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Chng trnh Ha hc

VN III HA V C

VIT CC PHN NG OXI HA KH THNG GP (CC CHT OXI HA, CHT KH THNG GP)
vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh th chng ta cn bit mt s cht oxi ha v mt s cht kh thng gp. Cht oxi ha sau khi b kh th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht kh tng ng); Cng nh cht kh sau khi b oxi ha th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht kh tng ng). Ta phi bit cc cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng th mi vit c phn ng oxi ha kh.

I. Cc cht oxi ha thng gp

I.1. Cc hp cht ca mangan: KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 (MnO4-, MnO42-, MnO2) - KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2 trong mi trng axit (H+) thng b kh thnh mui Mn2+ Th d:
+7 +2 +2 +3 +2 +7 +6 +4

Kali pemanganat St (II) sunfat Thuc tm (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 +3

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

Mangan (II) sunfat St (III) sunfat

+2

+5

2KMnO4 + 5KNO2 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + K2SO4 + 3H2O

Kali nitrit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 +4

Kali nitrat

+2

+6

2KMnO4 + 5K2SO3 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 3H2O

Kali sunfit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 +2

Kali sunfat

+2

+3

K2MnO4 + 4FeSO4 + 4H2SO4 MnSO4 + 2Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 4H2O

Kali manganat St (II) sunfat (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+4 -1

Managan (II) sun fat

St (III) sunfat

+2
t0

MnO 2

4HCl()

MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

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Mangan ioxit (Cht oxi ha)

+4

Axit clohric (c) Mangan(II) clorua Kh clo (Cht kh)

+2 +2 +3

Mangan ioxit (Cht oxi ha)

+7

MnO2

St (II) sunfat (Cht kh)

-1

2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 MnSO4

Mangan (II) sunfat

St (III) sunfat

Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O

+2

2KMnO4 + 10NaCl + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5Cl2 + K2SO 4 + 5Na2SO4 + 8H2O

Kali pemanganat Nat ri clorua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 -1

Mangan (II) sunfat

+2

Kh clo
0

2KMnO4
Kali pemanganat (Cht oxi ha)
+7
-

16HCl 2MnCl2
Axit clohric (Cht kh)
+2
2+

5Cl2
Kh clo

+ 2KCl

+ 8H2O

Mangan (II) clorua

+2

+3
2+

Ion pemanganat Ion st (II) (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 -3

MnO 4

5Fe

+ 8H

Mn

Ion mangan (II)

Ion st (III)

5Fe3+ + 4H2O

+2

+5

8KMnO4 + 5PH3 + 12H2SO4 8MnSO4 + 5H3PO4 + 4K2SO4 + 12H2O

Kali pemanganat Photphin (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 0

Mangan (II) sunfat

Axit sunfuric

+2

+2

2KMnO4 + 5Zn + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5ZnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

Km
+7 +3 +3 +2 +4

2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O 2KMnO4 + 5HOOC-COOH + 3H2SO4

(Cht oxi ha) Axit oxalic (Cht kh) Kh cacbonic

KMnO4 trong mi trng trung tnh (H2O) thng b kh thnh mangan ioxit (MnO2)

Th du:
+7 +4 +4 +6

Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 +2

2KMnO4

+ 4K2SO3

H2O MnO2

Man ganioxit

Kali sunfat

K2SO4 + KOH

+4

2KMnO4

3MnSO4 + 2H2O

5MnO2
Mangan ioxit

+ K2SO4

+ 2H2SO4

Kali pemanganat Mangan (II) sunfat (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

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+7

-1

+4

2KMnO4 +

3H2O2 2MnO2
Mangan ioxit

+ 3O2
Kh oxi

+ 2KOH + 2H2O

Hiro peoxit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

- KMnO4 trong mi trng baz (OH-) thng b kh to K2MnO4 Th d:

+7 +4 +6 +4

2KMnO4

2K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O K2SO3 + 2KOH

Kali manganat Kali sunfat

Kali pemanganat Kali sunfit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+7 +3 +3

+6

+4

2K2MnO4 2KMnO4 + KOOC-COOK + 2KOH

Kali pemanganat (Cht oxi ha)
+7 -2

+ 2KHCO3
Kali cacbonat axit

Kali oxalat (Cht kh)

+6

Kali manganat

2KMnO4

2KOH

2K2MnO4 +

1 O2 2
Oxi

+ H2O

Kali pemanganat Kali manganat (Cht oxi ha cng l cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

Ghi ch G.1. KMnO4 trong mi trng axit (thng l H2SO4) c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, nn n d b mt mu tm bi nhiu cht kh nh: Fe2+; FeO; Fe3O4; SO2; SO32-; H2S; S2-; NaCl; HCl; KBr, HBr, HI; KI; Cl-; Br-; I-; NO2-; Anken; Ankin; Ankaien; Aren ng ng benzen;

Th d:

+4

+7

+6

+2

5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4

Kh sunfur Kali pemanganat (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) Axit sunfuric Mangan (II) sunfat

Kh sunfur lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO4 (dung dch thuc tm), trong SO2 ng vai tr cht kh. Kh SO2 v CO2 u lm c nc vi trong (v c to cht khng tan CaSO3, CaCO3), nhng CO2 khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4.

G.2. lm mi trng axit (H+) cho cc cht oxi ha th ngi ta thng dng H2SO4 hay H3PO4 m khng dng cc axit HCl, HBr, HI v cc axit ny ngoi s cung cp H+, chng cn ng vai tr cht kh (Cl-, Br-, I-).

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G.3. KMnO4 c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit (H+), baz (OH-) hoc trung tnh (H2O). Cn K2MnO4, MnO2 ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit. G.4. Ngi ta dng KMnO4 trong dung dch KOH m c ra dng c thy tinh. II.2. Hp cht ca crom: K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4 (Cr2O72-; CrO42-) K2Cr2O7 (Kali icromat; Kali bicromat), K2CrO4 (Kali cromat) trong mi trng axit (H+) thng b kh thnh mui crom (III) (Cr3+) Th d:
+6 +2 +3 +3

Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4

Kali icromat St (II) sunfat (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 +4

Crom (III) sunfat

St (III) sunfat

+3

+6

Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha)

+6

Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 4H2O K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + 4H2SO4

Kali sunfit (Cht kh)
-1

Crom (III) sunfat

Kali sunfat

+3

K2Cr2O7
Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha)
+6

Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O + 6KI + 7H2SO4

Kali ioua (Cht kh)
-2

Crom (III) sunfat

Iot

+3

Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha)

+6

K2Cr2O7

Hi ro sun fua (Cht kh)

-1

3H2S + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3S

Crom (III) sunfat

Lu hunh

+ K2SO4 + 7H2O

+3

Kali icromat Axit bromhric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+6 -1

K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr

Crom (III) bromua

2CrBr3

3Br2

+ 2KBr
Kali bromua

Brom

+ 7H2O

+3

K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl
Kali icromat Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 +2

2CrCl3

+ 3Cl2
Clo

+ 2KCl
Kali clorua

+ 7H2O

Crom (III) clorua

+3

+4

K2Cr2O7 +

3SnCl2

14HCl 2CrCl3 + 3SnCl4 + 2KCl + 7H2O

Crom (III) clorua Thic (IV) clorua

Kali icromat Thic (II) clorua Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 -1

+3

+1

K2Cr2O7 + 3CH3CH2OH + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CH3CHO + K2SO4 + 7H2O

Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha) Ru etylic (Cht kh) Crom (III) sunfat Anehit axetic

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+6

K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3

Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha) Kh sunfur (Cht kh) Crom (III) sunfat

+ K2SO4 + H2O
Kali sunfat

Ghi ch G.1. Trong cc phn ng trn, mu da cam ca dung dch K2Cr2O7 tr thnh mu tm ca ion Cr3+ trong nc. Do trong ha phn tch, K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng axit thng c dng lm cht oxi ha chun cc cht kh (Cn c s mt mu va dung dch K2Cr2O7 s bit c lng K2Cr2O7 phn ng va v t bit c nng ca dung dch cht kh cn xc nh) G.2. Ngi ta thng dng hn hp gm hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch axit sunfuric m c (H2SO4) v dung dch bo ha kali icromat (K2Cr2O7), gi l hn hp sunfocromic hay hn hp cromic, sc cc chai l thy tinh. Dung dch ny ty m, cng nh cc cht hu c bm vo thnh thy tinh, nh tnh oxi ha mnh ca dung dch ny. G.3. Trong mi trng trung tnh, mui cromat (CrO42-) thng b kh to crom (III) hiroxit (Cr(OH)3)

Th d:
+6 -2 +3 0

2KCrO4

Kali cromat (Cht oxi ha)

+ 3(NH4)2S + 2H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3S + 6NH3 + 4KOH

Amoni sunfua (Cht kh) Crom (III) hiroxit Lu hunh

G.4. Ngi ta dng CrO3 (Crom (VI) oxit, Anhirit cromic, cht rn c mu thm) trong dng c th cn ca ti x. CrO3 oxi ha hi ru etylic (CH3CH2OH) to anehit axetic (CH3CHO), cn CrO3 b kh to crom (III) oxit (Cr2O3, cht rn c mu xanh thm). Cn c vo mc i mu hay khng i mu ca CrO3 m cnh st giao thng bit c ngi li xe ung ru nhiu, t hay khng ung ru.
+6 -1 +3 +1

2CrO3

+ 3CH3CH2OH
Etanol (Cht kh)

Cr2O3 + 3CH3CHO + 3H2O

Crom (III) oxit (Xanh thm) Eta nal

Anhirit cromic ( thm) (Cht oxi ha)

G.4. Gia icromat (Cr2O72-, mu da cam) v cromat (CrO42-, c mu vng ti) trong dung dch (nc, H2O) c s cn bng do s thy phn nh sau:

Cr2O72-

+ H2O

2CrO42- + 2H+
Cromat (mu vng)

icromat (mu da cam)

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Do khi cho a xit (H+, nh HCl) vo mt dung dch cromat (CrO42-, nh K2CrO4) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Nguyn nhn l khi thm axit vo th nng ion H+ tng ln, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng Le Chtelier, th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nng ion H+ xung, tc theo chiu ion H+ kt hp ion cromat to ion icromat v th ta thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Cn khi thm baz (OH-, nh NaOH) vo dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-, nh K2Cr2O7) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng. Nguyn nhn l khi thm OH- vo th ion OH- s kt hp ion H+ (to cht khng in ly H2O) khin cho nng ion H+ trong dung dch gim, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng, cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu chng li s gim ion H+, tc l chiu to ion H+, cng l chiu to cromat, v th ta thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng ti. 2K2CrO4
+ 2HCl

(Mu da cam)

(Mu vng ti)

K2Cr2O7

+ 2KCl + H2O

K2Cr2O7

+ 2NaOH K2CrO4 + Na2CrO4 + H2O

Natri cromat (Mu vng ti)

(Mu da cam)

Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O 2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4

Natri cromat Natri icromat

Na2CrO4 + K2CrO4 + H2O Na2Cr2O7 + 2KOH

G.5. Khi cho dung dch mui bari (Ba2+, nh BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2) vo dung dch cromat (CrO42-) hay dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-) u thu c kt ta mu vng bari cromat (BaCrO4). Khng thu c bari icromat (BaCr2O7) v cht ny tan trong nc. V v c to kt ta BaCrO4, nn nng CrO42- gim, nn cn bng dch chuyn t Cr2O72- thnh CrO42- (nu cho Ba2+ vo Cr2O72-, coi s cn bng gia icromat v cromat ghi ch 4 trn).
BaCrO4 BaCl2 + K2CrO4
Kali cromat

+ 2KCl
Kali clorua

Bari clorua

Bari cromat

BaCrO4 BaCl2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2O

Bari clorua Kali icromat Bari cromat

+ K2CrO4 + 2HCl
Kali cromat Axit clohiric

BaCrO4 Ba(NO3)2 + Na2Cr2O7 + H2O

Bari nitrat Natri icromat Bari cromat

+ Na2CrO4 + 2HNO3
Natri cromat Axit nitric

I.3. Axit nitric (HNO3), mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+)
+5 +4

- HNO3 m c thng b kh to kh mu nu nit ioxit NO2. Cc cht kh thng b HNO3 oxi ha l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht

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hay trung gian (H2S, SO2, SO32-, HI), mt s hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (Fe2+, Fe(OH)2 Th d:
0 +5 +3 +4

Fe

Fe(NO3)3 + 6HNO3 (, nng)

3NO2

+ 3H2O

St Axit ntric St (III) nitrat Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Kh c mi hc, mu nu) Trong 6 phn t HNO3 trn th ch c 3 phn t l cht oxi ha, cn 3 phn t to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat.
+2 +5 +3 +4

FeO + 4HNO3() Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O

St (II) oxit
+8/3 +5 +3 +4

Fe3O4 + 10HNO3() 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 5H2O

St t oxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht o xi ha, 9 phn t tham gia trao i)
+2 +5 +3 +4

Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3H2O Fe(OH)2 + 4HNO3()

St (II) hiroxit St (III) nitrat (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (1 phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha, 3 phn t trao i, to mi trng axit)
0 +5 +4 +4

4HNO3()

t0

CO2

+ 4NO2 + 2H2O

Cacbon Kh cacbonic Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cho tng git dd HNO3 m c vo than nung nng, than bng chy)
0 +5 +6 +4

6HNO3()

t0

H2SO4

+ 6NO2

+ 2H2O

Lu hunh Axit nitric Axit sunfuric Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cho bt lu hunh vo dd HNO3 m c c un nh, thy bt lu hunh tan nhanh v c kh mu nu bay ra)
0 +5 +5
t0

+4

5HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
+5

H3PO4 + 5NO2
Axit photphoric

+ H 2O

Photpho (Cht kh)

0

+1

+4

Ag

2HNO3()

AgNO3 + NO2
Bc nitrat

+ H2O

Bc (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

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Cu

4HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
+5

Cu(NO3)2 +
ng (II) nitrat

2NO2

2H2O

ng (Cht kh)
0

+2

+4

Pb

4HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)

Pb(NO3)2 +

2NO2

2H2O

Ch (Cht kh)

Ch (II) nitrat

Al
+5

6HNO3(, nng)

+2

Al(NO3)3

3NO2

3H2O

HNO3 long thng b kh thnh NO (kh nit oxit). Cc cht kh thng gp l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi hay hp cht kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO, Fe(OH)2, Fe3O4, Fe2+), mt s phi kim (S, C, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim trong phi kim c s oxi ho thp nht c s oxi ha trung gian (NO2-, SO32-).

Th d:
0 +5 +3 +2

Fe

Bt st (Cht kh)
+2

Axit nitric (long) (Cht oxi ha)

+5

4HNO3(l)

St (III) nitrat Nit oxit (Kh khng c, khng khng c mu)

+3 +2

Fe(NO3)3

NO

+ 2H2O

3Fe(OH)2
St (II) hiroxit (Cht kh)
+2

10HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)

3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
St (III) nitrat

+5

+3

+2

3FeO + 10HNO3(l)
St (II) oxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+8/3 +5

3Fe(NO3)3
St (III) nitrat

+ NO + 5H2O

+3

+2

3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3(l)
St t oxit (Cht kh)
0

9Fe(NO3)3

+ NO

+ 14H2O

(Cht oxi ha)

+5 +3 +2

Cr

4HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5

Cr(NO3)3
Crom (III) nitrat

+ NO

+ 2H2O

Crom (Cht kh)

0

+2

+2

3Cu
ng (Cht kh)

8HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)

ng (II) nitrat

3Cu(NO3)2

+ 2NO + 4H2O

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3Ag
Bc (Cht kh)
0

4HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5

3AgNO3 + NO
Bc nitrat

+ 2H2O

+2

+2

3Hg

8HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5

3Hg(NO3)2

+ 2NO + 4H2O

Thy ngn (Cht kh)

0

Thy ngn (II) nitrat

+6

+2

S
Lu hunh
0

2HNO3(l)
+5

H2SO4
Axit sunfuric

2NO
Nit oxit
+5 +2

Axit nitric (long)

3P

5HNO3(l)
Axit nitric (long) (Cht oxi ha)

2H2O

3H3PO4
Axit photphoric

5NO

Photpho (Cht kh)

- Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+) ging nh HNO3 long, nn n oxi ha c cc kim loi to mui, NO3- b kh to kh NO, ng thi c s to nc (H2O) Th d:
0 +5 +2 +2

3Cu

2NO3-

8H+

3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

ng Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

Mui ng (II) (Dung dch c mu xanh lam)

Kh NO khng mu thot ra kt hp vi O2 (ca khng kh) to kh NO2 c mu nu

0 +5 +2 +2

3Cu
0

3CuCl2 + 2NaNO3 + 8HCl

+5 +2

+ 2NO + 2NaCl
+2

+ 4H2O

3Cu + Cu(NO3)2 + 8HCl

Cht kh Cht oxi ha

4CuCl2

2NO

+ 4H2O

Ghi ch G.1.

Ba kim loi st (Fe), nhm (Al) v crom (Cr) khng b ha tan trong dung dch axit nitric m c ngui (HNO3 , ngui) cng nh trong dung dch axit sunfuric m c ngui (H2SO4 , ngui) (b th ng ha, b tr). Fe, Al, Cr Fe, Al, Cr
HNO3(, ngui) H2SO4(, ngui)

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G.2.

nhn bit mui nitrat, ngi ta cho vi git dung dch axit thng thng (nh H2SO4 long, HCl) vo, sau cho ming kim loi ng vo, nu thy to dung dch mu xanh lam v c kh mu nu bay ra th chng t dung dch lc u c cha mui nitrat ((NO3-).
+5 +4 +2 +1 0 -3

G.3. Cc kim loi mnh nh magie (Mg), nhm (Al), km (Zn) khng nhng kh

HNO3 to NO2, NO, m c th to N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Dung dch HNO3 cng long th b kh to hp cht ca N hay n cht ca N c s oxi ha cng thp. Th d: Al + HNO3(, ngui) Al + 6HNO3(, nng) Al + 4HNO3(l)

Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O + NO + 8Al(NO3)3 10Al(NO3)3 8Al(NO3)3 2H2O + 3N2O + 15H2O + 3N2 + 18H2O

Al(NO3)3

8Al + 30HNO3(kh long) 10Al + 36HNO3(rt long) 8Al +

G.4.

30HNO3(qu long)

+ 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O

Dung dch HNO3 rt long v lnh c tc dng nh mt axit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha l ion H+) Th d: Al + 3HNO3(rt long) Fe + 2HNO3(rt long)
lnh

Al(NO3)3

3 H2 2

lnh

Fe(NO3)2 + H2

G.5. Mt kim loi tc dng dung dch HNO3 to cc kh khc nhau, tng qut mi kh ng vi mt phn ng ring. Ch khi no bit t l s mol cc kh ny th mi vit chung cc kh trong cng mt phn ng vi t l s mol kh tng ng. Bi tp 80 Cho m gam bt kim loi km ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO3, thu c 13,44 lt hn hp ba kh l NO2, NO v N2O. Dn lng kh trn qua dung dch xt d, c 11,2 lt hn hp kh thot ra. Cho lng kh ny trn vi khng kh d (coi khng kh ch gm oxi v nit) phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau cho hp th lng kh mu nu thu c vo dung dch KOH d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lm mt mu va 100 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,4M trong mi trng H2SO4 c d. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.

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a. Vit phn ng gia km vi dung dch HNO3 c hin din 3 kh trong phn ng theo d kin trn. b. Tnh m. (Zn = 65) S: 31Zn + 80HNO3 31Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 4NO + 6N2O + 40H2O m = 100,75 gam
Bi tp 80 Ha tan ht m gam bt nhm cn dng V(ml) dung dch HNO3 30% (khi lng ring 1,18 g/l), c 1,568 lt hn hp A gm ba kh NO, N2O v N2 thot ra ( 27,30C; 836 mmHg), ng thi thu c dung dch D (trong dung dch D khng c mui amoni). Cho lng kh trn tip xc khng kh kh NO chuyn ha ht thnh kh mu nu NO2 , sau cho lng kh nu ny hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch xt d, thy khi lng bnh tng 0,92 gam. a. Xc nh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp A, bit rng khi lng ring ktc ca hn hp A l 1,4796 g/l. b. Vit phn ng gia nhm vi dung dch HNO3 theo d kin cho. c. Xc nh m v V. (N = 14; O = 16; H = 1; Al = 27) S: a. 28,57% NO; 28,57% N2O; 42,86% N2 52Al(NO3)3 + 6NO + 6N2O + 9N2 + 96H2O b. 52Al + 192HNO3 c. m = 4,68g; V = 113,898 ml I.4. Axit sunfric m c nng, H2SO4(, nng); Kh sunfur (SO2)
+6 +4

- H2SO4(, nng) thng b kh to kh SO2. Cc cht kh thng tc dng vi H2SO4(, nng) l: cc kim loi, cc hp cht ca kim loi s oxi ha trung gian (nh FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (nh C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim (nh HI, HBr, H2S) Th d:
0 +6 +2 +4

Cu

ng Axit sunfuric (c, nng) (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

0 +6

2H2SO4(, nng)

ng (II) sunfat

CuSO4

Kh sunfur

SO2

+ 2H2O

+3

+4

2Fe + 6H2SO4(, nng)

St
0 +6

Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 +
St (III) sunfat
+1 +4

6H2O

2Ag
Bc
+2

+ 2H2SO4(, nng)
+6

Ag2SO4
Bc sunfat
+3

SO2
+4

2H2O

St (II) oxit (Cht kh)

2FeO + 4H2SO4(, nng)

(Cht oxi ha)

St (III) sunfat

Fe2(SO4)3

+ SO2 + 4H2O

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+8/3

+6

+3

+4

2Fe3O4 +
St t oxit

10H2SO4(, nng) 3Fe2(SO4)3 +

St (III) sunfat

SO2 + 10H2O

Kh sunfur

St (III) oxit
0

Fe2O3

+ 3H2SO4(, nng)
+6

Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (phn ng trao i)

St (III) sunfat
+3 +4

Cr
Crom
0

+ H2SO4(, nng)
+6

Crom (III) sunfat

Cr2(SO4)3 +
+4

SO2 + H2O

S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
0

2H2SO4(, nng)
Axit sunfuric m c nng (Cht oxi ha)
+6

3SO2
Kh sunfur

+ 2H2O

+4

+4

C
Cacbon (Cht kh)
0

2H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6

CO2

+ 2SO2

+ 2H2O

+5

+4

2P
Photpho (Cht kh)
-1

5H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6

Axit photphoric

2H3PO4 +

5SO2 +

2H2O

+4

2HI
Axit iothiric (Cht kh)
-1

H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6

I2
Iot

SO2

+ 2H2O

Kh sunfur

+4

2HBr
Axit bromhiric (Cht kh)
-2

H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6

Brom

Br2

Kh sunfur

SO2

+ 2H2O

+4

H2S

H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)

SO2
Kh sunfur

+ 2H2O

Axit sun fuahiric (Cht kh)

Lu hunh

Cc kim loi mnh nh Mg, Al, Zn khng nhng kh H2SO4 m c, nng thnh SO2 m cn thnh S, H2S. H2SO4 m c nhng nu long bt th s b kh to lu hunh (S) hay hp cht ca lu hunh c s oxi ha thp hn (H2S). Nguyn nhn ca tnh cht trn l do kim loi mnh nn d cho in t ( H2SO4 nhn nhiu in t) v do H2SO4 t m c nn n khng oxi ha tip S, H2S.

Th d:

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Al + H2SO4(, ngui)
0 +6 +3 +4

2Al + 6H2SO4(, nng)

Nhm
0 +6

Al2(SO4)3
+3

+ 3SO2 + 6H2O
Kh sunfur
0

2Al
0

4H2SO4(kh c, nng)
+6

Al2(SO4)3 +
+3

S + 4H2O
-2

Lu hunh

8Al
0

15H2SO4(hi c, nng)
+1

+3

4Al2(SO4)3
0

+ 3H2S

+ 12H2O

Hiro sunfua

2Al -

3H2SO4(long)

Al2(SO4)3

+ 3H2

Hiro

Kh sunfur (SO2) oxi ha c cc cht kh mnh nh cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ho thp (nh H2S, CO), mt s phi kim (nh H2, C), cc kim loi mnh (nh Na, K, Ca, Ba, Mg). Nu SO2 l cht oxi ha th n thng b kh to S.
+4 -2 0

SO2

H2S

S
Lu hunh

H2O

Kh sunfur Kh hiro sunfua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh mi hc Kh c mi trng thi
+4 +2

Cht rn, mu vng nht

0 +4

SO2
+4

2CO
(Cht kh)
0

Xt ( Al 2 O3 ) 500 0 C

S + CO2
+2

(Cht oxi ha)

(Cht oxi ha)

+4

SO2

2C
(Cht kh)
0

800 0 C

2CO
+1

SO2
+4

2H2
(Cht kh)
0

500 0 C

S
+2

2H2O

(Cht oxi ha)

SO2
(Cht oxi ha)

2Mg

t0

+ 2MgO

(Cht kh)

Ghi ch G.1. Khc vi HNO3, dung dch H2SO4 long l a xit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha l H+), ch dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng mi l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l SO42-). Trong khi dung dch HNO3 k c m c ln long u l axit c tnh o xi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l NO3-)
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Th d:

+1

+2

Fe +
0

H2SO4(l)
+6

FeSO4

+ H2
+3 +4

2Fe +
0

6H2SO4(, nng)
+5

+3

Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2
+2

+ 6H2O

Fe +
0

4HNO3(l)
+5

Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
+3 +4

Fe +

6HNO3(, nng)

Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2

+ 3H2O

G.2. Ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cr khng b ha tan trong dung dch H2SO4 m c ngui (cng nh trong dung dch HNO3 m c ngui) (b th ng ha, tr)

Al, Fe, Cr
G.3.

H2SO4(, ngui)

Khi mt kim loi tc dng dung dch H2SO4 to cc cht SO2, S, H2S th tng qut mi cht l mt phn ng c lp. Ch khi no bit t l s mol gia cc cht ny th mi vit chung mt phn ng gm cc cht ny c.

Bi tp 81 A l mt kim loi. Ha tan hon ton 1,43 gam A bng dung dch H2SO4 c d 20% so vi lng cn, thu c mt kh c mi hc, mt cht khng tan c mu vng nht (c khi lng 0,192 gam) v dung dch B (c cha mui sunfat ca A). Cho hp th lng kh mi hc trn vo 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,03M, thu c 0,24 gam kt ta mu trng. a. Xc nh kim loi A. Cho bit dung dch H2SO4 em dng khng c phn ng vi cht rn mu vng. b. Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M cn dng va khi cho tc dng vi lng dung dch B trn th thu c: - Lng kt ta cc i - Lng kt ta cc tiu. c. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht thu c cu (b). Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; K = 39; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; Hg = 200; Pb = 207; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1) S: Zn; 284ml; 504ml; 8,7952g; 6,6172g Bi tp 81 X l mt kim loi. Ha tan ht 3,78 gam A trong 51ml dung dch H2SO4 (dng d 40% so vi lng cn), thu c 1,68 lt hn hp hai kh H2S v H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y. Dn hn hp hai kh trn vo dung dch CuCl2 d, thu c 4,32 gam kt ta mu en. a. Xc nh kim loi X. Vit mt phn ng gia kim loi X va tm c vi dung dch H2SO4 theo d kin cho.
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b. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch H2SO4. c. Cho t t V (lt) dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo lng dung dch Y trn. Tm khong xc nh ca V hoc tr s ca V : . Khng c kt ta. . Thu c kt ta nhiu nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta nhiu nht ny. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Li = 7; Be = 9; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni = 59; Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Hg = 200; Pb = 208; O = 16; H = 1; S = 32) S: Al; H2SO4 7M; 2,04lt V 7,64lt; V = 6,24lt ; 10,92gam Al(OH)3
I.5. Ion H+

- Ion H+ ca axit thng thng oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ha. Ion H+ b kh to kh H2, cn kim loi b kh to mui tng ng (ion kim loi). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d: Zn
0

+ 2HCl
+1

ZnCl2 +
+2

H2
0

Zn
(Cht kh)

2H+

Zn2+
(Cht oxi ha)

H2
(Cht kh)

(Cht oxi ha)

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:

Tnh kh: Zn > H2 Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Zn2+

Fe +
0

H2SO4(l)
+1

FeSO4 +
+2

H2
0

Fe
(Cht kh)

2H+

Fe2+

H2
(Cht kh)

(Cht oxi ha)

(Cht oxi ha)

Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:

Tnh kh: Fe > H2 Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Fe2+

Al + 3HBr
0 +1

AlBr3 +
+3

3 H2 2
0

Al

3H+

Al3+

3 H2 2
(Cht kh)

(Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) Phn ng trn xy ra c l do:

(Cht oxi ha)

Tnh kh: Al > H2 Tnh oxi ha: H+ > Al3+

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Na + Cu +

HCl HCl

NaCl

1 H2 2

Ag + H2SO4(l) Cr + 2HCl
Crom

CrCl2 + H2
Crom (II) clorua

Mg(CH3COO)2 + Mg + 2CH3COOH
Magie Axit axetic Magie axetat

H2

Ni + 2HCl
Niken

NiCl2 + H2
Niken clorua

Hg + HBr
Thy ngn

Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) nhit thng ch oxi ha c cc kim loi rt mnh l kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) v kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra). Kim loi kim, kim th b oxi ha to hiroxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh thnh kh hiro (H2). V nng ion H+ ca nc rt nh, nn nhit thng n ch oxi ha cc kim loi rt mnh l kim, kim th, m khng oxi ha c cc kim loi khc. Th d:
0 +1 +1 0

2Na

+ 2H2O

2NaOH
Natri hiroxit

H2

Natri (Cht kh )

Nc (Cht oxi ha)

Kh hiro

2K
Kali
0

+ 2H2O
+1

2KOH
+2

+ H2
0

Ca
Canxi (Cht kh )

2H2O
Nc (Cht oxi ha)

Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit

H2
Hiro

Ba
Bari

2H2O
Nc

Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit

H2
Hiro

Al + H2O Mg, Fe, Cu, Ag

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Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) c th oxi ha cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ha nhit cao, kim loi b oxi ha to oxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh to thnh kh H2. V nhit cao nn hiroxit kim loi bi nhit phn nn ta khng thu c hiroxit kim loi m l oxit kim loi. Th d: Fe 3Fe
St

+ H2O + 4H2O + H2O

< 5700C Hi nc > 5700C St t oxit

Fe3O4

+ 4H2 + H2

Hiro

Fe
St

FeO
St (II) oxit

Hi nc

Hiro

Mg
0

+ H2O
+1

+2 0

Mg
Magie

+ H2O
Hi nc

t 0 cao

MgO
Magie oxit

+ H2
Hiro

Cu Cu Zn Zn
Km

+ H2O + H2O + H2O

t0

+ H2O

cao t

ZnO + H2
Km oxit

Ghi ch G.1.

Khi cho kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Fr) kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Rn) tc dng vi dung dch axit thng thng th kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi H+ ca axit trc (to mui v kh H2), khi ht axit m cn d kim loi kim, kim th, th kim loi kim, kim th mi tc dng tip vi dung mi nc ca dung dch sau (to hiroxit kim loi v kh H2). Th d: Cho Na vo dung dch HCl: 2NaCl 2Na + 2HCl Ht HCl m cn d: 2Na(cn d) + 2H2O

+ H2 2NaOH + H2

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Cho Ba vo dung dch CH3COOH: Ba(CH3COO)2 Ba + 2CH3COOH Ht CH3COOH, cn Ba d: Ba(OH)2 + Ba + 2H2O H2

H2

Bi tp 82 Cho m gam kali kim loi vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Sau cn thm tip 10 ml dung dch HBr 0,2M thu c dung dch c pH = 7. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh th tch kh hiro thot ra trong th nghim trn 27,30C; 83,6 cmHg. c. Xc nh nng mol/lt ca dung dch c pH = 7 trn. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i trong qu trnh phn ng. (K = 39) S: m = 0,468g; 134,4ml; KCl 0,091M; KBr 0,018M Bi tp 82 Cho m gam canxi kim loi vo 200 gam dung dch HBr 0,81%. Sau cn thm tip 50 gam dung dch HCl 0,73% vo thu c dung dch D c pH = 7. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh th tch kh thot ra ktc. Coi hi nc bay hi khng ng k. c. Xc nh nng % mi cht tan ca dung dch D. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Ca = 40; H = 1; Br = 80; Cl = 35,5) S: m = 0,6g; 336ml H2; CaBr2 0,8%; CaCl2 0,222% I.6. Ion kim loi

Ion kim loi lun lun l ion dng. Tt c ion kim loi u c th l cht oxi ha. Nu l cht oxi ha th n b kh to ion kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn hay thnh kim loi n cht tng ng. Ion kim loi (trong dung dch) oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc n trong dy th in ha (tr kim loi kim, kim th). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Chiu cc cht kh c mnh gim dn K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+ Chiu cc cht oxi ha c mnh tng dn Th d: 2FeCl3(dd) + Fe

3FeCl2(dd)

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Bin son: V Hng Thi

+3

2Fe

3+

Fe
Cht kh

3Fe2+ Fe
0

Cht oxi ha

FeCl2(dd) +
+2

Zn
0

+ ZnCl2(dd)
+2

Fe2+
Cht oxi ha

Zn
Cht kh

Fe

Zn2+ + 3Cu

2Al
0

+ 3CuSO4(dd)
+2

Al2(SO4)3(dd)
+3 0

2Al
Cht kh

3Cu2+
Cht oxi ha

2Al3+ +

3Cu

Ag + Fe(NO3)3(dd) 3Zn(d)
0

+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd)
+3

+2

3Zn(NO3)2(dd)
0

+ 2Fe

3Zn(d)
Cht kh

2Fe3+

3Zn2+

+ 2Fe

Cht oxi ha

Zn

+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd, d)

Zn(NO3)2(dd) + 2Fe(NO3)2(dd) + 2Fe2+

Zn + 2Fe3+(d) Zn2+ AgNO3(dd) + Fe(NO3)3(dd) AgNO3(dd)

+1

Fe(NO3)2(dd)
+2 0

Ag +

Ag
+3

Fe(NO3)3(dd)

Ag+
Cht oxi ha

Fe2+
Cht kh

Fe3+ Fe(CH3COO)2 + Fe 2FeSO4

+2 +4 0 0

Fe + Cu(CH3COO)2(d d) Cu Cu + + FeSO4(dd) Fe2(SO4)3(dd)

+3

+ Cu

CuSO4(dd) CuSO4 +
-2 -1

Ion Fe3+(dd) oxi ha c H2S, HI, KI, Sn2+, Na2S2O3, SO32-, Cu, Fe. Fe3+ b kh toFe2+, cn cc cht kh trn b o xi ha to S, I2, I2, Sn4+, Na2S4O6, SO42-, Cu2+, Fe2+.

-1 +2

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Th d:
+3 -2 +2 0

2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3

H2S
Cht kh
-1

2FeCl2
+2

S
0

2HCl

2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3

2HI
Cht kh
-1

2FeCl2
+2

+
0

I2 +

2HCl

2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3

2KI
Cht kh
+2

2FeCl2

+
+2

I2

2KCl
+4

St (III) clorua (Cht oxi ha)

+3

2FeCl3

Thic (II) clorua (Cht kh)

+2

SnCl2

St (II) clorua

2FeCl2

Thic (IV) clorua

SnCl4

+2

+2,5

2FeCl3

2Na2S2O3

2FeCl2 + Na2S4O6
Natri terationat

2NaCl

Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposun fit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+3 +4

+2

+6

2FeCl3

(Cht oxi ha)

Natri sunfit (Cht kh)

Na2SO3 + H2O

2FeCl2 +

Natri sunfat

Na2SO4 + 2HCl

2FeCl3 + 2FeCl3 +

Cu Fe

2FeCl2 + CuCl2 3FeCl2

2FeI + I2 + 3K2SO4 2FeS + S 2FeSO4 + + 3Na2SO4 S + Na2SO4

Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI

Fe2(SO4)3(dd) + 3Na2S(dd, d) Fe2(SO4)3(dd, d) + Na2S(dd, d)

(Nu trong dung dch long, cn c s thy phn: 2Fe(OH)3 + H2S + Fe2(SO3)3 + 3Na2S Fe2(SO4)3(d) + 2KI Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI(d)
Ch

3Na2SO4)

2FeSO4 + 2FeI2 + I2

I2 + K2SO4 + 3K2SO4

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Do tnh oxi ha ca Fe3+, n oxi ha c I-, SO32-, S2-, nn khng c FeI3, Fe2(SO3)3, Fe2S3 trong dung dch. Cng do s thy phn nhiu ca Fe3+ m khng c Fe2(CO3)3, Fe2S3 trong dung dch (S thy phn ca cc mui ny cp phn qui lut thc nghim s ha tan mui trong nc). S khng hin din Fe2S3 trong dung dch, c ti liu l do s thy phn, to Fe(OH)3 v H2S; C ti liu cho l do Fe3+ oxi ha S2- to S, cn Fe3+ b kh to Fe2+. C l, khi dung dch long (c nhiu nc) th c s thy phn hoc c c s thy phn ln s oxi ha kh. Ni chung, khng thu c Fe2S3 trong dung dch.
Bi tp 83 Hon hp chat ran A gom bot sat va muoi bac nitrat. Cho 250 ml H2O vao coc co cha m gam hon hp A. Khuay eu e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c 5,4 gam mot kim loai va 250 ml dung dch B co cha hon hp muoi. Cho t t bot kim loai ong vao lng dung dch B tren th dung dch nay hoa tan c toi a 0,32 gam bot ong va thu c dung dch trong suot. a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra. b. Tnh m. c. Tnh nong o mol/lt moi chat tan trong dung dch B. (Fe = 56 ; Ag = 108 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; Cu = 64) S: m = 9,62g; Fe(NO3)2 0,04M; Fe(NO3)3 0,04M Bi tp 83 Hn hp cht rn X gm bt km v mui st (III) sunfat. Cho 200 ml nc vo mt bnh cha m gam hn hp X. Dng a thy tinh khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton. Thu c cht khng tan gm 3,36 gam mt kim loi v dung dch Y c ha tan hn hp mui. Cho dung dch xt lng d vo dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly kt ta em nung ngoi khng kh cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 gam mt cht rn. a. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh m. c. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan ca dung dch Y. Coi th tch dung dch Y bng th tch nc dng. (Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16) S: m = 50,4g; ZnSO4 0,8M; FeSO4 0,7M I.7. Halogen X2 v cc hp cht ca n, nh F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, NaClO, KClO3, Ca(ClO)2, CaCl2O, KBrO3, KIO3, HClO4. Cc cht oxi ha halogen n cht c s oxi ha 0 hay hp cht ca halogen c s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7 thng b kh to thnh mui halogenua X- (Cl-, Br-, I-) trong halogen c s oxi ha bng 1.

- Halogen nm chu k trn y c halogen nm chu k di ra khi dung dch mui halogenua. Hay halogen y c phi kim yu hn n ra khi dung dch mui cng nh axit. Thc cht cng l cht oxi ha mnh tc dng vi cht kh mnh trong dung dch to cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng yu hn.

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Th d: Cl2 + 2KBr(dd)
0 -1

2KCl(dd) + Br2
-1 0

Cl2

2Br- (dd)
Cht kh

2Cl- (dd)
Cht kh

+ Br2
Cht oxi ha

Cht oxi ha

Phn ng xy ra c l do:
0 -1

Tnh oxi ha: Cl2 > Br2 Tnh kh: Br- > Cl-1 0

Br2

+ 2KI

2KBr
Kali bromua (Cht kh)

I2
Iot (Cht oxi ha)

Brom Kali ioua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh )

Phn ng xy ra c l do:

Tnh oxi ha: Br2 > I2 Tnh kh: I- > BrBr2 + KF 2NaF +
Natri florua

I2 F2

NaCl

2NaCl
Natri clorua

Cl2
Clo

Flo (Fluor)

Cl2 +

2NaI

2NaCl

+ I2

Br2 + 2HI I2
0

2HBr + I2 2HI + S
+3 0

+ H2S
+2

3F2 -

+ 2FeCl2(khan)

2FeF3

+ 2Cl2

Halogen X2 oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi to mui halogenua X-. Ring F2 (flo) c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, n phn ng c vi tt c cc kim loi (k c vng v bch kim) to mui florua. F2, Cl2, Br2 tc dng Fe to mui st (III), ring I2 ch to mui st (II) (V Fe3+ oxi ha c I- to I2)

Th d: 2Na + Cl2

2NaCl

Natri nng chy chy trong bnh kh clo cho ngn la sng chi, to natri clorua.

2Fe +

3Cl2

2FeCl3 St (III) clorua

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Bt st nng chy trong bnh kh clo to thnh khi mu nu, l nhng ht rt nh st (III) clorua.

Fe +

3 F2 2 3 Br2 2

FeF3

St (III) florua

Fe + Fe

FeBr3 St (III) bromua

St (II) ioua

+ I2

FeI2

Cu + Cl2

CuCl2

Nung si dy ng nng ri cho vo bnh kh clo, si dy ng chy sng, to ng (II) clorua.

2Al

+ 3Br2

2AlBr3 2AlI3

2Al + 3I2

- Cl2, Br2 oxi ha c dung dch mui st (II) to mui st (III). Cl2 oxi ha H2S to H2SO4. Br2, I2 o xi ho H2S to S.
+2 0 +3 -1

2FeCl2

Cl2

2FeCl3

St (II) clorua Clo (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

+2 0

St (III) clo rua

+3

+3 -1

3 FeCl2 + 2

3 Br2 4

FeCl3 +

1 FeBr3 2

6FeCl2 + 3Br2
+2 0

4FeCl3
+3 -1

+ 2FeBr3

2FeBr2 + Br2
0 -2

2FeBr3
-1 +6

4Cl2

H 2S

4H2O

8HCl
Axit clohiric

H2SO4
Axit sunfuric

Clo Hiro sunfua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

Br2

H2S

2HBr

+ S

Nu cho dung dch H2S (axit sunfuahiric) vo nc brom, th thy brom mt mu nu v dung dch c (do c to kt ta S)

I2 +

H2S

2HI + S

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- X2 oxi ha c SO2 trong dung dch to H2SO4

0 +4 -1 +6

Cl2

SO2

+ 2H2O

2HCl
Axit clohiric

H2SO4
Axit sunfuric

Clo Kh sunfur (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 +4

-1

+6

Br2

SO2

+ 2H2O

2HBr

H2SO4
Axit sunfuric

Brom Kh sunfur Axit bromhiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh SO2 lm mt mu nu ca nc brom
0 +4 -1 +6

I2

SO2

+ 2H2O

2HI

H2SO4
Axit sunfuric

Iot Kh sunfur Axit iothiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh SO2 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot.

Cho lung kh flo (fluor, F2) i qua nc nng th nc bc chy v to ra kh oxi

0 -2 -1 0

2F2

2H2O

t0

4HF
Hiro florua

O2
Kh oxi

Kh flo Hi nc (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

Nc dp tt la m chy, nhng nc bc chy trong kh flo, gii phng kh oxi. Do khi cho F2 tc dng vi dung dch NaCl khng thu c kh clo (Cl2) m l c phn ng gia kh F2 vi dung mi nc (H2O) ca dung dch to kh O2. X2 oxi ha c cc phi kim nh: H2, S, P

F2 + Cl2 +

H2 H2

2HF as

(Phn ng n mnh ngay c trong bng ti nhit rt thp, -2000C)

2HCl ( nhit thng v trong bng ti, phn ng xy ra

rt chm. Nhng khi un nng hay chiu sng mnh th phn ng xy ra ngay v km theo ting n mnh)

Br2

+ H2

t
t0 cao

2HBr 2HI S2Cl2

(Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng) (Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng nhit cao v phn ng thun nghch)

I2 + H 2 2S + Cl2

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3 Cl2 2 5 Cl2 2 3 Br2 2

PCl3

PCl5

P +

t
0

PBr3 2PI3

2P + 3I2 -

KClO3, NaClO, KBrO3, KIO3 oxi ha c cc cht kh nh: C, S, P, Fe2+, S2- , SO32-, NH3. Cn cc cht oxi ha trn b kh to Cl-, Br-, I-

Th d:
+5 0 1 +4

2KClO3 + 3C
Kali clo rat Cacbon (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

t0

6KCl

+ 3CO2

Kali clo rua Kh cacbonic

KClO3 + 6HCl
+5 -1

KCl + 3Cl2 + 3H2O

-1 0

Kali clorat Axit bromhiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+5 -1

KClO3

6HBr

KCl
Kali clorua

3Br2 + 3H2O
Brom

-1

KBrO3

+ 6HI

KBr

+ 3I2
Iot

3H2O

Kali bromat Axit iothiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+1 -3

Kali bromua

-1

3NaClO
Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha)
+1

Amoniac (Cht kh)

-1 -1 0

2NH3

3NaCl

N2

3H2O

NaClO
Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha)
+1

+ H2O2
Hiropeoxit (Cht kh)
-1

NaCl +

O 2 + H2O

-1

NaClO + 2KI

+ H2O

NaCl

+ I2 + 2KOH

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+5

-1

-1

NaClO3 + 6KI + 3H2SO4 NaCl

Natri clorat Kali ioua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Natri clorua

+ 3I2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O

Iot

Lu L.1. Khi cho kh clo vo dung dch xt, c phn ng:

0 -1 +1

Clo Natri clorua Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

Cl2

2NaOH

NaCl

+ NaClO

H2O

S d c phn ng trn l do: Cl2 + H2O

HCl
Axit clohiric

HClO
Axit hipoclorit

NaCl + H2O HCl + NaOH NaClO + H2O HClO + NaOH L.2. Dung dch hn hp cc mui NaCl - NaClO (hay KCl - KClO) c gi l nc Javel. Nc Javel c tnh oxi ha mnh (do c ion hipoclorit, ClO-), c dng ty trng si bng, vi v giy. Nc Javel khng c lu. Trong nh my dt, nh my giy, nc Javel c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl long (15 20%) trong bnh in phn khng c vch ngn vi catod bng st v anod bng than ch (cacbon graphit). L.3. Khi cho kh clo tc dng dung dch kim c un nng 1000C th thu c mui clorat.
0 -1 +5

3Cl2

6NaOH

100 0 C

5NaCl + NaClO3
Natri clorat

+ 3H2O

Clo (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)

0

Natri clorua (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)

-1

+5

3Cl2

6KOH

100 0 C

5KCl

+ KClO3
Kali clorat

+ 3H2O

Clo (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh)

Kali clorua (Phn ng t oxi ha kh)

Kali clorat d b nhit phn to kali clorua v kh oxi (khi un nng c MnO2 lm xc tc). Do KClO3 c dng iu ch kh O2 trong phng th nghim. Vi cc cht d b chy ( b kh) nh lu hunh (S), cacbon (than, C), photpho (P), bt nhm (Al), ng (C12H22O11) s to hn hp n vi KClO3 khi va chm (qut, p). V th, KClO3 c dng lm thuc pho, thuc u que dim. Trong u ca cy dim qut c cha 50% khi lng KClO3.
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KClO3

,t MnO 2

KCl +

3 O2 2

Trong cng nghip, KClO3 c iu ch bng cch cho kh clo i qua nc vi un nng ri ly dung dch nng trn vi KCl v ngui cho KClO3 kt tinh (v KClO3 t tan hn CaCl2). Kali clorat cn c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 750C. 6Cl2 + 6Ca(OH)2 + 2KCl

Ca(ClO3)2
Kali clorat

+ 5CaCl2

+ 6H2O

Ca(ClO3)2 2KCl 6KOH

Canxi hipoclorit

2KClO3 + CaCl2
H2 + 2KOH + Cl2

+ 2H2O + 3Cl2

p, khng vch ngn, 750C, anod tr

Catot

Anot

t0

5KCl

KClO3 + 3H2O

(t tan hn KCl)

L.4. Clorua vi (CaOCl2) l cht bt mu trng, xp, c mi xc, lun bc mi kh clo. Clorua vi c coi l mui canxi hn tp ca axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO). Clorua vi c tnh oxi ha mnh, n c dng ty trng vi, giy v ty u cc h rc, cng rnh, cc gy dch bnh. Do c kh nng tc dng vi cc cht hu c, nn clorua vi cn c dng ha gii cc cht c trong chin tranh ha hc. Clorua vi cn c dng trong qu trnh tinh ch du m. Clorua vi c to ra khi cho kh clo tc dng vi vi sa (huyn ph c Ca(OH)2 trong nc) theo phn ng: Cl Ca Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 + H 2O O Cl
Khi cho clorua vi tc dng vi axit clohiric th c to kh clo:
-1 +1 0

CaOCl2 +

2HCl

Cl2

CaCl2 +

H2O

Di tc dng ca nh sng hoc un nng dung dch clorua vi, c mt ng oxit hoc st oxit lm xc tc, th c s phn hy clorua vi to kh oxi v canxi clorua.
-2 +1 -1 s (t ) CuO (Fe2O3)
0

2CaOCl2

CaCl2 +

O2

C th dng hai phn ng trn iu ch kh clo v oxi trong phng th nghim.

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Khi trong khng kh, clorua vi tc dng vi kh cacbonic c trong khng kh v gii phng kh iclo oxit (Cl2O). Kh Cl2O c mi ging kh clo (Cl2). iu ny gii thch nguyn nhn clorua vi c mi kh clo. 2CaOCl2 + CO2

CaCl2

CaCO3

Cl2O

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch clorua vi bng cch cho kh clo tc dng vi vi ti kh. Clorua vi r tin hn, cha hm lng hipoclorit cao hn, d bo qun v chuyn ch hn so vi nc Javel. Cl2 + Ca(OH)2

CaOCl2

H2O

L.5. Khi ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc, th c mt phn clo tc dng vi nc, to hn hp axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO)
0 -1 +1

Cl2

Clo Axit clohiric Axit hipoclor (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh; Cht t oxi ha t kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)

H 2O

HCl

HClO

Phn ng trn ca Cl2 gii thch s lm i mu giy qu xanh t ha ca kh clo, ri giy qu b mt mu. Nguyn nhn l axit HCl lm giy qu xanh, cn axit HClO th li lm mt mu giy qu (do tnh oxi ha mnh ca HClO). y l hin tng c trng nhn bit kh clo (Cl2). Axit hipoclor ch tn ti trong dung dch, n km bn, ngay c trong dung dch long HClO, c s phn hy to kh oxi v axit HCl. S phn hy ny xy ra cng nhanh di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. V th nc clo sau mt thi gian s mt mu vng nht v ch cn cha a xit clohiric (HCl). 2HClO

as

2HCl

Axit hipoclor

Axit clohiric

O2

Oxi

L.6. Iot (I2) tc dng d dng vi dung dch Na2S2O3 (Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit) to mui NaI v Na2S4O6 (Natri tetrationat). Dung dch Na2S2O3 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot. Ngi ta thng dng phn ng ny nh phn dung dch Na2S2O3 bng dung dch I2 (nhm xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3 khi bit nng dung dch I2 hoc ngc li). Sau khi phn ng va , mt git d dung dch I2 lm cho dung dch phn ng c mu vng rt nht (Hoc mt lng dung dch I2 c d s lm cho dung dch h tinh bt long c mu xanh dng, do cho vo dung dch phn ng trc ). Nh cc hin tng c trng ny m ngi ta mi bit phn ng xong (git d dung dch I2 coi nh sai s trong s nh phn, hay trong php chun th tch).
+2 0 +2,5 -1

2Na2S2O3

I2

Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat

+ 2NaI
Natri ioua

Natri hiposunfit Iot (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

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I.8. Ozon (O3)

[Th hnh l hin tng mt nguyn t ha hc hin din di cc dng n cht khc nhau. Th d: O2 (oxi), O3 (ozon) l hai cht th hnh ca nguyn t oxi; Cacbon graphit (than ch), Cacbon kim cng), Cacbon v nh hnh (m hng, l ngh) l ba cht th hnh ca nguyn t cacbon; Photpho trng (P4), Photpho (photpho tm), Photpho en l ba cht th hnh ca nguyn t photpho] Ozon (O3) l mt cht th hnh vi oxi (O2). Ozon hin din dng kh iu kin thng, c mu xanh da tri nht, c mi xc. Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi, n ph hy cc cht hu c, oxi ho nhiu kim loi, trong c bc. Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh l do n khng bn, d b phn hy to thnh oxi nguyn t (O) [O nguyn t c tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxi phn t, O2, v khng cn cung cp nng lng ct t lin kt i gia O vi O, O=O, trong phn t O2]: O2 O3 + O
Ozon Oxi Oxi nguyn t

- Ozon y c iot (iod) ra khi dung dch kali ioua (iodur kalium) (O2 khng c tnh cht ny). Do dung dch KI c dng nhn bit ozon (Nu l ozon th khi cho tc dng vi dung dch KI s thu c I2, lm cho dung dch c mu vng, hay I2 to ra lm xanh h tinh bt). Hay giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt (giy ioua tinh bt) chuyn ngay sang mu xanh nu c hin din ozon trong khng kh. KI 2KI
Kali ioua (Cht kh)

+ O2
-1 0

+ O3

H 2O
0 -2

Ozon (Cht oxi ha)

+ H 2O

Iot

I2 +

O2

KOH

Oxi

Ozon oxi ha c kim loi bc (Ag), thy ngn (Hg). Trong khi oxi (O2) khng tc dng vI kim loi bc.
Ag
0

+ O2
0

+1 -2

2Ag +

O3

Ag2O +

O2

- Ozon oxi ha mui sunfua thnh mui sunfat, oxi ha amoniac thnh nitrit, nitrat
-2 0 +6 -2

PbS

Ch (II) sunfua

+ O3

Ch (II) sunfat

PbSO4 +

O2

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Do c tnh oxi ha mnh nn ozon dit c cc vi khun v th ozon c dng dit trng trong nc v kh trng khng kh. Mt lng nh ozon trong khng kh s lm cho khng kh trong lnh, c nh hng tt n c th con ngi, nhng nu khng kh cha nhiu ozon s gy ng c. Trong t nhin, ozon c to thnh t oxi khi c sm st. cao 10 30 km, ozon c to thnh do tc dng ca tia t ngoi mt tri. Nh vy, cc tia t ngoi ca mt tri c hi cho s sng b ngn chng li. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta pht hin nhng l thng ca tng ozon. y l mt nguy c ang c nghin cu khc phc.

I.9. Hiro peoxit (H2O2)

- H2O2 c tnh oxi ha mnh trong c mi trng axit ln mi trng kim. H2O2 oxi ha c I- thnh I2, KNO2 thnh KNO3, sunfua thnh sunfat. H2O2 b kh to H2O.
-1 -1 -2 0

H2O2
-1

H2SO4
-2

2KI

-2

2H2O

+ I2
+6

K2SO4

(Cht oxi ha)

(Cht kh)

4H2O2
Hiro peoxit (Cht oxi ha)
+3

PbS

4H2O
Nc

PbSO4
Ch (II) sunfat

Ch (II) sunfua (Cht kh)

-1 +5

-2

KNO2
Kali nit rit (Cht kh)

H2O2

KNO3 +
Kali nitrat

H2O
Nc

Hiro peoxit (Cht oxi ha)

H2O2 rt tinh khit tng i bn, nhng n d b phn tch to O2 v H2O khi c ln tp cht kim loi nng hay hp cht cc kim loi ny, hoc khi un nng hay b chiu sng. Do bo qun H2O2, ngi ta cht ny trong cc chai thy tinh sm mu cng nh ni ti v rm mt. Ngi ta thy O2 c to ra t phn t H2O2 ch khng phi ca H2O. Do lin kt gia O O trong H2O2 khng b t m l anion [O - O]2- mt in t. Tt c cc ng dng thc t ca H2O2 u da vo tnh khng bn v tnh oxi ha mnh ca n. Dung dch H2O2 3% c dng st trng trong y hc, nh sc ming, ra vt thng. H2O2 cng c dng lm cht ty trng vi, len, la, bng, rm r, giy, my tre,u im ca cht ty H2O2 l khi dng dung dch thch hp, nng khng ln, n ch lm trng cht c mu nhng khng lm h hng vt c ty. Cc cht d chy nh giy, mt ca, s bc chy khi tip xc dung dch H2O2 c nng ln hn 65%. Dung dch H2O2 m c (ln hn 80%) c dng lm cht oxi ha nhin liu cho cc ng c phn lc. Do tnh d b phn hy ca n, H2O2 cn c dng lm cht to bt cho cc ngnh sn xut vt liu xp.
H2O2

as t ) (

1 O2 2
Oxi

+ H 2O
Nc

Hiro peoxit

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Peoxit (-O-O-) coi nh l mui ca axit H2O2. Do khi cho cc H2O2 tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh (nh NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2) s to peoxit kim loi tng ng v nc; Cn khi cho peoxit kim loi tc dng vi axit th hiro peoxit b y ra khi peoxit kim loi. (Axit mnh y c axit yu hn ra khi mui. H2O2 c tnh axit mnh hn nc, nhng yu hn nhiu so vi cc axit thng thng khc)
H2O2 BaO2
Bari peoxit

+ + + +

Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit

BaO2
Bari peoxit

+ +

2H2O
Nc

Hiro peoxit

H2SO4
Axit sunfuric

H 2O 2
Hiro peoxit

BaSO4
Bari sunfat

H2O2 K2O2
Kali peoxit

2NaOH 2HCl

Na2O2

+ 2H2O + 2KCl
Kali clorua

H2O2
Hiro peoxit

Axit clohiric

I.10. Oxit kim loi (Oxid kim lai) Oxit kim loi b kh to kim loi tng ng hay oxit kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn. Cc cht kh thng dng kh oxit kim loi nhit cao l Al, H2, CO, C. Tuy nhin bn cht kh ny ch kh c cc oxit kim loi trong kim loi ng sau nhm trong dy th in ha. Cc oxit kim loi Al, Mg, kim loi kim, kim th, ch b kh to kim loi tng ng ti catot bnh in phn khi in phn nng chy cc oxit kim loi tng ng trn.
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au
+3 0 0 +3

Fe2O3
(Cht oxi ha)
+2

+
0

2Al
(Cht kh)

t0

2Fe
0

Al2O3
+1

CuO
(Cht oxi ha)
+1

+
+2

H2
(Cht kh)

t0

Cu

+
+4

H2O

Ag2O
(Cht oxi ha)
+2

CO
(Cht kh)
0

t0

2Ag
0

CO2
+2

ZnO
(Cht oxi ha)

t0

Zn

CO

(Cht kh)

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+2 +8/3 +4

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+3

3Fe2O3
St (III) oxit (Cht oxi ha)
+8/3

CO

t0

2Fe3O4
St t oxit

CO2
Cacbon ioxit

Cacbon oxit (Cht kh)

+2

+2

+4

Fe3O4

CO

t0

3FeO
St (II) oxit

CO2
Kh cacbonic

St t oxit Cacbon oxit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

+2 +2

+4

FeO
(Cht oxi ha)
+2

CO
(Cht kh)
0

t0

Fe

+
0

CO2
+2

PbO

Ch

1400 0 C

Pb

CO

Ch (II) oxit Cacbon (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

Cacbon oxit

MgO Al2O3 K 2O CaO Na2O Al2O3

+ +

Al H2

t t t t t
2Al
Nhm (Catot)
0 0

+ CO + H2 + C

Dpnc

Nhm oxit

+ 3/2O2

Oxi (Anot)

I.11. Mt s phi kim (Khng kim loi) (nh halogen X2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2)
Cc phi kim oxi ha kim loi to oxit kim loi hay mui ca kim loi tng ng. Cn phi kim b kh to thnh hp cht ca phi kim (oxit hay mui) trong phi kim c s oxi ha m.

Th d:
0 0 +3 -1

Fe

3/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)

t0

FeCl3
St (III) clorua

St (Cht kh)

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Fe
St (Cht kh)
0

t0

FeS
St (II) sunfua

Lu hunh (Cht oxi ha)

0

+8/3 -2

3Fe
St (Cht kh)

+ 2O2

t0

Fe3O4
St t oxit

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen X2, mc mnh lit phn ng gimdn t F2 n I2. Al
Nhm

3/2Cl2
Clo

t
0

AlCl3
Nhm clorua

2Al 2Al
Nhm

+ 3/2O2 + 3S

Al2O3 Al2S3

t t t
0 0 0

Lu hunh

Nhm sunfua

Cu Cu Au
Vng

+ 1/2O2 + Br2

CuO CuBr2 AuCl3 AgCl

Bc clorua
t0 cao; p sut H2 cao

+ 3/2Cl2 + 1/2Cl2
Clo

t t
0

Clo

Vng (III) clorua

Ag
Bc

Li (lng) +
Liti

1/2H2(kh)
Hiro

LiH
Liti hirua

Na(lng) + 1/2H2(kh) 3Li + 1/2N2

Liti Nit

,p t NaH

Natri hirua

t
0

Li3N
Liti nitrua

3Mg
Magie

+ N2
Nit

Mg3N2
Magie nitrua

Ca(nng chy)
Can xi

H2
Hiro

CaH2
Canxi hirua

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3Ba
Bari

+ N2
Nit

t Ba3N2
Bari nitrua
t
0

3Ca
Canxi

+ 2P
Photpho

Ca3P2 CaC2 Al4C3 Ca2Si Mg2Si

Magie silixua

Canxi photphua

Ca
Can xi

+ 2C
Cacbon

t t t t
0

Canxi cacbua
0

4Al
Nhm

+ 3C
Cacbon

Nhm cacbua
0

2Ca
Canxi

+ Si
Silic

Canxi silixua

2Mg
Magie

+ +

Si
Silic

Hg

HgS

Thy ngn

Lu hunh

Thy ngn (II) sunfua

Thy ngn tc dng vi lu hunh nhit thng, v vy ngi ta thng dng bt lu hunh gom nhng ht rt nh ca thy ngn ri vi trn nn nh, trnh c tc dng c hi ca thy ngn bay hi to ra.

2Cr
Crom

+ 3Cl2
Clo

t t t
0 0

Crom (III) clorua

2CrCl3 Cr2S3 2CrN

2Cr
Crom

3S
Lu hunh

Crom (III) sunfua

2Cr
Crom

N2
Nit

Crom (III) nitrua

- Phi kim mnh c th oxi ha phi kim yu hn. Th d:

0 0 +5 -2

2P
0 0 +3 -2

5/2O2(d)
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

60 0 C

P2O5
Photpho (V) oxit; Anhirit photphoric

Photpho (Cht kh)

2P

3/2O2(thiu)
Oxi

60 C

P2O3

Photpho

Photpho (III) oxit; Anhirit photphor

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+3 -1

3/2Cl2(thiu)
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0

PCl3

Photpho (Cht kh)

0

Photpho triclorua

+5 1

P
Photpho (Cht kh)
0

5/2Cl2(d)
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0

PCl5

Photpho pentaclorua

-3 +1

3/2H2
Hiro (Cht oxi ha)
0

300 0 C

PH3

Photpho (Cht kh)

0

Photphin; Photphua hiro

+1 -2

H2
Hiro (Cht kh)
0

1/2O2

H 2O
Nc; Hiro oxit

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0

-3 +1 Fe, t0, p

Nit Hiro (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 0

N2

3H2

Amoniac; Hiro nitrua

2NH3

-4 +1

2H2

Ni , 500 0 C

CH4
Metan

Cacbon Hiro (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 0

+1 -2

H2

t0

H 2S
Hiro sunfua

Lu hunh Hiro (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)

0 0

+5 -2

5S

2P
Photpho (Cht kh)
0

tt

P2S5
iphotpho pentasunfua
+4 -2

Lu hunh (Cht oxi ha)

0

S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
0

O2

t0

SO2
Lu hunh (IV) oxit; Anhirit sunfuar; Kh sunfuar

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0

+2 -2 30000C (Tia la in)

Nit (Cht kh)

N2

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

O2

2NO
Nit oxit

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+4 1

Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0

2F2

SiF4

(Phn ng xy ra nhit thng)

Flo; Fluor (Cht oxi ha)

0

Tetraflo silan; Silic tetraclorua

+4 2

Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0

O2

t0

SiO2
Silic oxit; Anhirit silicic

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0

+4 1

Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0

2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0

t0

SiCl4
Silic tetraclorua; Tetraclo silan

+6 -1

S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)

3F2

SF6

Flo (Cht oxi ha)

Florua lu hunh (VI); Hexaflorua lu hunh

Phi kim mnh (nh F2, Cl2, O2) oxi ha c cc hp cht ca phi kim hay kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian cng cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht nh CO, NO, SO2, Na2S2O3, FeS2, FeCl2, FeSO4, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, NH3, H2S, PH3, KI, KBr, CH4,.
+2 0 +4 -2

Th d: 2CO
Cacbon oxit (Cht kh)
+2

O2
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
0

t0

2CO2
Cacbon ioxit

+4 -2

2NO
Nit oxit (Cht kh)
+2

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0

O2

Nit ioxit

2NO2

+4

-1

CO
Cacbon oxit (Cht kh)
+4

Cl2

C , as

COCl2
Photgen (Cht c chin tranh)

Oxi (Cht oxi ha)

0

+6 -2 V2O5(Pt),450 C
0

Anhirit sunfuna r (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

+2 0

2SO2

O2

Anhirit sunfuric
+2,5 -1

2SO3

2Na2S2O3

I2

Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat

2NaI
Natri ioua

Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposunfit Iot (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)

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+2 1

+3 -2

+4 -2

2FeS2

11/2O2

t0

Fe2O3
St (III) oxit

4SO2
Kh sunfur

Pi rit st; St (II) pesunfua Oxi (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+2 0 +3 -1

FeCl2
St (II) clorua (Cht kh)
+2

1/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0

FeCl3
St (III) clorua

+3

-1

(Cht kh)
+2

3FeSO4 +

(Cht oxi ha)

0

3/2Cl2

Fe2(SO4)3
+3 2

FeCl3

2FeO
(Cht kh)
+2

1/2O2
(Cht oxi ha)

t0

Fe2O3
+3 -2

St (II) hiroxit (Cht rn trng hi lc nht)

+2 2 0

2Fe(OH)2

1/2O2

Oxi Hi nc (Khng kh)

+3 -2

H2O

St (III) hiroxit (Cht rn mu nu )

+4 -2

2Fe(OH)3

2FeS
St (II) sunfua
-3

7/2O2
Oxi
0

t0

Fe2O3
St (III) oxit

+
2

2SO2
Kh sunfur

2NH3
Amoniac
-3

3/2O2
Oxi
0

t0

N2
Nit
+ -2

3H2O
Hi nc
-2

2NH3
Amoniac
-2

5/2O2
Oxi
0

Pt ,t 0

2NO
Nit oxit

+ 3H2O
Hi nc
0 -2

H 2S +
-2

1/2O2(thiu, chy chm)

0

t0

S
+4 -2

H2O
-2

H 2S +
-2

3/2O2(d, chy nhanh)

0

t0

SO2
-1

+ H 2O

H 2O
(Cht kh)

F2

1/2O2 +

2HF

(Cht oxi ha)

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