng s rt chm. Tnh trng ny cho thy mng b nghn mch hoc c qu nhiu user truy cp cng lc vo mng. - Thit b lp 2 thng minh hn thit b lp 1. Thit b lp 2 c quyt nh chuyn gi da trn a ch MAC (Media access Control) c ghi trong phn u ca gi. - Bridge l 1 thit b lp 2 c s dng phn on mng. Bridge thu thp v chon la d liu chuyn mch gia hai on mng bng cch hc a ch MAC ca tt c cc thit b nm trong tng on mng kt ni vo n. Da vo cc a ch MAC, Bridge xy dng thnh bng chuyn mch v theo chuyn hoc chn gi li. Nh vy Bridge tch 1 mng thnh nhiu min ng nh hn,lm tng hiu qu hot ng ca mng. Tuy nhin Bridge ko chn cc lu lng qung b nhng d sao th Bridge cng iu khin lu lng mng tt hn Hub.
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- Switch cng l 1 thit b lp 2 v c xem l Bridge a port. Switch c th quyt nh chuyn 1 gi da trn a ch MAC c ghi trong gi . Switch hc a ch MAC ca cc thit b kt ni trn tng port ca n v xy dng thnh bng chuyn mch -Khi hai thit b kt ni vo Switch thc hin trao i vi nhau, Switch s thit lp mt mch o cung cp mt ng lin lc ring gia hai thit b ny. Switch c kh nng phn on mng cc nh, ngha l to ra mi trng ko ng gia ngun v ch,nh ti a ho lng bng thng kh dng. Switch c th to nhiu mch o ng thi gia cc cp thit b khc nhau. Hnh nh ny tng t nh ng cao tc c th chia thnh nhiu ln ng v mi xe c ring mt ln ng cho mnh.
Hnh 4.1.1.b Kt ni user bng Switch.C bao nhiu thit b kt ni vo Switch thf Switch c th to ra by nhiu mch o cho tng thit b. iu ny ging nh hnh minh ho v ng cao tc bn tri. ng cao tc ny c 3 ln ng dnh cho 3 nhnh vo n,mi nhnh mt ln ng ring. - Khuyt im ca thit b lp 2 l n chuyn gi qung b cho tt c cc thit b trong mng kt ni vo n.Khi s lng qung b qu nhiu s lm cho thi gian p ng ca mng rt chm. - Router l mt thit b lp 3.Router quyt nh chuyn gi da trn a ch mng ca gi d liu.Router s dng bng nh tuyn ghi li a ch lp 3
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ca cc mng kt ni trc tip vo router v cc mng m router hc c t cc router lng ring. - Mc tiu ca router l thc hin cc vic sau: + Kim tra d liu lp 3 ca gi nhn c + Chn ng tt nht cho gi d liu + Chuyn mch gi ra cng tng ng - Router ko b bt buc phi chuyn cc gi qung b. Do router c th lm gim kch thc min ng v min qung b trong mng. Router l thit b phn lung lu lng quan trng nht trong h thng mng ln. Chng gip cho bt k my tnh no cng c th thng tin lin lc vi bt k my tnh no khc bt c u trn th gii. - LAN kt hp hot ng ca c hai thit b lp 1 v lp 2 v lp 3. Vic trin khai cc thit b ny nh th no ph thuc vo iu kin v hon cnh c bit ca tng n v t chc.
Hinh 4.1.1.c 4.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca mng - Mng LAN ngy nay ngy cng tr nn qu ti v tnh trng nghn mch gia tng. Thm vo s lng ngi dng mng tng ln nhanh chng cng vi
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nhiu yu t khc kt hp li to thnh nhiu th thchi vi mng LAN truyn thng. +Mi trng a nhim hin nay ca cc h iu hnh my tnh nh Window, Unix/Linux v MAC cho php thc hin ng thi nhiu phin giao dch mng.Kh nng ny cng tng ln th yu cu v ti nguyn mng cng tng. +Vic s dng cc ng dng chuyn su nh World Wide Web chng hn gia tng.Cc ng dng dng client/server ny cho php ngi qun tr mng c th tp trung thng tin,d liu li d bo tr v bo v d liu. +Cc ng dng dng client/server gii phng cho cc my trm gnh nng ca vic lu tr d liu v chi ph trang b a cng lu tr. Chnh v nhng u im ny m vic s dng cc ng dng dng client/server s cng c s dng rng ri trong tng lai.
Hnh v 4.1.2
+Qu nhiu ngi trong 1 phn on mng 10Mbps +Hu ht mi ngi dng u truy cp vo 1 hoc 2 server +Cc ng dng chuyn ngnh nh to mu, CAD/CAM,x l nh ,v c s d liu.
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4.1.3. Cc thnh phn ca mng Ethernet/802.3 - Cc cu trc thng dng nht ca LAN l Ethernet. Ethernet c dng truyn d liu gia 2 thit b trong cng mt mng ni b.Nhng thit b ny c th l my tnh my in, file serverTt c cc my trong cng mt mi trng Ethernet s truyn v nhn d liu theo phng php qung b. Mt s yu t sau c th tc ng n hiu qu hot ng ca mng Ethernet/802.3 chia s: +Vic truyn gi trong mng Ethernet/802.3 l qung b +Phng php a truy cp cm nhn sng mng pht hin ng CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access/collision detect) ch cho php mt my trm c truyn ti mt thi im. +Nhiu ng dng a truyn thng c yu cu bng thng cao nh video v internet, cng vi tnh cht qung b ca Ethernet s lm cho mng nghn mch. +Thi gian tr mc nhin khi gi di chuyn trn mi trng mng lp 1 v i qua cc thit b mng lp 1 lp 2 lp 3. +S dng Repeater m rng khong cch v ng thi cng lm tng thi gian tr ca mng Ethernet/802.3 LAN
Hnh 4.1.3.a
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-Ethernet s dng CSMA/CD v mi trng truyn chia s c th truyn d liu vi tc ln n 100 Mb/s.CSMA/CD l mt phng php truy cp cho php ch mt my trm c truyn d liu ti mt thi im.Thnh cng ca Ethernet l cung cp mt dch v truyn tng lc(best-effort) truyn d liu v cho php mi thit b trong cng mt mi trng chia s c c hi truyn d liu ngang nhau.Tuy nhin ng l mt iu tt yu trong mng Ethernet,CSMA/CD
Hnh 4.1.3.b
4.1.4.Mng bn song cng -Ethernet khi u l mt k thut bn song cng.Vi ch truyn bn song cng ,host ch c th truyn hoc nhn ti mt thi im ch khng th thc hin c hai ng thi.Mi mt Ethernet host phi kim tra xem c d liu ang truyn trn mng hay khng trc khi thc hin pht d liu ca mnh.Nu mng ang c ngi s dng th host phi hon li th c hai hay nhiu Ethernet host s c th truyn d liu cng mt lc v kt qu l xy ra ng .Khi ng xy ra,host no pht hin ra ng u tin s pht ra tn hiu bo
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nghn cho cc host khc.Khi nhn c tn hiu bo nghn ,mi host s ngng vic truyn d liu li v ch mt thi gian ngu nhin trc khi bt u thc hin truyn li.Khong thi gian ch ngu nhin ny do thut ton back-off(vn hi ng )tnh ton.Cng c nhiu host kt ni vo mng v bt u truyn d liu th ng cng nhiu hn. -Ethernet LAN ngy cng tr nn bo ho v ngwoif dng s dng nhiu phn mm chuyn su,cc ng dng client/server l nhng loi phn mm yu cu host phi thc hin truyn thng xuyn hn vi thi gian lu hn.
Hnh 4.1.4:Cu trc mch ca card mng Ta xt card bn tri ,tn hiu c pht ra chn Tx(transmit) xung ng truyn, ng thi theo mch hi tip(loopback) i vo chn Rx(Receive).Tn hiu xung ng truyn v c truyn qung b n mi my trm cng kt ni vo mi trng truyn chia s.Do chn Rx ca card bn tri cng ng thi nhn c tn hiu ca chnh n t ng truyn ln.Khi n s so snh gia hai tn hiu,mt tn hiu nhn c t ng truyn v mt tn hiu i t chn Tx theo mch hi tip vng v Rx.Nu hai tn hiu ging nhau ngha l bnh thng.Nu c ng xy ra,tn hiu nhn c t ng truyn ln s b khc vi tn hiu hi tip t Tx.Nh n pht hin c ng xy ra 4.1.5.S nghn mch trong mng -K thut pht trin to ra cc my tnh ngy cng nhanh hn v thng minh hn.Kh nng ca my trm v cc ng dng mng chuyn su ngy cng pht
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trin th yu cu v bng thng ca mng ngy cng tng.Nhu cu vt mc 10Mb/s trn mng chia s Ethernet/802.3 -Ngy nay ,mng thc hin truyn rt nhiu cc loi d liu nh: +Tp tin hnh nh ln +Hnh nh +Hnh ng(video) +ng dng a phng tin -Ngoi ra s lng ngi dng trong mng cng tng ln nhanh chng.Tt c cc yu t trn t mt sc p rt ln i vi bng thng 10Mb/s.Khi c qu nhiu ngi cng thc hin chia s tp tin,truy cp file server v kt ni Internet th tnh trng nghn mch s xy ra.Hu qu l thi gian p ng ca mng chm,thi gian ti tp tin lu hn v lm gim nng sut lm vic ca ngi s dng. gii quyt tnh trng nghn mch ny,bn cn phi c nhiu bng thng hn hoc l phi s dng lng bng thng ang c mt cch hiu qu hn.
Hnh 4.1.5.a.Cn cn phi cn bng gia bng thng mng v nhu cu ca ngi dng cng vi cc ng dng chy trn mng
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Hnh 4.1.5.b.Bng thng v cc nhu cu ca cc ng dng khc
4.1.6.Thi gian tr trn mng -Thi gian tr l khong thi gian gi d liu di chuyn t my ngun ti my nh.Vic xc nh thi gian tr ca ng i gia ngun v nh trong LAN v WAN l rt quan trng.Trong mng Ethernet LAN ,nm c thi gian tr v cc tc ng ca n l rt quan trng quyt nh thi gian CSMA/CD pht hin ng v tho thun truyn li. -C t nht 3 ngun gy ra tr:
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-u tin l thi gian m NIC my ngun pht tn hiu in xung ng dy v thi gian NIC my thu nhn bit c cc xung in.Khong thi gian ny gi l khong thi gian ca NIC,khong us i vi 10BASE-T NIC. -Th hai l khong thi gian tn hiu lan truyn trn ng dy.Thi gian ny khong 0,556 us trn 100m cp UTP CAT5.Cp cng di v vn tc truyn cng chm th thi gian tr ny cng ln. -Th ba l thi gian tr do cc thit b mng lp 1 lp 2 lp 3 dc trn ng i gia hai my ngun v ch. -Thi gian tr khng ph thuc hon ton vo khong cch v s lng thit b mng.V d :Nu 3 Switch gia 3 my trm c cu hnh ng th thi gian tr gia hai my trm s t hn l nu gia chng t mt Router v router thc hin chc nng phc tp hn,cn nhiu thi gian x l hn.Router phi x l d liu lp 3 ch khng phi d liu lp 2 nh Switch 4.1.7.Thi gian truyn ca Ethernet 10Base-T -Tt c cc mng u c mt thi bit hay cn gi l mt khe thi gian.Nhiu k thut LAN nh Ethernet chng hn, nh ngha thi bit l mt n v thi gian truyn i mt bit. cho mt thit b in hay quang nhn ra c tn hiu l bit 0 hay bit 1 th phi c mt khong thi gian ti thiu l khong thi gian ca mt bit. -Thi gian truyn c tnh bng s lng bit gi i nhn vi thi bit tng ng ca k thut m bn ang s dng.Hay ni cch khc,thi gian truyn l khong thi gian truyn ht mt gi d liu.Do gi d liu cng di th khong thi gian ny cng di. -Mi mt bt trong mng Ethernet 10Mb/s c thi gian truyn l 100ns. y chnh l thi bit.Mt byte bng 8 bit .Do ,mt byte cn ti thiu 800ns truyn ht.Mt frame c 64 byte l frame nh nht hp l ca 10Base-T cn 51.200 ns(51,2us) Nh vy ,nu truyn mt frame c 1000 byte th my ngun cn 800us mi pht xong frame ny.Tng thi gian thc s frame i c ti my ch cn ph thuc vo nhiu ngun gy tr khc trn mng nh: +thi gian tr ca NIC
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+Thi gian tr do lan truyn trn ng cp +Thi gian tr do cc thit b lp 1,lp 2 v lp 3 dc trn ng i 4.1.8. ch li ca vic s dng Repeater -Khong cch m mt mng LAN c th bao ph b gii hn v s suy hao ca tn hiu.Khi tn hiu di chuyn trn mng n s b suy hao do tr khng ca cp hay ca mi trng truyn lm tiu hao nng lng tn hiu . Ethernet Repeater l mt thit b hot ng lp vt l,n khuch i v ti to li tn hiu trong Ethernet LAN.Khi bn s dng repeater m rng khong cch ca mt LAN,mng LAN ny c th bao ph lnmt phm vi ln hn v c nhiu ngi dng hn cng chia s mng ny.Tuy nhin,vic s dng repeater v hub li to ra mt vn v qung b v ng lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca mng LAN c mi trng truyn chia s.
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+Repeater l mt thit b lp 1 thc hin khuch i,ti to li tn hiu v truyn i +Repeater cho php ko di khong cch t u cui -n -u cui +Repeater lm tng kch thc ca min ng v min qung b Hnh:4.1.8.b.M rng mi trng chia s mng LAN bng repeater 4.1.9.Truyn song cng -Ethernet song cng cho php truyn mt gi d liu ng thi nhn mt gi d liu khc ti cng mt thi im.Vic truyn v nhn song song ng thi ny yu cu s dng hai cp dy khc nhau trong cp v chuyn mch kt ni gia hai my.Kt ni ny phi c xem nh kt ni im -ni -im v hon ton khng c ng .V c hai node c th truyn v nhn ng thi nn khng cn vic tha thun s dng bng thng. Ethernet song cng c th s dng cu trc cp ax c nu nh mi trng truyn tha mn c nhng tiu chun Ethernet ti thiu. truyn v nhn ng thi, mi node phi kt ni vo mt port ring trn switch. Kt ni song cng c th s dng chun mi trng truyn ca 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T hoc 100BASE-FX to kt ni iim-ni-im. NIC trn tt c thit k ni vo mng phi c kh nng song cng. Ethernet switch song cng vn dng u im ca hai cp dy ring r trong cp to kt ni trc tip gia chn truyn (Tx) mt u vi chn thu (Rx0 u kia. Khi hai my c kt ni nh vy s to ra mi trng truyn khng c ng , vic truyn v nhn d kiu c thc hin trn hai mc in ca hai cp dy ring bit trong si cp. Trong mng bng thng 10Mb/s trc y, Ethernet ch s dng khong 50% 60% lng bng thng do ng v thi gian tr. Ethernet song cng c th s dng 100% bng thng trn c hai chiu, mi chiu Tx v Rx bn c 10Mb/s, tng cng l bn c thng lng 20Mb/s.
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Gp i bng thng gia hai node. Truyn khng c ng . Hai ng 10Mb/s hay 100Mb/s.
4.2. Gii thiu v chuyn mch LAN 4.2.1. Phn on mng LAN Mt h thng mng c th chia thnh nhiu n v nh hn gi l segmnet. Hnh 4.2.1. l mt v d v phn on Mng Ethernet. Ton b h thng mng c 15 my tnh, trong c 6 server v 9 my trm. Mi segment s dng phng php truy cp CSMA/CD v duy tr lu lng trong segment . Mi segment l mt min ng ring. Vic phn on mng cho php phm vi nghn mch c thu nh trong phm vi tng segment. Khi d liu c truyn i trong mt segment, cc thit b
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trong cng segment chia s ton b bng thng ca segment . D liu c truyn gia cc segment s c truyn ln ng trc chnh ca mng.
4.2.2. Phn on ca mng bridge Bridge l mt thit b Lp 2 thc hin chuyn gi da trn a ch MAC. Khi bridge nhn frame vo t mt port, bridge s c a ch MAC, ca my gi nhn bit c thit b nop kt ni vi port . T bridge xy dng c bng chuyn mch, trn nh x t a ch MAC ra port tng ng. Nhng gi d liu no khng cn chuyn ra segment th bridge s chn cc gi li. Mc d hot ng ca bridge l trong sut i vi cc thit b mng khc nhng thi gian tr vn tng ln khong 10% n 30% khi s dng bridge. Thi gian tr ny l thi gian bridge x l v quyt nh chuyn gi. Bridge l mt thit b chuyn mch dng store and-forward. Vi kiu chuyn mch ny, bridge phi kim tra a ch ch v tnh ton CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) kim tra li frame ri mi chuyn frame i. Nu port ch ang bn th bridge c th tm thi lu frame cho n khi port ch c gii phng.
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Phn on mng bng bridge gip gim s lng ngi dng trn mt segment. bridge nhn frame, gi frame ri chuyn frame i da theo a ch Lp 2.
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Khng ph thuc vo giao thc Lp 3 Tng thi gian tr trn mng. 4.2.3. Phn on mng bng router. Phn on mng bng router s lm tng thi gian tr ca mng ln 20% n 30%. Thi gian tr ny cao hn bridge v router hot ng lp Mng v s dng a ch IP quyt nh chn ng tt nht n my ch.
Bridge v switch ch phn on mng trong mt mng n nay trong mt subnet thi. Cn router cung cp kt ni gia cc mng v cc subnet vi nhau. Router khng chuyn gi qung b trong khi swich v bridge bt buc phi chuyn gi qung co.
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- D qun l hn, chc nng nhiu hn, nhiu ng i hn - Thu nh khch thc min qung b - Hot ng lp 3 4.2.4. Phn on mng bng switch Chuyn mch LAN gip gim i tnh trng thiu ht bng thng v nghn mch. Switchs phn on mng LAN thnh cc vi on (microsegment), thu nh ti a kch thc min ng . Tuy nhin tt c cc host kt ni vo mt switch vn nm trong cng mt min qung b.
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Trong mng Ethernet LAN thun chuyn mch, cc node thc hin chc nng truyn v nhn ging nh l trong mng ch c duy nht mnh n vy. Khi hai node thit lp k ni, mt mch o c thit lp gia chng v cuing cp ton b bng thng mng. Mch o ny ch tn ti trong switch khi cc node cn trao i. Cc kt ni bng switch cung cp nhiu thng lng h so vi Ethernet LAN kt ni bng bridge hay hub.
- Swithc loi tr ng bng cch phn on cc nh (microsegement). - Ti gian tr thp v tc chuyn trang frame cao trn mi port. - Hot ng tt vi card mng v cp c sn ca chun 802.3 (CSMA/CD). 4.2.5. Hot ng c bn ca switch. Chuyn mch l mt k thut gip gim tc nghn trng mng Ethernet, Token Ring v FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Inteface). Chuyn mch thc hin c vic ny bng cch gim giao thng v tng bng thng. LAN switch thng c s dng thay th cho hub v vn hot ng tt vi cc cu trc cp c sn. Switch thc hin hot ng chnh sau: - Chuyn mch frame - Bo tr hot ng chuyn mch.
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- Kh nng truy cp ring bit trn port - Loi tr c ng v tng thng lng ng truyn - H tr c nhiu phin giao dch cng mt lc - Chuyn frame da trn bng chuyn mch + Chuyn frame da theo a ch MAC (Lp 2). - Hot ng Lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. - Hc v tr kt ni ca tng my trm bng cch ghi nhn a ch ngun trn frame nhn vo. + Chuyn frame ra tt c cc port khi a ch ch l qung b, multicast hoc l mt a ch m switch khng bit. + Ch chuyn frame ra port khc khi a ch ch nm port khc vi port nhn vo.
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Hnh 4.2.5.b. Hot ng c bn ca switch. Ta xt hot ng ca switch t lc ban u cha c thng tin g trong bng chuyn mch. hnh ny, my A thc hin gi gi d liu cho my B.
Hnh 4.2.5.c. Switch nhn c frame t my A vo port s 3. Switch kim tra a ch ngun trong frame nhn c v ghi nhn vo bng chuyn mch: a ch MAC ca my A tng ng vi port s 3.
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Hnh 4.2.5.d. thi im ny, trn bng chuyn mch ca switch cha c thng tin g v a ch ch l a ch MAC ca my B. Do , switch chuyn frame ra tt c cc port t port s 3 l port nhn frame vo.
Hnh 4.2.5.e. My B nhn c d liu my A gi cho n, n gi d liu ca n li cho my A
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Lc ny, switch nhn vo t port s 4 gi d liu ca my B gi cho my A. Cng bng cch hc a ch ngun trong frame nhn vo, switch s ghi nhn c vo bng chuyn mch: a ch MAC ca my B l tng ng vi port s 4. a ch ch ca frame ny l a ch MAC ca my A m swithc hc trc . Do , switch ch chuyn frame ra port s 3. 4.2.6. Thi gian tr ca Ethernet switch. Thi gian tr l khong thi gian t lc switch bt u nhn frame cho n khi switch chuyn ht frame ra port ch. Thi gian tr ny ph thuc vo cu hnh chuyn mch v lng giao thng qua switch. Thi gian tr c o n v nh hn giy. i vi thit b mng hot ng vi tc cao th mi mt nano giy (ns) tr hn l mt nh hng ln n hot ng mng. 4.2.7. Chuyn mch Lp 2 v Lp 3. Chuyn mch l tin trnh nhn frame vo t mt cng v chuyn frame ra mt cng khc. Router s dng chuyn mch Lp 3 chuyn mch cc gi c nh tuyn xong. Switch s dng chuyn mch Lp 2 chuyn frame. S khc nhau gia chuyn mch Lp 2 v Lp 3 l loi thng tin nm trong frame c s dng quyt nh chn cng ra l khc nhau. Chuyn mch Lp 2 da trn thng tin v a ch MAC. Cn chuyn mch Lp 3 th da v a ch lp Mng v d nh a ch IP. Chuyn mch Lp 2 nhn vo a ch MAC ch trong phn header ca frame v chuyn frame ra ng port da theo thng tin v a ch MAC trn bng chuyn
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mch. Bng chuyn mch c lu trong b nh a ch CAM (Content Addressable Memory). Nu switch Lp 2 khng bit phi gi frame ra port no c th th n gin l n qung b frame ra tt c cc port ca n. Khi nhn c gi tr li v, switch s ghi nhn a ch mi vo CAM. Chuyn mch Lp 3 l mt chc nng ca Lp Mng. Chuyn mch Lp 3 kim tra thng tin nm trong phn header ca Lp 3 v da vo a ch IP trong chuyn gi. Dng giao thng trong mng chuyn mch hay mng ngang hng hon ton khc vi dng giao thng trong mng nh tuyn hay mng phn cp. Trong mng phn cp, dng giao thng c uyn chuyn hn trong mng ngang hng.
Hnh 4.2.7.a. Chuyn mch lp 2
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Hnh 4.2.7.b. Chuyn mch lp 3 4.2.8. Chuyn mch i xng v bt i xng. Chuyn mch LAN c phn loi thnh i xng v bt i xng da trn bng thng ca mi Port trn switch. Chuyn mch i xng l chuyn mch gia cc port c cng bng thng. Chuyn mch bt i xng l chuyn mch gia cc port c bng thng khc nhau, v d nh gia cc port 10 Mb/s v port 100 Mb/s. Chuyn mch bt i xng cho php dnh nhiu bng thng hn cho port ni vo server trnh nghn mch trn ng ny khi c nhiu client cng truy cp vo server cng mt lc. Chuyn mch bt i xng cn phi c b nh m gi frame c lin tc gia hai tc khc nhau ca hai port. - Chuyn mch gia hai port c cng bng thng (10/10 Mb/s hay 100/100 Mb/s). - Thng lng cng tng khi s lng thng tin lin lc ng thi ti mt thi im cng tng.
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Hnh 4.2.8.a . Chuyn mch i xng. - Chuyn mch gia hai port khng cng bng thng (10/100 Mb/s) - i hi phi c b nh m.
Hnh 4.2.8.b. Chuyn mch bt i xng.

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4.2.9. B m. Ethernet switch s dng b m gi v chuyn frame. B m cn c s dng khi port ch ang bn. C hai loi b m c th s dng chuyn frame l b m theo port v b m chia s. Trong b m theo port, frame c lu thnh tng hng i tng ng vi tng port nhn vo. Sau frame ch c chuyn sang hng i ca port ch khi tt c cc frame trc n trong hng i c chuyn ht. Nh vy mt frame c th lm cho tt c cc frame cn li trong hng i phi hon li v port ch ca frame ny ang bn. Ngay c khi port ch ang trng th cng vn phi ch mt khong thi gian chuyn ht frame . B m c chia s tt c cc frame vo chung mt b nh. Tt c cc port ca switch chia s cng mt b m. Dung lng b m c t ng phn b theo nhu cu ca mi port mi thi im. Frame c t ng phn b theo nhu cu ca mi port mi thi im. Frame trong b m c t ng a ra port pht. Nh c ch chia s ny, mt frame nhn c t port ny khng cn phi chuyn hng i pht ra port khc. Switch gi mt s cho bit frame no tng ng vi port no v s ny s c xo i sau khi truyn frame thnh cng. B m c s dng theo dng chia s. Do lng frame lu trong b m b gii hn bi tng dung lng ca b ca b m ch khng ph thuc vo vng m ca tng port nh dng b m theo port. Do frame ln c th chuyn i c v t b rt gi hn. iu ny rt quan trng i vi chuyn mch bt ng b v frame c chuyn mch gia hai port c tc khc nhau. - B m theo port lu cc frame theo hng i tng ng vi tng port nhn vo. - B m chia s lu tt c cc frame vo chung mt b nh. Tt c cc port trn switch chia s cng mt vng nh ny. 4.2.10. Hai phng php chuyn mch. Sau y l hai phng php chuyn mch dnh cho frame: - Store-and-forwad: Nhn vo ton b frame xong ri mi bt u chuyn i. Switch c a ch ngun, ch v lc frame nu cn trc khi quyt nh chuyn frame ra. V switch phi nhn xong ton b frame ri mi bt u tin trnh chuyn
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mch frame nn thi gian tr s cng ln i vi frame cng ln. Tuy nhin nh vy switch mi c th kim tra li cho ton b frame gip kh nng pht hin li cao hn. - Cut-through: Frame c chuyn i trc khi nhn xong ton b frame. Ch cn a ch ch c th c c ri l c th chuyn frame ra. Phng php ny lm gim thi gian tr nhng ng thi cng lm gim kh nng pht hin li frame. Sau y l hai ch chuyn mch c th theo phng php cut-through: - Fast-forward: Chuyn mch nhanh c thi gian tr thp nht. Chuyn mch nhanh s chuyn frame ra ngay sau khi c c a ch ch ca frame m khng cn phi ch nhn ht frame. Do c ch ny khng kim tra c frame nhn vo c b li hay khng mc d iu ny khng xy ra thng xuyn v my ch s hu gi nu gi b li. Trong ch chuyn mch nhanh, thi gian tr c tnh t lc switch nhn vo bit u tin cho n khi switch pht ra bit u tin. - Fragment-free: C ch chuyn mch ny s lc b cch mnh gydo ng gy ra trc khi bt u chuyn gi. Hu ht nhng frame b li trong mng l nhng mnh gy ca frame do b ng . Trong mn hot ng bnh thng, mt mnh frame gy do ng gy ra nht phi nh hn 64 byte. Bt k frame no ln hn 64 byte u c xem l hp l v thng khng c li. Do c ch chuyn mch khing mnh gy s ch nhn 64 byte u tin ca frame m bo frame nhn c khng phi l mt mnh gy do b ng ri mi bt u chuyn frame i. Trong ch chuyn mch ny, thi gian tr cng c tnh t lc switch nhn c bit u tin cho n khi switch pht i bit u tin . Thi gian tr ca mi ch chuyn mch ph thuc vo cch m switch chuyn frame nh th no. chuyn frame c nhanh hn, switch bt thi gian kim tra li frame i nhng lm nh vy li lm tng lng d liu cn truyn li. 4.3. Hot ng ca switch. 4.3.1. Chc nng ca Ethernet switch. Switch l mt thit b mng chn la ng dn gi frame n ch, C switch v bridge u hot ng Lp 2 ca m hnh OSI.
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i khi switch cn c gi l bridge a port hay hub chuyn mch. Swich quyt nh chuyn frame da trn a ch MAC, do n c xp o thit b Lp 2. Ngc li, hub ch ti to li tn hiu Lp 1 v pht tn hiu ra tt c cc port ca n m khng h thc hin mt s chn la no. Chnh nh switch c kh nng chn la dng dn quyt nh chuyn frame nn mng Lan c th hot ng hiu qu hn. Switch nhn bit host no kt ni vo port ca n bng cch ca a ch MAC ngun trong frame m n nhn c. Khi hai host thc hin lin lc vi nhau, switch ch thit lp mt mch o gia hai port tng ng v khng lm nh hng n lu thng trn cc port khc. Trong khi , hub chuyn d liu ra tt c cc port ca n nn mi host u nhn c d liu v phi x l d liu cho d nhng d liu ny khng phi gi cho chng. Do , mng Lan c hiu sut hot ng cao thng s dng chuyn mch ton b. - Switch tp trung cc kt ni v quyt nh chn ng dn chuyn d liu hiu qu. Frame c chuyn mch t port nhn vo n port pht ra. Mi port l mt kt ni cung cp chn bng thng cho host. - Trong Ethernet hub, tt c cc port kt ni vo mt mch chnh, hay ni cch khc, tt c cc thit b kt ni hub s cng chia s bng thng mng. Nu c hai my trm c thit lp phin kt ni th chng s s dng mt lng bng thng ng k v hot ng ca cc thit b cn li kt ni vo hub s b gim xung. - gii quyt tnh trng trn, switch x l mi port l mt segment ring bit. Khi cc my cc port khc nhau cn lin lc vi nhau, switch s chuyn t frame t port ny sang port kia v m bo cung cp chon bng thng cho mi phin kt ni. chuyn frame hiu qu gia cc port, switch lu gi mt bng a ch. Khi switch nhn vo mt frame, n s ghi nhn a ch MAC ca my gi tng ng vi port m n nhn frame vo. Sau y l cc c im chnh ca Ethernet switch - Tch bit giao thng trn tng segment - Tng nhiu hn lng bng thng dnh cho mi user bng cch to min ng nh hn. c im u tin: Tch bit giao thng trn tng segment. Ethernet switch chia h thng mng thnh cc n v cc nh gi l microsegment. Cc segment
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nh vy cho php cc user trn segment khc nhau c th gi d liu cng mt lc m khng lm chm li cc hot ng ca mng. Bng cch chia nh h thng mng, bn s lm gim lng user v thit b cng chia s mt bng thng. Mi segment l mt min ng ring bit. Ethernet switch gii hn lu thng bng ch chuyn gi n ng port cn thit da trn a cha MAC Lp 2. c im th hai ca Ethernet switch l m bo cung cp bng thng nhiu hn cho user bng cch to cc min ng nh hn. Ethernet v Fast Ethernet switch chia nh mng LAN thnh nhiu segment nh. Mi segment ny l mt kt ni ring ging nh l mt ln ng ring 100 Mb/s vy. Mi serer c th t trn mt kt ni 100 Mb/s ring. Trong cc h thng mang hin nay, Fast Ethernet switch c s dng lm ng trc chnh cho LAN, cn Ethernet hub, Ethernet switch hoc Fast Ethernet hub c s dng kt ni xung cc my tnh. Khi cc ng dng mi nh truyn thng a phng tin, video hi ngh ... ngy cng tr nn ph bin hn th mi my tnh s c mt kt ni 100 Mb/s ring vo switch. 4.3.2. Cc ch chuyn mch frame C 3 ch chuyn mch frame: - Fast-forwad: switch c c a ch ca frame l bt u chuyn frame i lun m khng cn ch nhn c ht frame. Nh vy, frame c chuyn i trc khi nhn ht ton b frame.. Do , thi gian tr gim xung nhng kh nng pht hin li km. Fast-forward l mt thut ng c s dng ch switch ang ch chuyn mch cut-through. - Store and-forward: Nhn vo ton b frame ri mi bt u chuyn frame i. Switch c a ch ngun, ch v thc hin lc b frame nu cn ri mi quyt nh chuyn frame i. Thi gian switch nhn frame vo s gy ra thi gian tr. Frame cng ln th thi gian tr cng v switch phi nhn xong ton b frame ri mi tin hnh chuyn mch cho frame. Nhng nh vy th switch mi c thi gian v d liu kim tra li frame, nn kh nng pht hin li cao hn. - Fragment-free: Nhn vo ht 64 byte u tin ca Ethernet frame ri mi bt u chuyn frame i. Fragement-free l mt thut ng c s dng ch switch ang s dng mt dng ci bin ca chuyn mch cut-through. Mt ch chuyn mch khc c kt hp gia cut-through v store-andforward. Kiu kt hp ny gi l cut-through thch nghi (adaptive cut-through).
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Trong ch ny, switch s s dng chuyn mch cut-through cho n khi no n pht hin ra mt lng frame b li nht nh. Khi s lng frame b li vt qu mc ngng th khi switch s chuyn dng chuyn mch store-and-forwad.
4.3.3. Bridge v switch hc a ch nh th no Bridge v switch ch chuyn t segment ny sang segment khc khi cn thit. thc hin nhim v ny, bridge v switch phi bit thit b no kt ni vo segment no. Bridge c xem l mt thit b thng minh v n c th quyt nh chuyn frame da trn a ch MAC. thc hin cng vic ny, bridge xy dng mt bng a ch. Khi bridge bt u c bt ln, n s qung b mt thng ip cho mi my trm trong segment kt ni vo n yu cu cc my ny tr li. Khi
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cc my trm tr li cho thng ip qung b, bridge s ghi nhn li a ch ca cc my vo bng a ch ca mnh. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh hc a ch. Bridge v switch hc a ch theo cc cch sau: * c a ch MAC ngun trong mi frame nhn c. * Ghi nhn li s port m switch s hc c a ch no thuc v thit b kt ni vo port no ca bridge hoc switch. * a ch hc c v s port tng ng s lu trong bng a ch. Bridge s kim tra a ch ch nm trong frame nhn c ri d tm a ch ch ny trong bng a ch tm port tng ng. CAM (Content Addressable Memory) c s dng cho cc hot ng sau: * Ly ra thng tin a ch trong gi d liu nhn c v x l chng * So snh a ch ch ca frame vi cc a ch trong bng ca n CAM lu gi bng a ch MAC v s port tng ng. CAM s so snh a ch MAC nhn c vi ni dung ca bng CAM. Nu tm thy ng a ch ch th s port tng ng s c chn chuyn gi ra. Ethernet switch hc a ch ca tng thit b trong mng kt ni vo n bng cch c a ch ngun ca tng frame m n nhn c v ghi nh s port m n va nhn frame vo. Nhng thng tin hc c s lu trong CAM. Mi khi n c c mt a ch mi cha c trong CAM th n s t ng hc v lu li a ch s dng cho ln sau. Mi a ch nh vy c nh du thi gian cho php a ch c c lu gi trong mt khong thi gian. Sau mi khi switch c mt a ch ngun trong frame, a ch tng ng trong CAM s c nh du thi gian mi. Nu trong sut khong thi gian nh
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du m switch khng c ghi nhn g na v a ch th n s xo a ch ra khi bng. Nh vy CAM lun gi c thng tin ca mnh chnh xc v kp thi. Sau y l qu trnh x l ca CAM: 1. Nu bridge khng tm thy a ch ch trong bng ca n th n s chuyn frame ra tt c cc port tr port nhn frame vo. 2. Bng a ch ca bridge c th b xo do bridge khi ng li hoc mt a ch no b xo v ht thi gian nh du m bridge vn khng nhn c thng tin no v a ch na. Khi bridge khng bit chn port no chuyn frame th n gi frame ra tt c cc port t port nhn frame vo. ng nhin l khng cn phi gi li frame ra port m n va c nhn vo na vi cc thit b khc nm trong segment kt ni vo port cng nhn c frame ri. 3. Nu bridge tm thy a ch trong bng nhng port tng ng cng chnh l port m n va nhn frame vo, lc ny bridge s hu b gi d liu v my ch nm cng segment vi my ngun v n nhn c frame ri. 4. Nu bridge tm thy a ch trong bng v port tng ng l port khc vi port nhn frame vo th bridge s chuyn frame ra ng port tng ng vi i ch ch.
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4.3.4. Bridge v switch thc hin lc frame nh th no Bridge c kh nng lc frame da trn bt k thng tin Lp 2 no trong frame. V d: bridge c th c cu hnh t chi khng chuyn tt c cc frame c a ch ngun t mt mng no . Cc thng tin lp 2 thng c phn nh giao thc lp trn nn bridge c th lc frame da vo c im ny. Hn na vic lc frame cng rt c ch i vi cc gi qung b v multicast khng cn thit. Mt khi bridge xy dng xong bng a ch ca n th c ngha l n sn sng hot ng. Khi n nhn vo frame, n kim tra a ch ch. Nu a ch ch nm cng pha vi port nhn frame th bridge s hu frame i. ng tc ny c gi l lc frame. Nu i ch ch nm trn segment khc th bridge s chuyn frame ra segment . V c bn, bridge ch lc b nhng frame c gi trong ni b mt segment v ch chuyn cc frame gi sang segment khc. Cn lc frame c bit theo a ch ngun v ch th c cc dng sau: * Khng cho mt my no c gi frame ra ngoi segment ca my . * Khng cho tt c cc frame t bn ngoi gi frame n mt my no . Nh vy c th ngn khng cho cc my khc c th thng tin lin lc vi mt my no . C hai loi lc frame trn u gip kim sot giao thng mng v tng kh nng bo mt. Hu ht Ethernet bridge u c kh nng lc gi qung b v multicast. i khi c mt thit b no hot ng khng bnh thng v lin tc pht ra cc gi qung b i khp mng. Mt cn bo qung b c th lm cho hot ng mng tr thnh con s 0. Do nu bridge khng th lc b cc gi qung b th cn bo qung b s c kh nng xy ra. Ngy nay, bridge cn c th lc frame tu theo giao thc lp mng trn. iu ny lm gim i ranh gii gia bridge v router. Router hot ng lp
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mng, s dng giao thc nh tuyn phn lung giao thng trn mng. Cn bridge s dng k thut lc ci tin da trn thng tin lp mng c gi l brouter. Brouter khc vi router ch l khng s dng giao thc nh tuyn. 4.3.5. Phn on mng LAN bng bridge Mng Ethernet LAN c phn on bng bridge lm gim s lng user trn mi segment, do s tng c lng bng thng dnh cho mi user. Bridge chia mng ra bng cch xy dng bng i ch trong cho bit a ch ca tng thit b mng nm trong segment no. Khi , da vo a ch MAC ca frame bridge s c th quyt nh chuyn frame hay khng. Ngoi ra, bridge cn c xem l trong sut i vi cc thit b khc trong mng. Bridge lm tng thi gian tr trong mng ln khong 10% n 30%, thi gian tr ny l thi gian bridge quyt nh v thc hin chuyn mch d liu. Bridge chuyn mch theo dng nhn ri chuyn nn n phi nhn ht ton b frame, kim tra a ch ngun v ch, tnh ton CRC kim tra li frame ri mi chuyn frame i. Nu port ch ang bn th bridge s tm thi lu frame li cho n khi port ch c gii phng. Chnh nhng khong thi gian ny lm tng thi gian tr v lm chm qu trnh truyn trn mng.
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* Chia nh mng lm gim s lng user trn mt segment. * Bridge nhn ri chuyn frame da trn a ch lp 2
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* c lp vi giao thc lp 3 * Lm tng thi gian tr trong mng.
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4.3.6. Ti sao phi phn on mng LAN C hai nguyn nhn chnh chng ta phn on mng LAN, th nht l phn lung giao thng gia cc segment. Th hai l tng lng bng thng cho mi user bng cch to min ng nh hn. Nu khng phn on mng LAN, mng LAN ln nhanh chng b nghn mch v mt giao thng v ng qu nhiu. Bn c th s dng bridge, switch v router chia nh mng LAN thnh nhiu segment. Mi segment l mt min ng ring bit. Bridge v switch c nhiu u im khi s dng chia mt mng ln thnh nhiu n v c lp. Bridge v switch s gim bt lng giao thng trn tt c cc segment v chng ch chuyn mt t l giao thng nht nh ra ngoi mt segment ch khng phi ton b. Tuy bridge v switch c th thu hp min ng nhng li khng thu hp c min qung b.
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Mi mt cng trn router kt ni vo mt mng ring. Do , router s chia mt mng LAN thnh nhiu min ng nh hn v ng thi thnh nhiu min qung b nh hn v router khng chuyn gi qung b tr phi n c cu hnh lm nh vy. Switch chia mng LAN thnh cc min cc nh gi l microsegment. Mi segment nh vy l mt kt ni im - n - im ring bit. Khi c hai my cn lin lc vi nhau, switch s thit lp mt mch o gia hai port ca hai my v mch o ny ch tn ti trong khong thi gian cn thit cho hai my lin lc vi nhau thi.
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4.3.7. Thc hin phn on cc nh (microsegment) LAN switch c xem l bridge a port khng c min ng v n c th phn on cc nh. Bng cch c a ch MAC ch, switch c th chuyn mch frame vi tc cao nh bridge. Tuy nhin switch c th chuyn mch frame ra port ch trc khi nhn ht ton b frame gip gim thi gian tr v tng tc chuyn frame. Ethernet switch chia mng LAN thnh nhiu segment, mi segment l mt kt ni im - n - im v switch kt ni cc segment ny bng mch o. Mch o ch c thit lp bn trong switch v tn ti khi hai my cn lin lc vi nhau thi. Nh vy chuyn mch Ethernet c th lm tng bng thng kh dng trn mng. Mc d LAN switch c th thu nh kch thc min ng nhng tt c cc host kt ni vo switch vn nm trong cng mt min qung b. Do , mt gi qung b t mt my vn c gi n tt c cc my khc thng qua switch. Switch l mt thit b ln lin kt d liu ging nh brige, cho php kt ni nhiu segment LAN vt l vi nhau thnh mt mng ln. Tng t nh bridge, switch cng chuyn gi da trn a ch MAC. Nhng switch chuyn mch phn cng ch khng chuyn mch bng phn mm nn n c tc nhanh hn. Mi mt port ca switch c th c xem l mt brige ring bit vi trn bng thng dnh cho mi port . 4.3.8. Switch v min ng Nhc im ln nht ca mng Ethernet 802.3 l ng . ng xy ra khi c hai my truyn d liu ng thi. Khi ng xy ra, mi frame ang c truyn u b ph hu. Cc my ang truyn s ngng vic truyn d liu li v ch
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mt khong thi gian ngu nhin theo quy lut ca CSMA/CD. Nu ng nhiu qu mc s lm cho mng khng hot ng c.
Min ng l khu vc m frame c pht ra c th b ng . Tt c cc mi trng mng chia s vi nhau l cc min ng . Khi kt ni mt my vo mt port ca switch, switch s to mt kt ni ring bit bng thng 10Mb/s cho my . Kt ni ny l mt min ng ring. V d: nu ta kt ni my vo mt port ca mt switch 12 port th ta s to ra 12 min ng ring bit.
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Switch xy dng bng chuyn mch bng cch a ch MAC ca cc host kt ni trn mi port ca switch. Khi hai host kt ni vo switch mun lin lc vi nhau, switch s tm trong bng chuyn mch ca n v thit lp kt ni o gia hai port ca hai host . Kt ni o ny c duy tr cho n khi phin giao dch kt thc. Trong v d hnh 4.3.8. c, Host B v Host C mun lin lc vi nhau switch s thit lp mt kt ni o gia hai port ca Host B v Host C to thnh mt microsegment. Microsegment hot ng nh mt mng ch c hai host duy nht, mt host gi v mt host nhn, do n s dng c ton b bng thng kh dng trong mng. Switch gim ng v tng bng thng mng v n cung cp bng thng dnh ring cho mi segment.
4.3.9. Switch v min qung b Thng tin lin lc trong mng c thc hin theo 3 cch. Cch thng dng nht l gi trc tip t mt my pht n mt my thu.
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Cch th 2 l truyn multicast. Truyn multicast c thc hin khi mt my mun gi gi cho mt mng con, hay cho mt nhm nm trong segment. Cch th 3 l truyn qung b. Truyn qung b c thc hin khi mt my mun gi cho tt c cc my khc trong mng. V d nh server gi i mt thng ip v tt c cc my khc trong cng segment u nhn c thng ip ny. Khi mt thit b mun gi mt gi qung b lp 2 th a ch MAC ch ca frame s l FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF theo s thp lc phn. Vi a ch ch nh vy, mi thit b u phi nhn v x l gi qung b.
Min qung lp 2 cn c xem min qung b MAC. Min qung b MAC bao gm tt c cc thit b trong LAN c th nhn c frame qung b t mt host trong LAN . Switch l mt thit b lp 2. Khi switch nhn c gi qung b th n s gi ra tt c cc port ca n tr port nhn gi vo. Mi thit b nhn c gi qung b
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u phi x l thng tin nm trong . iu ny lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca mng v tn bng thng cho mc ch qung b. Khi hai switch kt ni vi nhau, kch thc min qung b c tng ln. V d nh hnh 4.3.9.b-c, gi qung b c gi ra tt c cc port ca Switch. 1 Switch 1 kt ni vi Switch 2. Do gi qung b cng c truyn cho tt c cc thit b kt ni vo Switch 2. Hu qu l lng bng thng kh dng gim xung v tt c cc thit b trong cng mt min qung b u phi nhn v x l gi qung b.
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Router l thit b lp 3. Router khng chuyn tip cc gi qung b. Do Router c s dng chia mng thnh nhiu min ng v nhiu min qung b. 4.3.10. Thng tin lin lc gia Switch v my trm Khi mt my trm c kt ni vo mt LAN, n khng cn quan tm n cc thit b khc cng kt ni vo LAN . My trm ch n gin l s dng NIC truyn d liu xung mi trng truyn. My trm c th c kt ni trc tip vi mt my trm khc bng cp cho hoc l kt ni vo mt thit b mng nh hub, switch hoc router bng cp thng. Switch l thit b lp 2 thng minh, c th hc a ch MAC ca cc thit b kt ni vo port ca n. Ch n khi thit b bt u truyn d liu n switch th n mi hc c a ch MAC ca thit b vo bng chuyn mch. Cn trc nu thit b cha h gi d liu g n switch th switch cha nhn bit g v thit b ny.
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Tng kt Sau khi kt thc chng ny, bn cn nm c cc quan trng sau: * Lch s v chc nng ca Ethernet chia s, bn song cng. * ng trong mng Ethernet * Microsegment. * CSMA/CD * Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng mng * Chc nng ca repeater * Thi gian truyn * Chc nng c bn ca Fast Ethernet * Phn on mng bng router, switch, v bridge * Hot ng c bn ca switch * Thi gian tr ca Ethernet switch * S khc nhau gia chuyn mch lp 2 v lp 3 * Chuyn mch i xng v bt i xng * B m * Chuyn mch kiu store and forward v kiu cut through. * S khc nhau gia hub, bridge v switch * Chc nng chnh ca switch * Cc ch chuyn mch chnh ca switch
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* Tin trnh hc a ch ca switch * Tin trnh lc frame * Min ng va min qung b.
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CHNG 5: Switch Gii thiu
Thit k mng l mt cng vic y thch thc ch khng ch n gin l kt ni cc my tnh li vi nhau. Mt h thng mng phi c nhiu c im nh tin cy cao, d dng qun l v c kh nng m rng. thit k mt h thng mng vi y nhng c im nh vy th ngi thit k mng cn phi bit c rng mi thnh phn chnh trong mng c mt yu cu thit k ring bit. S ci tin hot ng ca cc thit b mng v kh nng ca mi trng mng lm cho cng vic thit k mng ngy cng tr nn kh khn hn. Vic s dng nhiu loi mi trng truyn khc nhau v kt ni LAN vi nhiu mng bn ngoi lm cho mi trng mng tr nn phc tp. Mt mng c thit k tt l mng phi tng hiu qu hot ng hn v t c tr ngi khi mng pht trin ln hn. Mt mng LAN c th tri rng trong mt phng, trong mt to nh hay trn nhiu to nh. Mt nhm cc to nh thuc v mt tc, mt n v th c xem nh l mt trng i hc vy. Vic thit k cc mng LAN ln cn xc nh cc tng nh sau: * Tng truy cp: kt ni ngi dng u cui vo LAN * Tng phn phi: cung cp cc chnh sch kt ni gia cc ngi dng u cui LAN * Tng trc chnh: cung cp kt ni nhanh nht gia cc im phn phi. Mi mt tng trn khi thit k cn phi chn la switch ph hp nht c th thc hin nhng nhim v c bit ca tng . Cc c im, chc nng v yu
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cu k thut ca mi switch tu thuc vo thit k ca mi tng trong LAN. Do bn cn nm c vai tr ca mi tng v chn la switch nh th no cho ph hp vi tng tng bo m hot ng ti u cho ngi dng trong LAN. Sau khi hon tt chng trnh ny, cc bn c th thc hin c nhng vic sau: * M t 4 mc tiu chnh trong thit k LAN. * Lit k cc im quan trng cn lu khi thit k LAN. * Hiu c cc bc thit k h thng LAN * Hiu c cc vn ny sinh trong thit k cu trc 1,2 v 3. * M t m hnh thit k 3 tng. * Xc nh chc nng ca tng tng trong m hnh 3 tng ny. * Lit k cc Cisco switch s dng cho tng truy cp v cc c im ca chng. * Lit k cc Cisco switch s dng cho tng phn phi v cc c im ca chng. * Lit k cc Cisco switch s dng cho tng trc chnh v cc c im ca chng. 5.1. Thit k LAN 5.1.1. Cc mc tiu khi thit k LAN Bc u tin trong thit k LAN l thit lp v ghi li cc mc tiu ca vic thit k. Mi mt trng hp hay mi mt t chc s c nhng mc tiu ring. Cn nhng yu cu sau l nhng yu cu thng gp trong hu ht cc thit k mng:
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* Kh nng hot ng c: ng nhin yu cu trc nht l mng phi hot ng c. Mng phi p ng c nhng yu cu cng vic ca ngi dng, cung cp kt ni gia user v user, gia user vi cc ng dng * Kh nng m rng: mng phi c kh nng ln hn na. Thit k ban u c th pht trin ln hn na m khng cn nhng thay i c bn ca ton b thit k. * Kh nng thch ng: mng phi c thit k vi mt ci nhn v nhng k thut pht trin trong tng lai. Mng khng nn c nhng thnh phn lm gii hn vic trin khai cc cng ngh k thut mi v sau ny. * Kh nng qun l: mng phi c thit k d dng qun l v theo di nhm m bo hot ng n nh ca h thng. 5.1.2. Nhng iu cn quan tm khi thit k LAN C nhiu t chc mun nng cp mng LAN c ca mnh hoc lp k hoch thit k v trin khai mng LAN mi. S m rng trong thit k LAN l do s pht trin vi mt tc nhanh chng ca cc cng ngh mi nh Asynchoronous. Transfer Mode (ATM) chng hn, s m rng ny cn l do cu trc phc tp ca LAN khi s dng chuyn mch LAN v mng LAN o (VLAN). ti a hiu qu hot ng v lng bng thng kh dng, bn cn quan tm nhng vn sau khi thit k LAN: * Chc nng v v tr t server * Vn pht hin ng * Phn on mng * Min qung b
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Server cung cp dch v chia s tp tin, my in, thng tin lin lc v nhiu dch v ng dng khc, server khng thc hin chc nng nh mt my trm thng thng. Server chy cc h iu hnh c bit nh NetWare, Windows NT, UNIX, v Linux. Mi server thng ginh cho mt chc nng ring nh Emai hoc chia s tp tin. Server c th c phn thnh hai loi: Server ton h thng v server nhm. Server ton h thng cung cp dch v ca n dng cho mi ngi dng trong h thng mng. V d nh Email hay DNS l nhng dch v m mi ngi trong t chc u cn s dng v tnh cht tp trung ca nhng dch v ny. Cn server nhm th ch cung cp dch v phc v cho mt nhm ngi dng c th. V d nh nhng dch v x l v chia s tp tin c th ch phc v cho mt nhm ngi dng no thi. Server ton h thng nn t trm phn phi chnh (MDF Main distribution facility). Giao thng hng n server ton h thng ch i qua MDF thi ch khng i qua cc mng khc. Ni t l tng cho cc server nhm l trm phn phi trung gian gn nhm ngi dng m n phc v nht. Nh vy giao thng n cc server ny ch i trong mng ring ca IDF m khng nh hng n cc mng khc. LAN switch lp 2 t trong MDF v cc IDF nn c ng 100 Mb/s hoc hn dnh cho cc server.
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Ethernet node s dng CSMA/CD. Mi node u phi ch n tt c cc node khc khi truy cp vo mi trng chia s hay cn gi l min ng . Nu hai node truyn d liu cng mt lc th ng s xy ra. Khi ng xy ra, nhng d liu ang trn ng truyn s b hu b v mt tn hiu bo nghn c pht ra trong mi my trong min ng . Sau cc node phi ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri mi truyn li d liu ca mnh. ng xy ra nhiu qu c th gim lng bng thng kh dung trong mng xung khong 35 40%. Do chng ta cn chia nh mt min ng thnh nhiu min ng nh hn, gip gim min ng trn mi min v tng lng bng thng kh dng cho mi user. Bn c th s dng cc thit b lp 2 nh brigde v switch chia 1 LAN thnh nhiu min ng nh, cn router c s dng chia nh mng lp 3.
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Gi qung b l gi d liu c a ch MAC ch l: FF: FF: FF:FF:FF:FF. Min qung b l tp hp cc thit b c th nhn c gi qung b xut pht t bt k thit b no trong tp hp . Tt c cc thit b nhn c u phi x l thng tin trong , vic x l gi qung b ny lm gim lng bng thng ca mi host. Thit b lp 2 c th thu nh kch thc min ng nhng khngth thu nh kch thc ca min qung b. Ch c router mi c th va thu nh kch thc min ng va thu nh kch thc min qung b lp 3.
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5.1.3. Phng php thit k LAN c 1 mng LAN hot ng hiu qu v p ng c nhu cu ca ngi s dng, LAN cn c thit k v trin khai theo 1 k hoch vi y h thng cc bc sau: * Thu thp cc yu cu v mong i ca ngi s dng mng * Phn tch cc d liu v cc yu cu thu thp c * Thit k cu trc LAN lp 1, 2 v 3 * Ghi nhn li cc bc trin khai mng vt l v logic Qu trnh thu thp thng tin s gip cho bn xc nh v lm sng t nhng vn hin ti ca h thng mng. Nhng thng tin ny c th bao gm lch s pht trin t chc, tnh trng hin ti, d n pht trin, chnh sch hot ng v qun l, h thng vn phng v phng thc lm vic, quan im ca nhng ngi s s dng mng LAN. Sau y l nhng cu bn nn hi khi thu thp thng tin: * Nhng ngi no s s dng h thng mng
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* K nng ca h mc no? * Quan im ca h v my tnh v cc ng dng my tnh l g? * Cc vn bn chnh sch v t chc c pht trin nh th no? * C d liu no cn cng b trong phm vi gii hn khng? * C hot ng no cn gii hn khng? * Nhng giao thc no c php chy trn mng? * Cn h trc cc my tnh bn khng? * Ai l ngi chu trch nhim v a ch LAN? t tn, thit k cu trc v cu hnh? * Ti nguyn v nhn lc, phn cng v phn mm ca t chc l nhng g? Nhng ngun ti nguyn ny hin ang c lin kt v chia s nh th no? Ngun ti chnh m t chc c th dnh cho mng l bao nhiu? Ghi nhn li ton b cc yu cu trn cho php chng ta c lng c chi ph v khong thi gian trin khai d n thit k LAN. Mt im rt quan trng m bn cn nm c l nhng vn hot ng ang tn ti trong h thng mng c. Tnh kh dng o lng mc hu ch ca h thng mng, c nhiu yu t nh hng n tnh kh dng, bao gm nhng yu t sau: * Thng lng * Thi gian p ng * Kh nng truy cp vo ti nguyn mng
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Mi khch hng u c nh ngha khc nhau v tnh kh dng ca mng. V d: khch hng cn truyn thoi v video trn mng. Nhng dch v ny i hi nhiu bng thng hn lng bng thng ang c trn mng. tng lng bng thng kh dng, cn phi thm nhiu ti nguyn vo mng nhng nh vy th chi ph s tng theo. Do thit k mng phi lm sao cung cp c kh nng s dng ln nht vi chi ph thp nht. Sau khi phn tch v tnh kh dng, bc tip theo l phn tch cc yu cu ca h thng mng v ngi s dng mng . V d khi cng c nhiu ng dng mng v thoi v video th nhu cu v bng thng mng cng tng ln nhiu hn. Mt thnh phn na trong bc phn tch ny l nh gi yu cu ca ngi dng. Mt mng LAN m khng th cung cp thng tin nhanh chng v chnh xc cho ngi s dng l mt mng LAN v dng. Do yu cu ca t chc v yu cu ca cc nhn vin trong t chc phi gp nhau. Bc k tip l quyt nh cu trc tng th ca LAN th tho mn mi yu cu ca ngi s dng. Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta ch tp trung vo cu trc hnh Sao v hnh sao m rng. Cu trc hnh Sao v hnh sao m rng s dng k thut Ethernet 802,3 CSMA/CD. Cu trc hnh Sao CSMA/CD ang l cu hnh thng tr hin nay. Thit k cu trc LAN c th c phn thnh 3 bc theo 3 m hnh OSI nh sau: Lp Mng Lp lin kt d liu Lp vt l Bc cui cng trong thit k LAN l ghi nhn li cc cu trc vt l v lun l ca h thng mng. Cu trc vt l ca mng l s kt ni vt l ca cc
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thnh phn trong mng LAN. Cn thit k lun l l cch phn dng d liu trong mng. N cng bao gm c s tn v a ch c s dng trong thit k LAN.
S thit k LAN H s thit k LAN bao gm nhng thnh phn quan trng sau: S cu trc theo lp OSI S LAN lun l S LAN vt l Bng nh x v tr, a ch v tnh trng s dng ca tng thit b trong LAN (cut - sheet) S VLAN lun l S lun l lp 3 S a ch
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Mt trong nhng phn quan trng nht m bn cn quan tm khi thit k mng l cp vt l. Hin nay, hu ht cp s dng cho LAN u da trn cng ngh Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet l Ethernet c nng cp t 10Mb/s ln 100 Mb/s v c kh nng hot ng song cng. Fast Ethernet vn s dng cu trc lun l hnh bus hng qung b chun Ethernet ca 10BASE T v phng php CSMA/CD cho a ch MAC.
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Nhng vn trong thit k lp 1 bao gm loi cp s dng, thng l cp ng hay cp quang v cu trc tng th ca h thng cp. Mi trng cp lp 1 c nhiu loi nh 10/100 BASE TX CAT5, 5e hoc 6 UTP, STP, 100 BASE FX cp quang v chun TIA/EIA 568 A v cch b tr v kt ni dy.
Bn nn nh gi cn thn im mnh im mnh v yu ca cu trc mng v mt h thng mng tn ti vi chnh h thng cp bn di ca n. Hu ht cc s c mng u xy ra lp 1. Do khi c bt k d nh thay i quan trng no th bn cn kim tra ton b h thng cp xc nh khu vc cn nng cp hoc i dy li.
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Bn nn s dng cp quang cho cc ng trc chnh trong thit k cp UTP CAT 5e nn s dng cho ng cp horizotal, l nhng ng cp ni t hp cm dy ca mi host ko v trm tp trung dy. Vic nng cp cp cn phi c thc hin u tin so vi cc thay i cn thit khc. Ngoi ra bn cn m bo l ton b h thng cp tng thch vi chun cng nghip nh chun TIA/EIA 568 A chng hn. Chun TIA/EIA 568 A quy nh rng mi thit b trong mng cn c kt ni vo mt v tr trung tm bng cp horizontal. Khong cch gii hn ca cp CAT 5e l UTP l 100m. Trong cu trc hnh sao n ch c mt t ni dy l MDF. T hp cm dy ca mi host (Outlet) ta kp cp horizaontal v MDF ri kt ni vo cc b tp trung dy HCC (Horizontal Cross Connect patch panel) t trong MDF. Patch cord l nhng si cp ngn c s dng kt ni cp horizontal vo por ca switch lp 2. Tu theo phin bn switch, ng uplink s kt ni t switch vo cng Ethernet ca router lp 3 bng cp patch cord. Nh vy l host u cui c kt ni vt l hon chnh vo cng ca router.
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Khi h thng mng ln, c nhiu host nm ngoi gii hn 100m ca cp CAT 5e UTP th bn cn c nhiu hn mt t ni dy. Bng cch thit lp nhiu t ni dy bn s to ra nhiu vng bao ph. T ni dy th hai c gi l trm phn phi trung gian IDF (Intermediate distribution facilities). Chun TIA/EIA 568 A quy nh rng IDF c kt ni vo MDF bng cp vertical hay cn gi l cp trc chnh (backbone). Cp vertical c ko t IDF n MDF v c kt ni vo b tp trung cp VCC (Vertical Cros Connect patch panel) t trong MDF. Chng ta thng s dng cp quang cho ng cp vertical v ng cp ny thng di hn gii hn 10 m ca cp CAT 5e UTP.
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S lun l l s cu trc mng nhng khng m t chnh xc cc chi tit lp t ng cp. S lun l ch l s ng i c bn ca LAN bao gm nhng thnh phn sau: Xc nh v tr t MDF v IDF Ghi li loi cp v s lng s dng kt ni cc IDF v MDF Ghi li s lng cp dnh tng bng thng gia cc t ni dy. V d: nu cp vertical gia IDF 1 v MDF chy ht 80% th s s dng thm 2 cp cp na tng gp i bng thng. Cung cp h s chi tit v tt c cc cp trong h thng, ch s danh nh v s port ca chng trn HCC hoc VCC.
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S lun l rt quan trng khi x l s c v kt ni mng. V d nh trn hnh 5.1.4.h-i: nu phng 203 b mt kt ni th bng cch kim tra trong cut sheet chng ta s xc nh c cp ni t phng nay n IDF l cp s 203 1 v kt ni vo port s 13 trn HCC trong IDF. S dng ng h o cp chng ta s xc nh on cp ny c b h hng v mt vt l hay khng. Nu c th chng ta c th s dng 2 si cp d phng cn li l 203 2 hoc 203 3 thit lp li kt ni trong thi gian ch sa cha cp 203 1. 5.1.5. Thit k lp 2. Mc ch ca thit b lp 2 trong mng l iu khin lung, pht hin li, sa li v gim nghn mch. Hai thit b lp 2 ph bin nht l bridge v switch. Thit b lp 2 s quyt nh kch thc min ng .
ng v kch thc min ng l hai yu t nh hng xu n hiu qu hot ng ca mng. Do chng ta nn chia nh mng thnh cc min ng ca mng. Do chng ta nn chia nh mng thnh cc min ng cc nh (microsegment) bng switch v bridge gim ng v kch thc min ng . Chng ta c th s dng switch kt hp vi hub cung cp mc hot ng hp l cho mi nhm user v server khc nhau.
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Mt c im quan trng ca LAN switch l n c th phn b bng thng trn tng port. Nh n c th dnh nhiu bng thng hn cho ng vertical, uplink hoc ng kt ni vo server. Loi chuyn mch nh vy gi l chuyn mch bt i xng . Chuyn mch bt i xng thc hin chuyn mch gia cc port c bng thng khng bng nhau, v d t port 10Mb/s sang port 100Mb/s.
ng vertical kt ni t IDF n MDF truyn d liu gia MDF v IDF. Dung lng ng vertical thng ln hn ng horizontal. ng horizontal ni gia IDF v my trm thng s dng cp CAT 5e UTP v di khng qu 100mt. Trong mi trng mng thng thng, ng horizontal c bng thng 10 Mb/s v s dng switch chuyn mch bt i xng kt hp port 10 Mb/s v 100 Mb/s.
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Nhim v tip theo l quyt nh s lng port 10Mb/s v 100 Mb/s cn s dng trong MDF v mi IDF. Ta c th quyt nh s lng ny da vo yu cu ca user v s lng cp horizontal i vo mi phng v tng s lng cp vo mi vng bao ph. ng thi chng ta cng tnh lun s lng ng vertical cn thit . V d: user yu cu phi c 4 ng horizontal i vo mi phng. Mi mt IDF phc v cho mt vng bao ph gm 18 phng. Nh vy cn tng cng l 4* 18 = 72 port trn LAN switch trong mi IDF. Kch thc min ng xc nh bi s lng host c kt ni vt l vo cng mt port ca switch. T ta c th xc nh lng bng thng kh dng cho tng host. Trong iu kin l tng l ta kt ni mt host vo mt port ca switch to thnh mt microsegment ch bao gm host ngun v host ch khi c bt k hai host no thc hin thng tin lin lc vi nhau. Do , khng c ng trong microsegment. Nu khng iu kin lm vy th bn c th s dng hub kt ni nhiu host vo mt port ca switch. Nh vy tt c cc host kt ni vo hub trn cng mt port ca switch chia s cng mt bng thng v cng mt min ng . Do ng c th xy ra.
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Mt s switch i c nh Catalyst 1700 chng hn khng h tr chia s bng thng v min ng . Switch i c khng lu c nhiu a ch MAC cho mt port nn hu qu l sinh ra nhiu qung b v cc yu cu ARP.
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Ta thng s dng hub to nhiu im kt ni u cui vo mt ng cp horizontal. Bin php ny c th chp nhn c nhng nn cn thn v min ng nn gi kch thc nh cung cp lng bng thng cho host theo yu cu ca thit k.
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Router l thit b lp 3 v c coi l mt trong nhng thit b mnh nht trong cu trc mng. Thit b lp 3 c s dng chia mng LAN thnh nhiu mng ring bit. Thit b lp 3 cho php thng tin lin lc gia 2 mng thng qua a ch lp 3, v d nh a ch IP. Trin khai thit b lp 3 cho php chia nh mng LAN v mt vt l v lun l. Router cn c th kt ni WAN nh ni ra Internet chng hn. nh tuyn lp 3 phn lung giao thng gia cc mng vt l da trn a ch lp 3. Router khng chuyn tip cc gi qung b v d nh gi yu cu ARP chng hn. Do mi cng trn router c xem l ca vo v ca ra ca mt min qung b, l ni kt thc ca qung b, ngn khng cho qung b sang cc mng khc. Router c xem l bc tng la i vi gi qung b. Ngoi ra router cn chia h thng mng thnh cc subnet theo a ch lp 3. Khi bn mun quyt nh s dng router hay switch u th bn nn nh cu hi sau: Vn m bn ang cn gii quyt l g? Nu vn lin quan n giao thc hn l s tranh chp th router l gii php ph hp. Router c th gii quyt cc vn lin quan n mc qung b qu nhiu, giao thc khng cn i, cc vn v bo mt v a ch lp mng. Router mc tin hn v kh cu hnh hn so vi switch.
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Hnh 5.1.5.b l mt v d v h thng mng c nhiu mng vt l khc nhau. Mi d liu t Mng 1 n Mng 2 u phi i qua router. Trong hnh ny, chng ta c hai min qung b. Mi min c mt s a ch lp 3 ring bit. Trong s i dy cc lp 1, mi mng vt l c to ra d dng bng cch kt ni cp horizontal v vertical vo switch lp 2. Sau cc mng vt l ny c kt ni vo router lm tng kh nng bo mt hn v mi giao thng i vo hoc i ra mt LAN u phi qua router. Sau khi bn chia s IP cho client xong th bn nn lp h s ghi nhn li mt cch r rng v y . Bn nn t mt s quy c chung cho nhng a ch ca cc host quan trng trong mng. S a ch cn c thng nht v ho hp trn ton b h thng mng. Bn nn lp h s a ch c mt ci nhn tng qut v h thng mng v nh x chng vo s vt l s dng khi x l s c.
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VLAN l mt k thut kt hp chuyn mch lp 2 v nh tuyn lp 3 gii hn min ng v min qung b. VLAN cn c s dng bo mt gia cc nhm VLAN theo chc nng ca mi nhm.
Phn nhm user theo phng ban, i nhm v cc ng dng thng dng. Router cung cp thng tin lin lc gia cc VLAN vi nhau.
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Cc port vt l c nhm vo mt VLAN. V d nh hnh 5.1.5.h, port P1, P4, P5 c nhm vo VLAN.1. VLAN.2 c cc port P2, P3, P5. Thng tin lin lc gia VLAN.1. VLAN.2 bt buc phi thng qua router. Nh vy kch thc min ng gim xung v router l ni quyt nh cho VLAN.1. v VLAN.2 c th ni chuyn vi nhau.
5.2. LAN switch 5.2.1. Chuyn mch LAN v tng qut v tng truy cp xy dng mt mng LAN tho mn c cc yu cu ca mt t chc va v ln, bn cn s dng m hnh thit k phn cp. M hnh thit k phn cp s lm cho thit k mng thay i d dng khi t chc pht trin ln hn na. M hnh ny c 3 tng nh sau: Tn truy cp: Cung cp kt ni vo h thng mng cho user Tng phn phi: Cung cp chnh sch kt ni Tng trc chnh: Cung cp vn chuyn ti u gia cc site
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M hnh phn cp ny c th p dng cho bt k thit k mng no. iu quan trng lm bn cn thy rng 3 tng ny tn ti vi thnh phn vt l ring bit, r rng. Mi tng c nh ngha i din cho nhng chc nng m chng thc hin trong mng. Tng truy cp l im kt ni vo mng ca my trm v server. Trong LAN, thit b c s dng tng truy cp c th l switch hoc hub. Nu s dng hub th bng thng s b chia s. Nu s dng switch th bng thng s c dnh ring cho mi port. Nu chng ta ni mt my trm hoc mt server vo mt port ca switch th my tnh s c dnh trn bng thng trn kt ni ca port . Nu kt ni hub vo mt port ca switch th bng thng trn port s chia s cho mi thit b kt ni vo hub . Chc nng ca tng truy cp cn bao gm c lc lp MAC v thc hin phn on cc nh. Lc lp MAC c ngha l switch ch chuyn frame ra ng port kt ni vo thit b ch m thi. Switch cn c th to ra cc segment lp 2 rt nh gi l microsegment. Mi segment nh vy ch c 2 thit b. y l kch thc nh nht c th c ca mt min ng .
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5.2.2. Switch s dng tng truy cp Switch tng truy cp hot ng lp 2 ca m hnh OSI v cung cp mt s dch v nh VLAN chng hn. Mc tiu chnh ca switch tng truy cp l cho php ngi dng u cui truy cp vo mng. Bn nn chn switch tng truy cp thc hin chc nng ny vi chi ph thp v cm nhn trn port cao. Sau y l mt s dng switch ca Cisco thng c dng tng truy cp: Catalyst 1900 Catalyst 2820 Catalyst 2950 Catalyst 4000 Catalyst 5000 Dng Catalyst 1900 v 2820 l nhng thit b truy cp hiu qu cho h thng mng va v nh. Dng switch Catalyst 2950 cung cp ng truy cp hiu qu hn cho server v nhiu bng thng hn cho ngi dng nh cc port Fast Ethernet. Dng Catalyst 4000 v 5000 c port Gigabit Ethernet l thit b truy cp hiu qu cho cc mng ln.
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Tng phn phi nm gia tng truy cp v tng trc chnh gip xc nh v phn bit vi h thng trc chnh. Mc tiu ca tng phn phi l cung cp gii hn cho php cc gi d liu c di chuyn trong . tng ny, h thng mng c chia thnh nhiu min qung b, ng thi p dng cc chnh sch v truy cp, lc gi d liu ti y. Tng phn phi gip c lp s c trong phm vi mt nhm v ngn khng cho s c tc ng vo tng trc chnh. Switch trong tng ny hot ng lp 2 v 3 ca m hnh OSI. Tm li, tng phn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau: Xc nh min qung b hay min multicast nh tuyn VLAN
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Chuyn i mi trng mng nu cn Bo mt. 5.2.4. Switch s dng tng phn phi: Switch tng phn phi l im tp trung cho cc switch tng truy cp. Do , cc switch tng ny phi gnh ton b lng giao thng t cc thit b tng truy cp nn chng phi c nng lc hot ng cao. Switch tng phn phi l im kt thc cho min qung b. Tng ny tp trung giao thng ca VLAN v cc chnh sch quyt nh dng chy ca giao thng. Do , switch ca tng phn phi hot ng c lp 2 v 3 trong m hnh OSI. Switch trong tng ny thng l switch a lp. Switch a lp l s kt hp chc nng ca router v switch vo chung trong mt thit b. Chng c thit k chuyn mch giao thng vi hiu sut hot ng cao hn mt router thng thng. Nu cc switch ny khng c router module gn trong n th bn c th s dng mt router ring bn ngoi thc hin chc nng lp 3. Sau y l cc dng switch ca Cisco ph hp vi tng phn phi: Catalyst 2926G Catalyst 5000 Catalyst 6000
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4.1.1. Tng qut v tng trc chnh:
Tng trc chnh c chuyn mch tc cao. Nu switch tng ny khng c router module gn trong th bn c th s dng router ring bn ngoi thc hin cc chc nng lp 3. Tng ny c thit k l khng thc hin bt k hot ng cn tr gi no v nhng hot ng cn tr gi d liu nh danh sch kim tra truy cp chng hn s lm chm tc chuyn mch gi. Cu trc tng trc chnh nn c cc ng d phng n nh hot ng mng, trnh tnh trng ch c mt im trung tm duy nht. Tng trc chnh c thit k s dng chuyn mch lp 2 hoc lp 3. Bn c th s dng switch ATM hoc Ethernet cho tng ny. 5.2.6. Switch s dng tng trc chnh. Tng trc chnh l xng sng ca h thng mng. Switch trong tng ny c th s dng mt s cng ngh lp 2. Nu khong cch gia cc switch c th s dng cng ngh Ethernet. Mt s cng ngh lp 2 khc nh chuyn mch t bo ATM (Asynchoronous Transfer Mode) cng c th c s dng. Trong thit k mng, tng trc chnh cng c th nh tuyn lp 3 nu cn thit. Khi chn la switch cho tng ny bn cn quan tm n nhng yu t nh s cn thit, gi c v kh nng hot ng. Sau y l mt s dng Switch ca Cosco ph hp cho tng trc chnh:
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Catalyst 6500 Catalyst 8500 IGX 8400 Lighstream 1010
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Tng kt Sau khi kt thc chng trnh ny, bn cn nm c cc im quan trng sau: Bn mc tiu chnh trong thit k LAN Cc vn cn quan tm chnh yu trong thit k LAN. Cc bc trong thit k LAN Nhng vn trong thit k Lp 1, 2 v 3. M hnh thit k 3 tng Chc nng ca mi tng trong m hnh 3 tng ny Cisco switch trong tng truy cp v cc c im ca chng. Cisco switch trong tng phn phi v cc c im ca chng Cisco switch trong tng trc chnh v cc c im ca chng - Kim tra cc hin th ca qu trnh khi ng switch bng HyperTerminal. - S dng tnh nng tr gip ca giao tip dng lnh. - Lit k cc ch dng lnh c bn ca switch. - Kim tra cu hnh mc nh ca Catalyst switch.
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- t a ch IP v cng mc nh cho switch cho php kt ni v qun l switch qua mng. - Xem cc ci t trn switch bng mt trnh duyt Web. - Ci t tc v hot ng song cng trn port ca switch. - Kim tra v qun l bng a ch MAC ca switch - Cu hnh bo v port. - Qun l tp tin cu hnh v IOS. - Thc hin khi phc mt m trn switch - Nng cp IOS ca switch.
6.1. Bt u vi switch 6.1.1. Bt u vi phn vt l ca switch
Switch l mt my tnh c bit cng c b x l trung tm (CPU), RAM (Random access memory), v h iu hnh. Switch c cc port dnh cho mc ch kt ni host v c mt s port c bit ch dnh cho mc ch qun l switch. Bn c th xem v thay i cu hnh switch bng cch kt ni vo cng console.
Switch thng khng c cng tc in bt tt m n ch c cm dy in hay khng cm dy in m thi.
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6.1.2. n bo hiu LED trn switch
Mt trc ca switch c mt s n bo hiu LED ( Light-Emitting Diode) gip bn theo di switch hot ng ca switch : System LED: LED h thng. Remote Power Supply (RPS): LED ngun in t xa. Port Mode LED: LED ch port. Port Status LED: LED trng thi port. Mi port ca switch c mt n LED nm pha trn port, hin th trng thi ca port ty theo ch hin th c ci t nt Mode. LED h thng cho bit h thng c cp ngun v hot ng tt, RPS LED cho bit switch c s dng b ngun bn ngoi hay khng. LED ch port cho bit ch hin th hin ti ca cc LED trng thi port. chn cc ch hin th trng thi khc nhau, bn nhn nt Mode mt hoc nhiu ln cho n khi LED ch port hin th ng ch m bn mun. LED trng thi port hin th cc gi tr khc nhau ty theo ch c ci t trn nt Mode.
LED ch port STAT
Mu ca cc LED trng thi trn tng port Tt Khng c kt ni
M t
(Trng Mu xanh thi hot ng)
Kt ni ang hot ng
Mu xanh nhp Port ang truyn v nhn d liu nhy
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Kt ni ang b li Lc mu xanh lc mu cam Mu cam Port khng thc hin chuyn gi v n b tt chc nng ny, hoc c a ch b vi phm cu hnh, hoc b kha do giao thc Spanning Tree. C mi mt LED trn mi port b tt c ngha l tng bng thng s dng gim xung mt na. Cc n LED s c tt ln lt t phi sang tri. Nu mt LED u tin bn phi b tt c ngha l switch ang s dng di 50% tng bng thng. Nu 2 LED u tin bn phi b tt c ngha l switch ang s dng di 25% tng bng thng.
UTL (mc hot ng ca switch )
Tt
Mu xanh FDUP (Fullduplex) 100 (Tc ) Tt Mu xanh Tt Mu xanh
Nu tt c cc LED trn port u xanh c ngha l switch ang s dng >= 50% tng bng thng Port tng ng ang ch bn song cng ( half-dupplex) Port tng ng ang ch song cng Port tng ng ang hot ng tc 10Mb/s Port tng ng ang hot ng tc 100Mb/s
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6.1.3. Kim tra LED trong sut qu trnh khi ng switch
Khi bt u cm in, switch s tin hnh mt lot cc bc kim tra gi l t kim tra khi bt ngun POST ( Power-On Self Test). POST t ng kim tra cc thnh phn phn cng m bo switch hot ng ng. LED h thng s cho bit qu trnh POST kt thc thnh cng hay b li. Khi switch mi c cm in, qu trnh POST ang chy th LED h thng cn tt. Nu sau LED h thng bt ln mu xanh c ngha l qu trnh POST kt thc thnh cng. Nu LED h thng bt ln mu vng c ngha l qu trnh POST gp li. POST gp li thng l nhng li vt l nghim trng. switch khng th hot ng tin cy nu POST b li. LED trng thi ca cc port cng thay i trong sut qu trnh POST. LED trng thi trn mi port s bt ln mu cam trong khong 30 giy l qu trinhd switch ang pht hin cu trc mng v d tm vng lp. Nu sau LED trng thi trn port chuyn sang mu xanh c ngha switch thit lp c kt ni trn port vi h thng mng. Nu LED trng thi trn port tt c ngha l switch nhn thy khng c g cm vo port ny c.
6.1.4. Xem cc thng tin hin th trong qu trnh khi ng switch cu hnh hoc kim tra trng thi ca switch, bn cn kt ni mt my tnh vo switch thit lp phin giao tip. Bn c th dng cp rollover ni t cng console mt sau ca switch vo cng COM trn my tnh.
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Hnh 6.1.4.a. Kt ni my tnh vo cng console ca switch
Hnh 6.1.4.b
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Sau bn chy HyperTerminal trn my tnh. Trc tin, bn phi t tn cho kt ni bt u cu hnh phin giao tip HyperTerminal vi switch. Sau bn gp hp thoi nh hnh 6.1.4.b, chn cng COM m bn kt ni my tnh vo switch ri nhn nt OK. Bn gp mt hp thoi tip theo nh hnh 6.1.4.c, chn cc thng s nh trn hnh ri n nt OK.
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Hnh 6.1.4.c. Ci t thng s cho HyperTerminal
Cm in cho switch. Cc thng tin v qu trnh khi ng switch s hin ra trn mn hnh HyperTerminal. Nhng thng tin ny bao gm thng tin v switch, chi tit v trng thi POST v d liu v phn cng ca switch.
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Sau khi switch hon tt qu trnh POST v khi ng xong, du nhc ca phn i thoi cu hnh h thng s xut hin. Bn c th cu hnh switch bng tay hoc vi s tr gip ca phn i thoi cu hnh. Phn i thoi cu hnh trn switch n gin hn trn router.
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Hnh 6.1.4.d. Thng tin hin th ca qu trnh khi ng switch .
6.1.5. Chc nng tr gip ca giao tip CLI trn switch Giao tip dng lnh (CLI-Command-Line Interface) ca Cisco switch rt ging vi giao tip dng lnh ca Cisco router. Lnh help c th c gi mt cch ngn gn bng du chm hi (?). Khi bn nhp du chm hi ti du nhc ca h thng, switch s hin th danh sch cc lnh m bn c th s dng trong ch dng lnh hin ti bn ang .
Hnh 6.1.5. Lnh help trong ch EXEC ngi dng.
Lnh help c th c s dng mt cch linh hot. tm danh sch cc lnh bt u vi cc k t m bn cn, bn nhp cc k t ri lin tip sau l du chm hi (?), khng cha khong trng gia cc k t vi du chm hi. Khi bn s c kt qu hin th l danh sch cc cu lnh bt u bng cc k t m bn va mi nhp vo.
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hin th cc t kha hoc cc tham s ca mt lnh no , bn nhp cu lnh , cch mt khong trng ri in du chm hi (?). switch s hin th cc t kha hoc tham s c s dng ti v tr ca du chm hi trong cu lnh . 6.1.6. Cc ch dng lnh ca switch Switch c mt ch dng lnh. Ch mc nh l ch EXEC ngi dng. Ch ny c du nhc i din ln hn (>). Cc lnh trong ch EXEC ngi dng rt gii hn trong vic thay i ci t u cui, kim tra c bn v hin th thng tin h thng. Lnh enable c s dng di chuyn t ch EXEC ngi dng sang ch EXEC c quyn. Ch EXEC c quyn c du nhc l du thng (#). Cc lnh s dng c trong ch ny cng bao gm tt c cc lnh ca ch EXEC ngi dng v cn c thm lnh configure. Lnh configure cho php bn truy cp vo cc ch cu hnh su hn. Bt u t ch EXEC c quyn l bn c th cu hnh switch , do ch ny cn c bo v bng mt m cm vic s dng ngoi mun. Nu ngi qun tr mng t mt m th bn s c yu cu nhp mt m trc khi vo c ch EXEC c quyn. Khi bn nhp mt m, mt m se khng hin th trn mn hnh.
Lnh Show version
Gii thch Xem cc thng tin v phn cng v phn mm. c s dng xc nh chnh xc switch ang s dng module no, phn mm no. Hin th tp tin cu hnh ang chy ca switch Hin th trng thi hot ng ca mi port, s lng gi vo/ra v b li trn port . Hin th ch hot ng ca port
Show running-config Show interfaces Show interface status
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Show controllers controller Show port
ethernet- Xem s lng frame b hy b, b tr hon, b li, b ng Xem thng tin v qu trnh t kim tra khi bt ngun ca switch (POST)
6.2. Cu hnh switch 6.2.1. Kim tra cu hnh mc nh ca Catalyst switch Khi mi cm in ln u tin, switch ch c tp tin cu hnh mc nh. Tn mc nh ca switch l Switch . Khng mt m no c ci t ng console v vty.
Hnh 6.2.1.a. Cu hnh mc nh ca switch
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Bn nn t mt a ch IP cho switch trn cng gi lp VLAN 1 qun l switch. Mc nh l switch khng c a ch IP no c. Tt c cc port ca switch c t ch t ng v u nm trong VLAN 1. VLAN 1 v VLAN qun l theo mc nh ca switch. Mc nh, trong th mc flash lu IOS, c mt file tn l env_vars v mt th mc con tn l html. Sau khi switch c cu hnh, trong th mc ny s c thm tp tin config.text v vlan.dat l tp tin c s d liu ca VLAN.
Hnh 6.2.1.b. c im mc nh ca cc port trn switch
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Hnh 6.2.1.c. Cu hnh mc nh ca VLAN
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Hnh 6.2.1.d. Ni dung mc nh ca th mc flash.
Bn c th kim tra phin bn IOS v gi tr cho thanh ghi cu hnh bng lnh show version.
Mc nh, switch ch c mt min qung b v chng ta ch c th qun l v cu hnh switch thng qua cng console. Giao thc Spanning-Tree cng mc nhin chy t ng trn switch cho php switch xy dng cu trc khng vng lp trn ton b mng LAN.
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Hnh 6.2.1.e
i vi mng nh th cu hnh mc inh l . Switch vn thc hin microsegment ngay, khng cn cu hnh g thm.
6.2.2. Cu hnh Catalyst switch Switch c th c cu hnh trc v chng ta c th cn phi c mt m vo c ch EXEC ngi dng hoc ch EXEC c quyn. c th cu hnh switch chng ta phi bt u t ch EXEC c quyn. Trong giao tip dng lnh (CLI), du nhc mc nh ca ch EXEC c quyn l Switch#, cn ca ch EXEC ngi dng l Switch>.
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Sau y l cc bc bn cn thc hin m bo l cu hnh mi s c thay th cho cu hnh c: Xa mi thng tin v c s d liu ang c ca VLAN bng cc xa tp tin vlan.dat trong th mc flash. Xa tp tin cu hnh d phng ca switch bng cch xa tp tin startupconfig. Khi ng li switch .
Hnh 6.2.2.a Xa mi cu hnh c trn switch
Ghi h s, bo mt v qun l l nhng cng vic ht sc quan trng i vi mi thit b mng. Chng ta nn t tn cho switch v t mt m cho ng console v vty. c th truy cp vo switch bng Telnet hay bng cc ng dng TCP/IP khc th bn cn t mt a ch IP v khai bodefault gateway cho switch . VLAN 1 l VLAN qun l mc nh ca switch. Tt c cc thit b mng u c t trong VLAN qun l. Nh , t mt my trm qun l bn c th truy cp, cu hnh v qun l tt c cc thit b lin mng.
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Hnh 6.2.2.b. t tn v mt m trn ng console v vty, t a ch IP v default gateway.
Mc nh, Fast Ethernet Port c t ch t ng v tc v song cng. Do cc port ny s t ng tha thun cc thng s vi thit b kt ni vo n. Nu ngi qun tr mng mun chc chn mt port no c tc v ch song cng nh mnh mun th c th cu hnh bng tay cho port .
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Cc thit b mng thng minh c th giao tip c bng Web cu hnh v qun l chng. Sau khi switch c cu hnh a ch IP v gateway, chng ta c th truy cp vo switch bng web. Trnh duyt web truy cp v dch v ny trn switch bng a ch IP ca switch v port 80 l port mc nh ca HTTP. Bn c th m hoc tt dch v HTTP trn switch v c th chn port khc cho dch v ny.
Hnh 6.2.2.c. Cu hnh tc v ch song cng cho port cho
Hnh 6.2.2.d. M dch v HTTP v chn port cho dch v ny trn switch.
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Hnh 6.2.2.e. Giao din web ca switch.
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Hnh 6.2.2.f. Giao din qun l web. 6.2.3. Qun l bng a ch MAC Switch hc a ch MAC ca cc thit b kt ni vo port ca n bng cch kim tra a ch ngun ca gi d liu m n nhn vo t mi port . Cc a ch MAC hc c s c ghi vo bng a ch MAC. Nhng gi d liu no c a ch MAC ch nm trong bng ny s c chuyn mch ra ng port ch.
Hnh 6.2.3.a
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kim tra cc a ch m switch hc c, bn dng lnh show mac-addresstable trong ch EXEC c quyn. Switch c th t ng hc vo bo tr hng ngn a ch MAC. tit kim b nh gip ti u ha hot ng ca switch, cc a ch MAC hc c nn xa i khi thit b tng ng b ngt kt ni khi port, hoc b tt in hoc c chuyn sang port khc trn cng switch hoc trn switch khc. Cho d v l do g i na, nu c mt a ch MAC no trong bng m switch khng nhn c gi d liu no c a ch MAC na th switch s t ng xa a ch sau 300 giy. Thay v ch bng a ch t ng b xa v ht thi hn th ngi qun tr mng c th xa bng a ch MAC bng lnh clear mac-address-table trong ch EXEC c quyn. Ngay c nhng a ch MAC do chnh ngi qun tr mng cu hnh trc cng b xa bng lnh ny.
Hnh 6.2.3.b 6.2.4. Cu hnh a ch MAC c nh Bn c th quyt inh gn mt a ch MAC c nh cho mt port no ca switch. L do gn c nh mt a ch MAC cho mt port c th l mt trong nhng l do sau:
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Gip cho a ch MAC khng b xa t ng do ht thi hn trn bng a ch Mt server hay mt my trm c bit no ca user c kt ni vo mt port trn switch v a ch MAC ca my ny khng i. Tng kh nng bo mt. khai bo mt a ch MAC c nh cho switch, bn dng lnh sau: Switch ( config)#mac-address-table static <mac-address of host> interface FastEthernet <Ethernet number> vlan xa mt a ch MAC c nh c khai bo bn dng dng no ca cu lnh trn
6.2.5. Cu hnh port bo v Bo v h thng mng l mt trch nhim quan trng ca ngi qun tr mng. switch tng truy cp l c kh nng truy cp d dng nht t cc cm dy t cc phng. Bt k ngi no cng c th cm PC hoc my tnh xch tay ca mnh vo mt trong nhng cm dy ny. Do trn switch c mt c tnh gi l port bo v gip gii hn s lng a ch m switch c th hc trn mt port. Bn c th cu hnh cho switch thc hin mt ng tc no khi s lng a ch hc c trn port vt qu gii hn cho php. a ch MAC bo v c th c khai bo c nh. Tuy nhin vic khai bo c nh i ch MAC bo v rt phc tp v d gy ra li.
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Thay v khai bo a ch MAC bo v c nh th bn c th thc hin nh sau. Trc tin l bt ch port bo v trn port m bn mun. S lng a ch MAC trn port gii hn l 1 thi. Nh vy a ch MAC u tin m switch t ng hc c s tr thnh a ch cn bo v. kim tra mng trng thi ca port bo v, bn dng lnh show port security.
Hnh 6.2.5 Cc bc c bn cu hnh port bo v: 1. 2. 3. 4. Vo ch cu hnh ca port m bn cn. m ch truy cp cho port . m ch port bo v. Gii hn s lng a ch MAC bo v trn port (thng gii hn 1 a ch MAC ) 5. Ch nh loi a ch MAC bo v l a ch c nh (static), hc t ng (dynamic) hay sticky. Static: l a ch MAC do ngi qun tr mng khai bo c nh bng tay. Sau khi khai bo xong, a ch ny c lu c nh trong bng a ch v khng c gii hn v thi hn lu gi. Ngay c khi switch b mt in, khi ng li cng khng xa mt a ch c nh. Dynamic: l a ch MAC do switch t ng hc c. Loi a ch ng ny c lu c thi hn trn switch . Nu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh m switch khng nhn c gi d liu no c a ch MAC na th n s xa a ch ny ra khi bng.
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Sticky: l a ch MAC do switch hc c t ng nhng sau khi hc xong th switch ghi a ch ny c inh vo bng lun v khng xa i ch na ngay c khi switch b tt in v khi ng li. 6. Cu hnh cho switch thc hin ng tc ng port (Shutdown) hoc treo port (Restrict) khi s lng a ch MAC hc c trn port vt qu gii hn cho php. Cu lnh c th cu hnh port bo v trn mi dng switch khc nhau s khc nhau nhng nhn chung u theo cc bc c bn nh trn. Sau y l v d v cu hnh port bo v trn switch 2950: ALSwitch (config)#interface fastethernet 0/4 ALSwitch (config-if)# switchport port-security ? Aging Port-security aging commands Mac-address Secure mac address Maximum Max secure addrs Violation Security Violation Mode <cr> ALSwitch (config-if)# switchport mode access ALSwitch (config-if)# switchport port-security ALSwitch (config-if)# switchport port-security maximum 1 ALSwitch (config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky ALSwitch (config-if)# switchport port-security violation shutdown 6.2.6. Thm, bt, chuyn i switch Khi thm mt switch mi vo h thng mng, bn cn cu hnh cc thng tin sau cho switch : Tn switch a ch IP ca switch trong VLAN qun l. Default gateway.
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Mt m cho cc ng truy cp switch. Khi chuyn mt host t port ny sang port khc hoc sang switch khc, bn cng nn xa mt s cu hnh c th gy tc ng khng tt v tr c v thm cu hnh mi cho vi tr mi ca host. V d khi chuyn mt host ang kt ni vo mt port c ch bo v sang port khc hoc switch khc, th port c bn nn xa cu hnh port bo v v cu hnh port bo v cho port mi ca host . 6.2.7. Qun l tp tin hot ng h thng ca switch Nh qun tr mng lun phi lp h s v bo tr cc tp tin hot ng h thng ca cc thit b mng. Tp tin cu hnh hot ng mi nht nn c lu d phng ra server hoc ra a. Tp tin ny khng ch l thng tin nhy cm m cn rt hu dng khi cn khi phc li cu hnh cho thit b mng. IOS cng nn c lu d phng trn mt server ni b sau c th ti v b nh flash khi cn thit. 6.2.8. Khi phc mt m trn switch 1900/2950 V l do qun l v bo mt, switch thng c t mt m trn ng console v vty. Ngoi ra cn c mt m ca ch EXEC c quyn c ci t bng lnh enable password hoc enable secret password. Mt m ny gip m bo ch c nhng user c php mi c th truy cp vo ch EXEC ngi dng v c quyn trn switch. Tuy nhin c mt s tnh hung bn cn truy cp vo switch nhng bn truy cp v mt vt l c nhng li khng th vo c ch EXEC ngi dng hoc c quyn v khng bit hoc qun mt m. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy bn cn phi khi phc li mt m trn switch . Sau y l cc bc thc hin khi phc mt m trn switch 2900: 1. m bo rng bn kt ni PC ca mnh vo cng console trn switch v m xong mn hnh HyperTerminal. 2. Tt in ca switch i. Sau bn va nhn nt Mode mt trc ca switch va cm in li cho switch. Khi no LED STAT trn switch tt i th bn mi bung nt Mode ra. 3. Khi trn mn hnh HyperTerminal s c hin th nh sau: C2950 Boot Loader (C2950-HBOOT-MAC) Version
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12.1 (11r) EA1, RELEASE SOFT (fc1) Compiled Mon 22-Jul-02 18:57 by antonio WS-C2950-24 starting Base ethernet MAC Address: 00:0a:b7:72:2b:40 Xmodem file system is available. The system has been interrupted prior to initializing the flash files System. The following commands will initialize the flash files system. And finish loading the operating system software: Flash_init Load_helper Boot 4. khi ng tp tin h thng v kt thc qu trnh ti h iu hnh, bn nhp cc lnh sau theo th t nh sau: Flash_init Load_helper Dir flash: Ch : Khng c qun du hai chm (:) lin sau ch flash trong cu lnh th 3 trn. Kt qu hin th ca lnh dir flash: s cho bit ni dung ca th mc flash. Mc nh, tn ca tp tin cu hnh switch lu trong th mc flash s c tn l config.text. 5. Bn i nh dng tn ca tp tin cu hnh nh sau: Rename flash:config.text flash:config.old 6. Sau bn g lnh boot khi ng li switch
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Lc ny tp tin cu hnh ca switch b i nh dng nn switch khng ti c tp tin cu hnh. Do sau khi khi ng xong bn s gp cu thoi cu hnh ca switch nh sau, bn nhp k t N cho cu hi ny: Continue with the configuration dialog? [yes/no] : N Sau bn s vo c ch EXEC ngi dng v c quyn m khng gp mt m na. 7. Bn tr li tn c cho tp tin cu hnh bng lnh nh sau: Rename flash:config.old flash:config.text 8. Sau cho switch chy tp tin cu hnh ny bng cch copy tp tin cu hnh ny ln RAM: Switch#copy flash:config.text system:ruinning-config Source filename [config.text]?[enter] Destination filename [ruinning-config] [enter] 9. Lc ny switch s ti tp tin cu hnh xung RAM chy. Khi bn c th thay i mt m nu mun: AlSwitch#configure terminal AlSwitch (config)#no enable secret AlSwitch (config)#enable password cisco AlSwitch (config)#line console 0 AlSwitch (config-line)#password cisco AlSwitch (config-line)#exit AlSwitch (config)#exit AlSwitch#copy ruinning-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]?[enter] Building configuration. [OK]
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AlSwitch# 10. Bn tt in cho switch ri bt li kim tra xem mt m mi c p dng ng cha. Nu cha ng th bn thc hin qu trnh trn li t u. 6.2.9. Nng cp firmware 1900/2950 IOS v firmware thng xuyn c pht hnh phin bn mi vi cc khc phc l hng c, thm cc c tnh mi v tng kh nng hot ng. Nu bn mun h thng mng c bo v tt hn, hot ng hiu qu hn vi phin bn mi hn ca IOS th bn nn nng cp IOS. Bn c th ti phin bn IOS v server ni b ca mnh t Trung tm phn mm kt ni trc tuyn Cisco (CCO- Cisco Connection Online). TNG KT Sau khi hon tt chng ny, bn cn nm c cc chnh sau: Thnh phn c bn ca Catalyst switch . Theo di trng thi v hot ng cu switch thng qua n bo hiu LED Kim tra thng tin xut ra ca qu trnh khi ng switch bng HyperTerminal. S dng tnh nng tr gip ca giao tip dng lnh. Cc ch mc nh ca switch t a ch IP v default gateway cho switch c th kt ni v qun l switch qua mng. Xem cu hnh switch vi trnh duyt Web. Ci t tc v ch song cng cho port ca switch . Kim tra v qun l bng a ch MAC ca switch . Cu hnh port bo v. Qun l tp tin cu hnh IOS. Thc hin khi phc mt m cho switch Nng cp IOS cho switch
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CHNG 6: Cu hnh switch Gii thiu Switch l mt thit b mng Lp 2 hot ng nh mt im tp trung kt ni ca my trm, server, router, hub v cc switch khc. Hub l mt thit b tp trung kt ni loi c, cp thp hn switch v tt c cc thit b kt ni vo hub chia s cng mt bng thng v c th xy ra tranh chp. Hub ch c th chy bn song cng, ngha l ti mt thi im hub hoc truyn hoc nhn d liu ch khng th thc hin ng thi c hai. Cn switch th c th chy song cng, truyn v nhn d liu song song ng thi. Switch l mt brigde a port: Chuyn mch ang l mt cng ngh chun hin nay trong cu trc hnh sao ca Ethernet LAN. Khi hai thit b kt ni vo switch mun lin lc vi nhau th switch thit lp mt mch o im n - im dnh ring cho hai thit b nn khng c kh nng xy ra ng . Chnh v vai tr quan trng ca switch trong h thng mng hin nay nn vic tm hiu v cu hnh switch l rt quan trng i vi ngi lm v mng. Mt switch hon ton mi lun c mt cu hnh mc nh ca nh sn xut. Cu hnh ny thng khng p ng cc yu cu ca nh qun tr mng vi switch. Mt trong nhng tc v ny l bo tr switch v h iu hnh IOS (Internetworking Oprating System) ca n. Mt s tc v khc lin quan n vic qun l cc cng giao tip ca switch, ti u ho bng hot ng ca switch m bo tin cy v bo mt. Nhng k nng v cu hnh switch, nng cp IOS, khi phc mt m l nhng k nng rt quan trng ca ngi qun tr mng.
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Sau khi hon tt chng ny, bn c th thc hin nhng cng vic sau: Xc nh cc thnh phn chnh ca Catalyst switch. Theo di hot ng v trng thi ca switch thng qua cc bo co hiu LED. Xc nh li ch v nhng nguy c ca cu trc d phng. M t vai tro ca Spanning - Tree trong mng chuyn mch c d phng. Xc nh cc thnh phn quan trng trong hot ng ca Spanning Tree. M t qu trnh bu bridge gc. Lit k cc trng thi Spanning Tree. So snh giao thc Spanning Tree. 7.1. Cu trc d phng. 7.1.1. S d phng. Rt nhiu cng ty v t chc pht trin hot ng ca h da trn mng my tnh. Vic truy cp vo file server, c s d liu, Internet, Intranet v Extranet ng vai tr quan trng cho s thnh cng trong kinh doanh v nu mng b t, nng sut gim v khch hng khng hi lng. Do cc cng ty lun mong mun h thng mng may tnh ca h lun hot ng sut 24 gi, 7 ngy mt tun. Vic thc hin 100% thi gian hot ng th c th khng kh thi nhng mc tiu t ra l phi bo m c 99,999% thi gian hot ng. T l ny c ngha l ch cho php mng ngng hot ng trung bnh mt ngy trong 30 nm, hay 1 gi trong 4000 ngy, hay 5,25 pht trong mt nm. Nu c th thc hin c mc tiu trn th h thng mng s thc s hot ng rt tin cy. tin cy ca h thng mng c m bo t vic trang b cc thit b c tin cy cao n vic thit k h thng mng c d phng, c kh nng chu c li, hi t nhanh vt qua s c.
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Mng c kh nng chu c li nh c s d phng. D phng y c ngha l chun b nhng g nhiu hn mc cn thit bnh thng. Nhng d phng gip tng tin cy ca mng nh th no? Gi s nh bn ch c mt cch duy nht i lm l i lm bng xe hi ca bn, vy nu chic xe hi ny b h c ngha l bn khng th i lm cho n khi chic xe hi ny c sa cha xong. Nu chic xe ny c trung binh 10 ngy li h mt 1 ngy th kh nng s dng ca n l 90%. iu ny c ngha l c 10 ngy th bn ch i lm c 9 ngy. Do tin cy t c 90%. Nu bn mua thm mt xe hi na i l. ng l khng cn thit phi c n 2 chic xe hi ch i lm nhng bn li c xe d phng khi chic xe chnh b h. Nh vy vic i lm ca bn s khng cn b ph thuc vo mt chic xe na. C hai chic xe cng c th b h cng mt lc, khong 100 ngy th c mt ngy nh th. Nh vy bn mua thm chic xe th 2 d phng, tin cy tng ln 99%.
Hnh 7.1.1 7.1.2. Cu trc d phng.
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Mc tiu ca cu trc d phng l loi b im tp trung ca s c. Tt c cc h thng mng cn phi c d phng nng mc bo m. H thng ng giao thng l mt v d v cu trc c tnh d phng. Nu c mt con ng b ng li sa cha th s lun c ng khc i n ch. V d c mt cng ng cch trung tm th trn bi c mt con sng. Nu ch bc mt chic cu qua sng th c ngha l ch c mt con ng i vo th trn. Cu trc nh vy l khng c s d phng. Nu cy cu ny b ngp hoc b h hng do tai nn th s khng th i vo th trn bng chic cu ny c na. Bc thm mt chic cu th hai qua sng to cu trc c d phng. Khi ngi dn ngoi s khng cn b ct t vi trung tm th trn khi mt cy cu b h hng na.
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Hnh 7.1.2. m hnh c d phng v khng c d phng. 7.1.3. Cu trc chuyn mch d phng. H thng mng c thit b v ng d phng s c kh nng tn ti cao hn, trnh c m hnh ch c mt im trung tm ca s c v nu mt ng kt ni hoc mt thit b gp s c th ng d phng hoc thit b d phng s lnh trch nhim thay th. V d nh hnh 7.1.3, nu Switch A b h, lu lng t segment 2 sang segment 1 v sang router vn c th i qua Switch B. Nu port 1 trn Switch A b h thi giao thng vn c th i qua port 1 trn Switch B.
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Hnh 7.1.3 Switch hc a ch MAC ca thit b kt ni vo port ca n, nh n c th chuyn d liu n ng ch. Nu switch khng bit g v a ch ca my ch th n s chuyn gi ra tt c cc port cho n khi no n hc c a ch MAC ca thit b ny. Gi qung b v multicast cng c chuyn ra tt c cc port ca switch. Chnh v vy, cu trc chuyn mch d phng nh hnh 7.1.3 c th s gy ra trn bo qung b, chuyn nhiu lt frame v bng a ch MAC khng n nh. 7.1.4. Trn bo qung b. Gi multicast cng c switch s l ging nh gi qung b l chuyn ra tt c cc port tr port nhn gi vo.
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Hnh 7.1.4.a
Hnh 7.1.4.b. Hu qu l gy ra mt trn bo qung b trn mng.
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Ta xt v d trn hnh 7.1.4.a: gi s Host X gi mt gi qung b v gi yu cu ARP hi a ch lp 2 ca router chng hn. Kh switch A nhn c gi qung b ny s chuyn gi qung b ny s chuyn gi ra tt c cc port. Switch B cng thc hin nh vy. Kt qu l Switch B s nhn li cc gi qung b c gi t Switch A v ngc li, Switch A cng nhn li cc gi qung b c gi t Switch B. C hai Switch ny nhn c gi qung b ca nhau v li chuyn tip ra tt c cc port. C nh vy, mi mt gi qung b m switch nhn vo s c nhn ra tt c cc port gy ln trn bo qung b trn mng. Trn bo qung b ny s c tip tc cho n khi no mt trong hai switch b ngt kt ni ra. Switch v cc thit b u cui s b qu ti v phi s l qu nhiu cc gi qung b v khng th s l c cc gi d liu khc ca user. Khi h thng mng xem nh b t lit. 7.1.5. Truyn nhiu lt frame. Cu trc mng chuyn mch d phng c th lm cho thit b u cui nhn c nhiu frame trung lp nhau.
Hnh 7.1.5 Ta xt v d trn hnh 7.1.5: gi s rng c hai switch va mi xo a ch MAC ca Router Y trn bng a ch v ht thi hn v gi s rng Host X vn cn gi a ch MAC ca router Y trong bng ARP ca mnh ln n gi mt frame trc tip ti Router Y. Router Y nhn c gi gi liu ny v n nm trong cng segment vi Host X.
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Switch A cng nhn c frame ny nhng khng c a ch MAC ca Router Y trn bng a ch nn n chuyn frame ra tt c cc port ca n. Tng t trn switch B cng vy. Kt qu l Router Y nhn c nhiu frame trng nhau. iu ny lm cho cc thit b tn ti nguyn x l nhiu frame khng cn thit. 7.1.6. C s d liu a ch MAC khng n nh. Cu trc mng chuyn mch d phong c th lm cho cc switch hc c thng tin sai v a ch, switch s hc c mt a ch MAC trn mt port m trong khi a ch MAC ny tht s nm trn port khc.
Hnh 7.1.6 Ta xt v d nh trn hnh 7.1.6: gi s a ch MAC ca Router Y khng c trong bng a ch ca c hai switch. Gi s host X gi mt gi d liu trc tip n Router Y. Switch A v B u nhn c gi gi liu ny v hc c a ch MAC ca Host X l nm trn port 0. Sau khi d liu ny c hai switch chuyn ra tt c cc port v trn hai switch u cha c a ch MAC ca Router Y. Kt qu l switch A nhn li gi d liu ny t switch B vo port 1 v ngc li, Switch B cng nhn li d liu t Switch A vo port 1. Khi Switch A v B hc li l a ch MAC ca Host X nm trn port 1, k tip, khi Router Y gi mt gi d liu cho Host X, Switch Av B cng u nhn c gi d liu t Router Y n Host X s b ri vo vng lp. 7.2. Giao thc Spanning Tree (Giao thc phn nhnh cy). Tree.
7.2.1. Cu trc d phng v Spanning
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Cu trc mng d phng c thit k bo m mng tip hot ng khi c mt s c xy ra, user s t b gin on cng vic ca h hn. Mi s gin on do s c gy ra cng ngn cng tt.
Hnh 7.2.1.a. Mt v d v cu trc d phng. Trong h thng mng, chng ta to nhiu kt ni gia cc switch v bridge d phng. Cc kt ni ny s to ra cc vng lp vt l trong mng nhng nu c mt kt ni b t thi lu lng c th c chuyn sang kt ni khc. Switch hot ng lp 2 ca mi hnh OSI v thc hin quyt nh chuyn gi lp ny. Khi Switch khng xc nh c port ch th n s chuyn gi ra tt c cc port. Gi qung b v multicast cng c gi ra tt c cc port tr port nhn gi vo. Do , mng chuyn mch khng c c vng lp, v nh vy s gy ra nhiu s c nh phn tch cc phn trn. lp 3, mi khi gi d liu i qua mt Router, trng thi gian sng (Time To Live TTL) s gim i mt gi tr v gi d liu s b hu b khi trng TTL t n gi tr 0. Trong khi , phn thng tin lp 2 trong gi d liu khng c trng TTL. Do , nu frame b ri vo vng lp lp 2 ca cu trc mng chuyn mch, n s b lp vng n v tn v khng c thng tin no trong frame gip loi b frame khi b lp vng. iu lm h thng mng tiu tn bng thng v c th dn n b t lit.
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Tm li, mng chuyn mch vi switch v bridge khng th c vng lp nhng chng ta vn cn xy dng cu trc mng vt l c vng lp d phng khi xy ra s c, nhm m bo hot ng ca h thng mng. Vy gii php l vn cho php cu trc vt l c vng lp nhng chng ta s to cu trc lun l khng c vng lp. V d nh trn hnh 7.2.1.a, giao thng t cc user kt ni vo Cat - 4 n server Farm kt ni vo Cat - 5 s i qua ng kt ni gia Cat - 1 v Cat - 2 mc d c tn ti ng kt ni vt l gia Cat - 4 v Cat - 5. Cu trc lun l khng vng lp l mt cu trc dng phn nhnh cy, tng t nh cu trc lun l hnh sao hay hnh sao m rng. Thut ton c s dng to cu trc lun l khng vng lp l thut ton spanning - tree. Thut ton ny tn ti kh nhiu thi gian hi t. Do c mt thut ton mi hi gi l rapid spanning - tree vi thi gian tinh ton cu trc lun l khng vng lp rt ngn hn.
Hnh 7.2.1.b. Cu trc lun l khng vng lp c to ra bi Spanning - Tree. Cu trc ny theo dng phn nhnh hnh cy, tng t nh cu trc lun l hnh sao m rng.
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7.2.2. Giao thc Spanning - Tree. Ethernet bridge v switch c th trin khai giao thc Spanning - Tree IEEE802.1D v s dng thut ton spanning - tree xy dng cu trc mng ngn nht khng vng lp. xy dng mng theo dng phn nhnh hnh cy, trc tin giao thc Spanning - Tree phi chn mt im lm gc (root bridge). Xut pht t mt bridge gc ny, cc ng lin kt c xem xt v tnh ton phn nhnh ra to cu trc mng theo dng hnh cy, bo m rng ch c mt ng duy nht i t gc n tng node trong mng. Nhng ng kt ni no d tha trong cu trc hnh cy s b kho li. Tt c cc gi d liu nhn c t ng lin kt b kho ny s b hu b.
Hnh 7.2.2.a. Giao thc Spanning - Tree xy dng mng hnh lun l hnh cy. Kt ni no d tha, to thnh vng lp s b kho li. Giao thc Spanning - Tree i hi thit b mng phi trao i thng tin vi nhau c th pht hin ra vng lp trong mng. Thng ip trao i ny c gi l Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU). Kt ni no to thnh vng lp s b t vo trng thi kho. Trn kt ni ny khng nhn gi d liu nhng vn nhn cc gi BPDU xc nh kt ni cn hot ng hay khng. Nu c mt kt ni b t hay mt thit b h hng th mt cu trc hnh cy mi s c tnh ton li. BPDU cha y cc thng tin gip cho switch thc hin c cc vic sau:
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Chn mt switch lm gc cho cu trc hnh cy. Tnh ton ng ngn nht t mi node n switch gc. ng ngn nht l ng c chi ph thp nht. Chi ph ca ng kt ni c tnh ton da trn tc ca ng kt ni . Trong tng LAN segment, ch nh ra mt switch gn nht vi switch gc. Switch c ch nh (designated switch) s lm gi mi thng tin lin lc gia LAN v switch gc. Trn mi switch khng phi l gc chn mt port lm port gc (root port) l port c ng kt ni ngn nht v gc. Cc port cn li c xem xt lm port ch nh (designated port). Nhng port no khng c ch nh u b kho li.
Hnh 7.2.2.b. Gi tr chi ph mc inh tng ng vi tc ca ng kt ni.
Hnh 7.2.2.c. Cc thng tin nm trong gi BPDU.
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Hnh 7.2.2.d. Mt v d kt qu tnh ton ca giao thc Spanning - Tree. Sau khi tnh ton xong, v mt lun l, cu trc mng s c dng r nhnh cy, khng cn vng lp na. Ta xt v d nh hnh 7.2.2.c. Ba switch Cat - A, Cat - B v Cat - C c ni thnh vng trn vi nhau. Nh vy l tn ti mt vng lp v mt vt l. u tin, qu trnh bu chn bridge gc chn Cat - A lm gc. T bridge gc, hai nhnh t port 1/1, 1/2 c m ln kt ni xung hai switch Cat - B v Cat - C. Trn Cat - B, port 1/1 c chi ph ni v gc thp nht nn port ny c chn lm port gc. Tng t trn Cat - C, port 1/1 c chn lm port gc ni v gc. Sau khi xc nh xong port gc thit lp kt ni v bridge gc, Cat - B v Cat - C s xem xt cc port cn li. Chng nhn thy port 1/2 ca chng cng ni vo mt segment LAN. to cu trc hnh cy, trong mi segment LAN ch c mt switch c m mt ng kt ni t gc vo segment LAN . Do , Cat - B v Cat - C s ch nh ra mt switch c truy xut vo segment LAN ny. Kt qu, Cat - B c chn v port 1/2 ca n c ch nh m kt ni vo segment LAN. Cat - C khng c ch inh nn port 1/2 ca n b kho li. 7.2.3. Hot ng ca spanning - tree. Khi mng n nh v hi t ch c mt cy duy nht trong mt mng. t c kt qu ny, cc switch trong mng tun theo cc nguyn tc sau:
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Ch c mt bridge gc duy nht cho mt mng. Trn mi bridge khng phi l gc ch c mt port duy nht lm port gc l port kt ni v gc ngn nht. Trong tng segment LAN, ch c duy nht mt port i vo segment LAN . Khng s dng cc port no khng c ch nh. Port gc v port c ch nh lm cc port c s dng chuyn d liu. Cc port khng c ch nh s hu b d liu. Cc port ny c gi l port kho (B - Bloking). 7.2.4. Qu trnh chn bridge gc. Mun xy dng cu trc hnh cy th trc tin phi c mt im lm gc t phn nhnh cho cy. Do vic u tin l tt c cc switch trong mng phi chn ra mt bridge gc s tc ng n dng giao thng trong mng. Khi cc switch mi c bt in, chng s trao i cc gi BPDU vi nhau v da vo thng tin bridge ID (BID) trong cc gi ny chn ra bridge gc. Trng BID bao gm gi tr u tin ca switch v a ch MAC ca switch . Gi tr u tin mc nh ca switch l 32768. Mc nh, cc gi BPDU c gi i 2 giy/ln.
Hnh 7.2.4.a. Ni dung gi BPDU.
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Hnh 7.2.4.b. Cu trc ca trng BID. 2 byte u l gi tr u tin ca switch. Gi tr ny nm trong khong t 0 - 65535, gi tr mc nh l 32768. 6 byte sau l a ch MAC ca switch. u tin mi switch u t cho n l gc. Do trong gi BPDU u tin m mi switch gi i, trng Root BID v sender BID u c gi tr u tin v a ch MAC ca chnh n. Sau mi switch s ln lt nhn c cc goi BPDU t nhng switch khc. Mi khi switch nhn c mt gi BPDU c trng Root BID thp hn Root BID n ang c th n s thay th Root BID thp hn vo gi BPDU ri gi i. C nh vy, cui cng cc switch s thng nht c vi nhau switch no c BID thp nht lm bridge gc.
Hnh 7.2.4.c. Mt v d v ni dung gi BPDU u tin ca Cat - A gi i. Nu khng cu hnh g c, gi tr mc nh trn cc switch u bng nhau v bng 32768. Do vy switch no no c a ch MAC nh nht (a ch MAC th khng bao gi trng nhau gia cc switch) s c BID nh nht v switch s lm gc. Ngi qun tr mng mun tc ng vo vic quyt nh chn bridge gc th
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c th ci t gi tr u tin ca switch nh hn gi tr mc nh, khi BID ca switch s c gi tr nh hn. Tuy nhin bn ch ln lm iu ny khi bn nm r lung giao thng trong mng ca mnh.
Hnh 7.2.4.d. Sau mt qu trinh trao i gi BPDU, cc switch s chn ra c switch no c BID nh nht lm gc.
7.2.5. Cc trng thi port Spanning - Tree. Thng tin trao i ca cc giao thc phi mt mt khong thi gian mi truyn i ht cho ton b h thng mng. Khi mt phn no ca cu trc mng b thay i th c h thng khng th nhn bit c iu ny cng mt lc v ngay lp tc m phi ln lt sau mt khong thi gian. chnh l thi gian tr lan truyn. Chnh v vy, nu switch i trng thi ca mt port t th ng sang hot ng ngay lp tc c th s gy ra vng lp. Trn switch s dng giao thc Spanning - Tree, mi port s mt trong nm trng thi nh hnh 7.2.5.a. trng thi kho, port ch nhn gi BPDU. Cc gi d liu khc s b hu b v khng h c hc a ch trng thi ny. Mt khong 20 giy chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi k tip l trng thi nghe.
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Hnh 7.2.5.a. Cc trng thi port Spanning - Tree. Khi kt ni bt u c m ln, trng thi u tin ca port l trng thi kho (Blocking). Sau khi thut ton Spanning - Tree tnh ton xong v chn port l port gc hay l port ch nh ca mt segment LAN th port s c ln lt chuyn sang trng thi nghe (Listenning), trng thi hc (Learning) v cui cng trng thi truyn d liu (Forwarding).
trng thi nghe, switch ch xc nh xem port ny c kt ni v gc vi chi ph thp nht hay khng, c to vng lp hay khng. Nu kt qu port ny khng c chn lm port gc v cng khng c ch nh lm port ni vo mt segment LAN no th port s c a tr v trng thi kho. Trng thi nghe ko di khong 15 giy, khong thi gian ny gi l thi gian ch chuyn trng thi (Forward delay). Trong trng thi nghe, port vn khng chuyn gi d liu, cha hc a ch MAC, vn ch x l gi BPDU thi. Sau , port chuyn t trng thi nghe sang trng thi hc. trng thi ny, port cha chuyn d liu ca user nhng bt u hc a ch MAC t cc gi d liu nhn c v vn x l gi BPDU. Trng thi hc ko di khong 15 giy v khong thi gian ny cng c gi thi gian ch chuyn trng thi (Forward delay). Sau cng, port chuyn t trng thi hc sang trng thi truyn d liu. trng thi ny, port thc hin truyn d liu ca user, hc a ch MAC ng thi vn x l gi BPDU.
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Mt port c th ri vo trng thi khng hot ng (disable). Trng thi ny l do ngi qun tr ci t cho port bng lnh shutdown hoc do chnh bn thn port khng c kt ni hoc b h, khng hot ng c. Khong thi gian ca mi trng thi nh nu trn l khong thi gian mc nh c tnh cho mt h thng mng c ti a 7 switch trn mt nhnh tnh t gc. 7.2.6. Spanning - Tree tnh ton li. Sau khi h thng mng chuyn mch hi t, tt c cc port trn mi switch v bridge u trng thi truyn d liu hoc trng thi kho. Port truyn d liu l port c th truyn , nhn d liu v BPDU. Port kho l port ch nhn gi BPDU m thi. Khi cu trc mng c s thay i, switch v bridge s tnh ton li cu trc hnh cy v c th gy cn tr cho giao thng mng ca user khi ang trong qu trnh tnh ton. Thi gian hi t theo chun IEEE 801.1D cho cu trc hnh cy mi l khong 50 giy. Khi cu trc mng c s thay i xy ra, sau thi gian ch ti a (max - age) l 20 giy xc nh s thay i , Spanning - Tree mi bt u tnh li v chuyn trng thi cho port. T trng thi kho, port c chuyn sang trng thi nghe. Sau trng thi nghe 15 giy ri mi chuyn sang trng thi hc v trng thi hc 15 giy ri mi chuyn sang trng thi truyn d liu. Nh vy tng cng l 50 giy cu trc mng chuyn sang cu hnh cy mi p ng theo s thay i.
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Hnh 7.2.6.a V d mt cu trc mng chuyn mch hi t nh trn. Theo chu k mc nh, c 20 giy cc switch li thc hin trao i gi BPDU mt ln. Gi s kt ni trn port 1/1 ca Cat - B b t. Khi Cat - B khng cn nhn c gi BPDU theo nh k trn port 1/1 na. Trong khi Cat - B vn nhn c gi BPDU u n trn port 1/2. Cat - B i ht thi gian ch ti a (max - age) l 20 giy mi xc nh kt ni trn port 1/1 cht v bt u chuyn sang trng thi cho port 1/2. Port 1/2 khng th chuyn ngay t trng thi kho sang trng thi chuyn d liu c m phi tri qua 2 trng thi trung gian l trng thi nghe v trng thi hc, mi trng thi trung gian ny ko di 15 giy. Nh vy tng cng l 50 giy k t lc kt ni trn port 1/1 ca Cat - B b t, mng mi chuyn xong sang cu trc mi p ng theo s c ny.
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Hnh 7.2.6.b. Kt qu tnh li l cu trc mi nh hnh v.
7.2.7. Giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree. Giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree c nh ngha trong chun IEEE 802.1w. Giao thc ny gii thiu cc vn mi sau: Lm r hn vai tr v trng thi ca port. nh ngha cc loi kt ni c th chuyn nhanh sang trng thi truyn d liu. Cho php cc switch trong mng hi t t gi cc gi BPDU ca n ch khng ch ring gi BPDU ca bridge gc. Trng thi kho (bloocking) c i tn thnh trng loi b (discarding). Port loi b ng vai tr l mt port d phng. Trong mi segment c mt port c ch nh (designated port) kt ni vo segment . Nu port ch nh ny b s c th port loi b tng ng s c thay th ngay cho port .
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Hnh 7.2.7.a. Port 1 trn Switch Y l port thay th cho port 1 trn Switch X.
Cc kt ni c phn thnh cc loi nh kt ni im - n - im, kt ni chia s v kt ni bin cui (edge - link). Kt ni im - n - im l kt ni gia hai switch. Kt ni chia s l kt ni c nhiu switch cng kt ni vo. Kt ni bin cui l kt ni t switch xung host, khng cn switch no khc xen gia. Phn bit thnh nhiu loi kt ni c th nh vy, vic nhn bit s thay i cu trc mng s nhanh hn. Kt ni im - n - im v kt ni bin cui s c chuyn vo trng thi truyn d liu ngay lp tc v khng h c vng lp trn nhng kt ni dng ny.
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Hnh 7.2.7.b. Cc loi kt ni trong Rapid Spanning - Tree.
Thi gian hi t s khng lu hn 15 giy k t khi c s thay i. Giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree, hay IEEE 802.1w s thc s thay th cho giao thc Spanning - Tree, hay IEEE 802.1D. TNG kt Sau khi hon tt chng ny, bn cn nm c cc quan trng sau: S d phng v vai tr quan trng ca n trong h thng mng. Cc thnh phn chnh trong cu trc mng d phng. Trn bo qung b v tc hi ca n trong mng chuyn mch. Truyn nhiu lt frame v tc hi ca n ln mng chuyn mch. Nguyn nhn v hu qu ca vic c s d liu a ch MAC khng n nh. Li ch v nguy c ca cu trc mng d phng.
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Vai tr ca Spanning - Tree trong cu trc mng d phng. Cc hot ng c bn ca Spanning - Tree. Qu trnh bu bridge gc. Cc trng thi Spanning - Tree. So snh giao thc Spanning - Tree v giao thc Rapid Spanning - Tree.
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CHNG 8 : VLAN GII THIU Mt c tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch Ethernet l mng LAN o(VLAN).VLAN l mt nhm lgic cc thit b mng hoc cc usur. Cc thit b mng hoc user c nhm li theo chc nng, phng ban hoc theo ng dng ch khng theo v tr vt l na. Cc thit b trong mt VLAN c gii hn ch thng tin lin lc vi cc thit b trong cng VLAN. Ch c router mi cung cp kt ni gia cc VLAN khc nhau. Cisco ang c gng hng ti s tng thch vi cc nh sn xut khc nhau nhng mi nh sn xut pht trin sn phm VLAN ring c quyn ca h cho nn chng c th khng hon ton tng thch vi nhau. VLAN vi cch phn ngun ti nguyn v user theo lgic lm tng hiu qu hot ng ca ton b h thng mng. Cc cng ty, t chc thng s dng VLAN phn nhm user theo lgic m khng cn quan tm n v tr vt l ca h. Nh , user trong phng Maketing s c nhm vo Maketing VLAN, user trong phng K thut c t vo VLAN k thut. Vi VLAN,mng c kh nng pht trin, bo mt v qun l tt hn v router trong cu trc VLAN c th ngn gi qung b, bo mt v qun l dng lu lng mng. VLAN l mt cng c mnh trong thit k v cu hnh mng. Vi VLAN cc cng vic thm bt, chuyn i trong cu trc mng khi cn thit tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. VLAN cn gip gia tng bo mt v kim sot qung b Lp 3. Tuy nhin nuVLAN c cu hnh khng ng s lm cho mng hot ng km hoc c khi khng hot ng c. Do , khi thit k mng, vic nm c cch trin khai VLAN trn nhiu switch khc nhau l rt quan trng. Sau khi hon tt chng trnh ny, cc bn c th thc hin c nhng vic sau: +nh ngha VLAN +Lit k cc ch li ca VLAN +Gii thch VLAN c s dng to min qung b nh th no.
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+Gii thch router c s dng thng tin lin lc gia cc VLAN nh th no. +Lit k cc loi VLAN +nh ngha ISL v 802.1Q +Gii thch cc khi nim VLAN theo a l. +Cu hnh VLAN c c nh trn dng Catalyst 29xx switch. +Kim tra v lu cu hnh VLAN +Xo VLAN khi cu hnh switch. 8.1 Khi nim v VLAN 8.1.1 Gii thiu v VLAN VLAN l mt nhm cc thit b mng khng b gii hn theo v tr vt l hoc theo LAN switch m chng kt ni vo. VLAN l mt segment mng theo lgic da trn chc nng, i nhm hoc ng dng ca mt t chc ch khng ph thuc v tr vt l hay kt ni vt l trong mng. Tt c cc my trm v server c s dng bi cng mt nhm lm vic s c t trong cng VLAN bt k v tr hay kt ni vt l ca chng. Mi cng vic cu hnh VLAN hoc thay i cu hnh VLAN u c thc hin trn phn mm m khng cn thay i cp v thit b vt l. Mt my trm trong mt VLAN ch c lin lc vi file server trong cng VLAN vi n. VLAN c nhm theo chc nng lgic v mi VLAN l mt min qung b, do gi d liu ch c chuyn mch trong cng mt VLAN. VLAN c kh nng m rng, bo mt v qun l mng tt hn. Router trong cu trc VLAN thc hin ngn chn qung b, bo mt v qun l ngun giao thng mng. Switch khng th chuyn mch giao thng gia cc VLAN khc nhau. Giao thng gia cc VLAN phi c nh tuyn qua router.
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Hnh 8.1.1 Phn on mng LAN theo kiu truyn thng v theo VLAN. 8.2.1 Min qung b vi VLAN v router Mt VLAN l mt min qung b c to nn bi mt hay nhiu switch. Hnh 8.1.2.a cho thy to 3 min qung b ring bit trn ba switch nh th no. nh tuyn Lp 3 cho php router chuyn gi gia cc min qung b vi nhau.
Hnh 8.1.2.a.3 min qung b trn 3 switch khc nhau. Trong hnh 8.1.2.b chng ta thy 3 VLAN tc l 3 min qung b khc nhau c to ra trn mt switch v mt router. Router s s dng nh tuyn Lp 3 chuyn giao thng gia 3 VLAN.
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Hnh 8.1.2.b. 3 VLAN
3 min qung b trn mt switch.
Switch trong hnh 8.1.2.b s truyn frame ln cng giao tip ca router khi: +Gi d liu l gi qung b. +Gi d liu c a ch MAC ch l mt trong cc a ch MAC ca router. Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi d liu cho my trm 2 trong VLAN Bn hng, hai my ny nm trong hai min qung b khc nhau, thuc hai mng khc nhau, do a ch MAC ch trong gi d liu s l a ch MAC ca default gateway ca my trm 1. V vy a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu ny s l a ch MAC ca tng Fa0/0 trn router. Gi d liu c chuyn n router, bng nh tuyn IP, router s chuyn gi n ng VLAN Bn hng. Nu my trm 1 trong VLAN k thut mun gi gi d liu cho my trm 2 trong cng VLAN th a ch MAC ch ca gi d liu s chnh l a ch MAC ca my trm 2. Tm li, switch s x l chuyn mch gi d liu khi c chia VLAN nh sau: +i vi mi VLAN switch c mt bng chuyn mch ring tng ng
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+Nu switch nhn c gi d liu t mt port nm trong VLAN 1 chng hn, th switch s ch tm a ch MAC ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN 1 m thi. +ng thi switch s hc a ch MAC ngun trong gi d liu v ghi vo bng chuyn mch ca VLAN 1 nu a ch MAC ny cha c bit. +Sau switch quyt nh chuyn gi d liu. +Switch nhn frame vo t VLAN no th switch ch hc a ch ngun ca frame v tm a ch ch cho frame trong mt bng chuyn mch tng ng vi VLAN . 8.1.3 Hot ng ca VLAN Mi port trn switch c th gn cho mt VLAN khc nhau. Cc port nm trong cng mt VLAN s chia s gi qung b vi nhau. Cc port khng nm trong cng VLAN s khng chia s gi qung b vi nhau. Nh mng LAN hot ng hiu qu hn.
Hnh 8.1.3.a VLAN c nh. Thnh vin c nh ca VLAN c xc nh theo port. Khi thit b kt ni vo mt port ca switch, tu theo port thuc loi VLAN no th thit b s nm trong VLAN . Mc nh, tt c cc port trn mt switch u nm trong VLAN qun l. VLAN qun l lun lun l VLAN 1 v chng ta khng th xo VLAN ny c.
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Sau chng ta c th cu hnh gn port vo cc VLAN khc. VLAN cung cp bng thng tin nhiu hn cho user so vi mng chia s. Trong mng chia s, cc user cng chia s mt bng thng trong mng , cng nhiu user trong mt mng chia s th lng bng thng cng thp hn v hiu sut hot ng cng gim i. Thnh vin ng ca VLAN c cu hnh bng phn mm qun l mng. Bn c th s dng CiscoWorks 2000 hoc CiscoWorks for Switch Internetworks to VLAN ng. VLAN ng cho php cc nh thnh vin da theo a ch MAC ca thit b kt ni vo switch ch khng cn xc nh theo port na. Khi thit b kt ni vo switch, switch s tm trong c s d liu ca n xc nh thit b ny thuc loi VLAN no.
Hnh 8.1.3.b VLAN ng *Cu hnh VLAN bng cc phn mm VLAN qun l tp trung. *C th chia VLAN theo a ch MAC, a ch lgic hoc theo loi giao thc. *Khng cn qun l nhiu cc t ni dy na v thit b kt ni vo mng thuc VLAN no l tu theo a ch ca thit b c gn vo VLAN. *C kh nng thng bo cho qun tr mng khi c mt user l, khng c trong c s d liu kt ni vo mng. Xc nh thnh vin VLAN theo port tc l port c gn vo VLAN no th thit b kt ni vo port thuc VLAN , khng ph thuc vo thit b kt ni l thit b g, a ch bao nhiu. Vi cch chia VLAN theo port nh vy, tt c cc user kt ni vo cng mt port s nm trong cng mt VLAN. Mt user hay nhiu user c th kt ni vo mt port v s khng nhn thy l c s tn ti ca
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VLAN. Cch chia VLAN ny gip vic qun l n gin hn v khng cn tm trong c s d liu phc tp xc nh thnh vin ca mi VLAN. Ngi qun tr mng c trch nhim cu hnh VLAN bng tay v c nh. Mi mt port trn switch cng hot ng ging nh mt port trn bridge. Bridge s chn lung lu lng nu n khng cn thit phi i ra ngoi segment. Nu gi d liu cn phi chuyn qua bridge v switch khng bit a ch ch hoc gi nhn c l gi qung b th mi chuyn ra tt c cc port nm trong cng min qung b vi port nhn gi d liu vo.
Hnh 8.1.3.c. Chia VLAN theo port. 8.1.4 ch li ca VLAN Li ch ca VLAN l cho php ngi qun tr mng t chc mng theo lgc ch khng theo vt l na. Nh nhng cng vic sau c th thc hin d dng hn: *Di chuyn my trm trong LAN d dng. * Thm my trm vo LAN d dng. *Thay i cu hnh LAN d dng.
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*Kim sot giao thng mng d dng. *Gia tng kh nng bo mt.
Tt c cc user c gn vo cng port l cng mt VLAN. Hnh 8.1.4 8.1.5 Cc loi VLAN C 3 loi thnh vin VLAN xc nh v kim sot vic s l cc gi d liu: *VLAN theo port *VLAN theo a ch MAC *VLAN theo giao thc
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Hnh 8.1.5.1. 3 loi thnh vin VLAN
*User thuc loi VLAN no l tu thuc vo port kt ni ca user . *Khng cn tm trong c s d liu khi xc nh thnh vin VLAN *D dng qun l bng giao din ho(GUIs). Qun l thnh vin ca VLAN theo port cng d dng v n gin. *Bo mt ti a gia cc VLAN *Gi d liu khng b r r sang cc min khc. *D dng kim sot qua mng
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Hnh 8.1.5.b.Xc nh thnh vin VLAN theo port.
*User thuc loi VLAN no l tu thuc vo a ch MAC ca user *Linh hot hn nhng tng ti ln giao thng mng v cng vic qun tr mng. *nh hng n hiu sut hot ng, kh nng m rng v kh nng qun tr v qun l thnh vin ca VLAN theo a ch MAC l mt vic phc tp. *Tin trnh x l gn ging nh cc lp trn.
Hnh 8.1.5.c Xc nh thnh vin VLAN theo a ch MAC. S lng VLAN trn mt switch ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
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+Dng giao thng +Loi ng dng +S qun l mng +S phn nhm Ngoi ra mt yu t quan trng m chng ta cn quan tm l kch thc ca switch v s chia a ch IP V d: Mt mng s dng a ch mng c 24 bt subnet mask, nh vy mi subnet c tng cng 254 a ch host. Chng ta nn s dng mi tng quan mt- mt gia VLAN v IP subnet. Do , mi VLAN tng ng vi mt IP subnet, c ti a 254 thit b.
Thieu hinh ve ko co hinh
Phn header ca frame s c ng gi li v iu chnh c thm thng tin v VLAN ID trc khi frame c truyn ln ng truyn kt ni gia cc switch. Cng vic ny gi l dn nhn cho frame. Sau , phn header ca frame c tr li nh c trc khi truyn xung cho thit b ch. C hai phng php ch yu dn nhn frame l Intr Switch Link(ISL) v 802.1Q.ISL tng c s dng ph bin nhng by gi ang thay th bi 802.1Q. Xt v d trn hnh 8.1.5.d: Switch lu ring tng bng chuyn mch tng ng vi mi VLAN. Switch nhn frame vo t VLAN no th ch hc a ch ngun v tm a ch ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN . Nh switch bo m ch thc hin chuyn mch trong cng mt VLAN. By gi gi s my trm trong VLAN1 ca switch A gi gi d liu cho my trm trong VLAN 1 ca switch B. Switch A nhn c gi d liu ny vo t port nm trong VLAN1, do n tm a ch ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN1. Sau switch xc nh l phi chuyn frame ny ln ng backbone. Trc khi chuyn frame ln ng
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backbone th Switch A s ng gi li cho frame, trong phn header ca frame c thm thng tin v VLAN ID cho bit gi d liu ny thuc VLAN1. Cng vic ny gi l dn nhn frame. Sau Switch B nhn c gi d liu t ng backbone xung, da vo VLAN ID trong gi, Switch xc nh gi d liu ny t VLAN1 nn n tm a ch ch trong bng chuyn mch ca VLAN1. Switch B tm c port ch ca gi d liu. Trc khi chuyn gi xung my ch, Switch tm c port ch ca gi d liu. Trc khi chuyn gi xung my ch, Switch B tr li nh dng ban u ca phn header trong gi d liu, hay cn gi l g nhn frame. M phng LAN (LANE LAN Emulation) lm cho mng ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) bt chc ging mng Ethernet. Trong LANE, khng c dn nhn frame m s dng kt ni o biu th choVLAN ID. 8.2 Cu hnh VLAN 8.2.1. Cu hnh VLAN c bn Trong mi trng chuyn mch, mt my trm ch nhn c giao thng no gi n n. Nh , mi my trm c dnh ring v trn vn bng thng cho ng truyn v nhn. Khng ging nh h thng hus chia s ch c mt my trm c php truyn ti mt thi im, mng chuyn mch c th cho php nhiu phin giao dch cng mt lc trong mt min qung b m khng lm nh hng n cc my trm khc bn trong cng nh bn ngoi min qung b. V d nh trn hnh 8.2.1.a, cp A/B, C/D, E/F c th ng thi lin lc vi nhau m khng nh hng n cc cp my khc.
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Hnh 8.2.1.a Mi VLAN c mt a ch mng Lp 3 ring: Nh router c th chuyn gi gia cc VLAN vi nhau. Chng ta c th xy dng VLAN cho mng t u cui - n - u cui hoc theo gii hn a l.
Hnh 8.2.1.b VLAN t u cui- n - u cui. Mt mng VLAN t u cui - n - u cui c cc c im nh sau: *User c phn nhm vo VLAN hon ton khng ph thuc vo v tr vt l, ch ph thuc vo chc nng cng vic ca nhm. *Mi user trong cng mt VLAN u c chung t l giao thng 80/20(80% giao thng trong VLAN, 20% giao thng ra ngoi VLAN) *Khi user di chuyn trong h thng mng vn khng thay i VLAN ca user . *Mi VLAN c nhng yu cu bo mt ring cho mi thnh vin ca VLAN . Bt u t tng truy cp, port trn switch c cp xung cho mi user. Ngi s dng di chuyn trong ton b h thng mng mi thi im nn mi switch u
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l thnh vin ca mi VLAN. Switch phi dn nhn frame khi chuyn frame gia cc switch tng truy cp vi switch phn phi. ISL l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco dn nhn cho frame khi truyn frame gia cc switch vi nhau v vi router. CnIEEE802.1Q l mt chun dn nhn frame. Catalyst 2950 khng h tr ISL trunking. Cc server hot ng theo ch client/server. Do cc server theo nhm nn t trong cng VLAN vi nhm user m server phc v, nh vy s gi cho dng lu lng tp trung trong VLAN, gip ti u ho hot ng chuyn mch lp 2. Router tng trc chnh c s dng nh tuyn gia cc subnet. Ton b h thng ny c t l lu lng l 80% lu lng trong ni b mi VLAN, 20% giao thng i qua router n cc server ton b h thng v i ra internet, WAN. 8.2.2. Vlan theo a l. VLAN t u cui - n - u cui cho php phn nhm ngun ti nguyn s dng, v d nh phn nhm user theo server s dng, nhm d n v theo phng ban... Mc tiu ca VLAN t u n cui - n - u cui l gi 80% giao thng trong ni b ca VLAN. Khi cc h thng mng tp on thc hin tp trung ti nguyn mng th VLAN t u cui - n - u cui rt kh thc hin mc tiu ca mnh. Khi user cn phi s dng nhiu ngun ti nguyn khc nhau khng nm trong cng VLAN vi user. Chnh v xu hng s dng v phn b ti nguyn mng khc i nn hin nay VLAN thng c to ra theo gii hn ca a l. Phm vi a l c th ln bng c mt to nh hoc cng c th ch nh vi mt switch. Trong cu trc VLAN ny. T l lu lng s l 20/80, 20% giao thng trong ni b VLAN v 80% giao thng i ra ngoi VLAN. im ny c ngha l lu lng phi i qua thit b lp 3 mi n c 80% ngun ti nguyn. Kiu thit k ny cho php vic truy cp ngun ti nguyn c thng nht.
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Hnh 8.2.2 8.2.3 Cu hinh VLAN c nh. VLAN c nh l VLAN c cu hnh theo port trn switch bng cc phn mm qun l hoc cu hnh trc tip trn switch. Cc port c gn vo VLAN no th n s gi nguyn cu hnh VLAN cho n khi c thay i bng lnh. y l cu trc VLAN theo a l, cc user phi i qua thit b lp 3 mi truy cp 80% ti nguyn mng. Loi VLAN c nh hot ng tt trong nhng mng c c im nh sau: S di chuyn trong mng c qun l v kim sot. C phn mm qun l VLAN mnh cu hnh port trn switch. Khng dnh nhiu ti cho hot ng duy tri a ch MAC ca thit b u cui v iu chnh bng a ch. VLAN ng th khng ph thuc vo port trn switch. Sau y l cc hng dn khi bn cu hnh VLAN trn Cisco 29xx switch: S lng VLAN ti a ph thuc vo switch. VLAN 1 l VLAN mc nh ca nh sn xut.
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VLAN 1 l VLAN Ethernet mc nh. Giao thc pht hin thit b Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP) v giao thc VLAN Trunking (VTP) u gi gi qung b ca mnh trong VLAN 1. a ch IP ca Catalyst 29xx mc nh nm trong min qung b VLAN 1. Switch phi ch VTP server to, thm hoc xo VLAN. Vic to VLAN trn switch rt n gin v r rng. Nu bn s dng switch vi cisco IOS, bn vo ch cu hnh VLAN bng lnh vlan database ch EXEC c quyn, sau bn to VLAN: Switch # vlan database. Switch (vlan) # vlan vlan_number. Switch (vlan) # exit. Sau khi c VLAN trn switch, bc tip theo l cc bn gn port vo VLAN: Switch (config) # interfase fastethernet 0/9. Switch (config-if)#switchport access vlan vlan_number. 8.2.4. Kim tra cu hnh VLAN. Bn dng cc lnh sau kim tra cu hnh VLAN: show vlan, show vlan brief, show vlan id id_number. Bn nn nh 2 iu kin sau: Tt c cc VLAN c to ra ch bt u c s dng khi c port c phn cho n. Mc nh, tt c cc port ethernet u nm trong VLAN 1.
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Hnh 8.2.4.a
Hnh 8.2.4.b 8.2.5. Lu cu hnh VLAN. Bn nn lu cu hnh VLAN thnh mt tp tin vn bn c th bin tp li hoc d phng.
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Bn c th lu cu hnh switch bng lnh copy running-config tftp hoc bng chc nng ghi li vn bn (capture text) ca HyperTerminal.
Hnh 8.2.5 8.2.6. Xo VLAN. Xo mt VLAN trn switch cng ging nh mt dng lnh xo trong cu hnh router vy. n gin l bn to VLAN bng lnh no th bn dng dng ca cu lnh xo VLAN. Khi mt VLAN b xo i th tt c cc port ca VLAN s trng thi khng hot ng nhng vn thuc v VLAN b xo cho n khi no cc port ny c cu hnh sang VLAN khc.
Hnh 8.2.6. Xo port 0/9 khi VLAN 300.
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8.3. X l s c VLAN. 8.3.1. Gii thiu chung. Hin nay VLAN c s dng ph bin. Vi VLAN, ngi k s mng c th linh hot hn trong thit k v trin khai h thng mng. VLAN gip gii hn min qung b, gia tng kh nng bo mt v phn nhm theo logic. Tuy nhin, vi c bn chuyn mch LAN, s c c th xay ra khi chng ta trin khai VLAN. Trong bi ny s cho thy mt vi s c c th xy ra vi VLAN v cung cp cho cc bn mt s cng c v k thut s l s c. Sau khi hon tt bi ny cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau: Phn tch h thng tip xc vi s c ca VLAN. Gii thch cc bc x l s c ni chung trong mng chuyn mch. M t s c Spanning Tree dn n trn bo qung b nh th no. S dng lnh show v debug x l s c VLAN. 8.3.2. Tin trnh x l s c VLAN. iu quan trng l bn phi pht trin cc bc x l s c trn switch mt cch c h thng. Sau y l cc bc c th gip cho bn xc nh s c trong mng chuyn mch: 1. Kim tra cc biu hin vt l, nh trng thi LED. 2. Bt u t mt cu hnh trn mt switch v kim tra dn ra. 3. Kim tra kt ni lp 1. 4. Kim tra kt ni lp 2. 5. X l s c VLAN xy ra trn nhiu switch. Khi xay ra s c, bn nn kim tra xem y l mt s c lp i lp li hay l s c bit lp. Mt s s c lp i lp li c th l do s gia tng ca cc dch v phc v cho my trm, lm vt qua kh nng cu hnh, kh nng ng trunking v kh nng truy cp ti nguyn trn server.
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V d: Vic s dng cc cng ngh web v cc ng dng truyn thng nh truyn ti file, email...s lm gia tng mt giao thng lm cho ton b h thng b tr tr.
Hnh 8.3.1 Hin nay rt nhiu mng LAN phi i mt vi m hnh giao thng cha c tnh trc, l kt qu ca s gia tng giao thng trong intranet, t phn nhm server hn v tng s dng multicast. Nguyn tc 80/20 vi ch c 20% giao thng i ln cc ng trc chnh tr ln lc hu. Ngy nay, cc trnh duyt web ni b c th cho php user xc nh v truy cp thng tin bt k u trong mng ni b ca tp on. Nu mng thng xuyn b nghn mch, qu ti, rt gi v truyn li nhiu ln th ngha l c qu nhiu port cho mt ng trunk hoc c qu nhiu yu cu truy sut vo cc ngun ti nguyn ca ton h thng v cc server intranet. Nghn mch cng c th do phn ln giao thng u c truyn ln ng trc chnh, hoc l do user m ra nhiu ti nguyn v nhiu ng dng a phng tin. Trong trng hp ny th h thng mng nn nng cp p ng nhu cu pht trin. 8.3.3. Ngn trn cn bo qung b.
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Trn bo qung b xy ra khi c qu nhiu gi qung b c nhn vo trn mt port. Vic s l chuyn mch cc gi ny cho h thng mng chm i. Chng ta c th cu hnh cho switch kim sot bo trn tng port. Mc nh, ch kim sot bo trn switch b tt i. ngn chn bo qung b, chng ta t mt gi tr ngng cho port hu gi d liu v ng port khi gi tr ngng ny b vt qua. STP (Spanning - Tree Protocol) c mt s s c bao gm trn bo qung b, lp vng, rt gi BPDU va gi d liu. Chc nng ca STP l bo m khng c vng lp tn ti trong mng bng cch chn ra mt bridge gc. Bridge gc ny l im gc ca cu trc hnh cy v ni kim sot hot ng ca giao thc STP. Nu cn phi gim lng giao thng BPDU th bn s ci t gi tr ti a cho cc khong thi gian hot ng ca bridge gc. c bit l bn nn t gi tr ti a 30 giy cho khong thi gian chuyn trng thi (Forward delay) v thi gian ch ti a (max - age) l 40 giy. Mt port vt l trn router hoc switch c th l thnh vin ca mt hoc nhiu cu trc hnh cy nu port ny kt ni vo ng trunk. Lu : VTP ch chy trn Catalyst switch ch khng chy trn router. Trn switch kt ni vo router, bn nn cu hnh cho switch chy ch VTP transparent cho n khi no Cisco h tr VTP trn router ca h. Giao thc Spanning - Tree c xem l mt trong nhng giao thc lp 2 quan trng nht trn Catalyst switch. bng cch ngn chn cc vng lun l trong mng chuyn mch, STP cho php cu trc lp 2 vn c cc ng d d phng m khng gy ra trn bo qung b.
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TP 4 CHNG I:PHN CHIA A CH IP GII THIU S pht trin khng ngng ca Internet lm cho nhng nh nghin cu bt ng. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho Internet pht trin nhanh chng nh vy l do s linh hot, uyn chuyn ca thit k ban u. Nu chng ta khng c cc bin php phn phi a ch IP th s pht trin ca Internet s lm cn kit ngun a ch IP. gii quyt vn thiu ht a ch IP, nhiu bin php c trin khai. Trong , mt bin php c trin khai rng ri l chuyn i a ch mng (Network Address Translation NAT). NAT l mt c ch tit kim a ch IP ng k trong mt mng ln v gip n gin ha vic qun l a ch IP. Khi mt gi d liu c nh tuyn trong mt thit b mng, thng l firewall hoc cc router bin, a ch IP ngun s c chuyn i t a ch mng ring thnh a ch IP cng cng nh tuyn c. iu ny cho php gi d liu c truyn i trong trong mng cng cng, v d nh Internet. Sau , a ch cng cng trong gi tr li li c chuyn i thnh a ch ring pht vo trong mng ni b. Mt dng ca NAT, c gi l PAT (Port Address Translation), cho php nhiu a ch ring c dch sang mt a ch cng cng duy nht. Router, server v cc thit b quan trng khc trong mng thng i hi phi c cu hnh bng tay a ch IP c nh. Trong khi , cc my tnh client khng cn thit phi t c nh mt a ch m ch cn xc nh mt di a ch cho n. Di a ch ny thng l mt subnet IP. Mt my tnh nm trong subnet c th c phn phi bt k a ch no nm trong subnet .
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Giao thc DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) c thit k phn phi a ch IP v ng thi cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh mng quan trng mt cch t ng cho my tnh. S lng my client chim phn ln trong h thng mng, do DHCP thc s l cng c tit kim thi gian cho ngi qun tr mng. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn c th: Xc nh a ch IP ring c m t trong RFC 1918. Nm c cc c im ca NAT v PAT. Phn tch cc li im ca NAT. Phn tch cch cu hnh NAT v PAT, bao gm c chuyn i c nh, chuyn i ng v chuyn i overloading. Xc nh cc lnh dng kim tra cu hnh NAT v PAT. Lit k cc bc x l s c NAT v PAT. Nm c cc u im v nhc im ca NAT. M t cc c im ca DHCP. Phn tch s khc nhau gia BOOTP v DHCP. Phn tch qu trnh cu hnh DHCP client. Cu hnh DHCP server. X l s c DHCP. Phn tch yu cu t li DHCP. 1.1. Chia a ch mng vi NAT v PAT 1.1.1. a ch ring RFC 1918 dnh ring 3 di a ch IP sau: 1 a ch lp A: 10.0.0.0/8. 16 a ch lp B: 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12).
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256 a ch lp C: 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16). Nhng a ch trn ch dng cho mng ring, mng ni b. Cc gi d liu c a ch nh trn s khng nh tuyn c trn Internet. a ch Internet cng cng phi c ng k vi mt cng ty c thm quyn Internet, v d nh American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) hoc Rseaux IP Europens (RIPE) v The Regional Internet Registry ph trch khu vc Chu u v Bc Phi. a ch IP cng cng cn c th c thu t mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). a ch IP ring c dnh ring v c th c s dng bi bt k ai. iu ny c ngha l c th c 2 mng hoc 2 triu mng s dng cng mt a ch mng ring. Router trn Internet s khng nh tuyn cc a ch RFC 1918.ISP cu hnh Router bin ngn khng cho cc lu lng ca a ch ring c pht ra ngoi. NAT mang n rt nhiu li ch cho cc cng ty v Internet. Trc y, khi khng c NAT, mt my tnh khng th truy cp Internet vi a ch ring. By gi, sau khi c NAT, cc cng ty c th cu hnh a ch ring cho mt hoc tt c cc my tnh v s dng NAT truy cp Internet. 1.1.2. Gii thiu NAT v PAT NAT c thit k tit kim a ch IP v cho php mng ni b s dng a ch IP ring. Cc a ch IP ring s c chuyn i sang a ch cng cng nh tuyn c bng cch chy phn mm NAT c bit trn thit b mng. iu ny gip cho mng ring cng c tch bit v giu c a ch IP ni b. NAT thng c s dng trn Router bin ca mng mt ca. Mng mt ca l mng ch c mt kt ni duy nht ra bn ngoi. Khi mt host nm trong mng mt ca mun truyn d liu cho mt host nm bn ngoi n s truyn gi d liu n Router bin gii. Router bin gii s thc hin tin trnh NAT, chuyn i a ch
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ring ca host ngun sang mt a ch cng cng nh tuyn c. Trong thut ng NAT, mng ni b c ngha l tp hp cc a ch mng cn chuyn i a ch. Mng bn ngoi l tt c cc a ch khc cn lai. Mng cc b ch c mt ca ra mng bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.1.2.a. Mng mt ca Cisco nh ngha cc thut ng NAT nh sau: a ch cc b bn trong (Inside local address): l a ch c phn phi cho cc host bn trong mng ni b. Cc a ch ny thng khng phi l a ch c cung cp bi InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center) hoc bi nh cung cp dch v Internet. a ch ny thng l a ch ring RFC 1918.
a ch ton cc bn trong (Inside global address): l a ch IP hp php c cung cp bi InterNIC hoc bi nh cung cp dch v Internet. a ch ny i din cho mt hoc nhiu a ch ni b bn trong i vi th gii bn ngoi.
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a ch cc b bn ngoi (Outside local address): l a ch ring ca host nm bn ngoi mng ni b. a ch ton cc bn ngoi (Outside global address): l a ch cng cng hp php ca host nm bn ngoi mng ni b.
Hnh 1.1.2.b. Host ni b 10.0.0.3 mun gi gi d liu cho mt host nm ngoi 128.23.2.2. Gi d liu c gi ti router bin gii RTA.
Hnh 1.1.2.c. RTA nhn thy gi d liu ny c gi ra ngoi internet nn n thc hin tin trnh NAT, chuyn i a ch ngun 10.0.0.3 thnh a ch cng cng l 179.9.8.80. Sauk hi thc hin NAT xong, gi d liu t RTA i ra s c a ch ngun l mt a ch cng cng hp php 179.9.8.80.
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Hnh 1.1.2.d. Sau server 128..23.2.2 c th gi li mt gi tr li. Khi gi tr li s c a ch ch l 179.9.8.80.
Hnh 1.1.2.e. RTA nhn thy gi d liu ny c gi t bn ngoi vo trong mng ni b. RTA s tm trong bng NAT nh x t a ch ch cng cng sang a ch ring tng ng. Sau khi thc hin NAT xong, gi d liu t RTA pht vo trong mng ni b s c a ch ch l a ch ring ca host ch 10.0.0.3. Xt v d hnh 1.1.2.b, i vi RTA: a ch ni b bn trong l 10.0.0.3. a ch ton cc bn trong l: 179.9.8.80. a ch ton cc bn ngoi l: 128.23.2.2.
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1.1.3. Cc c im ca NAT v PAT Chuyn i NAT rt hu ch cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau v c th chuyn i ng hoc c nh. NAT c nh c thit k nh x mt-mt, t mt a ch ni b sang mt a ch cng cng tng ng duy nht. iu ny rt tt i vi nhng host cn phi c a ch nht nh truy cp t Internet. Nhng host ny c th l cc server ton h thng hoc cc thit b mng. NAT ng c thit k nh x mt a ch IP ring sang mt a ch cng cng mt cch t ng. Bt k a ch IP no nm trong di a ch IP cng cng c nh trc u c th c gn cho mt host bn trong mng. Overloading hoc PAT c th nh x nhiu a ch IP ring sang mt a ch IP cng cng v mi a ch ring c phn bit bng s port. PAT s dng s port ngun cng vi a ch IP ring bn trong phn bit khi chuyn i. S port c m ha 16 bit. Do c ti 65.536 a ch ni b c th c chuyn i sang mt a ch cng cng. Thc t th s lng port c th gn cho mt a ch IP l khong 4000 port. PAT s c gng gi nguyn s port ngun ban u. Nhng nu s port ny b s dng thi PAT s ly s port cn trng u tin trong cc nhm port 0-511, 512-1023, 1024-65535. Khi khng cn s port no cn trng v vn cn a ch IP cng cng khc c cu hnh th PAT s chuyn sang a ch IP cng cng k tip v bt u xc nh s port ngun nh trn. Qu trnh ny s c thc hin cho n khi no ht s port v a ch IP cng cng cn trng.
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Hnh 1.1.3.a.
. Hnh 1.1.3.b.
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Hnh 1.1.3.c. Host 10.0.0.3 gi gi d liu ra internet. Trong gi d liu ny, a ch IP ngun l 10.0.0.3, port l 1444
Hnh 1.1.3.d. Router thc hin chuyn i a ch IP ngun t 10.0.0.3 sang a ch 179.9.8.80, port ngun vn gi nguyn l 1444.
Hnh 1.1.3.e. By gi Host 10.0.0.4 cng gi gi d liu ra internet vi a ch ngun l 10.0.0.4, port ngun l 1444
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Hnh 1.1.3.f. Router thc hin chuyn i a ch IP ngun t 10.0.0.4 sang 179.9.8.80. Port ngun l 1444 lc ny phi i sang 1445. Nh vy theo nh bng NAT trong hnh ta thy a ch cng cng 179.9.8.80: 1444 l tng ng vi 10.0.0.3:1444, 179.9.8.80:1445 tng ng vi 10.0.0.4:1444. Bng cch s dng kt hp vi s port nh vy, PAT c th nh x mt a ch IP cng cng cho nhiu a ch ring bn trong. NAT cung cp nhng li im sau: Khng cn phi gn a ch IP mi cho tng host khi thay i sang mt ISP mi. Nh c th tit kim c thi gian v tin bc. Tit kim a ch thng qua ng dng ghp knh cp port. Vi PAT, cc host bn trong c th chia s mt a ch IP cng cng giao tip vi bn ngoi. Vi cch cu hnh ny, chng ta cn rt t a ch cng cng, nh c th tit kim a ch IP. Bo v mng an ton v mng ni b khng l a ch v cu trc bn trong ra ngoi. 1.1.4. Cu hnh NAT v PAT
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1.1.4.1. Chuyn i c nh cu hnh chuyn i c nh a ch ngun bn trong, chng ta cu hnh cc bc nh sau: Bc 1 Thc hin Ghi ch
Thit lp mi quan h chuyn i gia a Trong ch cu hnh ton ch ni b bn trong v a ch i din cc, bn dng cu lnh no ip bn ngoi Router (config) # ip nat inside source static local-ip global-ip nat inside source static xa s chuyn i a ch c nh.
Xc nh cng kt ni va mng bn Sau khi g lnh interface, trong. Router (config) # interface type number nh du cng ny l cng kt ni vo mng ni b bn trong. Router (config-if) # ip nat inside du nhc ca dng lnh s chuyn t (config) # sang (config-if) #
That khi ch cu hnh cng hin ti. Router (config-if) # exit
Xc nh cng kt ni ra mng cng cng bn ngoi. Router (config) # interface type number
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nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra mng cng cng bn ngoi. Router (config-if) # ip nat outside Hnh v - 2 hnh
Hnh 1.1.4.a S chuyn i a ch s c thc hin gia hai cng inside v outside
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Hnh 1.1.4.b. Cu hnh NAT chuyn i c nh t a ch 10.1.1.2 sang 192.168.1.2. Khi c mt gi d liu t host 10.1.1.2 c gi ra ngoi internet, router GW s chuyn i a ch ngun 10.1.1.2 ca gi d liu sang a ch 192.168.1.2 trc khi pht gi ra cng s0. 1.1.4.2. Chuyn i ng Chuyn i ng a ch ngun bn trong, chng ta cu hnh theo cc bc nh sau: Bc 1 Thc hin Xc nh di a ch i din bn ngoi Rourter (config) # ip nat pool name start-ip end-ip [netmask netmask /prefix-length prefix-length] 2 Ghi ch Trong ch cu hnh ton cc, g lnh no ip nat pool name xa di a ch i din bn ngoi.
Thit lp ACL c bn cho php nhng a Trong ch cu hnh ch ni b bn trong no c chuyn i. Router (config) # access-list access-listnumber permit source [source-wildcard] ton cc, g lnh no access-list access-listnumber xa ACL .
Thit lp mi lin quan gia a ch ngun Trong ch cu hnh c xc nh trong ACL bc trn vi ton cc, g lnh no ip di a ch i din bn ngoi: Router (config) # ip nat inside source list access-list-number pool name nat inside source xa s chuyn i ng ny
Xc nh cng kt ni vo mng ni b
Sau khi g xong lnh
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Router (config) # interface type number
interface, du nhc ca dng lnh s chuyn i t config sang (config-if)#
nh du cng ny l cng kt ni vo mng ni b. Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
That khi ch cng hin ti. Router (config) # exit
Xc nh cng kt ni ra bn ngoi. Router (config) # interface type number
nh du cng ny l cng kt ni ra bn ngoi. Router (config) # ip nat outside
Danh sch iu khin truy cp (ACL Access Control List) cho php khai bo nhng a ch no c chuyn i. Bn nn nh l kt thc mt ACL lun c cu lnh n cm tuyt i trnh nhng kt qu khng d tnh c khi mt ACL c qu nhiu iu kin cho php. Cisco khuyn co l khng nn dng iu kin cho php tt c permit any trong ACL s dng cho NAT v cu lnh ny lm hao tn qu nhiu ti nguyn ca Router v do c th gy ra s c mng.
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Hnh 1.1.4.c Xt v d hnh 1.1.4.c: Di a ch cng cng i din ben ngoi c tn l natpool1, bao gm cc a ch t 179.9.8.80 n 179.9.95. a ch ni b bn trong c php chuyn i c nh ngha trong access-list 1 l 10.1.0.0 10.1.0.255. Nh vy, gi d liu no trong mng ni b i ra ngoi Internet c a ch ngun nm trong di a ch 10.1.0.0 10.1.0.255 s c chuyn i a ch ngun sang mt trong bt k a ch no cn trng trong di a ch cng cng 179.9.8.80 179.9.8.95. Host 10.1.1.2 s khng c chuyn i a ch v a ch ca n khng c cho php trong acces-list 1, do n khng truy cp c Internet. Overloading hay PAT Overloading c cu hnh theo hai cch ty theo a ch IP cng cng c cp pht nh th no. Mt ISP c th cho mt h thng mng ca khch hng s dng chung mt a ch IP cng cng duy nht, ia jch IP cng cng ny chnh l a ch ca cng giao tip trn Router ni v ISP. Sau y l v d cu hnh cho tnh hung ny:
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Router (config) # access-list 1 permit 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 Router (config) ip nat inside source list 1 interface serial0/0 overload Bc Thc hin 1 Ghi ch
To ACL cho php nhng a ch ni b Trong ch cu hnh no c chuyn i. Router(config) # access-list acl-number ton cc, g lnh no access-list tng ng. access-listnumber xa access-list
permit source [source-wildcard]
2A
Thit lp mi lin quan gia a ch ngun Trong ch cu hnh c xc nh trong access-list bc trn vi ton cc, g lnh no ip a ch i din l a ch ca cng kt ni vi nat inside source xa bn ngoi. Router (config) # ip nat inside source list aclnumber interface interface overload s chuyn i ng ny. T kha overload cho php chy PAT
Hoc 2B
Khai bo di a ch i din bn ngoi dng overload. Router (config) ip nat pool name start-ip endip [netmask netmask / prefix-length prefixlength] Thit lp chuyn i overload gia a ch ni b c xc nh trong ACL bc 1 vi di a ch i din bn ngoi mi khai bo
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trn. Router (config) # ip nat inside source list aclnumber pool name overload
Xc nh cng kt ni vi mng ni b. Router (config) # interface type number Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
Sau khi g lnh interface, du nhc ca dng lnh s c i t (config)# sang (config-if)#
Xc nh cng kt ni vi bn ngoi. Router (config) # interface type number Router (config-if) # ip nat outside.
Mt cch khc cu hnh Overload l khi ISP cung cp mt hoc nhiu a ch IP cng cng cho h thng mng khch hng s dng lm di a ch chuyn i PAT. Cu hnh v d cho tnh hung ny nh sau: Xc nh a ch ni b c php chuyn i l 10.0.0.0/16:
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Router (config) # access-list 1 permit 10.0.0.0.0.0.255.255 Khai bo di a ch i din bn ngoi vi tn l nat-pool2, bao gm cc a ch trong subnet 179.9.8.20/28: Router (config) # ip nat pool nat-pool2 179.9.8.20 netmask 255.255.255.240 Thit lp s chuyn i Overload a ch ni b c xc nh trong accesslist 1 vi di a ch i din nat pool2: Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool nat-pool2 overload
Hnh 1.1.4.d. Xt v d hnh 1.1.4.d: a ch ni b bn trong c php chuyn i c xc nh trong access-list 1 l 192.168.2.0/24 v 192.168.3.0/24. a ch i din bn ngoi l a ch ca cng serial 0, cng kt ni ra Internet. Nh vy phi ton b a ch bn trong c chuyn i PAT vi mt a ch IP i din duy nht l a ch ca cng kt ni ra Internet, cng serial 0.
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1.1.5. Kim tra cu hnh PAT Sau khi NAT c cu hnh, chng ta c th dng lnh clear v show kim tra hot ng ca NAT. Mc nh, trong bng chuyn i NAT ng, mi mt cp chuyn i a ch s b xa i sau mt khong thi gian khng s dng. Vi chuyn i khng s dng ch s Port th khong thi gian mc nh l 24 gi. Chng ta c th thay i khong thi gian ny bng lnh ip nat translation timeout timeout_seconds trong ch cu hnh ton cc. Cc thng tin v s chuyn i c th c hin th bng cc lnh sau: Lnh Clear ip nat translation * Gii Thch Xa mi cp chuyn i a ch ng trong bng NAT. Clear ip nat translation inside global- Xa mt cp chuyn i a ch ng ip local-ip [outside local-ip global-ip] bn trong hoc c bn trong v bn ngoi tng ng vi a ch c th c khai bo trong cu lnh. Clear ip nat translation protocol inside Xa mt cp chuyn i a ch ng global-ip global-port local-ip local-port m rng. [outside local-ip local-port global-ip global-port] Show ip nat translations Show ip nat statistics Hin th bng NAT ang hot ng. Hin th trng thi hot ng ca NAT.
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Hnh 1.1.5.a
Hnh 1.1.5.b Chng ta c th dng lnh show run kim tra li cc gi tr cn khai bo trong cc cu lnh cu hnh NAT, access-list, interface. 1.1.6. X l s c cu hnh NAT v PAT Thng rt kh xc nh nguyn nhn ca s c khi kt ni IP b s c trong mi trng NAT. Nhiu khi chng ta nhm ln l do NAT gy ra nhng thc s nguyn nhn li nm ch khc. Khi c gng xc nh nguyn nhn s c ca mt kt ni IP, chung ta nn c gng xc nh loi tr kh nng t NAT trc. Sau ay l cc bc kim tra hot ng ca NAT: 1. Da vo tp tin cu hnh, xc nh r rng NAT thc hin nhng g. 2. Kim tra bng NAT xem cc chuyn i a ch c ng khng. 3. Kim tra hot ng NAT xy ra nh th no bng cc lnh show v debug. 4. Xem chi tit nhng g xy ra cho mt gi d liu v kim tra xem router c nh tuyn ng cho gi d liu hay khng.
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S dng lnh debug ip nat kim tra hot ng ca NAT, hin th cc thng tin v mi gi c chuyn i NAT bi router. Lnh debug ip nat detal cn cung cp thm mt s thng tin lin quan n s chuyn ca mi gi gip chng ta xc nh li, v d nh li khng xc nh c a ch i din bn ngoi.
Hnh 1.1.6 Xt v d hnh 1.1.6. Hai dng u tin cho thy cc gi yu cu v tr li DNS c pht i. Nhng dng cn li cho bit v mt kt ni Telnet t mt host bn trong ti mt host bn ngoi mng. gii m nhng thng tin hin th ca lnh debug, chng ta da vo nhng im mu cht sau: Du * k bn t NAT cho bit s chuyn i ang c thc hin trn ng chuyn mch nhanh. Gi d liu u tin ca mt phin i thoi lun c x l chuyn mch nn chuyn mch chm. Cc gi d liu tip theo c truyn chuyn mch nhanh vi b m, khng cn x l nhiu nh gi u tin.
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S= a.b.c.d l a ch ngun. a ch ngun a.b.c.d c dch sang w.x.y.z. D=e.f.g.h l a ch ch. Gi tr trong giu ngoc vung l ch s danh inh IP. Thng tin ny c th s hu dng v da vo chng ta s tm c nhng gi d liu tng ng c phn tch t nhng phn mn phn tch giao thc khc. 1.1.7. Nhng vn ca NAT NAT c nhng u im sau: Tit kim a ch ng k hp php bng cch cho php s dng a ch ring. Tng tnh linh hot ca cc kt ni ra mng cng cng. Chng ta c th trin khai nhiu di a ch chia ti m bo tin cy ca kt ni mng cng cng. Nht qun h s a ch mng ni b. Nu mng khng s dng a ch IP ring v NAT m s dng a ch cng cng th khi thay i a ch cng cng, ton b h thng mng phi t li a ch. Chi ph cho vic t li a ch ton b cc thit bi mng ni b c gi nguyn khi thay i a ch cng cng. NAT cng khng phi l khng c nhc im. Khi chuyn i a ch nh vy s lm mt i mt s chc nng c bit ca giao thc v ng dng c cn n cc thng tin a ch IP trong gi IP. Do cn phi c thm cc h tr khc cho thit b NAT. NAT lm tng thi gian tr. Thi gian tr chuyn mch s ln hon do phi chuyn i tng a ch IP trong mi d liu. Gi d liu u tin lun phi s l chuyn mch nn thi gian chuyn mch nhanh hnnu c b m.
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Hiu sut hot ng cng l mt vn cn c quan tm v NAT c thc hin trong tin trnh chuyn mch. CPU phi c kim tra tng gi d liu quyt nh gi d liu c cn chuyn ia ch hay khng. CPU phi thay i phn gi IP ca gi d liu v cng c ht phi thay c phn ng gi TCP hoc UDP. Mt nhc im ng k khi s dng NAT l s mt i kh nng truy tm a ch IP u cui-n-u cui. Vic truy theo gi d liu s tr nn kh hn do gi d liu thay i a ch nhiu ln qua nhiu trm NAT. Hacker s rt kh khn khi mun xc nh a ch ngun hoc ch ca gi d liu. NAT cng lm cho mt s ng dng s dng a ch IP khng hot ng c v n giu a ch IP u cui-n-u cui. Nhng ng dng s dng a ch vt l thay v s dng tn min s khng n c ch nm sau router NAT. i khi, s c ny c th trnh c bng cch nh x NAT c nh. Cisco IOS NAT h tr cc loi lu lng sau: ICMP File Transfer Protocol (FTP), bao gm lnh PPRRT v PV. Dch v NetBIOS qua TCP/IP, gi d liu, tn v phin giao tip. RealNetworks RealAudio White Pines CUSeeMe Xing Technologies StreamWorks DNS A and PTR queries H.323/Microsoft NetMeeting, IOS versions 12.0(1)/ 12.0(1) T v sau . VDOnets VDOLive, IOS version 11.3(4)11.3(4)T v sau . VXtremes Web Theater, IOS versions 11.3(4)11.3(4)T v sau . IP Multicast, IOS version 12.0(1)T ch chuyn i a ch ngun. Cisco IOS NAT khng h tr cc loi giao thc sau:
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Thng tin cp nht bng nh tuyn. Chuyn i vng DNS. BOOTP Giao thc talk and ntalk. Giao thc qun l mng n gin Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 1.2. DHCP 1.2.1. Gii thiu DHCP Giao thc cu hnh hat ng (DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) lm vic theo ch client-server. DHCP cho php cc DHCP client trong mt mng IP nhn cu hnh IP ca mnh t mt DHCP server. Khi s dng DHCP th cng vic qun l mng IP s t hn v phn ln cu hnh IP ca client c ly v t server. Giao thc DHCP c m t trong RFC 2131. Mt DHCP client c th chy hu ht cc h iu hnh Windows, Netvell Netae, Sun Solaris, Linux v MAC OS. Client yu cu server DHCP cp mt a ch cho n. Server ny qun l vic cp pht a ch IP, s gi tr li cu hnh IP cho client. Mt DHCP c th phc v cho nhiu subnet khc nhau nhng khng phc v cho cu hnh router, switch v cc server khc v nhng thit b ny cn phi c a ch IP c nh.
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Hnh 1.2.1.a. Client gi trc tip qung b mt yu cu DHCP. Trng hp n gin nht l c DHCP server nm trong cng subnet vi client, server DHCP ny s nhn c gi yu cu. Server thy phn GIADDR b trng th bit client nm trong cng subnet vi server. ng thi server s c a ch vt l (a ch MAC) ca client.
Hnh 1.2.1.b. Server s ly mt a ch IP trong di a ch tng ng cp cho client. Sau server dng a ch ca vt l ca client gi gi tr li li cho client.
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Hnh 1.2.1.c. H iu hnh trn DHCP client s dng nhng thng tin nhn c trong gi tr li server cu hnh IP cho client . Server chy DHCP thc hin tin trnh xc nh a ch IP cp cho client. Client s dng a ch c cp t server trong mt khong thi gian nht nh do ngi qun tr mng quy nh. Khi thi ny ht hn th client phi yu cu cp li a ch mi mc d thng thng client s vn c cp li a ch c. Cc nh qun tr mng thng s dng dch v DHCP v gii php ny gip qun l h thng mng d v c kh nng m rng. Cisco router c th s dng Cisco IOS c h tr Easy IP lm DHCP server. Mc nh , Easy IP cp cu hnh IP cho client s dng trong 24 ting. C ch ny rt tin li cho cc vn phng nh hoc nhng vn phng ti nh, ngi s dgn ti nh c th tn dng dihc v DHCP v NAT ca router m khng cn phi c thm mt server NT hoc UNIX. Ngi qun tr mng ci t di a ch cho DHCP server cn c th cung cp nhiu thng tin khc nh a ch DNS server, a ch WINS server v tn min. Hu ht cc DHCP server u cho php ngi qun tr mng khai bo nhng a ch MAC no cn phc v v t ng cp cho nhng a ch MAC ny a ch IP khng thay i mi ln chng yu cu. DHCP s dng giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) lm giao thc vn chuyn ca n. Client gi thng ip cho server trn port 67. Server gi thng ip cho client trn port 68.
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1.2.2. Nhng im khc nhau gia BOOTP v DHCP u tin cng ng Internet pht trin giao thc BOOTP cu hnh cho my trm khng c a. BOOTP c nh ngha trong RFC 951 vo nm 1985. L mt phin bn i trc ca DHCP nn BOOTP cng c nhiu c im hat ng tng t nh DHCP. C hai giao thc ny gu da trn c s client-server v s dng port UDP 67, 68. Hai port ny hin vn c bit n nh l port BOOTP. Mt cu hnh IP c bn bao gm 4 thng tin sau: a ch IP. a ch Gateway. Subnet mask. a ch DNS server. BOOTP khng t ng cp pht a ch IP cho mt host. Khi client yu cu mt a ch IP, BOOTP server tm trong bng c cu hnh trc xem c hng no tng ng vi a ch MAC ca client hay khng.Nu c th a ch IP tng ng s c cung cp cho client. iu ny c ngha l a ch MAC v a ch IP tng ng phi c cu hnh trc trn BOOTP server. Sau y l hai im khc nhau c bn gia BOOTP v DHCP: DHCP cp mt a ch IP cho mt client trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Ht khong thi gian ny a ch IP c th c cp cho client khc. Client c th ly a ch mi hoc vn c th tip tc gi a ch c. DHCP cung cp cho client nhiu thng tin cu hnh IP khc nh a ch WINS server, tn min.
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BOOTP
DHCP
nh x c nh gi a ch MAC v nh x t ng gia a ch MAC v a ch IP di a ch IP tng ng. Cp c nh Cp trong mt khong thi gian nht nh
Ch cung cp 4 thng tin c bn ca C th cung cp hn 30 thng tin cu cu hnh IP hnh IP 1.2.3. Nhng m chnh ca DHCP C 3 c ch dng cp phaqst mt a ch IP cho client: Cp pht t ng DHCP t ng chn mt a ch IP trong di ach c cu hnh v cp a ch IP c nh, khng thay i cho mt client. Cp pht c nh a ch IP ca mt client do ngi qun tr mng quyt nh. DHCP ch truyn a ch ny cho client . Cp pht ng DHCP cp v thu hi li mt a ch IP ca client theo mt khong thi gian gii hn. Trong phn ny chng ta tp trung vo c ch cp pht ng. Mt s thng s cu hnh c lit k trong IT RFC 1533 l: Subnet mask Router Tn min Server DNS WINS server Chng ta c th to trn DHCP server nhiu di a ch IP v thng s nh trn tng ng. Mi mt di a ch dnh ring cho mt subnet IP. iu ny cho php
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c th c nhiu DHCP cng tr li v IP client c th di ng. Nu c nhiu server cng tr li th client c th chn mt tr li duy nht.
Hnh 1.2.3 1.2.4. Hat ng ca DHCP Qu trnh DHCP client ly cu hnh DHCP din ra theo cc bc sau: 1. Client phi c cu hnh DHCP khi bt u tin trnh tm cc thnh vin trong mng. Client gi mt yu cu cho server yu cu cu hnh IP. i khi client c th ngh trc a ch IP m n mun, v d nh khi n ht thi gian s dng a ch IP hin ti v mun gia hn thm thi gian. Client s xc nh c DHCP server bng cch gi gi qung b gi l DHCPDISCOVER. 2. Khi server nhn c gi qung b, n s tm trong c s d liu ca n v quyt nh l c tr li c yu cu ny khng. Nu server khng tr li yu cu th n s gi gi tr li trc tip bng DHCPOFFER v cho client, trong mi client s dng cu hnh IP ca server. Trong DHCPOFER c
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th c cc thngtin cho client v a ch IP, a ch DNS server v thi gian s dng a ch ny. 3. Nu client nhn thy li mi ca server ph hp th n s gi qung b mt DHCPREQUEST yu cu cung cp nhng thng c c th ca cu hnh IP. Ti sao lc ny client li gi qung b m n khng gi trc tip cho server? Do thng ip u tin l DHCPDISCOVER c gi qung b nn thng ip ny c th s n c nhiu server DHCP khc nhau. Khi , c th s c nhiu server cng mi mt client chp nhn. Thng thng li mi m client nhn c u tin s c chp nhn. 4. Server no nhn c DHCPREQUEST cho bit client chp nhn s dng cu hnh IP m server mi th server s gi tr li trc tip cho client mt gi DHCPACK. Rt him khi nhng cng c th server s khng gi DHCPACK v c th cu hnh IP c cp cho client khc ri. 5. Sau khi client nhn c DHCPACK th c th bt u s dng a ch IP ngay. 6. Nu client pht hin rng a ch IP ny c s dng trong cng mng ni b vi n th client s gi thng ip DHCPDECLINE v bt u tin trnh DHCP li t u. Hoc nu client nhn c thng ip DHCPNAK t server tr li cho thng ip DHCPREQUEST th sau so client cng bt u tin trnh li t u. 7. Nu client khng cn s dng a ch IP ny na th client gui thng ip DHCPRELEASE cho server.
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Hnh 1.2.4.a. Tin trnh hot ng DHCP
Ty theo quy nh ca mi t chc, cng ty, ngi qun tr mng c th cp c nh cho mt a ch IP nm trong di a ch ca mt DHCP server. Cisco IOS DHCP server lun lun phi kim tra mt a ch IP c s dng trong mng hay cha trc khi mi client s dng a ch IP . Server s pht mt yu cu ICMP echo, hay cn gi l ping, n cc a ch IP nm trong di a ch ca mnh trc khi gi DHCPOFFER cho client. S lng ping mc nh c s dng kim tra mt a ch IP l 2 gi v chng ta c th cu hnh con s ny c.
Hnh 1.2.4.b. Th t cc thng ip DHCP c gi i trong tin trnh DHCP.

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1.2.5. Cu hnh DHCP Tng t nh NAT, DHCP server cng yu cu ngi qun tr mng phi khai bo trc di a ch. Cu lnh ip dhcp pool dng khai bo di a ch m server c th cp php cho host. Cu lnh u tin, ip dhcp pool, to di a ch vi mt tn c th v t router vo ch cu hnh DHCP. Trong ch cu hnh DHCP, lnh network c dng xc nh di a ch c cp pht. Nu trong mng c s dng c nh mt s a ch IP nm trong di khai bo th chng ra quay tr li ch cu hnh ton cc. Chng ra s dng lnh ip dhcp excluded-address cu hnh cho Router loi tr mt s hoc mt di a ch khi phn phi a ch cho client. Nhng a ch dnh ring ny thng c cu hnh c nh cho nhng host quan trng v cho cc cng ca Router.
Hnh 1.2.5. Cu hnh v d mt DHCP server trn router Thng thng, chng ta cn c th cu hnh thm nhiu thng tin khc ngoi thng tin v a ch IP cho mt DHCP server. Trong ch cu hnh DHCP, chng ta dng lnh default-router khai bo cng mc nh gateway, lnh dns-server khai bo a ch ca DNS server, lnh netbios-name-server dng khai bo cho WINS server.
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Dch v DHCP c chy mc nh trn cc phin bn Cisco IOS c h tr dch v ny. tt dch v ny, chng ta dng lnh no service dhcp v dng lnh ip service dhcp chy li dch v ny. Lnh network network-number [mask / /prefix-length] Default-router Addresss [address2 Address8] Dns-server Address [address2 Address8] Netbios-nameServer address [address2 Khai bo a ch NetBios WINS server cho cc Microsoft DHCP client. Mc d ch cn mt a ch nhng trong cu lnh ny bn c th khai bo ti 8 a ch. Khai bo a ch ca DNS server cho DHCP client. Mc d ch cn mt a ch nhng trong cu lnh ny bn c th khai bo ti a 8 a ch. Gii thch Khai bo a ch mng v subnet mask tng ung cho di a ch DHCP. Chiu di bit thuc phn network c th c khai bo bng subnet mask hoc bng con s th hin s lng bit, con s ny lun c du x phi (/) ng trc. Khai bo a ch ca cng mc nh gateway cho DHCP client. Mc d ch cn mt a ch nhng trong cu lnh ny bn c th khai bo ti 8 a ch.
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Address8] Domain-name Name Lease [days [hours} [minutes] / infinite] 1.2.6. Kim tra hot ng DHCP kim tra hat ng DHCP, bn dng lnh show ip dhcp binding. Lnh ny s hin th danh sch cc a ch IP c dch v DHCP cp pht cho cc host no tng ng. xem cc thng ip DHCP m router gi i v nhn vo, chng ta dng lnh show ip dhcp server statistics. Lnh ny s hin th cc thng tin v s lng cc thng ip DHCP m Router gi i v nhn vo. Khai bo khong thi gian cho php client c s dng mt a ch IP. Thi gian mc nh l mt ngy. Khai bo tn min cho client.
Hnh 1.2.6 1.2.7. X l s c DHCP
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x l s c ca hat ng DHCP server chng ta c th dng lnh debug ig dhcp server events. Lnh ny s cho bit chu k kim tra ca server xem a ch IP no ht thi hn c s dng v tin trnh ly li hoc cp pht mt a ch IP.
Hnh 1.2.7.
1.2.8. Chuyn tip DHCP DHCP client s dng IP qung b tm DHCP server trong mng ni b. iu g s xy ra khi server v client khng nm trong cng mt mng v b ngn cch nhau bi Router? Router khng h chuyn tip gi qung b. DHCP khng phi l mt dch v quan trng duy nht s dng qung b Cisco router v cc thit b khc cng s dng qung b tm TFTP server. Mt s client cn s dng qung b tm TACACS server. TACACS server l mt server bo v. Thng thng, trong cu trc mng phn cp phc tp, client ny pht qung b tim server th mc nh l router s khng chuyn cc gi qung b ra ngoi subnet ca client. Tuy nhin c nhiu client s khng th hot ng c nu khng c nhng dc v nh DHCP chng hn, khi phi chon la mt trong hai gii php. Ngi qu tr mng c th t server cho mi subnet trong mng hoc l s dng c tnh gip
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a ch ca Cisco IOS. Vic chy cc dich v nh DHCP hay DNS trn nhiu my tnh s to s qu ti v kh qun tr nn gii php u khng hiu qu. Nu c th th ngi qun tr mng nn s dng gii php th hai l dng lnh ip helper-address chuyn tip yu cu qung b cho nhng dch v UDP quan trng ny. Khi s dng c tnh gip a ch, router s c th c cu hnh tip nhn yu cu qung b ca mt dch v UDP v sau chuyn tip yu cu mt cch trc tip n mt a ch IP c th. Mc nh, lnh ip helper-address c th cho php chuyn tip yu cu ca 8 dch v UDP sau: Time TACES DNS BOOTP/DHCP server BOOTP/DHCP client TFTP Dch v NetBIOS name Dch v NetBIOS datagram Chng ta xt c th dch v DHCP, client pht qung b gi DHCPDISCOVER ra mng ni b ca n. Gi qung b ny s n c Gateway chnh l router. Nu trn router c cu hnh lnh ip helper-address th gi DHCP ny s dc chuyn tip cho mt a ch IP xc nh. Trc khi chuyn tip gi yu cu ny, Router s in a ch ca cng Router kt ni vi client vo phn GIADDR ca gi DHCPDISCOVER. a ch ny s l a ch Gateway cho DHCP client sau khi client ly c a ch IP.
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DHCP server nhn c gi DHCPDISCOVER. a vo a ch nm trong phn GIADDR server s xc nh c Gateway ny tng ng vi di a ch no. Sau server s ly mt a ch IP cn trng trong di cp cho client.
Hnh 1.2.8.a. Cu trc gi DHCP
Hnh 1.2.8.b. Chuyn tip DHCP
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Hnh 1.2.8.c. Client A gi qung b DHCPDISCOVER v router chuyn tip yu cu ny cho server DHCP 192.168.2.254. Trc khi chuyn tip yu cu ny router in a ch ca cng kt ni vi client A l 192.168.1.1 vo phn GIADDP ca gi DHCPDISCOVER.
Hnh 1.2.8.d. DHCP server nhn c gi yu cu DHCP t router. Da vo a ch 192.168.1.1 trong phn GIADDR, server s xc nh c client A nm trong subnet no v chn mt a ch IP cn trng trong gii a ch tng ng cp cho client A.. Trong gi tr li ca DHCP server chng ta thy client A c cp a ch 192.168.1.10.
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TNG KT Sau y l nhng im quan trng cn nm trong chng ny: a ch ring c s dng cho cc mng ring, ni b v khng bao gi c nh tuyn trn cc Router Internet cng cng. NAT thay i phn IP header ca gi d liu chuyn i a ch ngun hoc ch hoc c hai. PAT s dng mt a ch IP cng cng duy nht cng vi s port nh x cho nhiu a ch ni b bn trong. Chuyn i NAT c th c thc hin c nh hoc t ng ty theo mc ch s dng. NAT v PAT c th c cu hnh chuyn i c nh, chuyn i ng v chuyn i overloading. Lnh clear v show c s dng kim tra hat ng ca NAT v PAT. Lnh debug ip nat c s dng tm s c ca cu hnh NAT v PAT. Nhng u im v nhc im ca NAT DHCP lm vic theo ch client-server, cho php client ly cu hnh IP t mt DHCP server. BOOTP l mt phin bn trc ca DHCP v cng c nhiu c im hat ng ging DHCP nhng BOOTP ch cp pht a ch c nh. DHCP server qun l di a ch IP v cc thng s tng ng km theo. Mi mt di a ch tng ng vi mt subnet IP. DHCP client thc hin 4 bc ly cu hnh IP t server. DHCP server thng c cu hnh phn phi nhiu a ch IP. Lnh show ip dhcp binding dng kim tra hat ng ca DHCP.
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Lnh debug ip dhcp server events c dng tm s c ca DHCP. Khi DHCP server v client khng nm trong cng mt mng v b ngn cch bi Router, chng ta dng lnh ip helper-address router chuyn tip yu cu DHCP.
2.2. Cc cng ngh WAN 2.2.1.Knh quay s (dial-up)
Hnh 2.2.1. Kt ni WAN thng qua modem v mng in thoi. Modem v ng in thoi quay s dng tn hiu tng t cung cp kt ni chuyn mch, dung lng thp, ph hp cho nhu cu truyn d liu tc thp, r tin. in thoi truyn thng s dng cp ng kt ni t my in thoi ca thu bao n tng i mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN Public switched telephone network). Tn hiu truyn i trn ng truyn ny l tn hiu tng t bin i lin tc truyn ting ni. Do , ng truyn ny khng ph hp vi tn hiu s nh phn ca my tnh. Modem ti u pht phi thc hin iu ch tn nh phn sang tnh hiu tng t ri mi a tn hiu xung ng truyn. Modem ti u thu gii iu ch tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu nh phn nh ban u.
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c im vt l ca ng truyn v kt ni PSTN khin tc ca tn hiu b hn ch. Gii hn trn khong 33 kb/giy. Tc ny c th tng ln khong 56 kb/giy nu tn hiu c truyn trc tip qua mt kt ni s. i vi nhng doanh nhip nh th ng truyn ny ph hp v h ch cn trao i cc thng tin v bng lng, gi c, cc bo co thng thng v email. Hn na, h c th s dng cch quay s t ng vo ban m hoc vo ngy ngh cui tun truyn ti d liu c dung lng ln v lu d liu d phng, v trong nhng khong thi gian ny mc gi cc thp hn bnh thng. Tng chi ph cc ph thuc v khong cch gia cc im kt ni, thi gian tr v thi gian thc hin cuc gi. u im ca modem v ng truyn tng t l thc hin n gin mi ni, chi ph thp. Nhc im l tc thp, thi gian thc hin kt ni lu, c thi gian tr v nghn mch, vic truyn thoi v video khng c tt vi tc thp nh vy. 2.2.2. ISDN Cc ng trung k ca PSTN c thay i t tn hiu tng t phn knh theo tn s sang tn hiu s phn knh theo thi gian (TDM). Bc tip theo l mch vng ni b kt ni t tng i n thu bao cng truyn tn hiu s. Do , ng truyn ny c dung lng cao hn. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) l kt ni s TDM. Kt ni ny s dng cc knh B (Bearer) 64 Kb/giy truyn thoi hoc d liu v mt knh bo hiu D (Delta) dng thit lp cuc gi v nhiu mc ch khc.
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Giao tip tc c bn BRI ISDN cung cp hai knh B 64 Kb/giy v mt knh D 16 Kb/giy ph hp cho c nhn, gia nh v cc cng ty nh. Nu nhu cu ln hn na th chng ta c giao tip PRI ISDN. PRI cung cp 23 knh B 64 Kb/giy v mt kenh im 64 Kb/giy Bc M, tng tc bit ln ti 1.544 Mb/giy. Chu u, Australia v nhiu ni khc trn th gii, ISDN PRI cung cp 30 knh B v mt knh D, tng tc bit ln ti 2,048 Mb/giy. Kt ni T1 c tc PRI Bc M, kt ni E1 c tc PRI quc t. Knh im BRI khng c tn dng ht kh nng v n ch c s dng iu khin cho 2 knh B. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cho php knk D truyn d liu tc thp, v d nh kt ni X.25 vi tc 9,6 kb/giy. i vi mng WAN nh th kt ni BRI ISDN l mt kt ni l tng . BRI c thi gian thit lp cuc gi nh hn mt giy, knh B 64 kb/giy cung cy dung lng ln hn mt kt ni tng t vi modem. Nu nhu cu dung lng cao hn th knh B th 2 s c kch hot cung cp tc 128 kb/giy. Mc d nh vy vn cha ph hp cho truyn video nhng cng cho php thc hin cng lc nhiu cuc i thoi cng vi cc lung lu lng khc.
Hnh 2.2.a. ISDN
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Mt ng dng thng thng ca ISDN l cung cp thm dung lng truyn cho ng truyn thu ring. ng truyn thu ring c s dng chnh, trong nhng thi im nhu cu dung lng tng cao th ISDN c kch hot h tr thm. Ngoi ra, ISDN cn c s dng lm ng truyn d phng trong trng hp ng truyn thu ring gp s c. Chi ph cc ca ISDN c tnh trn tng knh B v cng tng t nh kt ni thoi quay s. Vi PRI ISDN, ta c th kt ni hai im vi nhau bng nhiu knh B. Do , ta c th thc hin c hi ngh truyn hnh (video conference), kt ni d liu tc cao, khng c thi gian tr v nghn mch, nhng chi ph s cao khi khong cch gia cc im kh ln
Hnh 2.2.2.b. Cu trc chung ca mng WAN vi ISDN, Router cn phi c cng giao tip ISDN hoc phi kt ni thng qua b chuyn i giao tip. 2.2.3.ng truyn thu ring (leased line) Khi cn phi c mt kt ni dnh ring c nh th s dng ng truyn thu ring vi dung lng c th ln ti 2,5 Gb/giy.
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Loi 56 64 T1 E1 E3 J1 T3 OC-1 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 OC-48 DS0 DS0 DS1 ZM M3 Y1 DS3 SONET SONET SONET SONET SONET SONET SONET SONET
Chun
Dung lng 56 Kbps 64 Kbps 1.544 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 34.064 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 44.736 Mbps 51.84 Mbps 155.54 Mbps 466.56 Mbps 622.08 Mbps 933.12 Mbps 1244.16 Mbps 1866.24 Mbps 2488.32 Mbps
Hnh 2.2.3.a. Cc ng truyn WAN v bng thng tng ng.
Mt kt ni im-n-im thit lp mt ng truyn WAN t v tr ca thu bao thng qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v n im ch. n truyn im-nim ny thn c thu t nh cung cp dch v nn c gi l ng truyn thu ring. ng truyn thu ring c th c cung cp vi nhiu mc dung
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lng khc nhau. Gi c ph thuc vo mc bng thng yu cu v khong cch gia hai im kt ni. ng nhin, gi thu mt ng truyn ring im-nim s cao hn nhiu so vi cc ng chia s khc nh Frame Relay. i khi chi ph cho ng thu ring qu cao so vi nhu cu m ta s dng c. Chi ph ny s hiu qu hn nu cc kt ni ny c s dng ni nhiu v tr trung tm. Dung lng c nh c u im l khng c thi gian tr v nghn mch gia hai im cui, ph hp cho nhiu ng dng nh thng mi in t.
thc hin kt ni thu ring ta cn phi c CSU/DSU v ng
truyn
nh cung cp dch v, router phi c cng Serial, mi cng tng ng vi mt kt ni.
Hnh 2.3.b. Mng WAN vi ng truyn thu ring. ng kt ni trc tip thng c s dng kt ni gia cc to nh, cung cp dung lng truyn c nh. ng truyn thu ring l mt chn la truyn thng t trc ti nay, tuy nhin n cng c nhiu nhc im. Lu lng WAN lun bin i nhng dung lng ng truyn c nh. Do , bng thng ng truyn t khi no bng vi lu lng thc t. Mi router ti mi im cui cn phi c mt
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cng Serial cho mt kt ni, do chi ph cho thit b s tng thm. Mi ln mun thay i dung lng ng truyn ta cn phi lin h vi nh cung cp dch v. ng truyn thu ring cung cp kt ni trc tip im-n-im gia cc LAN v kt ni nhiu chi nhnh ring l vo mng chuyn mch gi. 2.2.4.X.25 Do ng truyn thu ring c chi ph cao nn cc nh cung cp dch v gii thiu mng chuyn mch gi s dng ng truyn chia s gim bt chi ph. Mng chuyn mch gi u tin l mng X.25. X.25 cung cp tc bit thp, dung lng chia s qua dch v chuyn mch hoc c nh. X.25 l mt giao thc lp Mng v cc thu bao c cung cp mt a ch mng. Khi c yu cu t mt tp hp cc a ch, mch o SVC s c thit lp, mi SVC c phn bit bng mt a ch s knh. Cc gi d liu c dn nhn theo ch s knh ny, da vo cc gi d liu c truyn n ng a ch mng ch. Trn mt kt ni vt l c th thit lp nhiu knh truyn. Thu bao c th kt ni vo mng X.25 bng kt ni thu ring hoc bng kt ni quay s. Mng X.25 cng c th cung cp knh truyn c nh PVC cho cc thu bao.
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Hnh 2.2.4. Mng X25
X.25 c chi ph thp v hiu qu v chi ph cc c tnh theo lu lng d liu ch khng tnh theo thi gian kt ni v khong cch ca kt ni. D liu c truyn i vi bt k tc no ln ti mc ti a ca ng truyn. Nhng mng X.25 thng c dung lng thp, ti a l 48 Kb/giy. Ngoi ra thi gian truyn gi d liu cng b tr do c trng ca mng chia s. Cng ngh X.25 t lu khng cn c s dng rng ri. Frame Relay thay th cho X.25 ng dng thng thy ca X.25 l trn cc my c th tn dng. Ti cc trung tm thng mi, siu th, khi khach hng s dng th thanh ton th cc my c th s s dng X.25 lin h vi my tnh trung tm xc nh gi tr ca th, thc hin giao dch thanh ton. Mt s cng ty cn s dng X.25 trn mng VAN ( Value-add network). VAN l mt mng ring c cc cng ty thu t nh cung cp dch v thc hin trao i d liu v ti chnh v nhiu thng tin thng mi
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khc. i vi nhng ng dng ny, bng thng thp v thi gian tr cao khng phi l vn ln, trong khi chi ph thp li l mt u im ca X.25. 2.2.5. Frame Relay. Do nhu cu bng thng ngy cng cao v yu cu thi gian chuyn mch gi nhanh hn, nh cung cp dch v gii thiu Frame Relay, Frame Relay cng hot ng nh X.25 nhng c tc cao hn, ln n 4 Mb/giy hoc hn na. Frame Relay c mt s c im khc vi X.25. Trong , im khc bit quan trng nht l: Frame Relay l giao thc n gin hn, hot ng lp lin kt d liu thay v lp Mng. Frame Relay khng thc hin iu khin lung v kim tra li. Do , thi gian tr do chuyn mch frame gim i.
Hnh 2.2.5. Mng Frame Relay
Hu ht cc kt ni Frame Relay u l kt ni PVC, ch khng phi l SVC. Kt ni t mng ca khch hng vo mng ca nh cung cp dch v thng l kt ni thu ring hoc cng c th l kt ni quay s nu nh cung cp dch v c s dng ng ISDN, Knh D ISDN c s dng thit lp kt ni SVC trn mt hay
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nhiu knh B. Gi cc Frame Relay c tnh theo dung lng kt ni v dung lng tho thun trn cc PVC> Frame Relay cung cp kt ni chia s c bng thng truyn c nh, c th truyn c c ting ni. Frame Relay l mt chn la l tng cho kt ni gia cc LAN. Router trong LAN ch cn mt cng vt l, trn cu hnh nhiu kt ni o VC. Kt ni thu ring kt ni vo mng Frame Relay kh ngn nn chi ph cng tng i hiu qu khi ni gia cc LAN. 2.2.6. ATM Cc nh cung cp dch v nhn thy nhu cu cn phi c cng ngh cung cp mng chi s c nh vi thi gian tr thp, t nghn mch v bng thng cao. Gii php ca h chnh l ATM (Asychronous Transfer Mode) vi tc 155 Mb/giy. So vi cc cng ngh chia s khc nh X.25, Frame Relay th s mng WAN ATM cng tng t.
Hnh 2.2.6. ATM. ATM l mt cng ngh c kh nng truyn thoi, video v d liu thng qua mng ring v mng cng cng. ATM c xy dng da trn cu trc t bo (cell) ch khng da trn cu trc frame. Gi d liu c truyn i trn mng ATM khng c gi l frame m gi l t bo (cell). Mi t bo ATM lun c chiu di c nh l 53 byte. T bo ATM 53 byte ny cha 5 byte phn ATM header, tip theo
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sau l 48 byte ca phn d liu. Tt c cc t bo ATM u c kch thc nh, c nh nh nhau. Do , khng c cc gi d liu khc ln hn trn ng truyn, mi t bo u khng phi ch lu. Thi gian truyn ca mi gi l nh nhau. Do , cc gi n ch cch nhau u n, khng c gi no n qu chm so vi gi trc. C ch ny rt ph hp cho truyn thoi v video v nhng tn hiu ny vn rt nhy cm vi vn thi gian tr. So vi cc frame ln hn ca Frame Relay v X.25 th t bo ATM 53 byte khng c hiu qu bng. Khi c mt packet ln ca lp Mng cn phi phn on nh hn th c mi 48 byte phi c 5 byte cho phn ATM header. Cng vic rp cc phn on li thnh packet ban u ATM switch u thu s phc tp hn. Hn na, vic ng gi nh vy lm cho ng truyn ATM phi tn nhiu hn 20% bng thng so vi Frame Relay truyn cng mt lng d liu lp Mng. ATM cung cp c kt ni PVC v SVC mc d PVC c s dng nhiu hn trong WAN. Cng nh cc cng ngh chia s khc, ATM cho php thit lp kt ni o trn mt kt ni vt l. 2.2.7. DSL Digital Subscriber Line DSL l mt cng ngh truyn bng rng s dng ng truyn hai dy xon ca h thng in thoi truyn d liu vi bng thng ln n thu bao dng dch v. K thut truyn bng rng ghp nhiu di tn s khc nhau trn cng mt ng truyn vt l truyn d liu xDSL bao gm cc cng ngh DSL nh sau: Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) Symmetric DSL (SDSL) High Bit Rate DSL (HDSL) ISDN DSL (IDSL) Consumer DSL (CDSL), cng c gi l DSL-lite hay G.lite
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Hnh 2.2.7.a.
Vi cng ngh DSL, cc nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp cho khch hng dch v mng tc cao trn ng dy thoi cp ng. Cng ngh DSL cho php ng dy ny thc hin song song ng thi chc nng ca mt kt ni in thoi v mt kt ni mng thng trc c nh. Nhiu kt ni ca thu bao DSL c ghp knh vo mt ng kt ni c dung lng cao ti trung tm cung cp dch v thng qua thit b ghp knh truy cp DSL (DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer). Nhiu kt ni DSL ca thu bao c DSLAM tch hp vo mt kt ni T3/DS3 duy nht. Cc cng ngh DSL hin nay s dng nhiu k thut m ho v iu ch phc tp t c tc d liu ln n 8,192 Mb/giy. Knh truyn thoi chun trn ng dy in thoi nm trong di tn 300 Hz n 3,3 KHz. Nh vy, di tn s 4 KHz c dnh truyn thoi trn ng dy in thoi. Cng ngh DSL s dng di tn cao hn 4 KHz truyn ti d liu. Bng cch ny thoi v d liu c th c truyn ti song song ng thi trn cng mt ng truyn.
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Hnh 2.2.7.b. Mch vng ni b ca h thng in thoi kt ni modem DSL ca tng thu bao n DSLAM t ti trung tm cung cp dch v. Thoi v d liu s dng hai di tn s ring bit.
C 2 loi cng ngh DSL c bn l ADSL (Asymmetric DSL DSL bt i xng) v SDSL (Symmetric DSL DSL i xng). Dch v bt i xng cung cp knh ti d liu (download) ln hn knh truyn d liu (upload). Dch v i xng cung cp c hai knh truyn ny c dung lng nh nhau. Khng phi tt c cc cng ngh DSL u cho php s dng ng dy in thoi. V d SDSL khng cung cp dch v in thoi trn cng mt ng truyn. Do phi c ring mt ng truyn cho SDSL. Cc loi DSL khc nhau cung cp bng thng khc nhau vi dung lng c th vt qua ng thu ring T1 hoc E1. Tc truyn ph thuc vo chiu di thc t ca mch vng ni b, loi cp v iu kin i dy cp. dch v c cung cp tt th mch vng ni b nn ngn hn 5,5 km. DSL thng khng c chn lm kt ni gia nh ring v h thng mng trong cng ty v thu bao khng th t nh ring kt ni trc tip vo mng trung tm ca cng ty, m phi thng qua mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP Internet Service Provider). T y, mt kt ni IP mi c thc hin thng qua Internet n mng trung tm ca cng ty. Nh vy rt nguy him v mt bo mt. m bo tnh an ton, dch v DSL c cung cp kh nng s dng mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network) kt ni vo server VPN t ti cng ty. 2.2.8. Cable modem Cp ng trc c s dng rng ri trong cc thnh ph truyn tn hiu truyn hnh. H thng mng c xy dng da trn h thng cp ng trc ny c bng thng cao hn so vi h thng mng trn cp ng in thoi.
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Hnh 2.2.8.a. Cable modem
Cable modem thc hin truyn d liu hai chiu tc cao, s dng cp ng trc trong h thng mng cp truyn hnh. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cn cam kt tc truyn d liu cao gp 6,5 ln ng thu ring T1. Tc ny cho php truyn c nhanh chng mt lng ln thng tin s bao gm video clip, audio Lng thng tin cn phi mt 2 pht nu ti bng ng truyn ISDN BRI th by gi ch mt 2 giy thng qua kt ni cable modem. Cable modem cng cung cp kt ni thng trc v lp t kt ni ny n gin. Mt kt ni thng trc cng c ngha l my tnh lun lun ng trc mi nguy him v mt bo mt, do cn phi c bo v bng bc tng la (firewalls). m bo v mt an ton, dch v cable modem cng cho php s dng mng ring o VPN kt ni vo VPN server t ti mng trung tm ca mt cng ty. Mt kt ni cable modem c dung lng c th ln n 30 40 Mb/giy trn knh truyn 6 MHz. ng truyn ny nhanh gn gp 500 ln so vi ng truyn modem thng (56 Kb/giy).
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Vi cable modem, thu bao vn c th nhn song song ng thi dch v truyn hnh cp v d liu cho my tnh thng qua mt b phn gii 1-2 n gin.
Hnh 2.2.8.b. Cu trc b phn gii 1-2.
Thu bao cable modem phi s dng ISP lin kt vi nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh cp. Tt c cc thu bao ni b u chia s cng mt bng thng cp. Do cng nhiu ngi tham gia vo dch v th lng bng thng cho mi ngi s gim xung.
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Hnh 2.2.8.c. Cu trc mng cable modem.
2.3. Thit k WAN 2.3.1. Thng tin lin lc bng WAN WAN l mt tp hp cc ng lin kt d liu kt ni cc router trong cc LAN khc nhau. V l do chi ph v php nh nn ch c cc nh cung cp dch v thng tin lin lc - vin thng mi s hu cc ng truyn d liu ca WAN. Khch hng thu cc ng lin kt ny kt ni cc mng LAN ca mnh hoc kt ni n cc mng xa. Tc truyn d liu trong WAN thng thp hn tc 100 Mb/giy trong LAN. Chi ph thu bao ng truyn l chi ph ln nht cho mt mng WAN. Do , vic thit k WAN phi m bo cung cp bng thng ln nht trong kh nng chi tr chp nhn c. i vi ngi s dng, vic cn i gia chi ph v nhu cu dch v tc cao l mt iu khng d dng. WAN truyn ti rt nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau nh d liu, thoi v video. Do thit k c a ra phi cung cp dung lng, thi gian truyn p ng c vi yu cu ca ton b h thng. Ngoi ra, ngi thit k cn phi quan tm n cu trc ca mng ni gia cc trung tm vi nhau, v c tnh t nhin, v bng thng v kh nng ca cc kt ni ny.
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Mng WAN c trc y thng bao gm cc ng kt ni gia cc my tnh ln (mainframe) cch xa nhau. Mng WAN ngy nay kt ni cc LAN xa li vi nhau. Tt c cc my tnh u cui, server v router nm trong cng mt phm vi c kt ni vi nhau thng qua LAN v WAN kt ni cc router ca tng LAN li vi nhau. Thng qua s trao i thng tin a ch lp 3 router c th nh tuyn cho mi lung d liu. Ngoi ra, router cn cung cp ch qun l cht lng dch v (QoS) cho php nh tuyn v chuyn mch cc lung d liu khc nhau vi cc mc u tin khc nhau. WAN thng ch l tp hp cc kt ni gia cc router lin kt cc LAN vi nhau, do khng c dch v no thc hin trn WAN. WAN hot ng 3 lp di ca m hnh OSI. Router quyt nh chn ng n ch cho d liu t thng tin lp Mng nm trong gi d liu ri sau chuyn gi d liu xung kt ni vt l tng ng.
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Hnh 2.3.1.a. Mng WAN trc y v hin nay.
Hnh 2.3.1.b. Cc cng ngh WAN hot ng 3 lp di ca m hnh OSI.
2.3.2. Cc bc trong thit k WAN Thit k WAN l mt cng vic y th thch, nhng nu thit k theo mt cch c h thng th chng ta s xy dng c mt mng WAN c hiu sut hot ng cao vi chi ph thp. Mi khi cn thay i mt mng WAN c sn th chng ta nn i theo cc bc c ngh di y trong phn ny.
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Chng ta thng phi thay i mng WAN mi khi cn m rng server WAN, cng vic kinh doanh thc t c s thay i Cc cng ty lp t mng WAN thc hin trao i d liu gia cc chi nhnh. Mng WAN ny phc v cho ton b h thng mng ca cng ty. Chi ph bao gm nhiu phn, v d trong c chi ph cho thit b v cho vic qun l ng truyn. Trong thit k WAN, chng ta cn bit trong mng WAN truyn nhng loi lu lng no, t u n u. WAN c th truyn ti nhiu loi d liu khc nhau vi yu cu bng thng, tr v ngh mch khc nhau.
Hnh 2.3.2.a. So snh gia cc loi lu lng trong WAN.
Chng ta cn bit thng tin v cc c im ca mi loi lu lng trn mi hng. Quyt nh v nhng c im ny tu thuc vo s s dng ca user. Vic thit k WAN thng l nng cp, m rng hoc thay i mt mng WAN c sn. Do , c rt nhiu d liu m chng ta cn c trong h s qun l ca mng c. Cc c im ca lu lng mng: Kt ni v mc dng lu lng. D liu Client/Server. Hng kt ni hay khng hng kt ni. Kh nng ko di thi gian tr. Kh nng hot ng ca mng.
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T l li. Mc u tin. Loi giao thc. Chiu di trung bnh ca gi d liu. Vic xc nh v tr cc im cui ca kt ni s gip chng ta xy dng s cu trc WAN. Cu trc ny phi tho mn cc iu kin v a l cng nh cc iu kin hot ng. Nu iu kin hot ng i hi cao th cn phi c thm cc kt ni d phng v chia s ti. Cui cung, chng ta phi quyt nh chi ph lp t v hot ng cho WAN, so snh chi ph vi nhng li ch m WAN mang li. Trong thc t cc bc c a ra di y rt t khi l mt qu trnh xuyn sut lin tc. S c th c nhiu thay i cn thit trc khi kt thc thit k. Sau khi lp t WAN xong chng ta cng lun ph theo di v nh gi li mng WAN m bo hiu qu hot ng ca n.
Hnh 2.3.2.b. Cc bc trong thit k WAN Xc nh v la chn dung lng mng nh th no
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Thit k WAN thc cht bao gm cc cng vic sau: La chn cu trc kt ni gia cc v tr khc nhau. La chn cng ngh cho cc kt ni ny sao cho ph hp vi yu cu ca ton b h thng v chi ph chp nhn c.
C rt nhiu mng WAN s dng cu trc hnh sao. Khi t chc pht trin hn, thm mt chi nhnh cn kt ni vo trung tm th khi trin khai thm mt nhnh cho cu trc hnh sao. i khi cc im cui ca hnh sao c kt ni cho vi nhau to thnh mng li, to thm nhiu kh nng kt ni. Khi thit k, nh gi li hoc thay i mng WAN chng ta cn chn ra mt cu trc ph hp vi yu cu.
Hnh 2.3.3.a. Cu trc hnh sao.
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Hnh 2.3.3.b. Cu trc hnh li ton phn.
Hnh 2.3.3.c. Cu trc hnh li mt phn.
Khi la chn cu trc, chng ta cn quan tm n mt s yu t. Cng nhiu kt ni th chi ph cng tng cao, nhng cng c nhiu ng kt ni gia cc im th tin cy ca mng cng cao. Cng t thm nhiu thit b trn ng truyn d liu cng lm tng thm thi gian tr v lm gim tin cy. Chng ta c rt nhiu
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cng ngh khc nhau vi nhng c im khc nhau chn la cho kt ni d liu. Cng ngh ng thu ring ng in thoi ISDN Yu t tnh cc ph Tc bit ti a c im khc Dung nh. lng c
Khong cch, Khng gii hn dung lng Khong cch, thi 33 56 kb/giy gian Khong cch, 64 hoc dung lng Kb/giy
Quay s, kt ni chm.
128 Quay s, kt ni nhanh.
<2 Mb/giy PRI X.25 Dung lng. <48 Kb/giy Dung nh lng c
ATM
Dung lng.
>155 Mb/giy
Dung lng thay i.
Nhng cng ngh i hi phi thit lp kt ni trc khi truyn d liu, v d nh ng in thoi, ISDN, X.25, khng ph hp cho mng WAN cn thi gian p ng nhanh hoc thi gian tr thp. Mt khi c thit lp kt ni th ISDN v cc dch v quay s khc c thi gian tr thp, t nghn mch. ISDN thng c chn kt ni cc vn phng nh vo mng trung tm v n cung cp kt ni tin cy, bng thng ph hp. ISDN cn c s dng lm ng d phng cho ng kt ni chnh v l kt ni c thit lp theo yu cu chia s ti vi ng kt ni chnh. Mt u im ca cng ngh ny l thu bao ch phi tr cc ph cho thi gian ng truyn c thit lp. Cc chi nhnh ca mt cng ty c th kt ni trc tip vi nhau bng ng thu ring hoc kt ni vo mng chia s nh X.25, Frame Relay v ATM. ng truyn thu knh ring ko c xa hn v ng nhin cng t hn nhng n c th cung cp mi bng thng chng ta mun, thi gian tr v nghn mch rt thp.
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Mng ATM, Frame Relay v X.25 truyn lu lng ca nhiu khch hng khc nhau trong cng mt kt ni. Khch hng khng kim sot c s lng ng kt ni, s lng trm trung gian m d liu phi i qua trong mng chia s, cng nh khng th iu khin c thi gian ch ti mi trm. Chnh v nhc im v thi gian tr v nghn mch m cc cng ngh ny khng ph hp vi mt s loi lu lng mng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ny vn thng c chp nhn v cc mng chia s ny li c u im ln l chi ph r. Khi c nhiu khch hng cng chia s mt ng kt ni th ng nhin chi ph s thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph cho mt ng thu knh ring c cng dung lng. Mc d ATM cng l mt mng chia s nhng n c thit k gim thiu ti a thi gian tr v nghn mch bng cch s dng cc kt ni tc cao vi mt n v d liu thng nht, d qun l, gi l t bo. Mi mt t bo ATM ( chnh l mi gi d liu trong mng ATM) c chiu di c nh l 53 byte, trong 48 byte d liu v 5 byte cho phn Header. Cc t bo c chiu di nh v nh nhau, khng c gi no khc ln hn trong mng ATM nn khng c thi gian tr ln hn gia cc gi. Do , ATM c s dng rng ri cho cc loi lu lng nhy cm vi thi gian tr. Frame Relay cng c th c s dng cho nhng loi lu lng nhy cm vi thi gian tr nhng thng phi s dng thm c ch QoS cu hnh u tin cho nhng loi d liu ny. Vic chn la cc cng ngh cho WAN thng da trn loi lu lng v dung lng ca chng. ISDN, DSL, Frame Relay hoc ng thu ring thng c s dng kt ni cc chi nhnh vo mt trung tm. Frame Relay, ATM hoc ng thu ring thng c s dng kt ni cc vng m rng vo ng trc chnh. ATM hoc ng thu knh ring c s dng lm ng trc chnh cho WAN. 2.3.4. M hnh thit k 3 lp Vic kt hp mt cch c h thng l rt cn thit khi chng ta cn lin kt nhiu v tr li vi nhau. Gii php phn cp vi m hnh 3 lp cho chng ta rt nhiu u im c nu trong bng sau.
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Kh nng Mng c thit k theo m hnh phn cp c th m rng hn m rng nhiu m khng h lm gim bt mc kim sot v qun l h thng. Cc chc nng ca h thng mang tnh tp trung v cc li tim n s c pht hin d dng hn. H thng mng chuyn mch in thoi l mt v d cho kiu cu trc mng phn cp ln. D trin Cu trc phn cp c chc nng r rng cho tng lp nn cng vic khai trin khai cng c thc hin d dng hn. D dng Vic phn chi chc nng r rng cho mi lp cho php vic xc nh x l s s c d dng hn. Vic chia h thng mng ra thnh nhiu phn c on gip gim thiu phm vi nh hng ca s c. Kh nng Phn ng ca h thng mng c cu trc phn lp hon ton c th d on d on c, do vic nng cp h thng cng s to c thun li hn. Kh nng i vi cu trc mng c phn cp th vic tch hp cc ng dng v h tr giao thc hin ti vi tng lai c th thc hin d dng v c s h cc giao tng mng c t chc theo logic. thc Kh nng Tt c cc u im c lit k trn u nhm cung cp kh nng qun l qun l tt hn cho h thng mng.
Chng ta th tng tng mt cng ty ln hot ng trn mi quc gia Chu u v c chi nhn mi thnh ph c dn s hn 10.000 ngi. Mi chi nhnh l mt LAN v chng ta cn lin kt cc chi nhnh vi nhau. Mng hnh li r rng l khng kh thi v chng ta cn ti gn 500.000 lin kt cho 900 im. Mng hnh sao n cng khng thc hin c v chng ta cn phi c mt router ti v tr trung tm hnh sao vi 900 cng hoc 1 cng vt l c kh nng thit lp 900 giao tip o.
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Thay vo chng ta s thit kt theo m hnh phn cp. Cc mng LAN trong cng mt vng a l s c lin kt li vi nhau thnh mt vng. Cc vng s c kt ni vi nhau to thnh mt khu vc. Cc khu vc kt ni vi nhau v ng vai tr l trc chnh ca mng WAN.
Hnh 2.3.4.a. Cc LAN trong mt vng c kt ni li theo hnh sao v t router trung tm hnh sao kt ni ra khu vc.
Hnh 2.3.4.b. Mt mng khu vc.
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Hnh 2.3.4.c. Kt ni mng khu vc vo ng trc chnh.
S lng cc a im c kt ni vi nhau trong mt vng c gii hn trong khong t 30 n 50. Mi vng c cu trc hnh sao, thit b ti trung tm hnh sao s kt ni ra khu vc. Mng khu vc c phm vi a l ln, kt ni khong 3 n 10 vng vi nhau. Thit b trung tm ca mng khu vc s kt ni ra trc chnh, cc kt ni ny c th l kt ni im-n-im. M hnh 3 lp ny da theo thit k phn cp c s dng trong h thng in thoi. Lp truy cp l lp kt ni cc im trong cng mt vng v y l im truy cp vo h thng mng. Lu lng gia cc vng c phn phi bi cc kt ni trong lp phn phi v ch c chuyn ln ng trc chnh sang khu vc khc khi cn thit. Cu trc ny rt hu dng khi cng ty c cu trc chi nhnh v c chia thnh khu vc, vng, chi nhnh. Cu trc ny cng rt ph hp khi c mt trung tm dch v m tt c cc chi nhnh u cn phi truy cp vo nhng cp lu lng khng phn phi trc tip cho tng kt ni ca tng chi nhnh.
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Trong mng LAN trung tm ca mi vng, chng ta c th t cc server cung cp dch v ni b. Tu theo mc v loi lu lng m kt ni truy cp c th l quay s, thu ring hoc Frame Relay. Cu trc Frame Relay cho php thc hin dng mng li d phng m khng cn phi thm kt ni vt l. Cc kt ni lp Phn phi (Distribution Layer) c th l Frame Relay hoc ATM v kt ni trc chnh ( Core Layer) c th l ATM hoc ng thu ring. 2.3.5. Cc m hnh phn lp khc C nhiu h thng mng li khng i hi phi c cu trc phn cp phc tp 3 lp. Do , chng ta c th s dng dng phn cp n gin hn.
Hnh 2.3.5.a. M hnh phn cp 3 lp.
Mt cng ty c mt s chi nhnh nh vi mc lu lng thp th c th thit kt theo mt lp. Trc y, m hnh ny khng c ph bin v chiu di ca ng thu ring l mt yu t ng k. Ngy nay, vi Frame Relay chng ta khng tr cc ph theo chiu di th gii php thit k ny c th thc hin c.
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Hnh 2.3.5.b. M hnh phn cp mt lp.
Nu do yu cu a l cn phi tp trung thnh mt s im th chng ta c th p dng m hnh thit k 2 lp. Khi thit k mng n gin chng ta vn da theo m hnh ba lp mng c kh nng m rng v sau. Cc thit b ti trung tm ca lp 2 c coi l trc chnh mc d khng c router no lp trc chnh (core layer) kt ni vo n. Tng t, trong thit k mt lp, thit b trung tm cng ng thi l thit b khu vc v thit b trc chnh. Vi cch thit k phn lp nh vy h thng c th c m rng d dng sau ny. 2.3.6. Mt s im cn lu khc khi thit k WAN. Nhiu mng WAN c kt ni ra Internet. y l mt gii php c nhiu vn v bo mt nhng li l mt cch tt kt ni cc chi nhnh nhiu quc gia khc nhau. Trong qu trnh thit k, chng ta phi quant tm n thnh phn i ra v i vo t Internet. T khi Internet c trin khai khp ni, cc mng LAN ca cng ty c th trao i d liu theo hai cch. Mi LAN c mt kt ni n ISP trong vng ca n hoc l t router trung tm c vng thc hin mt kt ni n mt ISP. Cch th nht c u im l lung lu lng c truyn i trong mng Internet ch
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khng phi trong mng ca cng ty, do kt ni WAN c th c dung lng nh hn. Nhng cch ny c mt nhc im l c h thng mng cng ty c phi ra cho cc tn cng t Internet. Khi c nhiu kt ni nh vy th vic theo di v qun l cng gp kh khn. Mt kt ni n t router trung tm ca vng ra Internet s d dng theo di v bo v hn v nh vy mng WAN ca cng ty s phi thc hin truyn ti lu lng nhiu hn.
Hnh 2.3.6. S dng Internet nh mng WAN ca cng ty.
Nu mi LAN trong mng c mt kt ni Internet ring th Internet c th c s dng nh mng WAN ca cng ty , trong lu lng gia cc chi nhnh c truyn i trong Internet. Vic bo v cc mng LAN s l mt vn nhng chi ph tit kim c do khng phi xy dng mng WAN ring s c dnh chi tr cho vn bo mt. Server nn c t gn ni thng xuyn truy cp vo n nht. Cc thng tin tr li, cp nht ca server s lm gim dung lng hiu dng ca ng truyn. V tr t dch v truy cp Internet ph thuc vo c tnh ca bn thn mi dch v, mi loi lu lng v yu cu v bo mt. Lnh vc ny l mt ch c bit nm ngoi phm vi ca gio trnh ny.
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TNG KT
Sau ay l cc im chnh ca chng ny: S khc nhau v phm vi a l gia WAN v LAN. Cc lp hot ng ca WAN v LAN trong m hnh OSI.
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CHNG 3: GIAO THC IM NI IM (Point to Point Protocol) GII THIU Chng ny cung cp cho bn c mt ci nhn tng qut v cng ngh WAN. Trong chng ti gii thiu v gii thch cc thut ng WAN nh truyn ni tip, phn knh theo thi gian (TDM Time Division Multiplexing), im ranh gii, DTE Data Terminal Equipment, DCE Data Circuit terminating Equipment. S pht trin v ng dng ca giao thc ng gi HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) cng nh phng php cu hnh v x l s c cng Serial trn router c trnh by trong chng trnh ny. PPP (Point to Point Protcol) l mt giao thc thng c chn trin khai trn mt kt ni WAN ni tip. PPP c th thc hin c Thong tin lien lien lc thng tin lin lc ng b, bt ng b v pht hin li. Quan trng nht l PPP c qu trnh xc minh s dng CHAP hoc PAP. PPP c th s dng c trn nhiu mi trng vt l khc nhau bao gm cp xon, cp quan v truyn qua v tinh. Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu v qu trnh cu hnh v x l s c cho PPP Sau khi hon t t ch ng n y cc b n c th th c hi n c: Gi i th ch s truy n n i ti p M t v cho v d v TDM x c nh i m ranh gii trong mng WAN M t ch c n ng c a DTE v DCE Tr nh b y s ph t tri n c a giao th c ng g i HDLC S d ng s ph t tri n c a giao th c ng g i HDLC S d ng l nh encapsulation hdlc c u h nh HDLC X l s c tr n c ng S erial b ng l nh sh ow int erface v sh ow c ontroller
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X c nh nh ng u i m khi s d ng PPP Gi i th ch ch c n ng c a hai th nh ph n trong PPP :LCP ( Link C ontrol Protocol ) v NCP (Net work C ontrol Protocol) M t c u tr c frame PPP X c nh 3 qu tr nh c a m t phi n giao ti p PPP Gi i th ch s kh c nhau gi a PAP v CHAP Li t k c c b c c a qu tr nh x c minh PPP C u h nh PPP v i nhi u ch n l a kh c nhau C u h nh ki u ng g i PPP C u h nh qu tr nh x c minh Chap va PAP S d ng l nh Sh ow int erface ki m tra ki u ng g i tr n c ng S erial X l c c s c lin quan n cu hnh PPP bng lnh debug PPP 3.1. Lin kt ni tip im-n-i 3.1.1.Gii thiu v truyn ni tip
Cc cng ngh WAN u da trn c s truyn ni tip lp Vt l. iu ny c ngha l cc bit trong mt frame c truyn ln lt trn ng truyn vt l Mi bit trong frame Lp 2 c m ho thnh tn hiu v c truyn ln lt xung mi trng tryn vt l. Cc phng php m ho n hiu lp Vt l bao gm NRZ-L (Nonreturn to Zezo Level), HDB3(High Density Binary) v AMI ( cc phng php m ho tn hiu khc nhau. Sau y l mt s cc chun truyn ni tip khc nhau
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RS-232-E V.35 High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) 3.1.2 Phn knh theo thi gian (TDM- Time Division Multiplexing) Phn knh theo thi gian TDM l truyn nhiu ngun thong tin trn cng mt tn hiu, sau li tch ra thnh cc ngun ring bit nh ban u ti im cui
V d nh hnh 3.1.2.a chng ta c 3 ngun thong tin khc nhau a vo cng mt knh. Mi ngun thng tin c truyn lun phin, n v d liu. n v d liu ny c th l mt bit hoc mt byte. Tu theo n v l bit hay byte m loi TDM ny c gi l chn bit hay chn byte. Mi ngun thng tin u vo c mt dung ng ring ca n. c th truyn thng tin cho c 3 ngun th dung lng ca knh truyn khng c thp hn tng dung lng ca 3 u vo. Trong TDM cc khe thi gian lun lun tn ti cho d khng c d liu truyn vo. TDM c th c v nh mt xe la c 3 toa xe. mi toa xe thuc s hu ca mt cng ty v mi ngy xe la u cy vi 32 toa. Nu cng ty no c hang gi i th toa xe ca cng ty y. Nu cng ty no khng c g gi i th toa xe trng nhng vn hin din trong on tu
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TDM l mt khi nim lp Vt l, n khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca thng tin c ghp vo knh truyn v cng khng ph thuc vo cc giao thc lp 2 c s dng trn cc u vo. Mt v d cho TDM l ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). ISDN BRI c 3 knh truyn, bao gm 2 knh B 64Kb/giy v mt knh D 16Kb/giy. TDM c 9 khe thi gian c chia ra nh trong hnh3.1.2b.
3.1.3 im ranh gii im ranh gii l im m trch nhim ca nh cung cp dch v trong mng kt thc. M nh cung cp dch v cung cp mng vng ni b n v tr ca khch hang v khch hang kt ni thit b ca mnh nh CSU/DSU vo im cui ca mch vng d liu ny. Khch hang phi chu trch nhim bo tr, thay th hay sa cha thit b ca mnh cc nc khc trn th gii th cng ty khai thc dch v s cung cp v qun l n v kt cui mng NTU (network terminating unit). Nh vy nh cung cp dch v c th qun l v x l s c vi im ranh gii nm sau NTU. Khch hng kt ni thit b CPE ca mnh, v d nh router, thit b truy cp Frame Relay vo NTU bng cng Serial V3.5 hoc RS -232
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3.1.4 DTE/DCE Mt kt ni tip c mt u l thit b DTE v u kia l thit b DCE. Kt ni gia hai DCE chnh l mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch v CPE thng thng l router ca khch hang ng vai tr l DTE My tnh, my in, my fax cng l nhng v d cho thit b DTE, DCE, thng thng l moderm hoc CSU/DSU l thit b chuyn i tn hiu t DTE sang dng tn hiu ph hp vi ng truyn trong mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch v. Tn hiu ny c thit b DCE u bn kia nhn c v li c chuyn i thnh dng tn hiu ph hp vi DTE v c truyn cho DTE
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Chuyn giao tip DTE/DCE nh ngha cc c im sau: Cu trc vt l: s lng chn v hnh dng ca u kt ni in : nh ngha mc in th cho tn hiu 0 v 1 Chc nng: quy c chc nng ngha ca tng ng tn hiu trong cng kt ni Th tc: quy c th t cc bc trong truyn d liu Nu hai DTE cn phi kt ni trc tip vi nhau ging nh hai my tnh hoc hai router th chng ta cn s dng mt loi cp c bit gi l cp null-moderm thay th cho DCE. i vi kt ni ng b th cn phi c tn hiu ng b, khi chng ta cn phi c thm mt thit b bn ngoi hoc mt trong hai thit b DTE phi pht c tn hiu ng b Cng Serial ng b trn router c cu hnh l DTE hay DCE l tu theo u cp cm vo cng l DTE hay DCE. Cu hnh mc nh ca cng Serial l DTE. Nu cng Serial c cu hnh l DTE th CSU/DSU hoc thit b DCE kt ni vo cng ny phi pht tn hiu ng b Cp cho kt ni DTE DCE l cp ni tip c lp bc chng nhiu. u cp kt ni vo cng Serial trn Router l u DB-60. ukia ca cp theo chun no l tu theo CSU/DSU hay nh cung cp dch v WAN. Thit b Cisso c h tr cc chun kt ni sau: EIA/TIA-32, EIA/TIA-449, V.35, X.21 v EIA/TIA-530
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Cisso cng gii thiu loi cp Smart Serial vi nhy cao hn v kiu dng nh gn hn . u cp Smart Serial cm vo cng Serial trn router ch c 26 chn tn hiu nh gn hn so vi u DB-60 3.1.5 ng gi HDLC Truyn ni tip t c s trn giao thc hng bit. Giao thc hng bit tuy c hiu qu hn nhng thng mang tnh c quyn. Nm 1979, ISO chp thun HDLC l giao thc chun hng bit ca lp Lin kt d liu) cho ISDN Link Aceess Procedure f or Mod emsthc hin ng gi d liu cho ng truyn ni tip ng b. S chun ho ny gip cho cc t chc khc p dng v m rng giao thc ny. T nm 1981, ITU-T pht trin mt lot cc phin bn ca HDLC. Sau l mt v d, nhng giao thc ny c gi l giao thc truy cp ng lin kt: Link Aceess Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) cho X.25\ Link Aceess Procedure on the D channel (LAPD) cho ISDN( Link Aceess Procedure f or Mod ems (LAPM) and PPP cho mod ems Link Acc ess Proced ure f or Frame Relay (L APF) cho Frame Relay HDLC cung c p c ch truyn ng b khng c li gia hai im. HDLC nh ngha cu trc frame Lp 2 cho php iu khin lung theo c ch ca s trt, kim tra li v bo nhn. Frame d liu hay frame iu khin u c cng mt nh dng frame
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Chun HDLC khng h tr nhiu giao thc trn mt ng kt ni, ng thi cng khng c thng tin cho bit giao thc lp trn no ang c truyn trn ng truyn. Cisso c gii thiu mt phin bn HDLC c quyn ring. Frame Cisso HDLC c phn type cho bit giao thc lp trn ca ca frame. Nh c phn ny m nhiu giao thc lp Mng c th chia s cng mt ng truyn ni tip . HDLC l giao thc Lp 2 mc nh trn cng Serial ca Cisso router HDLC nh ngha 3 loi frame mi loi c nh dng phn iu khin khc nhau Frame thng tin (I-Frames Information frames): l frame mng d liu ca my truyn. Trong frame thng tin c chn thm phn iu khin lung v li. Frame gim st (S-Frames Supervisory frames): cung cp c ch hi p khi c ch chn thng tin trong I-Frame khng c s dng. Frame khng nh s (U-Frames Unnumbered frames):thc hin chc nng b sung iu khin kt ni nh thit lp kt ni. Phn code trong frame s xc nh loi frame l U-frame Mt hoc hai bit u tin ca phn Cotrol cho bit loi frame. Trong frame thng tin phn nay c ch s ca gi gi k tip v gi nhn k tip. Trong frame pht i ca my gi v my nhn u c hai ch s ny
3.1.6 Cu hnh ng gi HDLC

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Ki ng gi mc nh trn cng Serial ng b ca thit b Cisco l Cisco HDLC. Nu cng Serial c cu hnh kiu ng gi khc v by gi cn quay li kiu ng gi HDLC th chng ta vo ch cu hnh cng Serial tng ng. Sau dung lnh encapsulation khai bo giao thc ng gi HDLC cho cng Router (config if)# encapsulation hdlc Cisso HDLC l giao thc im ni im c s dng trn ng truyn ni tip gia hai thit b Cisso. Nu kt ni vi mt thit b khng phi ca Cisco th chng ta nn chn PPP 3.1.7 X l s c trn cng Serial Kt qu hin th ca lnh show interfaces serial cho bit cc thng tin v cng serial. Khi cng serial c cu hnh kiu ng gi HDLC th chng ta s c thy dng Encapsulation HDLC trong kt qu hin th ca lnh ny
Nu cng serial c cu hnh PPP th chng ta s c thy dng Encapsulation PPP nh trong hnh 3.1.7b
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Sau y l 5 trng thi s c m chng ta c th xc nh c thng qua kt qu hin th ca lnh show interfaces serial Serial x is down, line protocol is down Serial x is up, line protocol is down Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped) Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled) Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down S c/ Gii php Trng thi iu kin c th ng kt ni xy ra Serial x is up, y l trng thi hot Khng cn phi lm g c line protocol is ng tt ca ng up truyn Serial down, x is Router khng gi tn 1.Kim tra LED trn CSU/DSU xem line hiu CD, c ngha CD CD c hot ng hay khng, hoc
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protocol down DTE)
is khng hot ng. C (du th s c xy ra do pha nh cung cp dch v WAN, kt ni khng thc hin hoc cha c kt ni vo CSU/DSU
s dng thit b o trn ng dy xem c tn hiu CD hay khng. 2. Kim tra cp v kt ni c theo ng hng dn lp t hay khng 3. S dng thit kim tra mi dy cp.
Cp b li hoc kt ni 4. Lin h vi nh cung cp dch v khng ng kim tra v tr xy ra s c. Li phn (CSU/DSU) cng 5. Thay th phn b s c. 6. Nu nghi ng phn cng router b h hng th nn chuyn kt ni sang cng khc. Nu s c khng xy ra na th c ngha l cng kt ni trc b h.
Serial x is up, Router ni b hoc line protocol is router u bn kia b down (du cu hnh sai. DTE) Router u bn kia khng gi thng ip Keepalives C th s c xy ra do pha nh cung cp dch v, ng truyn b nhiu hoc switch b cu hnh sai.
1. t modem, CSU hoc DSU vo ch loopback v dng lnh show interfaces serial xem line protocol is up, c ngha l s c do pha nh cung cp dch v WAN hoc router u bn kia b s c. 2. Nu c v nh s c xy ra bn kia th chng ta lp li bc 1 u bn kia
3. Kim tra mi dy cp, chng ta cn chc chn rng mi dy cp c kt ni vo ng cng, ng Vn v ng b xy CSU/DSU vo ng im cui ca ra trn cp, SCTE mng WAN ca nh cung cp dch Serial clock transmit v.Chng ta s dng lnh show
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external cha c ci controllers xc nh cp no ang t trn CSU/DSU. c cm vo cng no SCTE c thit k 4. S dng lnh debug serial b xung cho s lch interface. ph ng h trn cp 5. Nu vn cn trng thi line di. protocol is down trong ch Thit b DCE s dng loopback bc 1 v kt qu hin SCTE thay v xung th ca lnh debug serial interface ng h bu bn trong cho thy s lng Keepalive khng thit b DCE tng ln th kh nng ln l li phn cng ca router . Kt ni loopback CSU/DSU ni b hoc cho cng ang kt ni trn router u bn kia b s c. 6. Nu line protocol is up, s lng Phn cng ca router Keepalive tng ln th s c khng ni b hoc router u nm trn router ni b bn kia b h 7. Nu nghi ng s c do phn cng router th chng ta i kt ni ln cng khc cn trng. Nu kt ni hot ng c c ngha l cng trc b h Serial x is up line protocol is down (du DCE) Thiu lnh cu hnh clokrate cho cng. Thit b DTE khng h tr hoc cha c cu hnh cho ch SCTE .CSU hoc DSU u bn kia b h 1.Thm lnh cu hnh clokrate cho cu hnh cng serial 2. Clockrate bps 3. Tham s bps c th l : 1200,2400,4800,9600,19200,38400, 56000,64000,72000,125000,148000, 250000,500000,800000,1000000, 1300000,2000000,8000000.
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4. Nu c v nh s c xy ra u bn kia kt ni th chng ta thc hin li bc 1 modem, CSU hoc DSU u bn kia 5. Kim tra xem cp c kt ni ng khng. 6. Nu vn cn trng thi line protocol is down, s c c th l phn cng hoc do cp Chng ta s dng thit b kim tra cp 7. Thay th phn b h khi cn thit
Serial x is up Tn ti mch lp vng. line protocol is Khi mch lp vng bt up (looped) u c pht hin, ch s th t ca gi Keepalive thay i ngu nhin. Nu ch s nhn li cng ging vi ch s gi i th c ngha l ang tn ti mch lp vng
1. S dng lnh show runningconfif kim tra xem c lnh no cu hnh cho cng lm loopback hay khng 2. Nu c lnh loopback trong cu hnh ca cng giao tip th chng ta dng lnh no loopback xo lnh ny khi cu hnh 3. Nu khng c lnh cu hnh loopback th chng ta kim tra CSU/DSU xem thit b ny c b cu hnh bng tay vo ch loopback hay khng. Nu c th chng ta tt ch ny i 4.Sau khi tt ch loopback trn CSU/DSU, chng ta khi ng li CSU/DSU v xem li trng thi
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ng lin kt. Nu Line protocol is up th khng cn lm g na 5. Nu CSU/DSU khng th cu hnh bng tay c th chng ta nn lin h vi nh cung cp dch v yu cu h tr x l s c trn ng truyn Serial x is up T l li cao ang xy 1.S dng thit b kim tra v phn line protocol is ra do s c pha nh tch ng truyn. Kim tra tn hiu down (disable) cung cp dch v. CTS v DSR S c phn cng ca 2. Ngn mch CSU/DSU. Nu s c CSU hoc DSU. vn cn th c ngha l s c phn cng. Nu khng cn s c th s c Phn cng router l do pha nh cung cp dch v. khng tt 3. Thay th nhng thit b c s c (CSU, DSU, Switch, router) Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down Trong cu hnh cng 1. Kim tra cu hnh cng router ca router c lnh xem c lnh shutdown hay khng shutdown. 2. Nu c th dng lnh no B trng a ch IP shutdown xo b lnh ny ra khi cu hnh 3. Kim tra cu hnh a ch IP bng lnh show running config hoc show interfaces 4. Nu c trng a ch th thay th a ch IP khc Lnh show controllers l mt cng c rt hu ch khi x l s c trn kt ni serial. Kt qu hin th ca lnh show controllers cho bit trng thi ca cng, cp no hin ang kt ni vo cng. V d nh trong hnh 3.1.7.c cng Serial 0/0 c kt
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ni vi u cp V.35 DTE. Tu theo cc phin bn router khc nhau m cu trc cu lnh ny c khc nhau V d khi chng ta cn xem thng tin v cng Serial trn router Cisco 7000 th dng lnh show controllers cbus Nu trong kt qu hin th ca cu ln ny cho thy cng giao tip l UNKNOWN thay v l V.35, EIA/TIA 449 hay mt chun c th no khc, th s c c th l do kt ni cp khng ng, Khi kt qu hin th ca lnh show interfaces serial (X) s cho thy interface is down, line protocol is down.
3.2 Qu trnh xc minh trong PPP 3.2.1. Cu trc phn lp ca PPP PPP s dng cu trc phn lp. Cu trc phn lp l m hnh giao tip logic gia cc lp. M hnh OSI l mt v d v m hnh phn lp trong mng. PPP cung cp cch ng gi ph hp cho nhiu gi d liu ca nhiu giao thc khc nhau truyn trn mt ng truyn im-ni-im, ng thi PPP s dng lp lin kt d liu kim tra kt ni. Do PPP c chia thnh hai giao thc con:
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Giao thc iu khin ng truyn LCP (Link Control Protocol): c s dng thit lp kt ni im - ni - im Giao thc iu khin lp mng NCP (Network Control Protocol): c s dng cu hnh cho nhiu giao thc lp Mng khc nhau PPP c th c cu hnh trn nhiu loi cng vt l nh sau: Cng truyn ni tip bt ng b (Asynchronous serial) Cng truyn ni tip ng b (Synchronous serial) High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI). Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) LCP nm ngay trn lp Vt l, c s dng thit lp, cu hnh v kim tra kt ni theo nhng yu cu sau Thc hin xc minh: Yu cu nay i bn thit lp kt ni phi cung cp thng tin cho bit c c php ca ngi qun tr mng thit lp kt ni hay khng. Hai router hai u kt ni s thc hin qu trnh xc minh bng PAP hoc Chap Nn: Thc hin yu cu nn frame khi truyn kt ni PPP s gip tng thng lng ca ng truyn, gim lng d liu phi truyn trn ng dy. Ti u nhn frame d liu s c gii nn. Router Cisco c h tr hai giao thc nn l Stacker v Predictor Pht hin li: C ch pht hin li ca PPP thc hin qu trnh kim tra iu kin ng truyn. Ch s Quality Magic gip xc nh vng lp v tin cy ca ng truyn. Ghp knh (Multilink PPP):Cisco IOS phin bn 11.1 tr i cho php thc hin ghp knh PPP trn cng ca router thc hien chia s ti PPP Callback: gia tng kh nng bo mt, Cisco IOS phin bn 11.1 tr i cho php thc hin chc nng gi li trn kt ni PPP. Cisco router ng vai tr l callback client hoc callback server. Callback client thit lp
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mt cuc gi yu cu callback server gi li cho n ri kt thc ngay cuc gi ny. Sau callback server thc hin g li cho client da trn cu hnh ca n. LCP cn thc hin nhng vic sau: Kim soat cc gii hn khc nhau v kch thc gi d lieu Pht hin li cu hnh Kt thc ng truyn Kim tra xem ng truyn hot ng tt hay b h hng PPP cho php nhiu giao thc lp mng khc nhau hot ng trn cng mt ng truyn. i vi mi giao thc lp Mng c s dng, PPP cung cp mt NCP ring bit. V d : IPCP (IP Control Protocol) s dng cho giao thc IP, IPXCP (Novell IPX control Protocol) s dng cho IPX. NCP c m s chun cho bit giao thc lp mng no ang c ng gi trong frame PPP
Sau y l cc phn trong frame PPP C: Cho bit bt u kt thc mt frame, phn ny bao gm chui nh phn 0111110 a ch: Cha a ch qung b 11111111. PPP khng n nh a ch ring cho trm ch v kt ni PPP l kt ni im-ni-im iu khin : Chiu gi 1 byte c gi tr l 00000011,thc hin dch v truyn thng kt ni, tng t nh LLC (Logical Link Control) loi 1, truyn d liu khng theo th t frame Giao thc:Chiu gi 2 bte cho bit giao thc lp trn no c d liu c ng gi trong frame D liu: C chiu di >= 0 byte, cha ton b d liu ca lp trn. Kt thc phn d liu l c kt thc v tip theo sau l 2 byte ca phn FCS. Chiu di ti a mc nh ca phn d liu l 1500 byte FCS: Thng di 2 byte c s dng kim tra li frame 3.2.2. Thit lp mt phin kt ni PPP
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Mt phin kt ni PPP c thit lp sau 3 giai on: giai on thit lp kt ni, giai on xc minh v giai on cu hnh giao thc lp Mng. Frame LCP c s dng thc hin cc cng vic trong mi giai on. Sau y l cc loi frame LCP c s dng trong phin kt ni PPP Frame thit lp kt ni: c s dng thit lp v cu hnh kt ni Frame kt thc kt ni : c s dng kt thc kt ni Frame duy tr kt ni c s dng qun l v iu chnh ng truyn Sau y l 3 giai on thit lp mt phin kt ni PPP: Giai on thit lp kt ni;Trong giai on ny mi thit b PPP gi i frame LCP cu hnh v kim tra kt ni.Trong frame LCP c cha cc thng tin cc thit b c th tho thun v thc hin cc cu hnh cho ng truyn, v d: n v truyn ti a (MTU Maximum transmission unit), nn d liu v giao thc xc minh. Nu khng c thng tin g nm trong gi LCP th ng truyn s c thit lp theo cc thng s mc nh. ng truyn phi c m ln v cu nh xong trc khi c th truyn cc gi d liu lp Mng. Qu trnh ny dc kt thc khi thng tin xc nhn cu hnh c gi v nhn xong. Giai on xc minh:(Giai on ny khng bt buc phi c ) Sauk hi ng truyn c thit lp v giao thc xc minh c chn xong, thit b hai u kt ni thc hin xc mnh vi nhau. Qu trnh xc minh c thc hin trc khi chuyn sang giai on cu hnh giao thc lp Mng. Trong giai on ny LCP cng thc hin kim tra cht lng ng truyn. Giai on cu hnh giao thc lp mang Trong giai on ny cc thit b PPP gi gi NCP chn la v cu hnh cho mt hay nhiu giao thc lp Mng, v d nh giao thc IP. Khi mi giao thc lp Mng c cu hnh xong th gi d liu ca giao thc c th c truyn i trn ng truyn. Kt qu ca lnh show interfaces s cho bit trng thi ca LCP v NCP trong cu hnh PPP Mt kt ni PPP s c duy tr cho n khi: Frame LCP hay LCP ng ng truyn Thi gian ch ht hn S can thip ca ngi s dng 3.2.3 Giao thc xc minh PPP
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Giai on xc minh ca mt phin kt ni PPP l khng bt buc. Sauk hi ng truyn c thit lp v giao thc xc minh c chn th hai thit b hai u kt ni thc hin xc minh vi nhau. Qu trnh xc minh c thc hin trc khi giai on cu hnh giao thc lp Mng bt u. Khi thc hin xc minh, bn thit lp kt ni c yu cu cung cp cc thng tin xc minh quyn thit lp kt ni. Hai router hai u kt ni s trao i vi nhau cc thng ip xc minh Khi cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP, ngi qun tr mng c th chn giao thc PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) hay CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). Ni chung Chap l giao thc thng c ngh hn 3.2.4 PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) PAP cung cp mt c ch xc minh n gin s dng qu trnh bt tay 2 bc. Sauk hi giai on thit lp kt ni PPP hon tt, cp username/password c router u xa gi i nhiu ln trn ng truyn cho n khi c xc nhn hoc kt ni b xa. PAP khng phi l mt giao thc xc minh manh. Password c gi i nguyn mu trn ng truyn. Do khng c g kh khn i vi cc loi tn cng Playback hoc repeated trial-and-error. Router u xa ch c kim tra mt ln khi truy nhp
3.2.5 CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) Chap c s dng khi khi ng ng truyn v sau kim tra router u xa theo nh k vi qu trnh bt tay 3 bc. CHAP c thc hin lc bt u thit lp kt ni v lun c lp lai trong sut qu trnh kt ni c duy tr.
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Sau khi giai on thit lp kt ni PPP hon tt, router trung tm gi mt thng ip th thch cho router u xa. Router u xa s dng thng ip ny vi password ca n thng qua thut ton MD5 (Message Digest ) to ra mt thng ip tr li. Router u xa gi thng ip tr li ny cho router trung tm. Router trung tm s dng thng ip tr li tnh toan ra mt gi tr. Nu gi tr ny ng vi thng ip th thch ban u th thng tin xc minh c xc nhn nu khong th kt ni s b xo ngay Chap chng c kiu tn cng Playback v gi tr ca thng ip th thch l ngu nhin hon ton khc nhau gia mi ln gi v khng th on c. Do gi tr ca thng ip tr li cng ngu nhin v ring bit. Vic xc minh c thc hin lp i lp li gii hn thi gian tm ra mt m ca cc t tn cng n l
3.2.6 Qu trnh thc hin xc minh PPP Sauk hi nhp lnh encapsulation ppp thi bn c th thm cu hnh cho qu trnh xc minh PAP hoc Chap. Nu khng cu hnh qu trnh xc minh th phin kt ni PPP c bt u ngay . Nu bn c cu hnh cho qu trnh xc minh th s din ra nh sau: Xc nh giao thc xc minh Kim tra c s d liu tm cp username/password tng ng
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Nu tn hiu tr li t c s d liu l ng th phin kt ni PPP c bt u nu khng th s b xo ngay
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3.3 Cu hnh PPP 3.3.1 Gii thiu cu hnh PPP Cu hnh PPP bao gm cc thng tin v : phng php xc minh, nn d liu pht hin li c ghp knh hay khng Cc thnh Chc nng phn cu hinh PPP Giao thc Lnh cu hnh
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Qu trnh xc Qu trnh xc minh yu cu PAP minh bn thit lp kt ni cung cp CHAP thng tin xc minh quyn thc hin kt ni . Hai router hai bn u kt ni trao i thng ip xc minh. C hai giao thc thc hin xc minh l PAP v CHAP Nn d liu
Ppp Authentication Pap Ppp Authentication Chap
Nn d liu gip tng thng Stacker Compress stac lng ng truyn PPP Predictor Compress bng cch gim lng d liu c truyn i trn ng Predictor truyn. Frame s c gii nn u nhn. Hai giao thc nn d liu chy trn router Cisco l Stacker v Preditor C ch pht hin li ca PPP thc hin qu trnh kim tra iu kin ng truyn. Ch s Quality Magic gip xc nh vng lp v tin cp ca ng truyn Phin bn Cisco IOS 11.1 tr MP i c h tr giao thc ghp knh MP (Multilink protocol) Giao thc ny cho php chia s ti trn cc cng ca router ang s dng PPP. MP ct gi d liu thnh nhiu phn on c nh s th t v truyn trn cc knh song song. Cc knh PPP ny hot
Pht hin li
Multilink
Ppp multilink
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ng nh mt knh logic, gip tng thng lng v gim thi gian tr gia hai router 3.3.2 Cu hnh PPP Sau y l v d cho cu hnh ng gi PPP trn cng Serial (pp) Router # configure terminal Router (config) # interface serial 0/0 Router (config if)#encapsulation ppp Chng ta cng c th cu hnh phn mm nn d liu trn cng Serial ang s dng ng gi PPP. Nn d liu c thc hin bng phn mm. Chng ta khng nn s dng nn d liu ln na khi bn than phn ln d liu c truyn i trn cng ny c nn ri. Router (config)#interface serial 0/0 Router (config if )#encapsulation ppp Router (config if)# compress (predictor stac) Chng ta nhp lnh sau c th theo di mc rt gi d liu trn ng truyn v trnh b vng lp: Router (config)#interface serial 0/0 Router (config if )#encapsulation ppp Router (config if )#ppp quality p ercentage Ch ng ta s d ng c c l nh sau cho ph p th c hi n chia t i tr n nhi u ng k t n i: Router (config)#interface serial 0/0 Router (config if )#encapsulation pp Rot er (c onfig if) # ppp multilink 3.3.3 Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP Bc Bc 1 M t Trn mi router khai bo username v password ca router kt ni vo n
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Router (config)# username name password secret Name l tn ca router kt ni vo router ang cu hnh
Bc 2 Bc 3
Vo ch c hnh ca cng tng ng Cu hnh ng gi PPP cho cng: Router (config if) # encapsulation ppp
Bc 4 Bc 5
Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh PPP Nu bn khai bo c CHAP v PAP th tn no c t trc s c s dng trc. Nu router u bn kia yu cu s dng phng thc th hai hoc n gin l t chi phng thc th nht th phng thc th hai s c p dng. Bt u t phin bn Cisso IOS 11.1 tr i bn phi khi ng PAP trn cng cn thit mc nh l PAP khng chy trn router
Bc 6
Hnh 3.3..3.a l tm tt qu trnh cu hnh PAP trn hai router kt ni vi nhau. Cp username/password trn mi router phi ph hp vi hostname v password c khai bo trn router kia.
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PAP l phng thc xc minh n gin s dng hai bc bt tay v c thc hin khi thit lp kt ni. Qu trnh xc minh PAP thc hin v ng truyn c thit lp CHAP thc hin kim tra router kt ni u xa s dng ba bc bt tay v c lp li theo nh k. Qu trnh ny c thc hin xong ln u tin. ng truyn c thit lp v lun c lp li trong sut qu trnh kt ni
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3.3.4 Kim tra cu hnh PPP trn cng Serial Chng ta s dng lnh show interfaces serial kim tra cu hnh ng gi HDLC hoc PPP trn cng Serial. Nu cng c cu hinh ng gi HDLC th trong kt qu hin th c dng Encapsulation HDLC. V d nh trn hnh 3.3.4 chng ta thy dng Encapsulation PPP nh vy l cng serial 0/0 c cu hnh ng gi PPP. Sauk hi cu hnh PPP, chng ta c th kim tra trng thi ca LCP (Link Control Protocol ) v NCP (Network Control Protocol) cng bng lnh Show interfaces serial
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3.3.5 X l s c trn cng Serial lnh debug ppp authentication hin th cc hot ng xy ra ca qa trnh xc minh. V d nh trn hnh 3.3..5.a l kt qu cho thy qu trnh hot ng ca CHAP trn router Left Router Left v router Right c cu hnh thc hin xc minh hai chiu, do hai router ny thc hin xc minh ln nhau
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Hn 3.3.5. Kt qu hin th ca lnh debug ppp authentication trn router Left. Kt qu hin th Se0/0 PPP: Phase AUTHENTICATION by both Gii thch is Xc minh hai chiu
Se0/0 PAP: O AUTH-REQ id 4 len 18 Yu cu xc minh c gi ra cng from left Serial 0/0.
Se0/0 PAP: I AUTH-REQ id 1 len 18 Yu cu xc minh nhn c t cng from left Serial 0/0.
Se0/0 PAP: Authentication peer right Se0/0 PAP: O AUTH-ACK id 1 len 5 Se0/0 PAP: I AUTH-ACK id 4 len 5
Nhn c thng ip tr li ca yu cu xc minh. Gi thng ip xc nhn Nhn c thng ip xc nhn
Bng 3.3.5. Gii thch kt qu hin th ca lnh debig ppp authentiacation
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Lnh debug ppp c s dng hin th cc hot ng ca PPP . Chng ta c th dungdng no ca cu lnh ny kt thc qu trnh hin th ca lnh Tng kt Sau y l nhng im quan trng trong chng ny m cc bn cn nm c: Ghp knh theo thi gian im ranh gii trong mng WAN nh ngha chc nng ca DTE v DCE Qu trnh pht trin ca giao thc ng gi HDLC S dng lnh encapsulation hdlc cu hnh HDLC S dng lnh show interface v show controllers khi xc nh s c trn cng serial u im ca giao thc PPP Chc nng ca LCP v NCP trong PPP Cu trc frame PPP Ba giai on thit lp mt phin kt ni PPP S khc nhau gia PAP v CHAP Cu hnh PPP Cu hnh PAP v Chap S dng lnh show interface serial kim tra cu nh ng gi trn cng serial S dng lnh debug ppp xc nh s c ppp
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CHNG 4: ISDN v DDR GII THIU ISDN l mng cung cp kt ni ton s t u n cui thc hin dch v truyn thoi v s liu ISDN cho php nhiu knh k thut s cng hot ng ng thi trn mt ng cp in thoi thng thng, nhng ISDN truyn tn hiu s ch khng truyn tn hiu tng t. Thi gian tr trn ng ISDN cng thp hn so vi ng truyn tn hiu tng t Khi chng a khng c nhu cu cn mt ng truyn thng trc th nn s dng DDR tit kim chi phi. DDR nh ngha mt tin trnh cho router thc hin kt ni vi mng quay s khi c d liu cu truyn i v ngt kt ni khi vic truyn d liu hon tt Sau khi kt thc chng ny cc bn c th thc hin nhng vic sau: nh ngha cc chun ISDN v a ch, tn hiu M t ISDN s dng lp Vt lys v lp Lin kt d liu nh th no Lit k cc im kt ni v cc giao tip c s dng trong ISDN Cu hnh cng trn router s dng ISDN Xc nh cc lu lng c php truyn i khi cu hnh DDR Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR Xc nh v p dng danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL, cho cc lu lng DDR Cu hnh cng quay s 4.1 Cc nh ngha ca ISDN 4.1.1 Gii thiu ISDN C rt nhiu cng ngh WAN cung cp ng truy cp mng t xa. Mt trong nhng cng ngh l ISDN. Nhng ngi s dng ring l hay nhng vn phng nh ch c ng in thoi truyn thng bng thng thp. ISDN l gii php dnh cho nhng i tng ny
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ng in thoi truyn thng PSTN truyn tn hiu tng t trn mch vng ni b kt ni gia thu bao v mng ca cng ty in thoi. Mch tn hiu tng t c gii hn bng thng khng c ln hn 3000Hz. Cng ngh ISDN cho php truyn tn hiu s trn mch vng ni b ny tc truy cp cao hn. Cc cngty in thoi ch cn nng cp cc b chuyn mch c th x l c tn hiu s. ISDN thng c cc vn phng nh xa s dng kt ni vo mng LAN trung tm Cc cng ty in thoi cng pht trin cc chun cho ISDN. Cc chun ISDN nh ngha v thit b phn cng v qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Nhng chun ny gip cho mng ISDN giao tip d dng vi cc mng khc trn ton cu. Trong mng ISDN vic s ho tn hiu c thc hin ngay bn pha thu bao thay v c thc hin bn pha nh cung cp dch v nh trc y Sau y l mt s u im ca ISDN:
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Truyn nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau bao gm d liu thoi v v video Tc thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn modem Knh B cung cp tc truyn d liu nhanh hn modem Knh B ph hp vi kt ni PPP ISDN l mt dch v linh hot c th truyn d liu thoi v video cho php truyn nhiu loi lu lng trn nhiu knh khc nhau trn cng mt kt ni ISDN s dng mt knh ring c gi l knh D truyn tn hiu iu khin. Khi cn thit lp cuc gi thu bao nhn s cn gi . Khi tt c cc ch s c nhn y th cuc gi c thc hin. ISDN truyn cc s ny trn knh D do thi gian thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn Mi knh B c th kt ni n mt im khc nhau trong mng ISDN. PPP c th hot ng c trn kt ni ng b v bt ng b do ng truyn ISDN c th s dng kt hp vi ng gi PPP 4.1.2 Cc chun ISDN v phng php truy cp Cng vic chun ho ISDN c bt u t cui thp nin 60. Cc b chun ngh ca ISDN c xut bn nm 1994 v sau lin tc c cp nht bi ITUT. Cc chun ISDN l mt tp hp cc giao thc v in thoi k thut s v truyn s liu. Cc giao thc ISDN c phn theo cc ch chnh sau: B giao thc E- cc chun v mng in thoi cho ISDN. V d: E:164 l giao thc m t a ch quc t cho ISDN B giao thc I- Lin quan n cc khi nim thut ng v d I.100 bao gm cc khi nim chung ca ISDN v cu trc cc giao thc I khc I:200 cp n mt dch v ca ISDN B giao thc Q - cp n hot ng tn hiu v chuyn mch. Hot ng tn hiu y c ngha l qu trnh thit lp cuc gi ISDN Chun ISDN nh ngha hai loi knh chnh, mi loi c tc truyn khc nhau Knh B, 64Kb/giy, c s dng truyn mi d liu s vi ch truyn song cng. Loi knh th hai c gi l knh D Khi thit lp mt kt ni TCP 2 bn trao i cc thng tin iu khin thit lp kt ni. Cc thng tin iu khin ny truyn trn knh truyn m sau cng c s dng truyn d liu. Thng tin iu khin v d liu chia s cng mt knh truyn. Dng truyn nh vy c gi l in-band signaling. ISDN th khng thc
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hin truyn nh vy, m s dng mt knh ring chnh l knh D, truyn tn hiu iu khin. Dng truyn nh vy gi l out of band signaling ISDN nh ngha hai phng php truy cp chun l BRI v PRI. Mt cng BRI hay PRI cung cp mt knh D v nhiu knh B
BRI s dng hai knh B 64kb/giy v mt knh D 16kb/giy. BRI hot ng c trn nhiu Cisco router v i khi c k hiu l 2B+D Knh B c th c s dng truyn thoi . Khi tn hiu thoi c m ho theo cch c bit. Khi knh B c s dng truyn s liu th thng tin c ng thnh frame, s dng giao thc ng gi HDLC hoc PPP lp 2. PPP phc tp hn HDLC v n cung cp c ch xc minh, tho thun cu hnh kt ni v giao thc ph hp ISDN c xem l mt kt ni chuyn mch .Knh D mang cc thng ip iu khin thit lp cuc gi ngt cuc gi v iu khin cuc gi cho knh B. Lu lng trn knh D s dng giao thc LAPD. LAPD l mt giao thc ln lin kt d liu da trn c s ca HDLC. Bc m v Nht, PRI cung cp 23 knh B 64kb/giy v mt knh D 64kb/giy. Mt PRI ny cung cp dch v tng ng vi mt kt ni T hay DSL. Chu u v phn cn li trn th gii , PRI cung cp 30 knh B v mt knh D, tng ng vi mt kt ni E1. PRI s dng CSU/DSU cho kt ni T1/E1
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4.1.3 M hnh 3 lp ISDN v cc giao thc tng ng
ISDN hot ng theo cc chun ITU-T tng ng vi lp Vt l lp lin kt d liu v lp Mng trong m hnh OSI Chun lp Vt ly ca ISDN BRI v PRI c nh ngha trong ITU T I.430 v I..431 Chun lp lin k d liu ca ISDN da trn c s LAPD v c nh ngha trong: - ITU-T Q.920 - ITU-T Q.921 - ITU-T Q.922 - ITU-T Q.923 Chu n l p M ng ca ISDN c nh ngha trong ITU-T Q.930 hay I.450 v ITU-T Q.931 hay I.451. Cc chun ny quy c v kt ni t user n user chuyn mch v chuyn mch gi. Dch v BRI c thc hin trn cp in thoi truyn thng. Mc d ch c mt ng truyn vt l cho mt BRI nhng bn trong l ba knh truyn thng tin khc nhau 2B+D nh dng frame lp Vt l ISDN khc nhau tu theo frame i vo hay frame i ra. Nu l frame i ra c ngha l frame c truyn t thit b u cui n mng ISDN th s dng nh dng frame TE. Nu l frame i vo c ngha l frame c truyn t mng ISDN n thit b u cui th s dng nh dng frame NT
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Hnh 4.1.3.b Mi frame ISDN BRI cha hai frame con trong mi frame con c: 8 bit ca knh B1 8 bit ca knh B2 2 bit ca knh D 6 bit chn thm Do mi frame ISDN BRI c 48 bit , 4000 frame c truyn i mi giy. Mi knh B c dung lng l 8*4000*2=64kb/giy trong khi knh D c dung lng l 2*4000*2=16kb/giy. Dung lng tng cng (B1+b2+D) l 144kb/giy, trn mt cng vt l ISDN c dung lng l 192kb/giy. Phn dung lng chnh lch cn li l ca cc bit chn thm:6*4000*2=48kb/giy Cc bit chn thm trong mi frame con ISDN c chc nng nh sau Framing bit - thc hin chc nng ng b Load balancing bit iu chnh gi tr bit trung bnh Echo of previous D channel bit- gip phn bit tn hiu ca tng thit b khi c nhiu thit b u cui kt ni vo mt ng truyn Activation bit- kch hot thit b Spare bit- bit dnh, cha c chc nng no c gn cho bit ny Chng ta cn lu rng: tc vt l ca , cng BRI l 48*4000=192kb/giy, tc truyn d liu l 144kb/giy=64kb/giy+64kb/giy+16kb/giy(2B+D)
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Giao thc lp 2 ca knh tn hiu ISDN l LAPD. LAPD tng ng nh HDLC. LAPD c s dng trn knh D m bo cho vic truyn v nhn tn hiu iu khin Phn C v phn iu khin ca LAPD tng ng nh HDLC, phn a ch ca LAPD di 2 byte. Trong byte u tin cha ch s xc nh im truy cp dch v, l ch s port giao tip gia dch v LAPD v Lp 3 . Bit yu cu/ p ng (C/R) cho bit frame ny l frame yu cu hay frame p ng. Byte th 2 cha ch s xc nh im cui (TEI). Mi thit b u cui ca khch hang cn phi c mt ch s ring bit. Ch s TEI ny c th c cu hnh c nh khi ci t hoc c switch cung cp ng mi khi thit b ny khi ng. Nu TEI c cu hnh c nh khi ci t th ch s ny nm trong khong t o n 63. Ch s TEI cp ng nm trong khong t 64 n 126. Ch s TEI 127 l a ch qung b
4.1.4 Cc hot ng trong ISDN C nhiu hot ng trao i thng tin din ra khi mt router s dng ISDN kt ni n router khc. Knh D c s dng thit lp kt ni gia router v ISDN switch. Tn hiu SS7 c s dng gia cc switch trong mng ca nh cung cp dch v Knh D gia router v ISDN switch lun lun trong trng thi hot ng. Q.921 m t tin trnh hot ng ca LAPD lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Knh D c s dng truyn tn hiu khin nh thit lp cuc gi kt thc cuc gi iu khin
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cuc gi. Nhng chc nng ny nh ngha trong giao thc Q.931 lp 3 ca m hnh OSI.Q.931 nh ngha kt ni mng gia thit b u cui v ISDN switch nhung khng nh ngha kt ni u cui -n-u cui. C nhiu ISDN switch c pht trin trc khi Q.931 c chun ho, do c nhiu nh cungcp dch v ISDN v nhiu loi ISDN switch trin khai Q.931 khc nhau. Cng chnh v khng c chun chungcho loi ISDN switch nn trong cu hnh router phi c cu lnh khai bo ISDN switch m router kt ni n.
Hnh 4.1.4.a Sau y l th t cc bc din ra trong qu trnh thit lp mt cuc gi BRI hoc PRI 1. Knh D gi s cn gi n cho ISDN switch ni b 2. Switch ni b s dng giao thc tn hiu SS7 thit lp ng truyn v chuyn s cn gi cho ISDN switch u xa 3. ISDN switch u xa chuyn tn hu n cho my ch trn knh D 4. Thit b ch ISDN NT 1 gi thng ip kt ni cuc gi cho ISDN switch u xa 5. ISDN switch u xa s dng SS7 gi thng ip kt ni cuc gi cho switch ni b 6. ISDN switch ni b thc hin kt ni mt knh B, knh B cn li dnh cho kt ni mi. C hai knh B cng c th c s dng ng thi.
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Hnh 4.1.4b 4.1.5 Cc im lin kt trong ISDN Chun ISDN nh ngha cc nhm chc nng l cc nhm thit b phn cng cho php user truy cp dch PRI. Cc hang sn xut c th to ra mt thi b phn cng thc hin mt hoc nhiu chc nng. Chun ISDN cng nh ngha bn im lin kt gia cc thit b ISDN. Mi thit b trong mng ISDN thc hin mt nhim v to nn mt kt ni u cui - n - u cui kt ni cc thit b khc nhau vi cc chc nng khc nhau cc im giao tip gia hai thit b phi c chun ho. Cc im giao tip bn pha khch hang trong kt ni ISDN bao gm nhng im sau: R l im lin kt gia thit b u cui loi 2 (TE2 Terminal Equipment (ty Pe 2) khng tng thch vi ISDN v thit b chuyn i TA (Terminal Adapter) S l im kt ni vo thit b chuyn mch ca khch hang NT2 (Network Termination 2) v cho php thc hin cuc gi gia nhiu loi thit b khc nhau ca khch hang T - Tng t nh giao tip S v mt tn hiu in. y l im kt ni t NT2 vo mng ISDN hay cho NT1 (Network Termination type 1) U l im kt ni gia NT1 v mng ISDN ca nh cung cp dch v im giao tip S v T tng t nhau v mt tn hiu in nn c nhiu cng giao tip dn nh l S/T. Mc d hai giao tip ny thc hin chc nng khc nhau
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nhng do tng t nhau v mt tn hiu in nn c th dng chung cho c hai chc nng. Thit b TE1 Loi thit b Chc nng ca thit b
Terminal Equipment 1 - Thit b u cui c Thit b u cui loi 1 cng tng thch vi ISDN, v d nh ISDN router, in thoi ISDN Terminal Equipment 2 - Thit b u cui khng Thit b u cui loi 2 c cng tng thch vi ISDN. kt ni loi thit b u cui ny vo mng ISDN th cn phi c thit b chuyn i TA Terminal Adapter Thitb chuyn i - Chuyn i tn hiu EIA/TIA 232, V.35 v cc loi tn hiu khc sang tn hiu BRI
TE2
TA
NT2
Network Termination 2 L im tp trung mi - Thit b kt cui mng ng dyISDN phia loi 2 khch hang v thc hin chuyn mch gia cc thit b u cui bng switch ca khch hang Network Termination 1 iu khin kt cui v - thit b kt cui mng mt vt l v tn hiu loi 1 in pha khch hang Chuyn i tn hiu BRI dy sang tn hiu 2 dy
NT1
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4.1.6.
Xc nh cng ISDN trn router
BC M, NT1 l thit b thuc s hu ca khch hang. iu ny c ngha l khch hang phi cung cp thit b c tch hp chc nng ca NT1. Do Bc M cc router ISDN thng c cng ISDN BRI U trong c tch h chc nng ca NT1. Chu u , nh cung cp dich v cung cp thit b NT1 ring. Do , pha khch hng ch cn cung cp thit b c th kt ni vo NT1, v d nh router c cng ISDN BRI S/T. chn Cisco router c cng ISDN ph hp, cc bn cn i theo cc bc sau: 1. Xc nh v tr cng ISDN BRI trn router. Chng ta nhn pha sau router xch nh v tr cng BRI hoc v tr gn BRI WAN Interface (WIC). 2. Xc nh ai l ngi cung cp NT1. NT1 l im kt ni ca mch vng ni b n tng i trung tm ca nh cung cp dich v. Bc M, NT1 thuc phn s hu ca khch hng. Cn Chu u, nh cung cp dch v s cung cp thit b NT1 ring.
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3. Nu NT1 thuc pha khch hng th nn chn router c cng U. Nu router c cng S/T th cn phi c NT1 bn ngoi kt ni router vo mng ISDN ca nh cung cp dich v.
Hnh 4.1.6 Nu router c cng BRI th c ngha l n sn sng s dng ISDN Router nh vy chnh l TE1 v c th kt ni trc tip vo NT1. Nu trn router c cng U c ngha l tch hp lun NT1 bn trong Nu router khng c cng BRI v thuc loi cu trc c nh, khng th gn thm card bn ngoi vo th chng ta bt buc phi s dng cng Serial. Khi chng ta cn phi c thm thit b i TA bn ngoi c th thc hin kt ni BRI trn cng Serial. Nu router c kh nng gn thm card bn ngoi th chng ta c th gn thm card BRI WIC cho router 4.1.7 Cc loi ISDN switch Router cn phi c c khai bo loi switch m n giao tip. C rt nhiu loi ISDN switch khc nhau tu theo tng ni. Do s trin khai Q.931 khc nhau nn giao thc tn hiu knh D trn mi loi switch ca mi hang cng khc nhau Dch v c cungcp bi cc nh cung cp dch v ISDN rt khc nhau theo tng quc gia v tng vng trn th gii. Ging nh modem mi loi switch hot ng khc nhau v c yu cu thit lp cuc gi khc nhau. Trc khi router c th kt ni vo dch v ISDN n cn phi c khai bo loi switch ang c s dng tng i ca nh cung cp dch v. Thng tin ny phi c khai bo khi cu hnh router sau router c th giao tip vi switch thit lp cuc gi v gi d liu
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Hnh 4.1.7 Ngoi vic xc nh loi switch ca nh cungcp dch v, chng ta cn phi bit s SPID l ch s c cung cp bi nh cung cp dch v ISDN, c dng xc nh cu hnh dch v BRI cho mi kt ni.SPID cho php thc hin nhiu thit b ISDN cng chia s mt kt ni. Switch DMS 100 v National ISD- 1 thng yu cu phi c s SPID SPID ch c s dng Bc M v Nht. Nh cung cp dch v ISDN cung cp s SPID xc nh cu hnh dch v ISDN trn mi kt n. Do trong nhiu trng hp chng ta cn phi nhp s SPID khi cu hnh router Mi s SPID tng ng vi mt cu hnh cho mt kt ni. S SPID bao gm nhiu k t thng hay ging nh s in thoi. Mi s SPID xc nh mt knh B cho switch tng i trung tm. Mt khi c xc nh, switch s cung cp dch v cho kt ni. Cc bn nn nh ISDN l loi kt ni quay s. S SPID c x l khi router thit lp kt ni vi ISDN switch. nu loi switch ny yu cu phi c s SPID m s SPID li khng c khai bo ng th qu trnh thit lp kt ni s khng thc hin c, dch v ISDN cng khng s dng c 4.2 Cu hnh ISDN 4.2.1 Cu hnh ISDN BRI Lnh ISDN switch type l cu lnh khai bo loi ISDN switch m router cn kt ni n. Cu lnh ny c th s dng ch cu hnh ton cc hay ch cu hnh cng BRI. Nu khai bo cu lnh ny ch cu hnh ton cc th mi cng ISDN trn router u s c p dng loi ISDN switch c khai bo. Chng ta cng c th khai bo loi ISDN switch ring tng ng cho tng cng BRI. Sau
597
y l v d v cu lnh khai bo loi switch National ISDN 1 ch cu hnh ton cc: Sau khi lp t dch v ISDN xong, nh cung cp dch v s cho bit cc thng tin v loi ISDN switch v s SPID. Mi s SPID nh ngha mt cu hnh dch v tng ng cho mi khc thu bo. Tuy theo tng loi switch m ta c th cn hoc khng cn khai bo s SPID trong cu hnh router. Switch loi National ISDN 1 v DMS 100 i hi phi c s SPID nhng switch AT&T 5ESS th khng cn s SPID nh dng ca s SPID cng ph thuc vo loi ISDN switch v quy c ca nh cung cp dch v. Chng ta s dng lnh ISDN Spidl v ISDN Spid trong ch cu hnh cng BRI khai bo s SPID Tham s ldn nh ngha s danh b ni b. Thng s khai bo cho ldn phi ng vi thng s khai bo trn ISDN switch. Tham s ny khng bt buc phi khai bo
Hnh 4.2.1 4.2.2 Cu nh ISDN PRI ISDN PRI chy trn ng T1 hay E1. Sau y l ba nhim v chnh khi cu hinh PRI
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1. Xc nh loi switch PRI m router kt ni n 2. Xc nh T1/E1 controller, loi framing loi m ho trn ng truyn 3. Nhm cc timeslot PRI Router kt ni PRI thng qua T1/E1 do khng c lnh interface pri. Cng vt l trn router thc hin kt ni ny c gi l T1 controller hay E1 controller tu theo chng ta s dng T1 hay E1. Chng ta phi cu hnh cc controller ny hon chnh th router mi c th giao tip c vi mng ca nh cungcp dch v. cn knh B v D ca ISDN c cu hnh ring bn di controller bng lnh interface serial Tng t nh BRI chnta cng dng lnh ISDN switch type khai bo loi ISDN switch m router kt ni n Router (config) # isdn switch-ttype primarynet5
Hnh 4.2.2.a Sau y l 4 bc cu hnh T1 hay E1 controller 1. T ch cu hnh ton cc xc nh controller v slot/port ca card PRI 2. Cu hnh framing, line codin, cloking theo hng dn ca nh cung cp dch v. Nu bn dng T1 th khai bo mt trong cc tham s sau Lnh linecode xc nh phng php m ho tn hiu lp Vt l ca nh cung cp dch v Router (config controller) # linecode (ami/b8zs/ hb3) Bc M phng php m ho tn hiu b8zs c s dng cho T1. Chu u th s dng HDB3 1. Nhm cc timeslot vo mt cng PRI
599
i vi T1 chng ta s dng timeslot trong khong 1 -24. Cn i vi E1 th chng ta s dng cc timeslot trong khong 1 31 2.Cu hnh mt cng giao tip tng ng cho knh D PRI hot ng Trong thit b E1 hay T1 s knh c bt u t 1 v kt thc 31 i vi E1 hay kt thc 24 i vi T1. Trong khi s cng Serial trn Cisco router li bt u t 0. Do knh 16 knh truyn tn hiu iu khin ca E1, s tng ng vi cng 15. Knh 24 knh truyn tn hiu iu khin ca T1, s tng ng vi cng 23. Nh vy cng Serial 0/0:23 tng ng vi knh D ca T1 PRI Cc bn khng c nhm ln gia cc knh ca T1/E1 vi cc cng con thng c s dng cho frame Relay. Cc cng con thng c k hiu bng du chm, cn cc knh c k hiu bng du hai chm: S0/0.23 l cng con ca cng S0/0 S0/0:23: tng ng vi knh 24 ca T1
Hnh 4.2.2.b
Hnh 4.2.c 4.2.3 Kim tra cu hnh ISDN Chng ta c th s dng nhiu lnh show khc nhau kim tra cu hnh ISDN
600
xc nh trng thi hot ng ca BRI chng ta dng lnh show ISDN status. Chng ta s dng lnh ny sau khi cu hnh xong ISDN BRI kim tra xem router giao tip c vi ISDN switch hay cha. Trong v d hnh 4.2.3.a cho thy router giao tip thnh cng v ISDN Lp 3 cng sn sang thc hin hay nhn cuc gi. Trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status chng ta nn lu n trng thi ca lp 1 v lp 2 Layer 1 Status: Active, layer 2 status Multiple _ Frame _ Established
Hnh 4.2.3.a Lnh show isdn active cho bit cc thng tin v nhng cuc gi ang thc hin bao gm S gi n Thi gian gi Cc ph n v tnh cc ph trong sut cuc gi Thng tin v thit b kt ni u bn kia Lnh show interface bri0/0 cho bit trng thi ca cng BRI trn router. Bn mun xem thng tin ca tng lnh th khai bo thm s knh cui cu lnh ny. V d lnh show interface br0/0:1 cho bit: Knh B s dng ng gi PPP
601
LCP c tho thun v hot ng C hai NCP ang chy l IPCP v CDPCP
Hnh 4.2.3.b 4.2.4 X l s c ISDN Sau y l cc lnh c dng theo di v pht hin s c trong cu hnh ISDN: Lnh debug isdn q921 hin th cc thng tin v lp lin kt d liu cc thng ip trn knh D gia router v ISDN switch. Chng ta nn s dng lnh ny khi trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy l : Layer 1 :Active Layer 2 Multiple_Frame-Established Lnh debug isdn q931 cho bit thng tin v cc thng ip Lp 3 trong qu trnh thit lp v kt thc cuc gi. Lnh debug ppp authentication hin th cc thng ip trao i ca giao thc xc minh PAP hoc Chap Lnh debub ppp negotiation hin th cc thng tin v lu lng PPP khi cc thnh phn trong PPP ang thc hin vic tho thun cu hnh. Trong c qu trnh tho thun ca LCP qu trnh xc minh v qu trnh tho thun ca NCP lnh debug ppp error hin th cc li ca giao thc v li trng thi ca kt ni PPP. Chng ta nn s dng cc lnh debug ppp tm s c lp 2 khi kt qu hin th ca lnh show isdn status khng cho thy c s c ca ISDN 4.3. Cu hnh DDR
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4.3.1. Hot ng ca DDR Trn cng c cu hnh DDR nu c mt dng d liu no cn gi ra cng ny v ph hp vi nhng tiu chun c nh ngha trc th DDR s c kch hot thc hin truyn d liu. Nhng loi d liu c th kch hot DDR c gi l lu lng c bit. Sau khi router truyn xong nhng l lng c bit ny n s ngt kt ni. im quan trng nht DDR hot ng hiu qu l vic nh ngha lu lng c bit. . Lu lng c bit c nh ngha bng lnh dialer-list . Cc lu lng ca cc giao thc c nh ngha trong dialer list c th thc hin kt ni DDR. Tuy nhin bn cn lu rng dialer list khng ngn chn lu lng i qua cng . Mt khi lu lng c bit kch hot kt ni DDR v kt ni ny ang cn hot ng th mi lu lng khc u c th i qua Sau y l cc bc hot ng ca DDR trn Cisco router 1. Router nhn lung lu lng vo t mt cng, kim tra bng nh tuyn xc nh cng ra cho lu lng . 2. Nu cng i ra c cu hnh DDR th router s xc nh xem lu lng ny c phi l loi lu lng c bit hay khng 3. Router xc nh cc thng tin quay s cn thit thc hin cuc gi cho router k tip 4. Nu cng ra ang c kt ni th lu lng c chuyn ran gay. nu cng ra cha c kt ni th router s gi thng tin thit lp kt ni trn knh D BRI 5. Sau khi ktni c thit lp th mi lu lng c bit hay khng c bit u c truyn i 6. ng h m thi gian ch bt u c khi ng. Sau mt khong thi gian nh trc m khng c lu lng c bit no i qua na th kt ni s b ngt Thi gian ch l khong thi gian router duy tr ktni khi khng c lu lng c bit no truyn i trn kt ni . Mt khi kt ni DDR c thit lp th mi lu lng u c php i qua. Tuy nhin ch c lu lng c bit mi c th khi ng li ng h m thi gian ch
603
Hnh 4.3.1 4.3.2 Cu hnh DDR Cu hnh DDR c bn ch c mt tp hp cc thng tin quay s c p dng cho mt cng. nu cn c nhiu cu hnh quay s khc nhau p dng cho mt cng th khi chng ta nn s dng dialer profile cu hnh DDR chng ta thc hin cc bc sau: Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh Xc nh lu lng c bit Cu hnh cc thng tin quay s 4.3.3 Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR chuyn tip d liu router cn phi bit con ng no tng ng vi mi lung lu lng nhn c . Nu chng ta s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng v lu lng ca giao thc nh tuyn ny c nh ngha l lu lng c bit th cng DDR s thc hin quay s mi khi n chu k cp nht thng tin nh tuyn. Do trnh vn ny chng ta cn cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho IP chng ta dng lnh sau:
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Hnh 4.3.3 Xt v d hnh 4.3.3 router Central c nh tuyn c nh n mng 10.40.0.0 ca router Home. Router Home c hai nh tuyn c nh n hai mng LAN trn router Central. Nu mng kt ni trn router Home l stub network th mi lu lng i ra ngoi u gi cho router Central Do trn router Home trong trng hp n ch cn mt nh tuyn mc nh l Khi cu hnh nh tuyn c nh, cc bn nn nh Mc nh nh tuyn c nh lun c u tin trc nh tuyn v n c ch s tin cy nh hn. Nu khng c thm cu hnh g c bit th nh tuyn ng s b b qua nu c nh tuyn c nh n cng mt mc ch gim bt s lng nh tuyn c nh chng ta nn s dng nh tuyn mc nh hoc tng hp a ch mng 4.3.4 nh ngha lu lng c bit cho DDR Cuc gi DDR c kch hot lu lng c bit. Lu lng c bit c th c nh ngha theo mt trong nhng tiu chun sau Theo loi giao thc
605
Theo a ch ngun hoc ch ca gi d liu Cc tiu chun khc c nh ngha do nh qun tr mng Lnh dialer list c s dng xc nh lu lng c bit Router (config)#dialer list dialer group- number protocol protocol name (permit deny list aceess list number) Dialer group number l ch s nm trong khong t 1 n 10 gip phn bit gia cc dialer list. Lnh dialer list 1 protocol ip permit s cho php mi lu lng IP kch hot cuc gi. Thay v cho php mi lu lng IP nh vy, dialer list c th ch n mt danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL xc nh chnh xc hn loi lu lng no c php thc hin kt ni . Nh v d trn hnh 4.3.4 dialer list 2 ch kch hot kt ni DDR mi gi IP khc u c xem l lu lng c bit v c php khi ng kt ni DDR
4.3.5 Cu hnh thng tin quay s cho DDR cu hnh DDR chng ta phi thc hin qua nhiu bc. Trc tin l cu hnh PPP cho cng quay s chng ta cng phi s dng cc lnh tng t nh khi cu hnh PPP cho cng serial. HDLC l giao thc ng gi mc inh trn cng ISDN ca Cisco router. Nhng hu ht cc mng u s dng PPP cho kt ni chuyn mch . PPP phc tp hn d tng thch v c nhiu chc nng hn. V d nh c qu trnh xc minh nn PPP l giao thc lin kt d liu c s dng trn knh B trn hu ht mi router. cu hnh PPP trn cng DDR chng ta xem v d sau
606
Home (config)# username Central password Cisco Home (config)#interface bri0/0 Home (config if)#encapsulation ppp Home (config if)# ppp authentication chap Home (config if) #ip addres 10.1.0.1 255.255.255.0 Dialer list xc nh lu lng c bit cho cng DDR. Do chng ta cn lin kt cng DDR vi mt dialer list tng ng bng lnh ialer-group group number; Home (config if)#dialer group1. Trong group number xc nh s th t ca dialer list tng ng. Do ch s ny phi ging vi ch s ca dialer list group number. Mi mt cng ch c mt dialer group nhng mt dialer- list c th tng ng cho nhiu cng khc nhau
607
Hnh 4.3.5a
Hnh 4.3.5b
Hnh 4.3.5c Sau chng ta cu hnh thng tin quay s cho DDR bng lnh dialer map Lnh dialer map nh x a ch ca trm k tip vi mt s in thoi Nu bn ch cn gi n mt s duy nht th bn c th dng lnh dialer string. Vi lnh dialer string router s lun lun gi n s in thoi khai bo trong lnh ny bt k a ch ch ca d liu
608
Lnh dialer idle timeu seconds cho php cu hnh khong thi gian ch tnh theo giy trc khi ngt kt ni, second l s giy ch tnh lc gi d liu c bit cui cng c gi i. Thi gian ch mc nh l 120
c Hnh .4.3.5.d 4.3.6 Dialer profiles DDR c mt hn ch l ch c mt cu hnh quay s p dng trc tip cho mt cng vt l. a ch IP c gn trc tip cho cng vt l do ch c hai cng c hai a ch nm trong cng mt subnet mi c th thc hin kt ni DDR vi nhau. iu ny c ngha l mt cng DDR u ny cha c th kt ni c vi mt DR u bn kia
Hnh 4.3.6a
609
Dialer profile gii quyt c gii hn ny ca DDR. Dialer profile tch c mi rang buc c nh gia cng vt l vcu hnh quay s , n cho php cng vt l c th t ng chn la cu hnh tng ng vi mi cuc gi. Dialer profile c th thc hin c nhng vic sau nh ngha giao thc ng gi v danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL nh ngha s lng cuc gi ti thiu v ti a Bt hoc tt cc c tnh c nh trc Dialer profile gip cho vic thit k v pht trin h thng mng c linh hot hn, kh nng m rng ln hn. Dialer profile tch phn logic ca DDR, v d nh: phn lp Mng ng gi v cc c tnh v quay s ra khi cng vt l Khi s dng dialer profile chng ta thc hin c nhng vic sau Cu hnh knh B ca cng ISDN vi nhiu IP subnet khc nhau S dng nhiu kiu ng gi khc nhau trn knh B ca cng ISDN Khai bo nhiu c tnh DDR khc nhau cho knh B ca cng ISDN Tn dng knh B bng cch gn mt ISDN BRI vi nhi dialer pools khc nhau Mt dialer profile bao gm nhng thnh phn sau Cng quay s (Dialer interface) - cng logic tng ng vi mt mng ch ca dialer profile Dialer pool - mi mt cng quay s tng ng vi mt dialer pool iu ny c ngha l mt hay nhiu cng vt l tngng vi mt dialer profile Cng vt l - cu hnh cc c tnh v ng goi qu trnh xc minh PPP. Multilink PPP v xc nh cng ny tng ng vi dialer profile
610
Hnh 4.3.6.b
Hnh 4.3.6.c DDR hay dialer profile u kch hot ng truyn khi cn truyn lu lng c bit ra cng DDR. Trc tin lu lng c bit c nh tuyn n trm DDR k tip. Sau router tm cng quay s c a ch IP nm trong cng subnet vi a ch IP ca trm DDR k tip. Nu c router tip tc tm trong dialer pool mt cng vt DDR cn trng. Sau cu hnh ca dialer profile c p dng cho cng
611
c chn v to kt ni DDR. Sauk hi kt ni DDR kt thc cng vt l c tr v cho dialer pools s dng cho ln sau.. 4.3.7 Cu hnh dialer profiles Chng ta c th cu hnhf nhiu cng quay s trn mt router.Mi cng quay s l mt cu hnh hon chnh cho mt im ch. Lnh interface dialer c s dng to cng quay s v vo ch cu hnh ca cng ny Sau y l nhng cng vic cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng quay s: 1. Cu hnh mt hay nhiu cng quay s vi nhng lnh tng t nh cu hnh DDR c bn: a ch IP Kiu ng gi v giao thc xc minh Thi giam ch Dialer group 2. Khai bo tn v s in thoi ca router u bn kia bng lnh dialer string v dialer remote name. Khai bo nhm cc cng vt l tng ng vi cng logic ny bng lnh dialer pool 3. Cu hnh cng vt l v gn cng ny vo dialer pool bng lnh dialer pool member
Hnh 4.3.7.a
612
Hnh 4.3.7.b Mt cng c th gn vo nhiu dialer pool khc nhau bng cch dng nhiu ln lnh dialer pool member. Nu c nhiu cng vt l trong mt dialer pool thchng ta c th s dng thng s u tin priority trong lnh dialer poolemember nh mc u tin cho cc cng trong dialer pool Mt hoc nhiu cng sau y c th s dng c vi dialer pool Cng serial ng b Cng serial bt ng b BRI PRI 4.3.8 Kim tra cu hnh DDR Lnh show dialer interface (BRI) hin th thng tin v cc cuc gi vo v ra ca DDR Thng lnh Dialer state is data link layer up. Interface bound to profile Dialer1 cho bit cuc gi thc hin tt v cng BRI o/0:1 c gn vi dialer profile 1i
613
Hnh 4.3.8a Lnh show ISDN active hin th thng tin v cc cuc gi ISDN ang thc hin. Trong v d hnh 4.3.8.b chng ta thy ang c cuc gi ra n router Seatle
Hnh 4.3.8.b Lnh show ISDN status hin th cc thng tin 3 lp ca cng BRI. Trong v d hnh 4.3.8. c chng ta thy ISDN Lp 1 hot ng ISDN Lp 2 c thit lp vi s SP1D1 v SP1D2 v ang c mt kt ni Lp 3
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Hnh 4.3.8.c 4.3.9 Xc nh s c trong cu hnh DDR C hai loi s c chng trong DDR. Mt l router khng thc hin quay s khi cn thit hai l router lin tc gi i khi khng cn thit. Cc lnh debug s rt hu dng khi chng ta xc nh s c trong cu hnh DDR
615
Hnh 4.3.9.a Trong v d hnh 4.3.9.a hai ch s Hex ng v tr th 7 v th 8 cho bit loi thng ip:\ 0*05:Thng ip thit lp cuc ph 0*02:Thng ip trin khai cuc gi 0*07 Thng ip kt ni 0*0F: Thng ip xc nhn kt ni Lnh debug ISDN q931 cho chng ta xem cc thng tin trao i Lp 2 ca ISDN khi cuc gi ra hoc vo c thit lp. Cc ch s i= l ch s Hex ca cc thng ip Q931
616
Hnh 4.3.9b
Hnh 4.3.9c Lnh debug dialer (event packer) c s dng xc nh s c kt ni DDR. Lnh debug dialer events hin th cc thng ip cho bit kt ni DDR c thc hin cha lu lng no kch hot kt ni. Nu router b cu hnh DDR khng ng th lnh ny s ch ra c ngun gc ca s c. Nu khng c thng ip no c hin th th ra c ngha l router cha nhn c lu lng c bit no. Nh vy nguyn nhn c th l do cu hnh dialer list hoc ACL khng ng
617
Hnh 4.3.9d Khng phi li cu hnh DDR no cng dn n vic quay s khng ng. Giao thc nh tuyn ng cng c th lm cho router quay s lin tc mc d khng c d liu ca ngi dng cn truyn i. Lnh debug dialer packets s hin th thng ip mi khi c mt gi d liu c truyn ra cng DDR. Do chng ta c th dng lnh ny xc nh chnh xc loi lu lng no kch hot lin tc cng DDR Nu router khng thc hin kt ni c khi cn thit th c th l do li ca ISDN hoc DDR. C th router u bn kia c cu hnh khng ng hoc l mng ISDN ca nh cung cp dch v c s c. Chng ta dng lnh ISDN call interface p router quay s n router u bn kia. Nu hai router khng th giao tip c vi nhau th s c thuc v ISDN ch khng phi s c DDR. Nhng nu hai router c th giao tip c vi nhau th c ngha l cu hnh ISDN c hai u u khng c vn . Trong trng hp nay th kh nng ln l li ca cu hnh DDR trn hai router Trong mt s trng hp vic khi ng li kt ni gia router v ISDN switch cng rt hiu qu. Lnh clear interface bri s xo ht kt ni hin ti.trn cng BRI v khi ng li kt ni hin ti trn cng BRI v khi ng li ket ni mi vi ISDN switch. V i khi chng ta cng nn kim tra li ch s SP1D1 v SP1D2
618
Hnh 4.3.9.e TNG KT ISDN c xem l mt tp hp cc giao thc c thc hin cc cng ty in thoi cho php mng in thoi c th tch hp dch v truyn thoi, video v d liu. ISDN cho php thng tin lin lc tc cao cht lng tt DDR c s dng tit kim chi ph khi mt cng ty hay t chc khng c nhu cu cn mt ng kt ni WAN c nh. ng truyn ny cng c s dng lm ng d phng cho kt ni chnh. Sau y l cc im quan trng m bn cn nm trong chng ny: ISDN truyn d liu thoi v video ISDN c s dng cc chun v a ch tn hiu ISDN hot ng lp Vt l v lp lin kt d liu Cc im lin kt trong ISDN Cu hnh ISDN trn router Cu hnh nhng lu lng no c php kch hot DDR Cu hnh nh tuyn c nh cho DDR Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho DDR Cu hnh ACL cho DDR Cu hnh cng quay s Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng khng hot ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi
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qun tr mng phi nhanh chng xc nh s c v x lchng. S c mng thng do nhng nguyn nhn sau G sai cu lnh Cu hnh danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL khng ng hoc t ACL khng ng ch Cu hnh thiu cho router switch v cc thit b mng khc Kt ni vt l khng tt Ngi qun tr mng cn tip cn vi s c mt cch c phng php, s dng s x l s c tng qut. Trc tin l kim tra s c lp Vt l trc ri mi i dn ln cc lp trn. Mc d chng ny ch tp trung vo x l s c cc hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn lp 3 nhng cng rt quan trng cho cc bn khi cn loi tr cc lp di Sauk hi hon tt chng ny cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau M t s khc nhau gia EIGRP v IGRP M t cc khi nim k thut v cu trc d liu EIGRP Hiu c qu trnh hi t ca EIGRP v cc bc hot ng c bn ca thut ton DUAL Thc hin cu hnh EIGRP c bn Cu hinh c tng hp cho EIGRP M t qu trnh EIGRP xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn Kim tra hot ng ca EIGRP M t tm bc x l s c tng qut p dng tin hnh logic x l s c nh tuyn X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn RIP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn IGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn EIGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug X l s c ca hot ng nh tuyn OSPF bng cch s dng lnh show v debug 3.1 C c kh i ni m c a EIGRP 3.1.1 So snh EIGRP v IGRP
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Cisco a ra giao thc EIGRP vo nm 1994 nh l mt phin bn mi m rng v nng cao hn ca giao thc IGRP. K thut vect khong cch trong IGRP vn c s dng cho EIGRP EIGRP ci tin cc c tnh ca qu trnh hi t, hot ng hiu qu hn IGRP. iu ny cho php chng ta m rng ci tin cu trc trong khi vn gi nguyn nhng g xy dng trong IGRP Chng ta s tp trung so snh EIGRP v IGRP trong lnh vc sau Tnh tng thch Cch tnh thng s nh tuyn S lng hp Hot ng phn phi thng tin t ng nh du ng i IGRP v EIGRP hon ton tng thch vi nhau EIGRP router khng c ranh gii khi hot ng chung vi IGRP router. c im ny rtquan trng khi ngi s dng mun tn dng u im ca c hai giao thc EIGRP c th h tr nhiu loi giao thc khc nhau cn IGRP th khng EIGRP v IGRP c cch tnh thng s nh tuyn khc nhau. EIGRP tng thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP ln 256 ln v EIGRP s dng thng s 32 bit cn IGRP s dng thng s 24 bit. Bng cch nhn ln hoc chia i 256 ln , EIGRP c th d dng chuyn i thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP IGRP c s lng hp ti a l 255. EIGRP c s lng hp ti a l 224 Con s ny d sc p ng cho mt mng c thit lp hp l ln nht cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh GSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia s thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau th cn phi cu nh nng cao hn. Trong khi IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS ca h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s thng tin v ng i vi nhau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi cc thng tin v ng i m EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li EIGRP nh du nhng ng m n hoc c t IGRP hay t bt k ngun bn ngoi no khc l ng ngoi vi v nhng con ng ny khng xut pht t cc EIGRP router, IGRP th khng phn bit ng ngoi vi v ni vi
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V d nh hnh 3.1.1 trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route ng EIGRP c nh du bng ch D ng ngoi vi c nh du bng ch EX. RTA phn bit gia mng hc c t EIGRP v mng c phn phi t IGRP. Trong bng nh tuyn ca RTC giao thc IGRP khng c s phn bit ny. RTC ch nhn bit tt c cc ng u l ng IGRP mc d hai mng 10.1.1.0 v 172.16.0.0 l phn phi t EIGRP
Hnh 3.1.1 3.1.2 Cc khi nim v thut ng ca EIGRP

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EIGRP router lu gi cc thng tin v ng i v cu trc mng trn RAM nh chng p ng nhanh chng theo s thay i. Ging nh OSPF EIGRP cng lu nhng thng tin ny thnh tng bng v tng c s d liu khc nhau EIGRP lu cc con ng m n hc c theo mt cch c bit. Mi con ng c trng thi ring v c nh du cung cp thm nhiu thng tin hu dng khc. EIGRP c ba loi bng sau Bng lng ging Bng cu trc mng Bng nh tuyn Bng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi router EIGRP lu gi mt bng lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router than mt vi n. Bng ny tng t nh c s d liu v cc lng ging ca OSPF. i vi mi giao thc m EIGRP h tr, EIGRP c mt bng lng ging tng ng Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi router s ghi li a ch v cng kt ni ca lng ging vo bng lng ging. Khi lng ging gi gi hello. Trong c thng s v khong thi gian lu gi. nu router khng nhn c gi hello khi n nh k th khong thi gian lu gi l khong thi gian m router ch v vn xem l router lng ging cn ktni c nhn c hello t router lng ging th xem nh router lng ging khng cn kt ni c hoc khng cn hot ng thut ton DUAL s thng bo s thay i ny v thc hin tnh ton li theo mng mi Bng cu trc mng l bng cung cp d liu xy dng nn bng nh tuyn ca EIGRP. DUAL ly thng tin t bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh ton chn ng c chi ph thp nht n tng mng ch Mi EIGRP router lu mt bng cu trc mng ring tng ng vi tng loi giao thc mng khc nhau. Bng cu trc mng cha thng tin v tt c cc con ng m router hc c. Nh nhng thng tin ny m router c th xc nh ng i khc thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit. Thut ton DUAL chn ra ng tt nht n mng ch gi l ng chnh Sau y l nhng thng tin cha trongbng cu trc mng:
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Feasible distance (FD): l thng s nh tuyn nh nht m EIGRP tnh c cho tng mng ch Route source l ngun khi pht thng tin v mt con ng no . Phn thng tin ny ch c i vi nhng ng c hc t ngoi mng EIGRP Reported distance (RD) l thng s nh tuyn n mt mng ch do router lng ging thn mt thng bo qua Thng tin v cng giao tip m route s dng i n mng ch Trng thi ng i: trng thi khng tc ng l trng thi n nh, sn sang s dng c trng thi tc ng l trng thi ang trong tin trnh tnh ton li ca DUAL Bng nh tuyn EIGRP lu gi danh sch cc ng tt nht n cc mng ch. Nhng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn c rt ra t bng cu trc mng. Router EIGRP c bng nh tuyn ring cho ng giao thc mng khc nhau Con ng c chn lm ng chnh n mng ch gi l ng successor. T thng tin trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng, DUAL chn ra mt ng chnh v a ln bng nh tuyn. n mt mng ch c th c n 4 successor. Nhng ng ny c chi ph bng nhau hoc khng bng nhau. Thng tin v successor cng c t trong bng cu trc mng ng Feasible sucessor (FS) l ng d phng cho ng successor. ng ny cng c hcn ra cng vi ng successor nhng chng ch c lu lng trong b ng cu trc mng. n mt mng ch c th c nhiu feasible successor c lu trong bng cu trc mng nhng iu ny khng bt buc Router xem hp k tip ca ng feasible successor l hop di n, gn mng ch hn n. Do chi ph ca feasible successor c tnh bng chi ph ca chnh n cng vi chi ph m router lng ging thng bo qua. Trong trng hp successor b s c th router s tm feasible successor thay th. Mt ng feasible successor bt buc phi c chi ph m route lng ging thng bo qua thp hn chi ph ca ng successor hin ti. Nu trong bng cu trc mng khng c sn ng feasible successor th con ng n mng ch tng ng c a vo trng thi Active v route bt u gi cc gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging tnh ton li cu trc mng . Sau vi cc thng tin mi nhn c router c th s chn ra c successor mi hoc feasible successor mi. ng mi c chn xong s c trng thi l Passive
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Hnh 3.1.2.a
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Hnh 3.1.2.b Bng cu trc mng cn lu nhiu thng tin khc v cc ng i. EIGRP phn loi ra ng ni vi v ng ngoi vi. ng ni vi l ng xut pht t bn trong h t qun EIGRP, EIGRP c dn nhn vi gi tr t 0 n 255 phn bit ng thuc loi no ng ngoi vi l ng xut pht t bn ngoi AS ca EIGRP. Cc ng ngoi vi l nng ng c hc t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nh RIP, OSPF v IGRP. ng c nh cng c xem l ng ngoi vi
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Hnh 3.1.2.c
Hnh 3.1.2.d
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Hnh 3.1.2.e
Hnh 3.1.2.f 3.1.3 Cc c im ca EIGRP EIGRP hot ng khc vi IGRP, v bn cht EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch nng cao nhng khi cp nht v bo tr thng tin lng ging v thng tin nh tuyn th n lm vic ging nh mt giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt . Sau y l cc u im ca EIGRP so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch thng thng
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Tc hi t nhanh S dng bng thng hiu qu C h tr VLSM v CIDR. Khng ging nh IGRP EIGRP c trao i thng tin v subnet mask nn n h tr c cho h thng IP khng theo lp H tr cho nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau Khng ph thuc vo giao thc c nh tuyn. Nh cu trc tng phn ring bit tng ng vi tng giao th m EIGRP khng cn phi chnh sa lu. V d nh khi pht trin h tr mt giao thc mi nh IP chng hn. EIGRP cn phi c thm phn mi tng ng cho IP nhng hon ton khng cn phi vit li EIGRP EIGRP router hi t nhanh v chng s dng DUAL, DUAL bo m hot ng khng b lp vng khi tnh ton ng i cho php mi router trong h thng mng thc hin ng b cng lc khi c s thay i xy ra EIGRP s dng bng thng hiu qu v n ch gi thng tin cp nht mt phn v gii hn ch khng gi ton b bng nh tuyn. Nh vy n ch tn mt lng bng thng ti thiu khi h thng mng n nh. iu ny tng t nh hot ng cp nht OSPF nhng khng ging nh router OSPF router EIGRP ch gi thng tin cp nht mt router khc trong vng nh OSPF Chnh v vy m hot ng cp nht ca EIGRP gi l cp nht gii hn. Thay v hot ng cp nht theo chu k cc router EIGRP gi lin lc vi nhau bng cc gi hello rt nh. Vic trao i cc gi hello theo nh k khng chim nhiu bng thng ng truyn EIGRP c th h tr cho IP, IPX v Apple talk nh c cu trc tng phn theo giao thc, EIGRP c th phn phi thng tin ca IPX RIP v SAP ci tin hot ng ton din. Trn thc t EIGRP c th iu khin hai giao thc ny Router EIGRP nhn thng tin nh tuyn dch v, ch cp nht cho cc router khc nhau khi thng tin trong bng nh tuyn hay bng SAP thay i EIGRP cn c th iu khin giao thc Alpha talk routing table maintenance Protocol (RTMP) RTMP s dng s lng chn ng nn kh nng chn ng khngc tt lm. Do , EIGRP s dng thng s nh tuyn tng hp cu hnh c chn ng tt nht cho mng Apple talk. L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch RTMP thc hin trao i ton b thng tin nh tuyn theo chu k. gim bt s qu ti ny EIGRP thch in phn phi thng tin nh tuyn Apple talk khi c s kin thay i m thi. Tuy nhin apple talk client cng mun nhn thng tin RTMP t cc router ni b do EIGRP dng
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cho Apple talk ch nn chy trong mng khng c client v d nhcc lin kt WAN chng hn 3.1.4 Cc k thutca EIGRP EIGRP c rt nhiu k thut mi ci tin hiu qu hot ng tc hi t v cc chc nng so vi IGRP v cc giao thc nh tuyn khc. Cc k thut ny c tp trung thnh 4 loi nh sau: S pht hin v ti pht hin cc router lng ging Giao thc truyn ti tin cy thut ton DUAL finite sate machine Cu trc tng phn theo giao thc Router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch dng n gin khng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca n. RIP v IGRP route ch n gin l pht qung b hay multicast cc thng tin cp nht ca n ra mi cng c cu hnh. Ngc li, EIGRP router ch ng thit lp mi quan h vi cc lng ging ca chng tng t nh cch lm ca OSPF router
Hnh 3.1.4 Qu trnh EIGRP router thit lp mi quan h than mt c m t trong hnh 3.1.4. EIGRP route s dng cc gi hello rt nh thc hin vic thit lp mi
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quan h than mt vi cc router lng ging. Mc nh hello c gi i theo chu k l 5 giy. Nu router vn nhn c hello t lng ging th n s xem nh lng ging ny v cc ng i ca n vn cn hot ng . Bng cch thit lp mi quan h ny, EIGRP router c th thc hin c nhng vic sau - T ng hc c ng mi khi chng kt ni vo h thng mng - Xc nh mt router khng cn kt ni hoc khng cn hot ng na - Pht hin s hot ng tr li ca cc router Giao thc vn chuyn tin cy RTP l giao thc lp vn chuyn thc hin chuyn gi EIGRP mt cch tin cy v c th t n tt c cc lng ging. Trong mng IP host s dng TCP vn chuyn cc gi mt cch tun t v tin cy. Tuy nhin EIGRP l mt giao thc c lp vi giao thc mng do n khng da vo TCP/IP thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn ging nh RIP, IGRP v OSPF lm . khng b ph thuc vo IP, IGP s dng RTP lm giao thc vn chuyn ring c quyn ca n m bo vic truyn thng tin nh tuyn EIGRP c th yu cu RTP cung cp dch v truyn tin cy hoc khng tin cy tu theo yu cu ca tng trng hp. V d cc gi hello c truyn theo nh k v cn phi cng nh cng tt nn chng khng cn phi dng ch truyn tin cy. Ngc li vic truyn tin cy cc thng tin nh tuyn s c th lm tng tc hi t v EIGRP router khng cn ht thi hn mi truyn li Vi RTP, EIGRP c th gi multicast v trc tip cho cc i tc khc nhau cng mt lc gip ti u hiu qu hot ng Thnh phn trung tm ca EIGRP l thut ton DUAL l b my tnh ton ng i cu EIGRP. Tn y ca k thut ny l DUAL finite - state machine . FMS l mt b my thut ton nhng khng phi l mt thit b c kh c cc thnh phn di chuyn c. FSM nh ngha mt tp hp cc trng thi c th tri qua, s kin no gy ra trng thi no v s c kt qu l g. Ngi thit k s dng FSM lp trnh cch m mt tht b mt chng trnh my tnh hay mt thut ton nh tuyn s x l nh th no vi mt tp hp cc d kin u vo. DUAL FSM cha tt c cc logic c s dng tnh ton v so snh ng i trong mch EIGRP DUAL lu tt c cc ng m lng ging thng bo qua. Da trn thng s nh tuyn tng hp ca mi ng, DUAL so snh v chn ra ng c chi ph thp
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nht n ch. DUAL m bo mi mt ng ny l khng c lp vng. ng chnh c chn ra gi l ng successor. ng successor c lu trn bng nh tuyn v ng thi cng c lu trong bng cu trc mng EIGRP gi cc thng tin quan trng v ng i v cu trc mng trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng. Hai bng ny cung cp cho DUAL cc thng tin v ng i khi cn thit. Nu c mt ng lin kt b t, DUAL s tm ng thay th hoc mt feasible successor trong bng cu trc mng Mt trong nhng u im ni bt ca EIGRP l n c thit k thnh tng phn ring bit theo giao thc. Nh cu trc ny, n c kh nng m rng v tng thch tt nht. Cc giao thc c nh tuyn nh IP, IPX v Apple Talk c a vo EIGRP thng qua cc PDM EIGRP c th d dng tng thch vi giao thc c nh tuyn mi hoc cc phin bn mi ca chng nh IPv6 chng hn bng cch thm PDM vo. Mi PDM chu trch nhim thc hin mi chc nng lin qan n mt giao thc c nh tuyn. V d phn IP EIGRP chu trch nhim cc vic sau: Gi v nhn cc gi EIGRP cha d liu IP Thng bo cho DUAL khi nhn c thng tin nh tuyn IP mi Duy tr kt qu chn ng ca DUAL trong bng nh tuyn IP Phn phi thng tin nh tuyn m n hc c t cc giao thc nh tuyn IP khc 3.1.5 Cu trc d liu ca EIGRP Ging nh OSPF EIGRP da vo nhiu loi gi d liu khc nhau duy tr cc loi bng ca n v thit lp mi quan h phc tp vi router lng ging C 5 loi gi EIGRP Hello Bo nhn Cp nht Yu cu p ng EIGRP da vo cc gi hello pht hin, kim tra v ti pht hin cc router lng ging. Ti pht hin c ngha l router EIGRP khng nhn c hello t mt router
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lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi nhng sau router lng ging ny li ti lp li thng tin lin lc Chu k gi hello ca EIGRP router c th cu hnh c. Khong thi gian hello mc nh ph thuc vo bng thng trn tng cng ca router. Trong mng IP, EIGRP router gi hello theo a ch multicast 224.0.0.10 EIGRP router lu thng tin v cc lng ging trong bng lng ging. Bng lng ging ny c lu s th t v thi gian lu gi ca gi EIGRP cui nhn c t mi router lng ging. Theo nh k v trong gii hn cak hong thi gian lu gi. Router phi nhn c gi EIGRP th nhng ng tng ng mi c trng thi Pasive. Trng thi Passive c ngha l trng thi hot ng n nh Nu roter khng nghe ngng c g v router lng ging trong sut khong thi gian lu gi th EIGRP s xem nh lng ging b s c v DUAL phi tnh on li bng nh tuyn. Mc nh khong thi gian lu gi gp 3 ln chu k hello. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh gi tr cho 2 khong thi gian ny ph hp hn vi h thng ca mnh
Hnh 3.1.5 OSPF bt buc cc router lng ging vi nhau phi c cng khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng th mi c th thng tin lin lc vi nhau c. EIGRP th khng yu cu nh vy. Router s hc cc khong thi gian ca router lng ging thng qua vic trao i gi hello. Chng s dng thng tin trong thit lp mi quan h n nh m khng cn cc khong thi gian ny phi ging nhau gia chng. Gi hello thng c gi theo ch khng bo m tin cy. iu ny c ngha l khng c bo nhn cho cc gi hello
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EIGRP router s dng gi bo nhn xc nhn l nhn c gi EIGRP trong qu trnh trao i tin cy. Giao thc vn chuyn tin c cung cp dch v lin lc tin cy gia hai host EIGRP. Gi bo nhn chnh l gi hello m khng c d liu. Khng ging nh hello c gi multicast cc gi bo nhn ch gi trc tip cho mt my nhn. Bo nhn c th c kt hp vo loi gi EIGRP khc nh gi tr li chng hn Gi cp nht c s dng khi router pht hin mt lng ging mi. Router EIGRP s gi gi cp nht cho router lng ging mi ny n c th xy dng bng cu trc mng. C th s cn nhiu gi cp nht mi c th truyn ti ht cc thng tin cu trc to Gi cp nht cn c s dng khi router pht hin s thay i trong cu trc mng. Trong trng hp ny EIGRP router s gi multicast gi cp nht cho mi router lng ging ca n thng bo v s thay i . Mi gi cp nht u c gi bo m EIGRP router s dng gi yu cu khi n cn mt thng tin c bit no t mt hay nhiu lng ging ca n. Gi p ng c s dng tr li cho cc gi yu cu Nu mt EIGRP router mt successor v n khng tm c feasible successor thay th th DUAL s t con ng n mng ch vo trng thi Active. Sau route gi multicast gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging c gng tm successor mi cho mng ch ny. Router lng ging phi tr li bng gi p ng cung cp thng tin hoc cho bit l khng c thng tin no khc c th kh thi. Gi yu cu c th c gi multicast hoc ch gi cho mt my, cn gi p ng th ch gi cho my no gi yu cu m thi. C hai loi gi ny u c gi bo m 3.1.6 Thut ton EIGRP Thut ton DUAL phc tp gip co EIGRP hi t nhanh. hiu r hn v qu trnh hi t vi DUAL ta tt v d hnh 3.1.6.a. Mi router xy dng mt bng cu trc mng cha cc thng tin v ng i n mng A Mi bng cu trc mng trong v d cc hnh 3.1.6.a f c cc thng tin sau Giao thc nh tuyn l giao thc EIGRP
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Chi ph thp nht ca ng n mt mng ch gi l Feasible Distance Chi ph ca ng n mt mng ch do router lng ging thng bo qua gi l Reported Distance Nguyn tc chn ng feasible successor 1. ng feasible successor l ng d phng thay th cho ng successor khi ng ny b s c 2. Reported Distance ca mt ng n mt ch no l chi ph c thng bo t router lng ging. Chi ph ny phi nh hn Feasible Distance ca ng successor hin ti 3. Nu tho iu kin trn th c ngha l khng c vng lp ng s c chn lm feasible successor 4. ng feasible successor c th thay th cho ng successor khi cn thit 5. Nu RD ca m ng ln hn hoc bng FD ca successor hin ti ng khng c chn lm feasible successor 6. Router phi tnh ton cu trc mng bng cch thu thp thng tin t tt c cc lng ging 7. Router gi gi cc yu cu n tt c cc lng ging tm thng tin v ng i v chi ph ca ng n mng ch m router ang cn 8. Tt c cc lng ging phi gi gi p ng tr li cho gi yu cu 9. Router ghi nhn d liu mi nhn c vo bng cu trc mngca mnh 10. By gi DUAL c th xc nh ng successor mi v feasible successor mi nu c da vo thng tin mi
Hnh 3.1.6.a
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Ct Topology trong hnh cho bit ng no l ng chnh hay cn gi l successor, ng no l ng d phng hay cn gi l feasible successor. Tuy nhin bn cn lu l khng nht thit lc no cng phi tm c feasible successor Mng EIGRP s hot ng theo cc bc m t bn di tin hnh hi t gia cc router. Hin ti cc router c cc thng tin v ng n Mng A nh sau Router C c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B Router C c mt ng f easible succ esor l ng qua Router B Router D c mt ng successor l ng qua Router B Router D khng c ng feasible successor Router E c mt ng successor l ng qua router D Router E khng c ng feasible successor Sau y s m t mi router thc hin nguyn tc chn feasible successor nh th no khi ng lin kt gia router D v router B b t
Hnh 3.1.6.b Trong router D (hnh 3.1.6.B)

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ng i qua router B b xo khi bng cu trc mng ng ny l ng successor. Router khng xc nh c feasible successor trc Router D phi tnh ton li ng mi Trong Router C: ng n mng A qua router D b t ng ny b xo khi bng ng ny l successor ca router C
Hnh 3.1.6.c Trong router D Router D khng c feasible successor. Do n khng th chuyn qua ng d phng c Router D phi tnh ton li cu trc mng. Con ng n Mng A c t vo trng thi Active Router D gi gi yu cu cho tt c cc lng ging kt ni vi n l router C v router R yu cu gi thng tin v mng Trc router C c ng qua router D Trc router D khng c ng qua router E Trong router E: ng n Mng A thng qua router D b t ng ny l ng successor ca router E Router E khng c feasible successor
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Lu rng RD ca ng thng qua Router C l 3 bng vi chi ph ca ng successor qua router D
Hnh 3.1..6.d Trong router C Router E gi gi yu cud cho Router C Router C xo ng qua Router khi bng Router C tr li cho Router vi thng tin v ng mi n Mng A Trong Router D Trng thi ca ng n Mng A vn l Active v cng vic tnh ton li cha hon tt Router C tr li cho Router D xc nhn l ng n mng A ang hot ng vi chi ph l 5 Router D vn angch p ng t router E Trong router E Router E khng c feasible successor n Mng A Do , router E nh du trng thi con ng n mng A l Active Router E phi tnh ton li cu trc mng Router E xo ng i qua Router D ra khi bng Router E gi gi yu cu cho router C yu cu thng tin v mng Trc , router E c thng tin v ng i qua router C. ng ny c chi ph l 3 , bng vi chi ph ca ng successor
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Hnh 3.1.6.e Trong router E (hnh 3.1.6.e) Router C tr li li thng tin v ng n Mng A c RD l 3 By gi router E c th chn ng qua router C lm successor mi vi FD l 4 v RD l 3 Trng thi ca ng n Mng A c i t Active sang Pasive. Lu trng thi Passive l trng thi mc nh khi router vn nhn c gi hello t ng . Do trong v d ny ch cn nh du trng thi Active thi
Hnh 3.1.6.f Trong router E (hnh 3.1.6f) Router E gi p ng cho Router D cung cp thng tin v mng ca router E
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Trong router D Router D nhn c gi hi p t router E vi nhng thng tin v mng ca router E Router D ghi nhn con ng n Mng A thng qua router E Con ng ny tr thnh mt ng successor na v n c chi ph bng vi ng thng qua router C v n c RD nh hn FD ca ng thng qua router Qu trnh hi t xy ra gia mi router EIGRP s dng thut ton DUAL 3.2 Cu hnh EIGRP 3.2.1 Cu hnh EIGRP Tr thut ton DUAL l phc tp cn cu hnh EIGRP th kh n gin tu theo giao thc c nh tuyn l IP, IPX hay Apple Talk m cu lnh cu hnh EIGRP s khc nhau. Phn sau y ch cp ncu hnh EIGRP cho giao thc IP
Hnh 3.2.1 Sau y l cc bc cu hnh EIGRP cho ip 1. S dng lnh sau khi ng EIGRP v xc nh con s ca h t qun Thng s autonomous system number xc nh cc router trong mt h t qun. Nhng router no trong cng mt h thng mng th phi c con s ny ging nhau
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2. Khai bo nhng mng no ca router m bn ang cu hnh thuc v h t qun Thng s network number l a ch mng ca cc cng giao tip trn router thuc v h thng mng EIGRP. Router s thc hin 5.1 Cc khi nim v Frame Relay: 5.1.1 Gii thiu Frame Relay: Frame Relay l chun ca ITU-T(International Telecmunication Union Telcommunication Stanardization Sector) v WASI (American Natonal Standards Institute). Frame Relay l dch v WAN chuyn mch gi theo hng kt ni. Frame Relay hot ng lp Lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI. Frame Relay s dng mt phn giao thc HDLC lm giao thc LAPF (Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay). Frame Relay thc hin truyn frame gia thit b ca ngi dng DTE v thit b DCE ti danh gii ca mng WAN.
Ban u Frane Relay c thit k cho php thit b ISDN c th truy cp vo dch v chuyn mch gi trn knh B. Nhng by gi Frame Relay l mt cng ngh hon ton c lp. Mng Frame Relay c th thuc s hu ring ca ngi dng nhng thng thng l c cung cp bi cc cng ty dch v vin thng. Frame Realay thng c s dng kt ni cc mng LAN. Mi Router bin gii ca mt mng LAN l mt DTE. Mt kt ni ni tip, v d nh E1/T1, s kt ni vo Frame Relay switch gn nht ca nh cung cp dch v. Frame Relay switch chnh l thit b DCE.
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Thit b my tnh khng nm trong mt mng LAN cng c th gi d liu qua mng Frame Relay. Thit b my tnh ny s dng thit b truy cp Frame Relay (FRAD) lm DTE. 5.1.2 Cc thut ng ca Frame Relay: Kt ni gia hai DTE qua mng Frame Relay c gi l kt ni o (VC Virtual Circuit). Cc kt ni o chuyn mch (SVC Switched virtual Circuit) c th c thit lp t ng bng cch gi i cc thng ip bo hiu. Tuy nhin SVC khng c s dng ph bin lm.Kt ni o c nh PVC (Permanent virtual circuit) c s dng nhiu hn vi cu hnh dnh trc ca nh cung cp. Trn mi Frame Relay switch c lu gi s nh x gia port vo v port ra tng ng vi mi VC. Do mi kt ni VC c thit lp t mt im cui thng qua cc switch eens im cui c xc nh duy nht.
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Frame Relay c thit k hot ng trn ng truyn s cht lng cao, Frame Realy khng c c ch khc phc li. Nu thit b no trn ng truyn pht hin frame b li th hy b frame m khng cn thng bo. Mi router hay FRAD kt ni o vo mng Frame Relay u c th c nhiu kt ni o n nhiu im cui khc nhau. Mi kt ni u cui ch cn c mt cng vt l v mt kt ni vt l, trn thit lp c nhiu kt ni o n nhiu im ch khc nhau. Do mng Frame Relay gim c nhiu chi ph lp t v khng cn to mng hnh li vi nhiu ng truyn vt l. Hn na chng ta cn
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tit kim c tin thu bao v dung lng ca ng truyn vt l ph htuc vo bng thng trung bnh ca cc VC thay v ph thuc vo chu cu tng bng thng ti a. Cc kt ni o VC trn cng mt ng truyn vt l vn c phn bit vi nhau v mi VC c mt ch s DLCI ring. Ch s DLCI (Dt Link Connection Identifier) c ghi trong mi frame d liu truyn i. Ch sDLCI ch co ngha ni b, c ngha l no ch c duy nht i vi knh vt l m n thuc v m thi. Do thit b u bn kia c th s dng mt ch s khc quy c cho cng mt kt ni o VC.
5.1.3 ng gi Frame Relay: ng gi Frame Relay thc hin theo phn lp nh sau: Nhn gi d liu t lp Mng, v d gi IP hay IPX. ng gi thng frame ca Frame Relay. Chuyn frame xung lp Vt l truyn xung ng truyn. Lp vt l thngl EIA/TIA-232, 449 hay 530, V.35, X.21. Frame ca Frame Relay s dng mt phn nh dng ca frame HDLC. Do cng c phn c 01111110. Phn FCS (Frame Check Sequence) c s dng kim tra li ca frame.Gi tr FCSc tnh ra trc khi truyn frame iv c ghi vo phn FCS ca frame. Thit b nhn frame cng tnh li gi tr FCS v so snh vi gi tr FCS ghi trong frame nhn c. Nu hai gi tr ging nhau thi frame c tip tc x
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l. Nu hai gi tr khc nhau c ngh la frmae b li, lp tc frame b hy b v khng h thng bo cho thit b ngun. Vin kim sot li c giao cho cc lp trn ca m hnh OSI m trch.
5.1.4 Bng thng v iu khin lung trong Frame Relay: Tc ng truyn ni tip trong mng Frame Relay chnh l tc truy cp hay tc port. Tc port thng nm trong khong t 64 kb/giy n 4 Mb/giy. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cn cung cp tc ln n 45 Mb/giy. Tren mt ng truyn vt l hot ng ng thi nhiu kt ni o PVC, mi VC co mt lng bng thng ring nht nh. Bng thng ny chnh l bng thng cam kt ca nh cung cp dch v, gi la CIR (Commited Information Rate). Nh cung cp dch v ng chp nhn lng bt ny trn mt VC. Mi CIR c gi tr nh hn tc port. Nhng tng cc CIR trn mt port li ln hn tc port, thng l ln hn khong 2 hay 3 ln,v cc knh o hot
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ng vi dung lng khc nhau ti mi thi im v khng ng thi s dng ti a bng thng ca mnh. Khi truyn frame ,mi bt c pht i vi tc port. Do nu lng bt trung bnh trn VC bng vi CIR th s phi c khong thi gian ngh gia hai frame. Frame Relay switch cng chp nhn frame c gi t DTE vi tc cao hn CIR. Nh vy mi VC c th s dng bng thng theo nhu culn n mc ti a l tc port. Mt s nh cung cp c th quy c mc ti a ny thp hn tc port. Mc chnh lch gia CIR v mc ti a gi l ERI (Ecs Information Rate). Khong thi gian (chu k) tnh tc c gi la Tc (Committed Time). S lng bit trong mt chu k c gi la Bc (Committed Burst). S lng bit chnh lch gia Bc v mc ti a (l tc vt l ca ng truyn) c gi la Be (Ecs Burst). Mc d switch vn chp nhn cc frame c truyn vi tc vt qu CIR,nhng mi frame vt tiu chun ny c switch nh du bng cch t bit DE ca frame (Discard Eligible) ln 1. Switch co mt ng h m bit tng ng vi mi VC. Khi switch nhn frame vao, nu frame ny vt qu s lng Bc th frame s nh du bit DE. Frame nhn vo s b hy b khi s lng bit vt qu Bc + Be. Cui mi chu k Tc switch s khi ng li ng h m bit. Frame sau khi c nhn vo switch s c xp hng i chuyn ra. Tuy nhin nu s lng fame qu nhiu s lm trn hng i, thi gian tr s tng ln. Mt s giao thc lp trn c yu cu truyn li khi khng nhn c d liu sau mt thi gian nht nh. Nhng do thi gian tr qu ln, yu cu truyn li khng th thc hin c. Trng hp ny s lm tp gim thng lng mng nghim trng trnh s c ny, Frame Relay switch c chnh sch hy bt frame trong hng i gi hng i khng qu di. Nhng frame no c bit DE s c t ln hy b trc tin. Khi switch nhn hng i ca n ang tng ln th n s c gng tm cch lm gim dng truyn frame t DTE n n. Switch thc hin t bit bo nghn
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ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) vo phn a chca frame m switch s truyn li cho DTE. Bit FECN (Forward ECN) ci t vo mi frame m siwtch s gi ra ng truyn ang b nghn thng bo nghn cho cc thit b k tip. Bit BECN (Back ECN) c ci t trong mi frame m switch s gi ngc li cho thit b trc n. DTE s nhn c cc frame c bit ECN c ci t trong v sau o s gim dng truyn frame lai cho n khi khng cn nghn mch na. Nu nghn mch xy ra trn ng kt ni gia cc switch th DTE bn di cng c th nhn c thng bo nghn mch mc d n khng phi l thit b gy ra nghn mch. Cc bit DEM, FECN, BECN l nhng bit nm trong phn a ch ca frame LAPP.
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5.1.5 nh x a ch v m hnh mng Frame Realy: Khi chng ta cn lin kt nhiu mng vi nhau th chng ta cn quan tm n m hnh kt ni gia cc mng. Nu chng ta ch cn kt ni hai mng vi nhau bng kt ni im-ni-im th li th chi ph thp ca Frame Relay khng ng k. Frame Relay s rt c li v mt chi ph nu chng ta lin kt nhiu mng vi nhau. WAN thng c lin kt theo cu trc hnh sao. Dch v chnh c t mt mng trung tm v mi mng xa cn truy cp dch v th kt ni vo mng trung tam. Vi cch kt ni hnh sao nh vy cho ng thue ring, chi ph s c gim ti a.
Nu chng ta kt ni mng hnh sao cho Frame Relay, mi mng xa s c mt kt ni vo m my Frame Relay vi mt kt ni VC. Mng trung tm cng
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c mt kt ni vo m my Frame Relay nhng trn c nhiu VC kt ni n cc mng xa. Tin cc ca mng Frame Relay khng tnh theo khong cch ko cp nn v tr a l ca mng trung tm khng nht thit phi nm gia.
Chng ta nn chn m hnh mng hnh li nu cc im truy cp dch v b phn tn v mt a l v ng truy cp c yu cu cao v tin cy. Vi mng li, mi mng li phi c ng kt ni n tt c cc mng cn li. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh ng truyn thu ring, chng ta c th trin khai mng hnh li trong Frame Relay m khng cn phi tng thm nhiu VC trn mt ng truyn vt l l c th nng cp mng hnh sao thnh mng hnh li. Khi ghp nhiu knh VC vo mt ng truyn, chng ta cungc tn dng bng thng ng truyn tt hn so vi vic ch cu hnh mt VC. i vi h thng mng quy m ln rt t khi chng ta s dng mng hnh li v s lng kt ni cn cho mng hnh li qu ln, tng theo t l bnh phng ca s v tr cn kt ni. Cc thit b c gii hn di 1000VC trn mt kt ni. Nhng trn thc t th gii hn ny cn thp hn na. Do i vi h thng mng ln chng ta nn s dng mng hnh li bn phn. Vi mng hnh li bn phn chng ta vn cn nhiu kt ni hn so vi mng hnh sao cng khng nhiu bng bng mng hnh li ton phn. Vic kt ni mng hnh li bn phn nh th no ty thuc vo nhu cu ca dng chy d liu. Trong bt k cu trc Frame Relay no, khi chung ta s dng mt cng kt ni nhiu mng khc nhau th c th gp phi s c khng n c mng ch. S c ny do c tnh a truy cp khng qung b(NBMA- nonbroadcast
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multiaccess) ca Frame Relay gy ra. Nh chng ta hc c gio trinh trc, cc giao thc nh tuyn ng s dng k thut Split horizon trnh gy ra vng lp. Split horizon khng cho php truyn ra mt cng nhng thng tin nh tuyn va nhn vo t cng . Khi co nhiu PVC trn cng mt cng vt l thi Split horizon li gy ra mt rc ri v mt cp nht nh tuyn. Chng ta s bn v vn ny k hn trong phn sau ca trng. Frame Relay lp Lin kt d liu vi a ch lp Mng, v d a ch IP. Router lun cn bit tng ng vi a ch mng ch l cng no. i vi ng kt ni trc tip th u kia ch kt ni n mt router duy nht. Nhng franme i t DTE n Frame Relay swich v sau c nh x vi mt a ch mng ca router u xa. Nhng thng tin ny c th ssc cu hnh bng cu hnh bng lnh Map hoc cu hnh t ng bng cch dng Inverse ARP. 5.1.6. Frame Relay LMI: Frame Relay c thit k truyn d liu chuyn mch gi vi thi gian tr ti thiu. Bt k yu t no gp phn vo thi gian tr u c b qua. Nhng khi cc hng mun trn khai Frame Relay nh l mt cng ngh c lp ch khng cn l mt thnh phn ca ISDN na th h quyt nh rng DTE cn c cung cp thng tin ng v trng thi hot ng ca mng. C ch ny khng c trong thit k ban u ca Frame Relay v LMI (Local Mngemaent Interface) c thm vo sau ny truyn thng tin v trng thi hot ng mng. Phn DLCI 10 bit cho php xc nh VC t 0 n 1023.Trong c dnh ring li mt s ch s lm gii hn ca VC gim xung.Cc thng ip LMI c trao i gia DTE v DCE v s dng nhng ch s DLCI dnh ring ny
Ch s VC 0 1..15 992..1007 LMI (NI, ITU)
Loi VC
dnh cho vic s dng tng lai CLLM
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1008..1022 1019..1020 1023
dnh cho vic s dng tng lai (NI, ITU) Multicasting (Cisco) LMI (Cisco)
LMI baogm nhng thng tin sau: C ch keepalive kim tra mt vng VC cn hot ng. C ch multicast. iu khin lung. C DLCI no c gn thnh gi tr ton cc hay khng. Trng thi VC. C nhiu loi LMI khc nhau v cc loi ny khng tng thch vi nhau. Do chng ta cn cu hnh loi LMI tn router ph hp vi loi LMI m nh cung cp dch v ang s dng. Sau ay l 3 loi lMI m Cisco router c h tr: Cisco - LMI gc. Ansi theo chun ANSI T1.617 Ph chng D. Q933a theo chun ITU Q933 ph chng A. Thng ip LMI c lng trong frame LAPF.Tong c thm 4 phn mn trong phn Header ca frame c th tng thch vi frame LAPD s dng trong ISDN, trong phn th 4 cho bit loi trng ip LMI. Theo sau phn Header l mt hoc nhiu thng tin khc nhau, bao gm: 1 byte cha ch s danh nh ca thng tin. Phn cho bit chiu di ca phn thng tin tng ng. Mt hoc nhiu byte ch thng tin thc s v trng thi ca mt DLCI. Thng ip trng thi gip kim tra kt ni logic v vt l. Nhng thng tin ny rt quan trng trong mi trng nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn quyt nh da trn nhng thng tin v trng thi ng kt ni.
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5.1.7 Hot ng ca Inerse ARP v LMI: Thng ip trng thi LMI kt hp vi thng ip Inverse ARP cho php router lin kt c a ch lp mng v a ch lp Lin kt d liu.
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Khi router trong mng Frame Relay bt u khi ng, n s gi cc thng ip LMI hi v trng thi ca h thng mng. H thng mng s tr li li bng thng ip LMI,trong c cc thng tin chi tit v mi VC c cu hnh trn mt ng kt ni. Theo chu k router lp li vic hi thng tin trng thi ca mng nhng nhng ln sau ny n ch nhn c tr li v nhng thay i trng thi mi xy ra. Sau mt s ln nht nh nh vy mng li gi mt ln y cc thng tin v trng tha mng. N router cn nh x gia VC v a ch lp mng th n s gi thng tin ip Inverse ARP ra mi VC. Thng ip Inverse ARP tr li s cho php router co th nh x gia a ch mng va DLCI tng ng. Nu trong mng c chy nhiu giao thc lp Mng khc nhau th thng ip Inverse ARP c gi i nhiu ln tng ng vi mi giao thc lp Mng khc nhau.
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5.2 Cu hnh Frame Relay: 5.2.1. Cu hnh Frame Relay c bn Phn ny s gii thich cu hnh c bn ca mt Frame Relay PVC, Frame Relay oc cu hnh trn cng serial. Giao thc ng gi mc nh trn cng ny l HDLC. chun sang kiu ng gi Frame Relay chung ta dng lnh encapsulation Frame - Relay {cisco/ietf}. Cisco: s dng kiu ng gi c quyn ca cisco cho Frame Relay. Chng ta s dng kiu ng gi ny nu thit b u bn kia cng la mt cisco router. C nhiu thit b khng phi ca cisco cng c h tr kiu ng gi ny. cisco l trn la mc nh ca cu lnh ny, do o bn ch cn nhp lnh ny encapsulation Frame - Relay {cisco/ietf}.l . Ietf: kiu ng gi ph hp vi chun RFC 1490 ca IETF. Chng ta nn chon kiu ng gi ny nu thit b u bn kia kt ni khng phi la Cisco router.
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Kiu ng gi c quyn ca Cisco cho Frame - Relay s dng 2 byte phn header, trong 2byte xc nh ch s DLCI v 2byte xc nh loi gi d kiu. Nh hc gio trnh trc: chng ta dng lnh ip address khai bo a ch IP cho cng Serial. Lnh Bandwidth ci t bng thng cho cng Serial, bng thng ny tnh theo n v (kb/giy). chng ta s dng lnh ny ci t bng thng c nh cho cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn nh IGRP, EIGRP v OFPS s s dng gi tr bng thng trong cu lnh ny tinh toan ng i. Kt ni LMI c thit lp v cu hnh bi lnh Frame Relay Lmitype{ansi/cisco/q933a}. chng ta ch s dng lnh ny nu phin bn Cisco IOS phin bn 11.2 tr v sau, loi LMI mc nh l Cisco v c ci dt trn cng Serial. Chng ta c th xem thng tin v loi LMI bng lnh show interfaces. Cc bc cu hnh trn khng ph thuc vo giao thc lp mng no ang chy trn mng.
5.2.2. Cu hnh s nh x c inh cho Frame
Relay:
Mi ch s ca DLCI ni b phi c nh x c nh n mt a ch lp mng ca router u xa khi router u xa khng c h tr Invrse ARP. Tng t, khi lu lng qung b v multicast trn PVC b kin sat th chng ta cng phi cu hnh s nh x c nh cho Frame Relay bng lnh: Frame Relay map protocol address dlci {broadcast}.
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Broadcast: cho php lu lng qung b vo multicast trn VC , cho php s dng giao thc nh tuyn ng trn VC. Tham s ny khng bt buc phi c khi khai bo lnh.
5.2.3. S c khng n c mng ch do qu trnh cp nht thng tin nh tuyn gy ra trong mng a truy cp khng qung b NBMA (Non -broadcast multi - access). Mc nh, mng Frame Relay l mi trng a truy cp khng qung b NBMA. Mi trng NBMA cng c xem tng t nh cc mi trng a truy cp khc , v d nh Ethernet. Tt c cc router kt ni vo mt Ethernet u nm trong cng mng. Nhng gim chi ph phn cng , mng NBMA li c xy dng thieo cu trc hnh sao, do o kh nng a truy cp khng bng Enthernet. Cu trc Frame Relay NBMA c th gy ra 2 vn sau: S c khng n c mng ch do qu trnh cp nht thng tin nh tuyn gy ra. Phi lp li cc mng qung b trn mi PVC khi trn mt cng vt l c nhiu PVC. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng s dng k thut Split-horizon ngn chn vng lp xy ra. Khi nhng thng tin nh tuyn va c nhn vo t mt cng ca router s khng c phep pht ngc ra cng . By gi chng ta st mt v d nh hnh 5.2.3a. Nu router D gi mt thng tin qun b n cho router A, trong c cha thng tin cp nht nh tuyn. Router A la ruoter trung tm nn c nhiu kt ni PVC trn mt cng vt l. Nhng router A khng th pht ngc tr ra
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nhng thng tin cp nht m n va nhn c t router D. kt qu l router B v C khng nhn c nhng thng tin . nh vy router B,C khng th gi gi d liu n cc mng router D. do router Bv C khng c chc nng Split-horizon th cc thng tin cp nht nh tuyn mi c th pht nhc tr li trn cng m chng va nhn vo. Split-horizon s khong gy ra rc ri nu chng ta ch c mt PVC trn mt cng vt l, chnh l kt ni Frame Relay im- ni - im.
Mt router c th c nhiu kt ni PVC trn mt cng vt l v mi PVC kt ni n mt router ring. khi router pha lp cc gi d liu qung b trn mi PVC , v d nh cc gi cp nht thng tin nh tuyn m bo mi router u bn kia u nhn c y thng tin. Nhng vic lp li cc thng tin qung b ny li chim nhiu bng thng ng truyn v lm cho cc lu lng khc ca ngi dng b chm li.
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Nh vy chng ta thy rng, gii quyt s c Split-horizon gy ra th tt hn l nn tt Split-horizon i. nhng khng phi giao thc lp mng no cng cho php chung ta tt chc nng Split-horizon v vic tt chc nng Split-horizon cng ng ngha vi kh nng xy ra lp vng trong mng x cao hn. Cn mt cch khc gii quyt vn Split-horizon l s dng cu trc li ni . Nhng cu trch ny li lm tng chi ph v cn nhiu kt ni hn. Cui cng, gii php m chung ti ngh l gii php s dng Subinterface c trnh by trong phn k tip. 5.2.4. Subinterface trong Frame Relay: Theo phn trn th khi mt cng vt l c nhiu PVC kt ni n cc router u xa s xy ra s c Split-horizon.Trong mi trng nh truyn Split-horizon, cc thng tin cp nhp nh tuyn c nhn vo t cng no th khng c pht ngc ra cng . By gi chng ta chia mt cng vt l thnh nhiu subinterface poin-to-point. Mi mt subinterface poin-topint thit lp mt PVC n mt cng vt l hay mt subinterface khc trn router u bn kia. Nh vy, mi cp router im-ni-im ny nm trong cng mt subnet v mi cng subinterface poin-topoint c mt DLCI ring. Mi mt subinterface poin-topint hot ng nh mt cng ring bit, do Split-horizon khngcn l vn rc ri na. Dng subinterface poin-topint c ng dng cho cu trc Frame Relay hnh sao. Cng subinterface Frame Relay cn c th cu hnh lm cng a im (Multipoint). Mt subinterface multipoint thit lp nhiu kt ni PVC n nhiu router khc nhau. Tt c cc router kt ni du nm trong cng mt subnet. Do chng ta tit kim c nhiu a ch mng v iu ny ht sc c ngha nu trong trng hp chng ta khng s dng VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking). Tuy nhin, subinterface multipoint li khng gii quyt c vn Split-horizon. Chng ta ng dng subinterface multipoint cho mng Frame Relay hnh li ni hoc ni bn phn. Lnh encapsulation frame-relay c s dng cu hnh cho cng vt l. Cn tt c cc thng tin cu hnh khc ca cng, v d nh a ch lp Mng, DLCI, chng ta s cu hnh cho mi subinterface. Phn k tip s trnh by c th cu hnh subinterface cho Frame Relay. 5.2.5 Cu hnh subinterface cho Frame Relay:
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Nh cung cp c trch nhim cp s DLCI. Ch s DLCI thng nm trong khong t 16 n 992 v c gi tr cc b.S lng ti a ca ch s DLCI cn ph thuc vo loi LMI ang s c dng. Ch s DLCI cng c th c gi tr ton cu nhng chng ta khng bn n vn ny trong phm vi ca gio trnh ny.
Chng ta xt v d nh hnh 5.2.5. Router A c hai subinterface poin-topoint: cng s0/0.120 kt ni n router C. Mi subinterface nm trong mt subnet ring. Sau y l cc bc thc hin cu hnh subinterface trn mt cng vt l: Cu hnh ng gi Frame Relay cho cng vt l bng lnh encapsulation frame-relay. nh ngha PVC bng cch to subinterface. to subinterface chng ta s dng lnh sau: Router (config-if) #interface Serialnumber.subinterface-number [multipoint | piont-to-point]
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Thng thng chng ta ly ch s DLCI gn cho ch s ca subinteface (subinteface-number) d nhn bit khi kim tra cu hnh. Kng c ch mc nh cho subinteface,do chng ta bt buc phi khai bo tham s multipoint hay piont-to-point. Nu subinteface c cu hnh poin-to-point,sau chng ta phi cu hnh DLCI cho cng phn bit vi cng vt l. i vi subinteface c cu hnh multipiont v c h tr Inverse ARP th khng cn khai bo DLCI v cu hnh s nh x a ch DLCI c nh. 5.2.6 Kin tra cu hnh Frame Relay: Lnh show interfaces s cung cp cc thng tin v cu hnh ng gi, trng thi Lp 1 v Lp 2. Ngoi ra , lnh ny cn hin th cc thng tin sau: Loi LMI. LMI DLCI. Loi Frame Relay DTE hay DCE. Thng thng th router c xem l thit b DTE. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th s dng mt Cisco router cu hnh lm Frame Relay switch. Khi router ny tr thng thit b DCE. Chng ta s dng lnh show frame-relay lmi xem trng thi ca cc hot ng LMI. V d: lnh ny s cho bit s lng cc gi LMI c trao i gia router v Frame Relay switch.
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Lnh show frame-relay pvc [interface interface] [dlci] hin th trng thi ca mi PVC tng ng c cu hnh v thng tin v cc lu lng trn PVC . Mt PVC c th trng thi hot ng (active), khng hot ng (inactive) hay b xa (deleted). Bng lnh ny chng ta cn c th xem c s lng cc gi BECN v FECN c nhn vo bi router. Lnh show frame-relay pvc c s dng xem trng thi ca tt c cc PVC c cu hnh trn router. Nu chgn ta khai bo thm ch s ca mt
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PVC th lnh s hin th thng tin ca mt PVC . Trong v d 5.2.6.c l kt qu hin th trng thi ca PVC 100.
Chng ta s dng lnh show frame-relay map xem s nh x hin ti v thng itn v cc kt ni. V d nh hnh 5.2.6.d l kt qu hin th ca lnh show frame-relay map: 10.140.1.1 l a ch IP ca router u xa. a ch ny hc t ng thng qua qu trnh Inverse ARP. 100 l gi tr ca DLCI tnh theo s thp phn. 0x64 l gi tr h ca DLCI, 0x64 = 100. 0x1840 l gi tr ca DLCI c th hin trn ng truyn do cc bit c t trong a ch ca frame (Frame Relay).
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Broadcast/multicast c cho php trn PVC. Trng thi PVC l ang hot ng. xa s nh x Frame Relay c to ra t ng do qu trnh ARP,chng ta s dng lnh clear frame-relay-inarp. Ngay sau chung s ta dng li lnh show frame-relay th s khng thy g na. Sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, qu trnh ARP s cp nhp li bng ny mt cch t ng. 5.2.7 Xc nh s c trong cu hnh Frame Relay:
Chng ta s dng lnh debug frame-relay lmi xc nh router no va Frame Relay switch no gi nhn cc gi tin mt cch bnh thng. Out l nhng thng ip LMI c gi i bi router, in l nhng thng ip LMI nhn c t Frame Relay switch. Thng ip trng thi LMI y c type 0, type 1 l mt phin giao dch trao i LMI. Sau y l ngha ca cc thng s trng thi: 0x0: nhn bit nhng khng hot ng. iu ny c ngha l switch c cu hnh DLCI nhng v l do no khng s dng c DLCI ny. Nguyn nhn c th l do u bn kia ca PVC cha hot ng . 0x2: nhn bit l ang hot ng. iu ny c ngha l Frame Relay switch c DLCI v mi ci hot ng tt. 0x4: xa. iu ny c ngha l hin ti Frame Relay switch khng cn DLCI ny na nhng trc DLCI ny c cu hnh cho
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switch. Nguyn nhn c th do s DLCI c lu trn router hoc nh cung cp xa PVC tng ng trong mng Frame Relay. TNG KT Sau y l nhng im chnh trong chng trnh m cc bn cn nm c: Phm vi hot ng v mc ch ca Frame Relay. Cng ngh Frame Relay. Cu trc im-ni-im v im-ni-a im. Cu trc mng Frame Relay. Cch cu hnh Frame Relay PVC. Cc cu hnh s nh x a ch cho Frame Relay. Nhng vn v nh truyn trong mng a truy cp khng qung b. Ti sao phi cn subinterface v cu hnh chng nh th no. Kim tra v xc nh s c kt ni Frame Relay.
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CHNG 6: GiI THIU V QUN TR MNG
GiI THIU: PC c thit k l mt my tnh bn c lp. Phn h iu hnh lc ch cho phpti mt thi im mt use truy cp s dng ti nguyn h thng. Khi mng my tnh tr nn ph bin th cc cng ty phn mm bt u pht trin h iu hnh mng, gi tt l NOS (Network Operating System). NOS c thit k cung cp kh nngbo mt tp tin, phn quyn use v chia s ti nguyn h thng cho nhiu use. S pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet i hi cc nh thit k phi pht trin NOS ngy nay theo cc cng ngh ca Internet, v d nh World Wide Web (WWW). Kt ni mng tr thnh nhu cu thit yu vi my tnh bn. Ranh gii gia h iu hnh Desktop v NOS tr nn rt m nht. Ngy nay, hu ht cc h iu hnh thng dng nh Microsoft Windows 2000 v Linux u c th tm thy trn server trn mng cu hnh mnh v trn c desktop ca user. Hiu bit v cc h iu hnh khc nhau s gip chng ta chon la ng h iu hnh cung cp y cc dch v cn thit. Trong chng ny s gii thiu v UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X v cc h iu hnh Windows. Vic qun tr mng LAN v WAN hiu qu l mt iu kin then cht trong vic duy tr mt mi trng hot ng tt trong th gii mng. Cng nhiu dch v p ng cho cng nhiu ngi dng, hiu sut mng cng cao. Ngi qun tr mng thng qua vic theo di thng trc, phi pht hin v s l ngay cc s c trc khi nhng s c c tc ng n ngi s dng. C rt nhiu cng c v giao thc khc nhau thc hin vic theo di hot ng mng. Thnh tho v cc cng c ny l rt quan trng c th qun tr mng mt cch hiu qu. Sau khi hon tt chng chnh ny, cc bn c th thc hin nhng vic sau: Xc nh nhng nhim v c thc hin bi my trm. Xc nh nhng chc nnh ca server. M t vai tr client/server. M t s khc nhau gia NOS v h iu hnh desktop.
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Lit k cc h iu hnh Windows v cc c im ca chng. Lit k cc h iu hnh khc v cc c im ca chng. Xc nh cc cng c qun tr mng. M t OSI v m hnh qun tr mng. M t SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) v CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol). M t cch thu nhp thng tin v lu li s c cc phn mm qun tr mng. 6.1. My trm v Server: 6.1.1. My trm:
My trm client c s dng chy cc trnh ng dng v kt ni n server. Server l my tnh chy h iu hnh mng NOS, l ni lu d liu chia s gia cc my tnh. My trm s dng phn mm c bit thc hin nhng nhim v sau: Tip nhn d liu ca user v lnh ca chng trnh ng dng. Xc nh xem lnh nhn c l cho h iu hnh ni b hay l cho NOS. Chuyn lnh n h iu hnh ni b hoc ra card mng (NIC) truyn vo mng. Thc hin vic truyn d liu gia mng v phn mm ng dng ang chy trn my trm Mt s h iu hnh Windows c th ci t c c trn my trm v server. Windows NT/2000/XP c cung cp kh nng Server mng. Wind 9x v ME ch c th s dng cho my trm.
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UNIX v Linux cng thng c s dng trn cc my desktop cu hnh mnh. Nhng my trm ny thng c s dng cho cc ng dng v khoa hc k thut i hi cu hnh my tnh mnh. Sau y l nhng phn mm c bit thng c chy trn cc my trm UNIX: Computer-aie desing (CAD). Phn mm thit k mch in t. Phn mm phn tch d liu thi tit. Phn mm thit k hnh nh ng. Phn mm qun l thit b vin thng. Hu ht cc h iu hnh desktop hin nay u c kh nng mng v h tr nhiu user truy cp. Chnh v vy,vic phn loi my tnh v h iu hnh khng ch da trn cc loi trnh ng dng chy trn my m cn da tren vai tr ca my tnh trong mng, l my trm hay server. Cc trnh ng dng thng chy trn my trm thng thng gm c:trnh s l vn bn, bng tnh, qun l chi tiu, Nhng trnh ng dng chy trn my trm cng ngh cao bao gm: thit k ha, qun l thit b v nhng phn mm c lit k trn. My trm khng a l mt loi my c bit thit k chy trong mng. My tnh ny khng c a nhng vn c mn hnh, bn phm, RAM, ROM v NIC. Phn mm thit lp kt ni mng c ti t chip ROM trn NIC. Loi my trm ny khng c a nn phi chp mi d liu t my trm ln server v ngc li, ti mi d liu t trn server xung. Do , my trm khng a khng th pht virut vo mng v ng thi cng khng th lu d liu t mng vo a. Chnh v vy, my trm khng an ton hn so vi my trm thng thng. Do loi my trm khng a thng c s dng trong nhng mng c yu cu bo v cao Laptop cng l mt my trm trong mng LAN v c kt ni mng thng qua PCMCIA card. 6.1.2. Server: Trong mi trng mng, nhiu client cng truy cp v chia s ti nguyn trn mt hay nhiu server. My client c trang b b nh, a v cc thit b ngoi vi nh bn phm, mn hnh. Cn server pha c trang b c th h tr cho nhiu user, nhiu tc v ca nhiu client cng lc trn server.
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Nhiu cng c qun l mng c thit k trong NOS h tr cho nhiu user cng lc truy cp vo h thng. NOS cn c ci t trn server v cc client cng chia s nhng server ny. Server thngdc trang b a tc cao v dung lng ln, b nh RAM ln, NIC tc cao v trong nhiu trng hp cn c trng b nhiu CPU. Cc server c cu hnh b giao thc TCP/IP v cung cp mt hc nhiu dch v TCP/IP. Server cn c dung lng b nh ln hn nhiu so vi my trm v server phi thc hin nhiu tc v cng mt lc. Server cng cn dung lng a ln lu cc file chi s v s dng a lm b nh ngoi h tr cho RAM. Trn mainboard ca server cng cn nhiu slot hn c th gn nhiu card mng v kt ni nhiu thit b chia s nh my in Mt c im na ca h thng server l nng lc s l. Nguyn thy ban u server ch c mt CPU thc hin cc tc v v tin trnh trn my tnh. hot ng hiu qu hn v p ng nhanh hn cc yu cuca client, server i hi phi c CPU mnh hn thc hin nhiu tc v cng lc. Trong mt s trng hp mt CPU tc cao cng cha p ng th h thng cn trng b thm CPU. H thng nhiu CPU c kh nng chia cc tc v cho nhiu CPU khc nhau. Nh lng cng vic m server c th x l trong cng mt khong thi gian tng ln rt nhiu. Serverlaf trung tm ti nguyn v cng l trung tm hot ng ca client nn server phi hot ng hiu qu v bn vng. Hiu qa ln y c ngha l server phi hot ng hiu qu vi p lc cng vic ln v c kh nng khi phc li mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca server m khng cn phi tt ton b h thng. p ng nhu cu ny, server phi c cc phn cng d phng hot ng thay th khi mt thnh phn no b h. Vic s dng h thng d phng giup server vn hot ng lin tc khi s c xy ra v trong khong thi gian ch sa cha thnh phn b h hng. Mt s dch v thng c chy trn server l dch v web HTTP, FTP, DNS, cc dch v v email nh SMTP, POP3, IMAP, dch v chia s thng file nh NFS ca Sun Microsystem, SMB ca Microsoft, dch v chia s my in, dch v DHCP cugn cpa ch IP ng cho my trm. Ngoi ra, server cn c ci t lm fierwall cho h thng mng bng cch s dng proxy hoc NAT che giu a ch mng ring bn trong.
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Mi server ch c th phc v cho mt lng client nht nh. Do chng ta c th trin khai nhiu server tng hiu qu hot ng. Thng thng ngi ta phn chia cc dch v cho mi server, v d mt server chu trch nhim v email, mt server chu trch nhim v chia s file v mt server khc chu trch nhim v FPT. Vic tp chugn ngun ti nguyn v cc dch v trn server gipcho truy cp, qun l v d phng d liu tt hn. Mi client c cung cp mt t6i khon vi user name/pasword v s xc minh trc khi truy oc php truy cp vo server.
6.1.3. Mi quan h client server: M hnh client server phn chia mt tin trnh s l ln nhiu ma tnh khc nhau. Vic phn chia mt tin trnh s l cho php truy cp h thng t xa chia s thng tin v ti nguyn mng. Trong mi trng client server client v server cng chia s, hay ni cch khc l phn chia nhau mt tin trnh s l. Mt phin kt ni FTP l mt v d v mi quan h client server. FTP l mt phng php truyn file t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc. client c th ti file t server hoc cho php chp file ln server, trn server phi c chy dch v
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FTP. Khi , client yu cu truyn file, server cung cp dch v tng ng truyn hoc nhn file.
Internet cng l mt v d in hnh v quan h chia s mt tin trnh s l gia client server. Client hay im cui giao tip vi user l ni trnh dut internet explorer hay netscape trnh by d liu vi user tnh duyt web gi yu cu n web server. Server ch li v trinh duyt web nhn c d liu HTTP t server v trnh by trang web cho user. Mt v d na cho mt quan h slient server l server cung ng dch v v c s d liu v client trong LAN. Trn client, chy mt ng dng c vit bng C hay Java. Trn server, chy ORACLA hay mt phn mm qun l d liu. Trong trng hp ny, client thc hin vic nh dng v trnh by cc tc v i vi d liu cho user, cn server cung cp ni lu d liu v dch v tm d liu. Mt my tnh i khi pha truy vn mt d liu cn thit no trong mt c s d liu rt ln. Vi m hnh client server, client ch cn gi yu cu tm d liu cho server. Sau server c th x l vi hn 100000 h s d liu mi tm ra d liu tha mn yu cu ca client. Nh vy, vic lu tr mt lng ln d liu v vic s l tm kim trn lng d liu u c thc hin ti server. Clinet ch cn pht i mt yu cu nh v ch nhn kt qu mong mun. Do lng thng tin chao i c truyn i qua mng s nh i t tn bng thng hn.
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Vic phn chia s l mt tin trnh gia client v server nh trn em li nhiu u im, nhng cng c nhc im v mt chi ph. Vic tp chung ti nguyn trn server gip cho vic truy cp ng gin, kim sot tp chung v kh nng bo v tt hn nhng server li tr thnh im nhy cm duy nht. Nu server b s c, khng hot ng c th k nh ton b h thng cng khng hot ng c na. Ngoi ra, bo tr v qun tr server cn i hi phi c nhng phn cng d phng, nhng phn mm c bit v nhng chuyn gia trnh cao trong lnh vc ny. Tt c nhng yu t lm tng thm chi ph vn hnh mng. 6.1.4. Gii thiu v h iu hnh mng, gi tt l NOS (Netword Operating System): H iu hnh l mt phn mm lm nn cho tt c cc ng dng v dch v chy trn mt my tnh. Tng t, NOS cho php nhiu thit b thng tin lin lc vi nhau chia s ti nguyn qua mng. NOS thng c chy trn cc server Unix, Microsoft Windows NT, Windows 2000. Cc chc nng thng thng ca mt h iu hnh trn my trm gm iu khin phn cng, chy chng trnh v cung cpgiao din tip vi user. Nhiu user c th chia s cng mt my tnh nhng khng th s dng mt my tnh cng lc. Trong khi , NOS phn chia chc nng trn nhiu my tnh khc nhau, cho php chia s d liu bi nhiu user cng lc. Mt client trong mi trng NOS c th cho php ngi s ng truy cp n ngun ti nguyn trn my khc nh chnh ngun ti nguyn ni b nm trn my vy. Mt NOS server nhiu ngi dng c kh nnh h tr nhiu user cng lc. Nh qun tr mng to ti khon cho mi user, cho php server kim tra v xc minh user mi khi truy cp, ng thi ty theo mi ti khon m user c th truy cp nhng ti nguyn no c php. NOS server l mt h thng a nhim, c kh nng thc hin nhiu nhim v cng lc. Phn mm NOS phn phi thi gian x l, b nh v cc thnh phn khc cu h thng cho cc tc v khc nhau, cho php nhiu tc v cng chia s ti nguyn h thng. Mi user trong h thng nhiu ngi dng c h tr bi mt tin trnh ring trong server. Mi tin trnh ny c to ra t ng bn trong server mi khi user kt ni vo h thng v c xa i khi user ngt kt ni.
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Khi chn la NOS chng ta cn quan tm n cc c im sau: kh nng hot ng, cng c qun l v theo di, kh nng bo mt, kh nng m rng, bn vng v kh nng khc phc li. Kh nng hot ng: NOS phi thc hin c v ghi cc file dc truyn qua mng gia client v server. Server phi c kh nng hot ng tt vi p lc cao khi c nhiu client cng gi yu cu cng mt lc. Yu cu hot ng tt di p lc cao l mt tiu chun hng u cho mt NOS. Kh nng qun l v theo di: Giao din qun l ca NOS cung cp cng c theo di, qun l client v a. Giao din qun l ca NOS cn cung cp cng c ci t v cu hnh dch v mi. Ngoi ra, server cn i hi phi c thng xuyn theo di v iu chnh. Kh nng bo mt: NOS phi bo v ngun ti nguyn chia s. Vic bo mt bao gm xc minh user, m ha bo v thng tin khi truyn i gia client v server. Kh nng m rng: L kh nng pht trin mng m khng lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca NOS . NOS phi c kh nng chp nhn thm user v server mi. bn vng v kh nng khc phc li: bn c xc nh thng qua kh nng cung cp dch v khi co s c xy ra. Chng ta nn s dng a d phng v chia ti cho nhiu server tng bn vng cho NOS.
6.1.5. Microsoft NT, 2000 v .NET: K t khi phin bn Windows 1.0 c pht hnh thng 11nm 1985 n nay, Microsoft pht hnh nhiu phin bn h iu hnh Windows khc nhau vi nhiu ci cch v thay i h tr cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
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Windows NT 4.0 c thit k cung cp mt mi trng hot ng n nh hn v c Windows NT 4.0 cho desktop (NT 4.0 Workstation) v cho server (NT 4.0 Server). u imca Windows NT 4.0 l DOS v cc chng trnh Windows c c chy trong mi trng gi lp. Li chng trnh c c lp v khng cn phi khi ng mi my. Windows NT cung cp cu trc min kim sot user v client truy cp vo ti nguyn server. Mi min NT phi c mt primary domain controller lu c s d liu qun l ti khon (SAM Security Accounts Management Database) v c mt hoc nhiu backup domain controller, trn lu bn copy read-only ca SAM. Khi user mun truy cp vo h thng, thng tin ti khon c gi n SAM. Nu thng tin ti khon ny c lu trong SAM th user s c xc minh vo min NT v truy cp c vo ti nguyn h thng. K tha Windows NT, Windows 2000 c pht trin cho c Desktop v server, Windows 2000 c k thut Plug-and play, ngha l cc thit b mi c ci t vo h thng m khng cn khi ng li. Windows2000 cn c h thng m ha File bo mt d liu trn a cng. Windows2000 t cc i tng nh User, ti nguyn vo mt n v nh l Organizational units (Ous). Vic xc minh qun tr trn mi OU c y thc cho mt User hoc mt nhm User c im ny cho php qun l chi tit hn so vi Windows NT 4.0. Windows2000 Prossional khng c thit k lm mt NOS hon chnh. N khng cung cp domain controller, DNS Server, DHCP Server hay bt k dich v no khc nh windows2000 Server. Mc ch chnh ca windows2000 Prossional l tham gia vo domain vi t cch l mt h iu hnh pha client. Cc loi phn cng c th ci trn h thng cng b gii hn windows2000 Prossional cng c th cung cp mt vi kh nng Server cho mng nh hoc mng ngang hng, v d nh File server, FPT server, web server, print server nhng ch ti a 10 kt ni cng lc. windows2000 Server b sung thm nhiu chc nng server cho windows2000 Prossional. windows2000 Server c th hot ng nh mt File server, nhm user v ti nguyn mng. windows2000 Server c th s dng cho mng c kichs thc va v nh. N cung cp kt ni tng thch vi h thng Novell Netware, UNIX v Apple. N c th c cu hnh lm communication server cung cp dch v quay s cho cc
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server xa. windows2000 Advance Server h tr thm nhiu phn cng v phn mm khc cho cc mng ln v cc ln. Microsoft cng pht trin windows.NET Server cung cp kh nng bo mt cng nh tin cy cao chy cc Wed v cc FPT sites cc ln, cnh tranh vi linux, UNIX v novelss One NET. Windows.NET Server cung cp dch v XML Wed cho cc cng ty, t chc c mc lu lng web va v cao. 6.1.6. UNIX, Sun, HP v LINUX: 6.1.6.1. Ngun gc ca UNIX: UNIX l tn ca mt nhm cc h iu hnh c ngun gc t nm 1969 Bell Labs. Ngay t ban u UNIX c thit k h tr a ngi dng v a tc dng. UNIX l h iu hnh u tin c h tr cc giao thc mng Internet. lch s pht trin c hn 35 nm ca UNIX l mt qu trnh phc tp, trong c rt nhiu cng ty v t chc ng gp vo s pht trin ca n. u tin, UNIX c vit bng hp ng (assembly language) v UNIX ch chy c trn mt loi my tnh c bit. Vo nm 1971, Dennis Ritchie cho ra i ngn ng lp trnh C. Nm 1973, Ritchie cng vi mt thnh vin ca Bell Lasb l nh lp trnh Fen Thompson vit li chng trnh UNIX vi ngn ng C. C l mt ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, do UNIX co th chuyn sang chy trn cc loi my tnh khc. Quyt nh pht trin h iu hnh mi ny l cha kha thnh cng ca UNIX. Trong sut thp nin 70, UNIX c pht trin bi cc nh lp trnh Bell Labs v mt s trng i hc nh University of California Berkeley. Khi UNIX ln u tin tr thnh mt thng hiu trn th trng trong thp nin 80, UNIX ch c s dng trn cc server mng loi mnh ch khng s dng trn my tnh bn. Ngy nay, UNIX c nhiu phin bn khc nhau nh: Hewlett Packard UNIX (HP-UX). Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSD UNIX), c cc sn phm nh FreeBSD. Snt Cruz Operation (SCO) UNIX. Sun Solaris. IBM UNIX (AIX).
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UNIX tip tc khng nh v tr ca n l mt h iu hnh ng tin cy, an ton cho cc ng dng quan trng, then cht ca mt doanh nghip hay t chc. UNIX cng thch hp vi TCP/IP v chng cn cho LAN v WAN. Mi trng h iu hnh Sun Microsystem Solaris l ct li ca n, h iu hnh SunOS l mt phin bn 64 bit, linh hot v hiu sut hot ng cao ca UNIX. Solaris c th chy trn nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau, t my tnh c nhn Intel cho n cc my tnh cc mnh. Hin nay Solaris l phin bn c s dng rng ri nht ca UNIX trong cc h thng mng ln v cc Internet website. Sun cn l nh pht trin cng ngh Java Write Once, Run Anywhere. Nu nh Microsoft Windows c s dng ph bin trong LAN thi UNIX c chy rt nhiu trn Internet. UNIX thng gn kin vi nhng phn cng t tin, khng thn thin vi ngi s dng. Tuy nhin trong nhng pht trin gn y, k c Linux, ngi ta ang c gng thay i hnh nh ny. 6.1.6.2. Ngun gc ca Linux:
Vo nm 1991, mt sinh vin ngi Phn Lan tn l Linus Torvalds bt tay nghin cu h iu hnh cho my tnh Intel 80386. Torvalds khng bng lng vi trng thi hot ng ca cc h iu hnh desktop, v d nh DOS v s tn km bi chi ph bn quyn ca UNIX. Torvalds pht trin h iu hnh hot ng ging UNIX nhng s dng m phn mm m hon ton min ph cho mi ngi s dng.
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Vic lm ca Torvalds dn n mt hiu ng cng tc ton cu, cng pht trin Linux lm mt h iu hnh m ngun m, c hnh thc v cch s dng tng t nh UNIX. Vo cui thp nin 90, Linux tr thanh k c th thay th cho UNIX trn server v cho Windows trn desktop. Cc phin bn ca Linux hin nay c th chy trn hu ht cc b x l 32 bit, bao gm Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, Alpha v PowerPC. Cng nh UNIX Linux cng c nhiu phin bn khc nhau. Mt s phin bn c th ti min ph t web v mt s c bn. Sau y l mt s phin bn thng dng nht ca Linux: Red Hat Linux phn phi bi Red Hat Software. OpenLinux - phn phi bi Caldera. Corel Linux. Slackware. Debian GNU/Linux. SE Linux. Linux l mt trong nhng h iu hnh mnh nht v ng tin cy nht trn th gii hin nay. Chnh v vy Linux cng ch dnh cho nhng ngi dng chuyn nghip c s dng nhiu cho cc server mnh v t c trin khai lm h iu hnh desktop. Mc d Linux cng c giao din ha thn thin vi ngi dng nhng ngi dng khng chuyn nghip vn cm thy s dng Linux kh hn so vi Mac OS hay Windows. Hin nay mt s cng ty nh Red Hat, SuSE, Corel v Caldera cng ang c gng lm cho Linux cng ph bin nh mt h iu hnh cho desktop. Khi trin khai Linux trn my tnh bn, chng ta cn quan tm n kh nng h tr cc trnh ng dng ca Linux. C mt s chng trnh ng dng ch tng ng vi Windows. Tuy nhin mt s hng nh WABI v WINE chuyn cung cp phn mm m phng Windows gip cho nhiu ng dng Windows c th chy trn Linux. Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty nh Corel cng ang lm phin bn Linux ph hp vi h thng ca h cng vi cc phn mm thng dng khc. 6.1.6.3.ni mng vi linux: Hin nay trong Linux c cc thnh phn v mng, cho php kt ni LAN v thit lp kt ni quay s ra Internet TCP/IP c tch hp vo nhn ca Linux ch khng trin khai thnh mt h thng con ring bit.
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Sau y l mt s u im ca Linux khi c s dng trn desktop: N thc s l h iu hnh 32 bit N h tr a tc v v b nh o M ngun m nn bt k ai cng c th vn dng v pht trin 6.1.7 Apple: My tnh apple macintosh c thit k cho mng ngang hng hay mt nhm my tnh nh. Cng ni mng cng c bao gm lun trong phn cng ca my tnh, cc thnh phn mng c xy dng trong h iu hnh macintosh. My tnh macintosh cng c th s dng b chuyn i ethrnet hay token ring. My tnh macintosh hay gi tt l Mac, c s dng ph bin trong cc hc vin v cc b phn ha. Mac c th kt ni vi mt my tnh khc trong nhm v c th truy cp vo file server appleshare. Mac cng c th kt ni vi cc PC trong LAN v cc server Microsft, NetWare, UNIX.
Mas OSX(10) H iu hnh Macintosh, Mac OSX, i khi cn c gi l Apple system 10.
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Giao din ho Aqua ca Mac OS X tp hp nhng c im ca Microsoft Windows XP v Linux X-Windosw. Mac OS X oc thit k cung cp cc chc nng cho mt my tnh gia nh, v d nh chnh duyt Internet, bin tp hnh v Video, Game, ng thi cng cung cp nhng cng c mnh, cu hnh chuyn nghip m mt chuyn gia IT cn c trong h niu hnh. Mac OS X tng thch hon ton vi cc phin bn c ca Mac. Mac OS X cn cung cp nhiu chc nng mi cho php kt ni vi Apple talk v Windows. H iu hnh xng sng ca Mac OS X c gi l Darwin. Darwwin l mt h thng mnh, da trn c s ca Unix, hot ng n nh v hiu sut cao. Mac OS X cng h tr b nh o, qun l b nh bc cao, thc hin da tc v v s l ng b. Tt c nhng u im ny lm cho Mac OS X cng l mt i th cnh tranh vi cc h iu hnh khc. 6.1.8. Khi nim v cc dch v trn Server: NOS c thit k cung cp cc hot ng mnh cho client. Cc dch v mng bao gm WWW, chia s tp tin, Mail, qun l t xa, in t xa .qun l t xa l mt dch v mnh , cho php ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh h thng mng t xa. Mi hot ng mng trn cc h iu hnh khc nhau c chc nng ging nhau nhng cch hot ng s khc nhau. Ty theo tng NOS m mt s cc hot ng ch yu s c kch hot mc nh trong qu trnh ci t NOS. hu ht cc hot dng mng thng dng u da trn b giao thc TCP/IP. Nhng TCP/IP l b giao thc m v ni ting ln cc
680
dch v da trn TCP/IP cng ng trca cc nguy c b tn cng. tn cng DOS (Denian of service), virut, Worm buc ngi thit k NOS quan tm nhiu hn n vic khi ng t ng mt dch v mng. Nhng phin bn thng dng ngn y ca NOS, v d nh Windows v Red Hat Linux, gii hn s dch v mng c kch hot mc nh do , khi s dng NOS, chng ta phi khi ng cc dch v mng bng tay . Khi mt urer mun in trong mng c dch v in chia s, yu cu in c gi n hng i ca my in v my in phc v cc yu cu ny theo th t n trc, in trc. Do thi gian ch in c th s lu, ty theo s lng cn in ang nn ttrong hng i. Vi dch v in qua mng, ngi qun tr h thng c th qun l s lng ln cng vic cng vic ln in n qua mng, bao gm ci t u tin, thi gian ch v xa nhng yu cu in ang trong hng ch. Chia s tp in Chia s tp in l mt dch v mng quan trng. Hin nay c rt nhiu giao thc v ng dng cho chia s tp tin. Trong phm vi mng nh huc mng gia nh, tp tin c chia s bng Windows file sharing hay giao thc NFS khi ngi s dng thm ch cng khng nhn thy s khc bit ca tp tin ang nm trn i cng hay trn server. Windows file sharing v NFS cho php ngi s dng d dng di chuyn, to mi hay xa tp tin trong th mc hay trn my xa. FTP Rt nhiu li s dng FTP to tp tin c th truy cp t xa, iu chnh v pht hnh ra cng ng. dch v FTP kt hp vi dch v WEB c s dng rt dng di. v d: mt User c thng tin v mt phn mm mi trn trang Web v ti phn mm v bng FTP. Cc cng ty nh c th dng mt Server cung cp c hai dch v FTP v HTTP, cn cn cng ty ln c th dnh ring mt Server cho FTP. FTP client phi truy nhp vo FTP Server v chng ta c th cu hnh FTP Server cho php truy nhp v danh. Khi User truy nhp vo Server di dng v danh, User khng bt buc phi c ti sn trong h thng. Giao thc FTP cn cho php User chp tp tin nn Server thay i tn v xo tp tin. Do ngi qun tr h thng cn cn thn khi cu hnh quyn truy cp.
681
FTP l mt giao thc hot ng theo phin truy cp. Client phi m phin giao tip lp ng dng vi Server, thc hin xc minh v sau ti huc chp tp tin nn Server. Nu phin kt ni khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th Server s ngt kt ni . Thi gian ch cho mi phin kt ni ty thuc tng phn mm khc nhau. Dch v Web Wornd wide web l dch v mng ph bin nht hin nay. tong vng khng y mt thp nin Wornd wide web ch thnh mng ton cu cho thng tin, bun bn, gio dc v gii tr. Hng t cc cng ty t chc v c nhn t trang Web ca mnh trn Internet Web site l mt tp hp cc trang Web vi nhau. Wornd wide web da trn cc m hnh client/ server. Client thit lp phin bn kt ni TCB vi Web server. Khi kt ni c thit lp song, client c th yu cu nhn d liu t server HTTP. Thc hin cc giao thc truyn dc liu gia client v server. Phn mm Web/client l cc trnh duyt Web v d Netscape, Internet explorer. Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm Web server thng dng nht l ernet explorer. Trang Web c trn Server c chy phn mm dch v Web. Hai phn mm Web server thng dng nht l Microsoft Internet information Services (IIS) v Apache Web Server. Microsoft (IIS) chy trn Windows Apache Web Server chy trn UNIX v Linnux. DNS Giao thc DNS dich trn phn mm Internet, v d nh www.cisco.com, thnh i ch IP. Giao thc DNS cho php client gi yu cu n DNS server thc hin dch tn min sang i ch IP. Sau chng trnh ng dng c th s dng a ch IP ny gi d liu. Nu khng c dch v ny c l Internet khng th pht trin nh ngy nay.
HTU UTH
DHCP Mc ch ca DHCP l cho php mi my tnh trong mng IP c cu hnh TCP/IP t mt hay nhiu DHCP server. DHCP cung cp i ch IP cho mt my tnh trong mt khon thi gian nht nh, sau ly li i ch IP v c th cp
682
mt i ch IP mi. Tt c cc cng vic ny c thc hin bi mt DHCP server. Nh cng vic qun l mng IP ln c gim bt rt nhiu.
6.2. Qun tr mng: 6.2.1. Gii thiu v qun tr mng: Khi mt h thng mng ngy cng pht trin th trong cng c nhiu ti nguyn quan trng hn. khi cng c nhiu ti nguyn phc v cho User th mng li cng tr nn phc tp, cng vic qun tr mng cng tr nn kh khn hn. vic thiu ht ti nguyn v hiu sut hot ng km l hu qu ca vic pht trin khng hoch nh v cc User khng th chp nhn iu ny. do ngi qun tr mng phi t ng qun l h thng ca mnh, xc nh s c v ngn nga s c xy ra, to hiu sut hot ng tt nht cho User. Mt khc khi h thng mng ch nn qu ln, ngi qun tr c th khng qun l ni nu khng c s tr gip ca cc cng c qun l mng t ng. Cng vic qun tr mng bao gm: Theo di hot ng mng. Tng cng kh nng t ng. Theo di thi gian p ng trong mng. Bo mt. nh tuyn lu lng mng. Cung cp kh nng lu tr d liu. ng k user. Cng vic qun tr mng chu nhng trch nhim sau: Kim sot ti sn chung: Nu ti nguyn mng khng c kim sot hiu qu th hot ng ca h thng mn s khng t nh mong mun.
683
Kim sot phc tp: S pht trin bng n s lng thit b mng, user, giao thc v cc nh cung cp dch v, thit b l nhng iu gy kh khn cho cng vic qun tr mng Pht trin dch v: Ngi s dng lun mong ch nhng dch v mi hn, tt hn khi h thng mng pht trin hn. Cn bng cc nhu cu khc nhau: Ngi s dng lun i hi cc phn mm ng dng khc nhau vi nhng mc h tr khc nhau v yu cu khc nhau v mc hot ng, kh nng bo mt Gim ti a thi gian ngng hot ng do s c: S dng cc bin php d phng m bo kh nng cung cp dch v v ti nguyn mng. Kim sot chi ph: Theo di v kim sot mc s dng ti nguyn ph hp vi mc chi ph chp nhn c. 6.2.2. OSI v m hnh qun tr mng: ISO (International Standards Organization) a ra m hnh qun tr mng vi 4 phn: T chc. Thng tin. Lin lc. Chc nng. Phn t chc m t cc thn phn qun tr mng, bao gm cc thnh phn qun l, cc chi nhnh v mi quan h gia chng. Vic b tr cc thnh phn ny s dn n cc loi cu trc m chng ta s bn n trong phn sau ca chng. Phn thng tin lin quan n cu trc v lu tr thng tin qun tr mng. Nhng thng tin ny c lu tr trong mt c s d liu gi l MIB (Management Information Base). ISO nh ngha cu trc ca thng tin qun tr SMI (Structure of Management Information) nh ngha c php v thng tin qun tr lu trong MIB. MIB v SIM s c cp trong phn su hn trong phn sau ca chng. Phn lin lc lin quan n thng tin qun tr c lin lc nh th no gia trm qun l v cc chi nhnh. Phn ny lin quan n cc giao thc vn chuyn, gioa thc ng dng, yu cu v p ng gia 2 bn giao dch. Phn chc nng phn chia vic qun tr mng theo 5 lnh vc chc nng nh sau: Khc phc li.
684
Cu hnh. Tnh ton chi ph. Hiu sut hot ng. Bo mt.
6.2.3. SNMP v CMPI: vic qun tr mng c th thc hin lin thng trn nhiu h thng mng khc nhau, chng ta cn phi c cc chun v qun tr mng. Sau y l 2 chun chnh ni bt: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): chun ca IT. CIMP (Common Management Information Protocol): chun ca Teltcommunications. SNMP l tp hp cc chun v qun tr mng, bao gm giao thc v cu trc c s d liu. SNMP c cng nhn l mt chun cho TCP/IP vo nm 1989 v sau tr nn rt ph bin. Phin bn nng cp SNMPv2c c cng b nm 1993. SNMPv2c tp chung v phn phi vic qun tr mng, pht trin SMI, hot ng giao thc, cu trc qun l v bo mt. SNMP c thit k chy trong mng I cng nh mng TCP/IP. K t SNMPv3c, vic truy cp MIB c bo v bng vic xc minh v m ha gi d liu khi truyn qua mng. CMIP l mt giao thc qun tr mng OSI, do SIO to ra v chun ha. CMIP thc hin theo di v kim sot h thng mng. 6.2.4. Hot ng ca SNMP:
685
SNMP l mt giao thc lp ng dngc thit k thc hin cc thng tin qun tr mng gia cc thit b mng. Vi SNMP chng ta s c c cc d liu v thng tin qun tr, v d: s lng gi c gi i qua cng trong mi giy, s lng kt ni TCP ang m, qua nh qun tr mng c th d dng qun l hot ng ca h thng mng,tm v x l n. Hin nay SNMP l giao thc v qun tr mng c s dng ph bin nht trong mng cc doanh nghip, trng a hc SNMP l mt giao thc n gin nhng n c kh nng x l hiu qu nhiu s c kh khn trong nhng h thng mng phc tp. M hnh t chc ca mng qun l bng SNMP bao gm 4 thnh phn: Trm qun l NMS (Network Management Station). Chi nhnh qun l (Management Agent). C s d liu thng tin qun tr MIB (Management Information Base). Giao thc qun tr mng. NMS thng l mt my trm c lp nhng n thc hin nhim v cho ton b h thng. Trn ci t mt s phn mm qun tr mng NMA (Network Management Application). Trn NMA c giao din giao tip vi user, cho php ngi qun tr c th thng qua qun l mng. Cc phn mm ny c th tr li cc yu cu ca user qua mng. Chi nhnh qun l l cc phn mm qun tr mng c ci t trn cc thit b mng then cht nh router, bridge, hub, host. Cc phn mm ny cung cp thng tin quan trng cho NMS. Tt c cc thng tin qun tr mng c lu tr trong c s d liut ta bn thn mi thit b. Mi thit b chi nhnh qun l lu cc thng tin sau: S lng v trng thi cc kt ni o ca thit b . S lng cc thng ip bo li m thit b nhn c. S lng bytev gi d liu c thit b nhn vo v chuyn ra. Chiu di ti a ca hng i ch xut ra. Cc thng ip qung b nhn c v gi i. S ln cc cng b tt v hot ng tr li. NMS thc hin chc nng theo di bng cch nhn cc thng tin t MIB. Vic thng tin lin lc gia trm qun l cc chi nhnh c thc hin bi giao thc qun tr mng lp ng dng. SNMP s dng UDP v post 161, 162. Chng trao i ba loi thng ip sau:
686
Get: Trm qun l ly thng tin ca MIB trn chi nhnh. Set: Trm qun l ci t gi tr thng tin ca MIB trn chi nhnh. Trap: Chi nhnh thng bo cho trm qun l khi c mt s kin xy ra.
M hnh thng tin lin lc nh trn c xem l m hnh hai tng, xem hnh 6.2.4.a. Mi thnh phn trong mng u c qun l bi SNMP. Trong mt vi trng hp, mt s thit b c quyn u tin qun tr cao hn, chng ta cn c m hnh ba tng. Trm qun l mng thu thp thng tin v kim sot nhng thit b c quyn u tin ny thng qua mt chi nhnh proxy. Chi nhnh proxy dch cc yu cu SNMP t trm qun l sang dng ph hp vi h thng bn di n v s dng mt giao thc qun tr mng ring, ph hp vi h thng bn di. Proxy nhn c tr li t h thng bn di, sau dch cc tr li ny sang thng ip SNMP v gi li cho trm qun l. Phn mm qun tr mng thng chuyn mt s chc nng qun tr mng cho my d RMON(remote monitor) . my d RMON thu nhp thng tin qun tr mng ni b , sau gi thng tin tng hp theo nh k cho trm qun l.
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NMS l mt my trm bnh thng chy mt h iu hnh c trng NMS c dung lng RAM ln c th chy mi trnh ng dng qun tr mng cng mt lc. Mt s chng trnh qun tr mng Ciscoworks2000, HP Openview.
Nh vy ni trn, trm qun l c th l mt my trm c lp chuyn gi cc yu cu n mi chi nhnh m khng cn bit chng nm u (hnh 6.2.4.d). trong mt s h thng mng c phn chia thnh nhiu site, th mi site nn c mt NMS ni b. Tt c cc NMS lin lc vi nhau theo m hnh client-server. Mt NMS ng vai tr l server, cc NMS cn li l client. Cc client gi d liu ca n
688
cho server tp chung lu tr ti (hnh 6.2.4.e). mt m hnh khc l tt c NMS u c chch nhim ngang nhau, mi NMS qun l c s d liu ring ca n, nh vy thng tin qun tr c phn phi trn nhiu NMS(hnh 6.2.4.f)
689
6.2.5 cu trc ca thng tin qun tr v MIB: MIB c s dng lu thng tin v cc thnh phn mng v nhng chi tit ca chng. Cc thng tin ny c lu theo mt cu trc nht nh trong MIB. Cu trc ny c nh ngha theo chun SMI trong nh ngha loi d liu cho mi i tng, cch t tn cho i tng v m ho i tng nh th no khi chuyn qua mng. MIB l ni lu tr thng tin cu trc cao cp. C rt nhiu chun MIB nhng cng c nhiu MIB c quyn cho thit b cho mt hng no . Ban u SMI MIB c phn loi thnh 8 nhm khc nhau vi tn cng 114 i tng c nh ngha v qun l. Trong MIB II thay th cho MIB-I, c thm nhiu nhm mi c nh ngha (185 i tng c nh ngha). Tt c cc i tng qun l trong mi trng SNMP c sp xp theo cu trc hnh cy phn cp. Nhng i tng nm pha di s l nhng i tng c qun l thc s. Mi i tng ny c qun l thng qua cc thng tin v ti nguyn, hot ng cc thng tin c lin quan khc . mi i tng c qun l c mt ch s danh nh ring SNMP ch dng ch s ny xc nh cc gi tr
690
cn tm hay cn sa i trong MIB. Chng ta c th tham kho thm v cc i tng ny trong www.ietf.org.
HTU UTH
6.2.6. giao thc SNMP: Cc chi nhnh qun tr mng l cc thit b mng nh router, switch, hub, my in, server, trn ci mt phn mm c chc nng qun tr mng. phn mm ny chu trch nhim x l cc yu cu SNMP nhn c t trm qun l, ng thi bo tr cc thng tin v cc i tng c qun l lu trong MIB. S thng tin lin lc gia trm qun l v cc chi nhnh c thc hin bi SNMP. Trong phin bn u tin SNMP V1 c 3 loi thng ip c trm qun l NMS gi i: Getrequest, GetnextRequest v Setquest. C ba thng ip ny u c cc chi nhnh hi p bng thng ip GetReponse. Khi c s thay i xy ra lm thay i thng tin trong MIB th cc chi nhnh s gi thng ip trap bo cho NMS. Phin bn SNMP v2 khc phc mt s nhc im ca SNMP V1. trong , bc ci tin quan trng nht l c thm loi thng ip GetBulkRequest v b
691
m 64 bit cho MIB. Vic thu nhp thng tin bng GetBulkRequest v GetnextRequest khng c hiu qu v ch ly c mt gi tr cho mt cho mi ln gi. Vi GetnextRequest trm qun l c th nhn c nhiu thng tin. B m 64 khc phc c nhc im b trn qu nhanh ca b m trc y,nhat l vi ng truyn tc cao hin nay nh Gigabit Ethernet.
Trm qun l x l thng tin thu nhp c t cc trm chi nhnh vi nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc thng tin ny c th c truy cp, hin th v so snh vi cc gi tr c cu hnh trc kim tra iu kin hot ng c c tho mn hay khng. Nh qun tr mng vn c kh nng cu hnh, thay i cc gi tr trong trm qun l. Vic trao i thng tin gia trm qun l v cc chi nhnh lm tng thm lu lng mng. y l im cn lu mi khi t trm qun l vo mng. vic theo di h thng qu chi tit i khi li c tc dng ngc i vi hiu sut hot ng ca mng v cc thit b c theo di phi x l thm cc thng tin trao i theo nh k cng t cng tt. Chng ta cn xc nh nhng thit b v nhng ng kt ni no l quan trng v chng ta cn nhng thng tin no nht. SNMP s dng UDP lm giao thc khng theo hng kt ni v khng tin cy, do SNMP c th b mt thng ip. Bn thn SNMP cng khng c c ch bo m vic truyn d liu do cc ng dng s dng SNMP phi c trch nhim kim sot vic mt mt cc thng ip.
692
Mi thng ip SNMP c cha mt chui k t khng m c gi l community string. Community string c s dng nh l password truy cp vo trm qun l, trong hnh 6.2.6.b l cu trc ca thng ip SNMPv2c. chi tit hn v cc thnh phn ny cc bn c th xem thm trong RFC1905.
SNMPv2c dng SNMPv2 PDUs Nhng gi chng trong SNMPv1 format
693
Community string l l hng bo mt tn ti cho n khi nhm pht trin SNMPv2 thng qua mt c ch bo v vi kt qu l SNMPv3 ra i. Tt c cc ng dng qun tr da trn SNMP u cn phi cu hnh gi tr ph hp cho Community string. C nhiu cng ty t chc thay i thng xuyn gi tr ca Community string gim bt nguy c tn ti hot ng ph hoi thng qua vic s dng dch v SNMP bt hp php. Thit b Cisco h tr SNMPv3 nhng a s cc phn mmqun tr vn cn cha h tr SNMPv3. SNMPv3 h tr nhiu m hnh bo mt khc nhau ang c s dng hin nay. 6.2.7 cu hnh SNMP: NMS c th giao tip vi cc thit b mng th SNMP phi c cu hnh trn cc thit b vi SNMP Community string. 6.2.8. RMON: RMON l mt bc tin quan trng trong vic qun tr h thng mng n nh ngha mt MIB theo di t xa chnh l MIB-II v cung cp cho nh qun tr mt lng thng tin ln v h thng mng. u im chnh ca RMON l n m rng chc nng cuae SNMP m khng h thay i nn tng bn di ca giao thc SNMP. RMON dn gin ch l mt dng dc bit ca MIB.
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Chun RMON u tin c thit k theo IETF RFC 1271 hin nay l RFC 1757. RMON c thit k cung cp kh nng theo di v phn tch linh ng. Cc thit b oc theo di chnh l cc chi nhnh nm trong cc mng con c th bo ng cho ngi s dng v thu thp thng tin v cc trng thi hot ng bng cch phn tch mi frame trong mng . Chun RMON chia cc chc nng theo di thnh 9 nhm h tr cho m hnh Ethernet v nhm th 10 trong RFC 1513 h tr thm cho cc c tnh ring ca Token ring. Sau ay l cc nhm RMON c nh ngha Statistics group: bo tr cc thng tin v hot ng v cc li xy ra trong mt mng ang c theo di . v d cc thng tin v lng bng thng ang s dng lng broadcast, multicast li CRC mnh frame gy History group: theo nh k ly cc thng tin t Statistics group ra lm mu v lu li sau c th tm li c: v d s lng li, s lng gi d liu Alarm group: cho php nh qun tr mng ci t chu k ly mu v mc ngng cho cc gi tr c lu bi cc chi nhnh , v d gi tr tuyt i v gi tr tng i mc ngng trn v mc ngng di . Host group: nh ngha n v o cho cc lai lu lng n v i t cc host trong mng v d: s gi gi v nhn s byte gi v nhn, s byte li s gi broadcast v multicast. Host topN group: cung cp bo co v trng thi ca nhm Top N host trong Statistic group. Traffic matrix group: lu cc trng thi hot ng v li gia cc cp hai node giao tip vi nahu trong mng v d s lng li, s lng gi byte gia hai node. Filter group: lc cc gi dc liu t frame tho mn vi mu ca user d nh trc. Packet capture group: nh ngha cc packet no ph hp vi tiu chun no nh trc lu li. Event group: cho php hin th cc s kin xy ra cng thi gian xy ra s kin .
695
6.2.9. syslog Tnh nng syslog ca cisco da trn tnh nng syslog ca UNIX cc s kin ca h thng c hin th ra mn hnh console ca h thng tr khi tnh nng ny b tt i. Tnh nng syslog l c ch cho php cc ng dng, cc tin trnh v hot ng h thng ca thit b Cisco thng bo cc hot ng v li. Cc thng ip syslog c 8 mc khc nhau, t 0 n 7, trong mc 0 l mc nguy cp nht: 0 Emergencies 1 Alerts 2 Critical 3 Erros 4 Warnings 5 Notifications 6 Informational 7 Debugging NMS c th nhn v nghi li cc thng ip h thng t cc thit b th trn cc thit b phi c cu hnh syslog. Sau y l cc lnh cu hnh cho cc thit b ny. m ch logging: Router (config) #logging on gi thng ip log cho mt syslog server: Router (config) #logging hostname | ip address Ci t mc cho cc thng ip, v d mc 6 (mc 6 la mc mc nh ca Cisco IOS): Router (config) #logging trap informational thng ip syslog c km theo thi gian ca s kin:
696
Router (config) #service timestamps log datetime Tng kt Sau y l nhng im quan trng m cc bn cn nm vng trong chng ny: Chc nng ca my trm v server. Vai tr ca c thit b khc nhau trong mi trng client/server. S pht trin ca h iu hnh mng N. Ci nhn tng qut v h iu hnh Windows v cc h iu hnh khc. Nguyn nhn ti sao cn phi qun tr h thng mng. M hnh OSI v m hnh qun tr mng. Cc loi cng c qun tr mng v cc loi ng dng ca n. Vai tr ca SNMP v CMIP trong vic theo di h thng mng. Cc phn mm qun tr mng thu thp thng tin v ghi li cc s c nh th no. Vic thu thp cc thng tin v hot ng mng c thc hin nh th no.

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Hnh 1.2.2a: Cu trc bn trong ca router 2600

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Hnh 1.2.3 1.2.4 Kt ni vo cng qun l trn router

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