Phng php gii bi tp v in phn

I NHC LI L THUYT 1) in phn cht in li nng chy: p dng i vi MCln, M(OH)n v Al2O3 (M l kim loi nhm IA v IIA) 2) in phn dung dch cht in li trong nc: - Vai tr ca nc: trc ht l dung mi ha tan cc cht in phn, sau c th tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh in phn: + Ti catot (cc m) H2O b kh: 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH + Ti anot (cc dng) H2O b oxi ha: 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e - Ti catot (cc m) xy ra qu trnh kh M+, H+ (axit), H2O theo quy tc: + Cc cation nhm IA, IIA, Al3+ khng b kh (khi H2O b kh) + Cc ion H+ (axit) v cation kim loi khc b kh theo th t trong dy th in cc chun (ion c tnh oxi ha mnh hn b kh trc): Mn+ + ne M + Cc ion H+ (axit) d b kh hn cc ion H+ (H2O)

+ V d khi in phn dung dch hn hp cha FeCl3, CuCl2 v HCl th th t cc ion b kh l: Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ ; Cu2+ + 2e Cu ; 2H+ + 2e H2 ; Fe2+ + 2e Fe - Ti anot (cc dng) xy ra qu trnh oxi ha anion gc axit, OH (baz kim), H2O theo quy tc: + Cc anion gc axit c oxi nh NO3, SO42, PO43, CO32, ClO4khng b oxi ha + Cc trng hp khc b oxi ha theo th t: S2 > I > Br > Cl > RCOO > OH > H2O 3) nh lut Faraday

m= Trong : + m: khi lng cht gii phng in cc (gam) + A: khi lng mol ca cht thu c in cc + n: s electron trao i in cc + I: cng dng in (A) + t: thi gian in phn (s) + F: hng s Faraday l in tch ca 1 mol electron hay in lng cn thit 1 mol electron chuyn di trong mch catot hoc anot (F = 1,602.10-19.6,022.1023 96500 C.mol-1) II MT S C S GII BI TP V IN PHN - Khi lng catot tng chnh l khi lng kim loi to thnh sau in phn bm vo - m (dung dch sau in phn) = m (dung dch trc in phn) (m kt ta + m kh) - gim khi lng ca dung dch: m = (m kt ta + m kh) - Khi in phn cc dung dch: + Hiroxit ca kim loi hot ng ha hc mnh (KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2,) + Axit c oxi (HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4,) + Mui to bi axit c oxi v baz kim (KNO3, Na2SO4,) Thc t l in phn H2O cho H2 ( catot) v O2 ( anot) - Khi in phn dung dch vi anot l mt kim loi khng tr (khng phi Pt hay in cc than ch) th ti anot ch xy ra qu trnh oxi ha in cc - C th c cc phn ng ph xy ra gia tng cp: cht to thnh in cc, cht tan trong dung dch, cht dng lm in cc. V d: + in phn nng chy Al2O3 (c Na3AlF6) vi anot lm bng than ch th in cc b n mn dn do

chng chy trong oxi mi sinh + in phn dung dch NaCl khng mng ngn to ra nc Giaven v c kh H2 thot ra catot + Phn ng gia axit trong dung dch vi kim loi bm trn catot - Vit phn ng (thu hoc nhng electron) xy ra cc in cc theo ng th t, khng cn vit phng trnh in phn tng qut - Vit phng trnh in phn tng qut (nh nhng phng trnh ha hc thng thng) tnh ton khi cn thit

- T cng thc Faraday s mol cht thu c in cc - Nu bi cho I v t th trc ht tnh s mol electron trao i tng in cc (ne) theo cng thc: ne =

(*) (vi F = 96500 khi t = giy v F = 26,8 khi t = gi). Sau da vo th t in phn, so snh tng s mol electron nhng hoc nhn vi ne bit mc in phn xy ra. V d d on xem cation kim loi c b kh ht khng hay nc c b in phn khng v H2O c b in phn th in cc no - Nu bi cho lng kh thot ra in cc hoc s thay i v khi lng dung dch, khi lng in cc, pH,th da vo cc bn phn ng tnh s mol electron thu hoc nhng mi in cc ri thay vo cng thc (*) tnh I hoc t - Nu bi yu cu tnh in lng cn cho qu trnh in phn th p dng cng thc: Q = I.t = ne.F - C th tnh thi gian t cn in phn ht mt lng ion m bi cho ri so snh vi thi gian t trong bi. Nu t < t th lng ion b in phn ht cn nu t > t th lng ion cha b in phn ht - Khi in phn cc dung dch trong cc bnh in phn mc ni tip th cng dng in v thi gian in phn mi bnh l nh nhau s thu hoc nhng electron cc in cc cng tn phi nh nhau v cc cht sinh ra cc in cc cng tn t l mol vi nhau - Trong nhiu trng hp c th dng nh lut bo ton mol electron (s mol electron thu c catot = s mol electron nhng anot) gii cho nhanh III MT S V D MINH HA V d 1: in phn ha ton 2,22 gam mui clorua kim loi trng thi nng chy thu c 448 ml kh ( ktc) anot. Kim loi trong mui l: A. Na B. Ca C. K D. Mg Hng dn: nCl2 = 0,02 Ti catot: Mn+ + ne M Theo lbt khi lng mM = m(mui) m(Cl2) = 2,22 0,02.71 = 0,8 gam Ti anot: 2Cl Cl2 + 2e Theo lbt mol electron ta c nM = (hoc c th vit phng trnh in phn MCln

M = 20.n n = 2 v M l Ca

M + n/2Cl2 tnh) p n B

V d 2: Tin hnh in phn (vi in cc Pt) 200 gam dung dch NaOH 10 % n khi dung dch NaOH trong bnh c nng 25 % th ngng in phn. Th tch kh ( ktc) thot ra anot v catot ln lt l: A. 149,3 lt v 74,7 lt B. 156,8 lt v 78,4 lt C. 78,4 lt v 156,8 lt D. 74,7 lt v 149,3 lt Hng dn: mNaOH (trc in phn) = 20 gam in phn dung dch NaOH thc cht l in phn nc: H2O 1/2 O2 (anot) + H2 (catot) NaOH khng i m (dung dch sau in phn) = 80 gam m (H2O b in phn) = 200 80 = 120 gam nH2O = 20/3 mol VO = 74,7 lt v VH = 149,3 lt p n D

V d 3: Sau mt thi gian in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 ( d = 1,25 g/ml) vi in cc graphit (than ch) thy khi lng dung dch gim 8 gam. lm kt ta ht ion Cu2+ cn li trong dung dch sau in phn cn dng 100 ml dung dch H2S 0,5 M. Nng phn trm ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u l: A. 12,8 % B. 9,6 % C. 10,6 % D. 11,8 % Hng dn: nH2S = 0,05 mol - Gi x l s mol CuSO4 tham gia qu trnh in phn: CuSO4 + H2O Cu + 1/2O2 + H2SO4 (1) m (dung

dch gim) = m Cu(catot) + m O2(anot) = 64x + 16x = 8 x = 0,1 mol - CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4 (2) nH2S = nCuSO4 = 0,05 mol

- T (1) v (2) nCuSO4 (ban u) = 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 (mol) C% = p n B V d 4: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO4 0,2 M vi cng dng in 9,65A. Tnh khi lng Cu bm vo catot khi thi gian in phn t1 = 200 s v t2 = 500 s. Bit hiu sut in phn l 100 % A. 0,32 gam v 0,64 gam B. 0,64 gam v 1,28 gam C. 0,64 gam v 1,60 gam D. 0,64 gam v 1,32 gam Hng dn: nCuSO4 = 0,02 = nCu2+

Thi gian cn thit in phn ht Cu2+ l t = s t1 < t < t2 Ti t1 c 1/2 s mol Cu2+ b in phn m1 = 0,01.64 = 0,64 gam v ti t2 Cu2+ b in phn ht m2 = 1,28 gam p n B V d 5: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO4 vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1A. Khi thy catot bt u c bt kh thot ra th dng in phn. trung ha dung dch thu c sau khi in phn cn dng 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Thi gian in phn v nng mol ca dung dch CuSO4 ban u l: A. 965 s v 0,025 M B. 1930 s v 0,05 M C. 965 s v 0,05 M D. 1930 s v 0,025 M Hng dn: nNaOH = 0,01 mol - Khi catot bt u c bt kh (H2) thot ra chng t CuSO4 b in phn ht theo phng trnh: CuSO4 + H2O Cu + 1/2O2 + H2SO4 - nNaOH = nOH = 0,01 mol nH2SO4 = 0,5.nH+ = 0,5.nOH = 0,005 (mol) nCu = nCuSO4 = 0,005 (mol)

= 0,005 t = 965 s v CM(CuSO ) = thu hoc nhng electron in cc tnh) p n A

M (hoc c th da vo cc phn ng

V d 6: in phn 200 ml dung dch hn hp AgNO3 0,1 M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2 M vi in cc tr v cng dng in bng 5A. Sau 19 pht 18 giy dng in phn, ly catot sy kh thy tng m gam. Gi tr ca m l: A. 5,16 gam B. 1,72 gam C. 2,58 gam D. 3,44 gam Hng dn: nAg+ = 0,02 mol ; nCu2+ = 0,04 mol

- Ta c ne = mol - Th t cc ion b kh ti catot: Ag+ + 1e Ag (1) sau (1) cn 0,06 0,02 = 0,04 mol electron 0,02 0,02 0,02 Cu2+ + 2e Cu (2) sau (2) cn d 0,02 mol Cu2+ 0,02 0,04 0,02 m (catot tng) = m (kim loi bm vo) = 0,02.(108 + 64) = 3,44 gam p n D V d 7: Ha tan 50 gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,6 M thu c dung dch X. em in phn dung dch X (cc in cc tr) vi cng dng in 1,34A trong 4 gi. Khi lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch kh thot ra anot ( ktc) ln lt l (Bit hiu sut in phn l 100 %): A. 6,4 gam v 1,792 lt B. 10,8 gam v 1,344 lt C. 6,4 gam v 2,016 lt D. 9,6 gam v 1,792 lt

Hng dn: nCuSO4.5H2O = nCuSO4 = 0,2 mol ; nHCl = 0,12 mol

- Ta c ne = mol - Th t in phn ti catot v anot l: Ti catot: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cu2+ cha b in phn ht m (kim loi catot) = 0,1.64 = 6,4 gam 0,1 0,2 0,1 Ti anot: 2Cl Cl2 + 2e ne (do Cl nhng) = 0,12 < 0,2 mol ti anot Cl b in phn ht v 0,12 0,06 0,12 n nc b in phn ne (do H2O nhng) = 0,2 0,12 = 0,08 mol 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e 0,02 0,08 V (kh thot ra anot) = (0,06 + 0,02).22,4 = 1,792 lt p n A V d 8: C 200 ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3, in phn ht ion kim loi trong dung dch cn dng cng dng in 0,402A trong 4 gi. Sau khi in phn xong thy c 3,44 gam kim loi bm catot. Nng mol ca Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong hn hp u ln lt l: A. 0,2 M v 0,1 M B. 0,1 M v 0,2 M C. 0,2 M v 0,2 M D. 0,1 M v 0,1 M Hng dn:

- Ta c ne = - Ti catot: Ag+ + 1e Ag

mol Ta c h phng trnh:

x x (mol) Cu2+ + 2e Cu y y (mol)

CM Cu(NO3)2 = CM AgNO3 = 0,1 M p n D

V d 9: Ha tan 4,5 gam tinh th MSO4.5H2O vo nc c dung dch X. in phn dung dch X vi in cc tr v cng dng in 1,93A. Nu thi gian in phn l t (s) th thu c kim loi M catot v 156,8 ml kh ti anot. Nu thi gian in phn l 2t (s) th thu c 537,6 ml kh . Bit th tch cc kh o ktc. Kim loi M v thi gian t ln lt l: A. Ni v 1400 s B. Cu v 2800 s C. Ni v 2800 s D. Cu v 1400 s Hng dn: Gi nMSO4 = nM2+ = x mol

V d 10: Mc ni tip hai bnh in phn: bnh (1) cha dung dch MCl2 v bnh (2) cha dung dch AgNO3. Sau 3 pht 13 giy th catot bnh (1) thu c 1,6 gam kim loi cn catot bnh (2) thu c 5,4 gam kim loi. C hai bnh u khng thy kh catot thot ra. Kim loi M l: A. Zn B. Cu C. Ni D. Pb Hng dn: - Do hai bnh mc ni tip nn ta c:

Q = I.t =

M = 64 Cu p n B

V d 11: in phn nng chy Al2O3 vi anot than ch (hiu sut in phn 100 %) thu c m kg Al catot v 67,2 m3 ( ktc) hn hp kh X c t khi so vi hiro bng 16. Ly 2,24 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X sc vo dung dch nc vi trong (d) thu c 2 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: A. 54,0 kg B. 75,6 kg C. 67,5 kg D. 108,0 kg

Hng dn: 2Al2O3

4Al + 3O2 (1) ; C + O2

CO2 (2) ; 2C + O2

2CO (3)

- Do X = 32 hn hp X c CO2 ; CO (x mol) v O2 d (y mol) - 2,24 lt X + Ca(OH)2 d 0,02 mol kt ta = nCO2 trong 67,2 m3 X c 0,6 CO2

- Ta c h phng trnh: T (1) ; (2) ; (3) mAl =

v 0,6 + x + y = 3 x = 1,8 v y = 0,6 kg p n B

BI TP IN PHN N MN KIM LOI Cu 1 (A-07): in phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc tr, sau mt thi gian thu c 0,32 gam Cu catt v mt lng kh X ant. Hp th hon ton lng kh X trn vo dung dch NaOH ( nhit thng). Sau phn ng, nng ca NaOH cn li l 0,05M. Gi thit sth tch dung dch khng thay i. Nng ban u ca dung dch NaOH l A. 0,15M. B. 0,05M. C. 0,2M. D. 0,1M. Cu 2 (B-07): in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l A. 2b = a. B. b < 2a. C. b = 2a. D. b > 2a. Cu 3 (B-07): C 4 dung dch ring bit: A (HCl), B (CuCl2), C (FeCl3), D (HCl c ln CuCl2). Nhng vo mi dung dch mt thanh st nguyn cht. S trng hp n mn in ho l A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 0. Cu 4: in phn mui clorua kim loi kim nng chy th thu c 0,896 lt kh (ktc) anot v 3,12 gam kim loi catot. Cng thc mui clorua l A. KCl. B. NaCl. C. LiCl. D. RbCl. Cu 5: Khi in phn dung dch KCl c mng ngn th catot thu c A. Cl2. B. H2. C. KOH v H2. D. Cl2 v H2. Cu 6: Khi ho tan Al bng dung dch H2SO4 long, nu thm vi git HgSO4 vo th qu trnh ho tan Al s A. xy ra chm hn. B. xy ra nhanh hn. C. khng thay i. D. khng xc nh c. Cu 7: Khi cho hn hp gm Zn v Fe ngm trong nc bin th A. Zn b n mn ho hc. B. Zn b n mn in ho. C. Zn v Fe b n mn in ho. D. Zn v Fe b n mn ho hc. Cu 8: in phn 2 lt dung dch CuSO4 (vi in cc tr) n khi kh thot ra c 2 in cc u l 0,02 mol th dng li. Coi th tch dung dch khng i. Gi tr pH ca dung dch sau in phn l A. 2,0. B. 1,7. C. 1,4. D. 1,2. Cu 9: Cho dng in mt chiu c cng 2A qua dung dch NiSO4 mt thi gian, thy khi lng catot tng 2,4 gam, hiu sut in phn l 80%. Thi gian in phn l A. 1gi 22 pht. B. 224 pht. C. 2 gi. D. 1 gi 45 pht. Cu 10: in phn 100ml dung dch AgNO3 1M vi in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100% vi cng dng in l 9,65A n khi catot bt u tot kh th thi gian in phn l A. 1000giy. B. 1500giy. C. 2000giy. D. 2500giy.

Cu 11: Khi in phn (vi cc in tr, mng ngn xp) dung dch cha a mol CuSO4 v 1,5a mol NaCl n khi nc bt u b in phn trn c 2 in cc th pH ca dung dch A. mi u khng i, sau tng. B. mi u khng i, sau gim. C. mi u tng, sau khng i. D. mi u gim, sau khng i. Cu 12: Phng php in phn nng chy dng iu ch cc kim loi A. ng sau hiro trong dy in ho. B. kim, kim th v nhm. C. ng trc hiro trong dy in ho. D. kim v nhm. Cu 13: in phn dung dch AgNO3 (vi in cc tr). Nu dung dch sau khi in phn c pH = 1, hiu sut in phn l 80 %, th tch ca dung dch c coi nh khng i (100ml) th nng AgNO3 trong dung dch ban u l A. 0,08. B. 0,1. C. 0,325. D. 0,125. Cu 14: Tin hnh in phn 200ml dung dch gm HCl 0,6M v CuSO4 1M vi cng dng in 1,34 A trong thi gian 4 gi. Bit hiu sut in phn l 100%. Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra trn anot l A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,568 lt. C. 1,792 lt. D. 2,016 lt. Dng cho cu 15, 16: in phn 200ml dung dch X gm NiCl2 0,1M; CuSO4 0,05M v KCl 0,3M vi cng dng in 3A trong thi gian 1930 giy vi in cc tr, c mng ngn v hiu sut in phn l 100%. Th tch dung dch coi nh khng i. Cu 15: Tng nng mol/lt ca cc cht trong dung dch thu c sau in phn l A. 0,2M. B. 0,25M. C. 0,3M. D. 0,35M. Cu 16: Khi lng kim loi thot ra trn catt l A. 0,64 gam. B. 1,23 gam. C. 1,82 gam. D. 1,50 gam. Cu 17: in phn 200ml dung dch Y gm KCl 0,1M v Cu(NO3)2 0,2M vi cng dng in 5A trong thi gian 1158 giy, in cc tr, mng ngn xp. Gi s nc bay hi khng ng k. gim khi lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l A. 3,59 gam. B. 2,31 gam. C. 1,67 gam. D. 2,95 gam. Dng cho cu 18, 19: in phn 200ml dung dch cha Cu(NO3)2 0,2M v AgNO30,1M vi ant bng Cu, cng dng in 5A, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ant gim 1,28 gam. Cu 18: Khi lng kim loi thot ra trn catt l A. 2,8 gam. B. 4,72 gam. C. 2,16 gam. D. 3,44 gam. Cu 19: Thi gian in phn l A. 386 giy. B. 1158 giy. C. 772 giy. D. 965 giy. Cu 20: in phn dung dch B gm 0,04 mol CuSO4 v 0,04 mol Ag2SO4 trong thi gian 38 pht 36 giy vi in cc tr, cng dng in 5A. Khi lng kim loi thot ra catt l A. 9,92 gam. B. 8,64 gam. C. 11,20 gam. D. 10,56 gam Cu 21: Ho tan a mol Fe3O4 bng dung dch H2SO4 va , thu c dung dch X. in phn X vi 2 in cc tr bng dng in cng 9,65A. Sau1000 giy th kt thc in phn v khi trn catot bt u thot ra bt kh. Gi tr ca a l A. 0,0125. B. 0,050. C. 0,025. D. 0,075. Cu 22: Tin hnh in phn (in cc tr, mng ngn xp) 1 dung dch cha m gam hn hp CuSO4 v NaCl cho ti khi nc bt u b in phn c 2 in cc th dng li, thu c 0,448 lt kh (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit v c th ho tan ti a 0,68 gam Al2O3. Gi tr ca m l A. 4,955 gam. B. 5,385. C. 4,370. D. 5,970 gam. Cu 23: Nhng thanh km trong dung dch HCl 1M (th nghim 1), nhng thanh km trong dung dch HCl 1M c nh vi git CuSO4(th nghim 2), nhng hp kim km v st trong dung dch HCl 1M (th nghim 3). Th nghim c tc thot kh hiro nhanh nht l A. th nghim 1. B. th nghim 2. C. th nghim 3. D. khng xc nh c.

Cu 24: Qu trnh n mn v mn tu thu (ch to t thp cacbon) khu vc mn tu tip xc vi nc bin v khng kh l qu trnh A. n mn kim loi. B. n mn ho hc. C. n mn in ho. D. n mn ho hc v in ho. Cu 25: in phn dung dch hn hp gm HCl, NaCl, CuCl2, FeCl3. Th t cc qu trnh nhn electron trn catt l A. Cu2+ Fe3+ H+ Na+ H2O. B. Fe3+ Cu2+ H+ Fe2+ H2O. 3+ 2+ + + C. Fe Cu H Na H2O. D. Cu2+ Fe3+ Fe2+ H+ H2O. Cu 26: Khi in phn dung dch CuSO4 ngi ta thy khi lng catt tng ng bng khi lng ant gim. iu chng t ngi ta dng A. catt Cu. B. catt tr. C. ant Cu. D. ant tr. Cu 27: in phn dung dch X cha 0,4 mol M(NO3)2 v NaNO3 (vi in cc tr) trong thi gian 48 pht 15 giy, thu c 11,52 gam kimloi M ti catt v 2,016 lt kh (ktc) ti ant. Kim loi M l A. Fe. B. Zn. C. Ni. D. Cu.