TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC

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TIU LUN CNG NGH VI SINH

BIOLEACHING
Nhm sinh vin thc hin: TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 H v tn
Nguyn Khc Hi inh Th Thanh Tm Bi Th Thanh Hi Qunh Ng Th Hng Nguyn Th Trang Nguyn Th Hng Lun Nguyn Th Thy Linh

MSSV
533257 533293 533295 521922 533258 533308 533282 533281

H NI - 2011

MC LC

I.

M U...........................................................................................................3

II.

NI DUNG.........................................................................................................4

1.

Cc thut ng...................................................................................................4

2.

Nn tng lch s................................................................................................5

3.

Nguyn l ca qu trnh chit lc kim loi bng vi sinh vt...........................................6

3.1.Cc c ch lc................................................................................................6

3.2. M hnh c ch lc.........................................................................................7

4. Cc yu t nh hng bioleaching ( lc sinh hc).......................................................11

10

5.

Vi khun trn cc b mt khong.........................................................................12

11

6.

S a dng ca vi sinh vt trong cc mi trng chit lc...........................................13

12

7.

ng dng v trin vng ca cng ngh Bioleaching..................................................15

13

7.1.

Chit lc sinh hc qung ng......................................................................15

14

7.2.

Ngm chit sinh hc qung uranium...............................................................15

15

7.3.

Ngm chit sinh hc qung bc.....................................................................16

16

7.4.

Thy luyn kim sinh hc vng......................................................................16

17

Thy luyn kim sinh hc vng

I.

M U

S pht trin bn vng trong tng lai i hi phi c cc bin php gim s ph thuc vo nguyn liu khng th ti to v nhu cu cho cc ngun ti nguyn chnh. Cc ngun ti nguyn cho kim loi phi c pht trin vi s tr gip ca cng ngh mi. Thm vo , s ci tin ca nhng k thut khai khong tn ti sn c th dn n s thu hi kim loi t cc ngun ti nguyn khng c li cho kinh t cho n ngy hm nay. Cc qu trnh khai thc kim loi da trn hot ng ca vi sinh vt cung cp mt kh nng thu c cc kim loi t cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn khng th thu c bng cch khai thc thng thng. Vi sinh vt nh vi khun v nm chuyn i cc hp cht kim loi thnh dng ha tan trong nc v l xc tc sinh hc ca cc qu trnh chit lc ny. Ngoi ra, ng dng cc qu trnh ha tan vi sinh, c th phc hi cc gi tr kim loi t cht thi cng nghip- cc cht m c th cung cp nh l vt liu th th cp.

18

II.

NI DUNG

1. Cc thut ng Ni chung, bioleaching l mt qu trnh c m t nh l s ha tan ca cc kim loi t ngun khong sn t nhin xy ra "hoc" s dng vi sinh vt bin i cc yu t thnh cc yu t c th c trch xut t mt vt liu khi nc c lc qua ng xi Ngoi ra, thut ng biooxidation (s oxi ha sinh hc) cng c s dng. Tuy nhin, c mt s khc bit nh theo nh ngha: Thng thng, "bioleaching" l cp n vic chuyn i cc gi tr kim loi rn thnh cc dng tan trong nc ca chng bng cch s dng cc vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ng, sulfide ng c oxi ha bi vi sinh vt v gi tr kim loi c mt trong tng giai on ca dung dch. Cht rn cn li c b i. "Biooxidation" m t qu trnh oxy ha ca cc vi sinh vt vi cc khong cht chnh c cha cc hp cht kim loi quan tm., dn n kt qu, Cc gi tr ca kim loi vn cn trong cc ph liu rn trong mt dng c c hn. Trong hot ng khai thc vng, biooxidation c s dng nh l mt qu trnh tin x l (mt phn) loi b pyrit hoc arsenopyrite. Qu trnh ny cn c gi l biobeneficiation ni vt liu rn chc c tinh ch v cc tp cht khng mong mun c loi b. Cc thut ng "biomining","bioextraction", hoc "biorecovery" cng c p dng m t vic huy ng cc yu t t cc vt liu
19

rn thng qua vi khun v nm. Biomining mi quan tm ch yu l cc ng dng ca s huy ng kim loi nh vi sinh vt trong quy m ln hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip khai thc m cho s phc hi kim loi mt cch kinh t. Cc khu vc "biohydrometallurgy" bao gm cc qu trnh bioleaching hoc biomining. Biohydrometallurgy i din cho mt lnh vc hc thut kha cnh vi sinh hc (c bit geomicrobiology), a ho hc, cng ngh sinh hc, hydrometallurgy, khong vt, a cht, k thut ha hc, v k thut khai thc c kt hp. Hydrometallurgy c nh ngha l vic x l ca kim loi v cc vt liu c cha kim loi bng cc qu trnh t v m t s khai thc v phc hi ca kim loi t qung, qu trnh m trong dung dch nc ng mt vai tr ch yu ". Him khi, thut ng Biogeotechnology cng c s dng thay v biohydrometallurgy. 2. Nn tng lch s Mt trong nhng bi bo u tin m s lc c th c tham gia vo s huy ng kim loi c a ra bi mt tc gi ngi La M tn l Gaius Plinius Secundus (2379 sau Cng Nguyn). Trong tc phm ca ng v khoa hc t nhin, Plinius m t cch thc m khong cht ng thu c c s dng qu trnh chit lc. S chuyn i d on xp x nh sau: Chrysocolla l mt cht lng trc khi vic khai thc m vng t cc mch vng c cp n. Khi thi tit lnh trong sut ma ng, s n nh ca cc tng bng tri dn n s cng ca bt. Theo kinh nghim bit th ngi ta mun c nht l t m ng, tip theo l m bc. S ha lng cng c tm thy trong m ch mc d n mang gi tr thp. Trong tt c nhng m ny, Chrysocolla cng c to ra nhn to bng cch cho nc chy t t qua m trong ma ng. N l mt minh chng r rang rng Chrysocolla khng l g c nhng l mt mch b phn hy. Bc s v nh khong vt hc ngi c Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) cho l trong cng vic ca ng, vic loi b v ti hp thu kim loi cng l mt k thut cho s phc hi ca ng l da trn s lc ca qung cha ng. Mt bc tranh khc g t quyn sch ca ng minh ha (ti liu) cho s vn chuyn ca nc cha kim loi t m v s bay hi ca chng di nh sng mt tri. M Rio Tinto Ty nam Ty Ban Nha thng c xem l ci ni ca phng php thy luyn sinh hc. Nhng ci m ny c khai thc t thi tin La M i vi
20

ng, Vng v Bc. Tuy nhin, i vi hot ng thng mi lc sinh hc trn quy m cng nghip, k thut thy luyn sinh hc c a ra ti Tharsismine Ty Ban Nha 10 nm trc. Nh l mt h qu t s cm on gay gt v qung l thin v hu qu ca n l kh quyn b nhim sulfur B o Nha vo nm 1878, tch chit kim loi nh phng php thy luyn tr thnh mi quan tm ln nhiu quc gia khc nhau. Ngoi lnh cm, tit kim chi ph l mt s khuyn khch khc cho s pht trin: k thut lc chng c p dng lm gim chi ph vn chuyn, v cho php thu nhn cng cho ng c v xe nga i vi dch v khc. n nm 1990, s nung m khng l thin ca qung ngho c thc hin m Rio Tinto. Nhng n lc thit lp bioleaching ti cc m Rio Tinto c thc hin trong u nhng nm 1890. Nhng ng (chiu cao 10 m) ca qung cp thp (c cha 0,75 % ng) c xy dng v 1-3 nm cho phn hy "t nhin". 20 n 25% ng cn li trong ng c thu hi hng nm. Ngi ta tnh ton c khong 200.000 tn qung th c th c x l vo nm 1896. Mc d hot ng chit lc cng nghip c thc hin ti cc m Rio Tinto trong nhiu thp k, s ng gp ca vi khun ha tan kim loi c xc nhn ch trong nm 1961, khi Thiobacillus ferrooxidans c xc nh trong dung dch lc. Nhng bo co sm nht pht biu rng l yu t nh hng n hot ng bioleaching chiu cao ca cc ng, kch thc ht, ra qung ban u vi axit, v kim sot nhit khong 50C. Mt yu t khc quan trng l vic cung cp nc cho cc ng lc. Mc d thng nc m c tnh axit c s dng ch bin qung, 4 t lt nc ngt c tiu th hng nm. Mc d kim loi lc t cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn c mt h s rt di lch s v mc d qu trnh oxy ha ca cc hp cht lu hunh thu c lu hunh trong s hnh thnh ca axit sunfuric c chng minh c trong nhng nm 1880, qu trnh oxy ha kim loi sulfide khng c m t cho n nm 1922, khi ngi ta nghin cu s thu km t cc qung cha km sulfide. Ngi ta thy rng s chuyn i ca sulfua km ti km sulfate c trung gian qua vi sinh vt. Da trn nhng kt qu ny, s thu nhn km t cc qung cha km bng phng php sinh hc c xut. Nm 1947, ferrooxidans Thiobacillus c xc nh l mt phn ca qun x vi khun c tm thy trong h thng thot nc axit m. Mt bng sng ch u tin c
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cp vo nm 1958. Bng sng ch m t mt qu trnh tun hon, ni m s ha tan sulfate st / axit sulfuric c s dng cho khai thc kim loi, ti sinh bng cch sc kh (qu trnh oxy ha st bi cc sinh vt oxy ha st), v ti s dng trong mt giai on lc tip theo. 3. Nguyn l ca qu trnh chit lc kim loi bng vi sinh vt
3.1.Cc c ch lc

Nhng tc ng Mineralytic ca vi khun v nm vi cc khong sn ch yu da trn ba nguyn tc, c th l acidolysis, complexolysis, v redoxolysis. Vi sinh vt c th huy ng cc kim loi bi: (1) S hnh thnh ca acid hu c v axit v c (proton); (2) phn ng oxy ha v kh; (3) S bi tit ca cc tc nhn phc hp. Sulfuric acid l axit v c chnh c tm thy trong cc mi trng lc. N c hnh thnh t cc vi sinh vt oxi ha lu hunh nh thiobacilli. Mt lot cc axit hu c hnh thnh bi s trao i cht ca vi khun(cng nh nm) to nn acidolysis hu c,phc tp v hnh thnh chelate. Mt m hnh ng lc hc ca s phi hp cc thnh phn ha hc ca s ha tan khong sn c pht trin trong m t vic s phn gii ca cc oxit bng s thm proton ca b mt khong sn cng nh nng b mt cc tc nhn to ln phc hp ph hp nh malonate, oxalate, citrate, v succinate. ha tan khong sn bng kh proton v cc tc nhn xy ra ng thi trong s c mt ca cc phi t trong iu kin c tnh axit.
3.2. M hnh c ch lc

Ban u, mt m hnh vi hai loi c ch c lin quan trong vic vi sinh vt hp th kim loi c xut: (1) Vi sinh vt c th oxy ha sulfide kim loi bng mt c ch "trc tip" c in t t cc khong cht c gim bt. Nhng t bo s c gn ti b mt khong cht v cn tip xc trc tip .S hp ph ca cc t bo cc ht kim loi b kt ta din ra trong vng vi pht hoc vi gi. iu ny c chng minh bng cch s dng nh du phng x t bo Thiobacillus ferrooxidans pht trin trn NaH14C03 hoc kh nng oxy ha ca vi khun gn lin vi b mt khong cht. Cc t bo lin
22

kt mt cch chn lc vo cc b mt khong cht u tin cc cu trc bt thng ca cu trc b mt. Ngoi ra, mt tp tnh ho ng ng cc ion ng, st, hoc niken c chng minh cho Leptospirillum ferrooxidans.Cc gen tham gia trong cc ha ng ng cng c pht hin trong Thiobacillus ferrooxidans v Thiobacillus thiooxidans. (2) Cc qu trnh oxy ha kh ca kim loi thng qua c ch "gin tip" l qua trung gian st (Fe 3+) c ngun gc t qu trnh oxy ha vi sinh ca st kim loi mu (Fe 2+) cc hp cht c trong cc khong cht. St l mt tc nhn oxy ha v c th b xy ha, v d nh, sulfide kim loi v (ho hc) lm gim st kim loi mu, ln lt, c th b vi sinh vt oxy ha mt ln na. Trong trng hp ny, st c vai tr nh tc nhn cung cp in t. N c xut l khng c tip xc trc tip vt l l cn thit cho qu trnh oxy ha st. Trong nhiu trng hp n c kt lun rng c ch "trc tip" chim u th hn "gin tip" ch yu l do thc t rng "trc tip" l ng ngha vi "tip xc vt l trc tip". S thng tr ny c thy i vi qu trnh oxy ha ca covellite hoc pyrit trong cc nghin cu s dng vi khn a nhit trung bnh T. ferrooxidans v a nhit Acidianus brierleyi trong l phn ng sinh hc bao gm cc phng tch bit vi mng lc mu trnh tip xc vt l. Tuy nhin, vic bm ca vi sinh vt trn b mt khng phi l mt du hiu cho s tn ti ca mt c ch trc tip. Thut ng"contact leaching" c gii thiu ch ra tm quan trng ca vi khun bm vo cc b mt khong sn. Cc phng trnh sau y m t c ch cho qu trnh oxy ha ca pyrit "trc tip" v " gin tip":

23

Tuy nhin, m hnh " trc tip " v " gin tip " lc qua khong vn cn ang tho lun. Gn y, m hnh ny c sa li v thay bng mt c ch khc khng ph thuc vo s phn bit gia s chit lc " trc tip " v " gin tip ". Tt c s kin c kt hp v mt c ch c pht trin m c trng bi tnh nng sau : ( 1 ) t bo phi c gn vo khong v tip xc vi b mt vt cht ( 2 ) cc dng t bo v s bi tit exopolymers ( 3 ) exopolymeric ny cu t bo lin quan cha hp cht st l nhng thnh phn phc tp lng ng axit glucuronic. y l mt phn ca c ch tn cng chnh ( 4 ) thiosulfate c hnh thnh nh l sn phm trung gian trong oxi ho cc hp cht lu hunh; ( 5 ) lu hunh hoc cc ht polythionate c hnh thnh trong khong khng cht bao hoc trong cc t bo lin quan. Thiosulfate v du vt ca sunfit tm thy nh cc sn phm trung gian trong oxi ho ca lu hunh. Ht lu hunh ( lu hunh thuc cht keo ) c xc nh l nng lng d tr trong t bo exopolymeric capsulearound ca T. ferrooxidans trong tng trng trn mng tng hp pyrit. " Du chn " ca mng hu c cha cc ht lu hunh thuc cht keo c loi b trn b mt nc vo s tch ra ca vi khun.

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T d liu, hin c hai c ch chit lc " gin tip " c ngh trong khi khng c bng chng no cho qu trnh enzyme l trung gian trc tip c tm thy.Cu trc khong l yu t quyt nh cho loi c ch lc qua chim u th. " c ch thiosulfate " thiosulfate l sn phm trung gian chnh pht sinh t oxi ho pyrit, qung molien sunfua, hoc tungstenite. Polysulfide v nguyn t lu hunh l sn phm trung gian chnh trong " c ch polysulfide " trong oxi ho ca galen, Xfalrit, qung st ng, hauerite, qung asen, hoc ranga. S hin din ca st ( III ) vo u s phn hy khong cht l iu kin tin quyt quan trng. Cn bng sau tm tt c ch oxi ho : C ch thiosulfate ( nu chy FeS ,MoS , WS ): FeS2 + 6Fe3+ + 3 H 2O S 2 O 3- + 7 Fe2+ + 6H+ C ch polysulfide ( nu chy PbS, CuFeS2, ZnS, MnS2,As2S3,As3S4): S 2 O 3- + 8 Fe3+ + 5 H 2O 2MS + 2 Fe3+ H2 S n + 2 H+ 2S043+8 Fe2+ + 10 H+ 2M2+ +H2 S n + 2Fe

+ 2 Fe3+

0.25S 8 + 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ 2 SO2- 4 + 4 H+

0.25S 8 + 3O2 + 2 H 2O

Mt s nt c trng ca c ch huy ng kim loi, tm quan trng ca s hin din v s gn b ca cc vi sinh vt v s ng gp tch cc ca chng chng minh cho vic lc tro bi t vic tiu hu cht thi ca thnh ph (MWI). Ni chung, mt s c ch huy ng kim loi c th c phn bit: (1) Lin h hiu qu lc v vic gii phng kim loi. Mi trng Thiobacillus ferrooxidans v Thiobacillus thiooxidans gc c b sung vo dung dch huyn ph mu xm v cc t bo c tip xc trc tip vi tro bi. S tng trng ca thiobacilli c th c kch thch bng nng lng tng thm c sn t qu trnh oxy ha ca cc ht rn. (2) Ha tan kim loi bi cc hp cht hot ho qu trnh trao i cht (enzyme) trong s vng mt ca cc t bo vi khun. Mi trng nui cy gc c lc thnh mi trng c th hn ch s t do ca t bo. Mi trng ny c s dng cho vic lc. (3) ha tan kim loi bi sn phm ngoi bo khng phi enzym. Mi trng c th hn ch s
25

t do ca t bo c hp kh trng c dng dch lc v trng, khng cn enzyme hot ng v nh gi kh nng lc ca dng acid .(4) lc bi mi trng mi. Mi trng v trng v mi c b sung vo dung dch huyn ph tro bi v s dng nh i chng. (5) vic lc ha cht nh c s chun b dch huyn ph tro bi (pH 5,4). Mt s phn t nh Cd, Zn c th c huy ng ha hc trong sut qu trnh axit ha. Tro bi MWI cha cc loi ng (chalcocite {Cu2S} hoc cuprite {Cu20}) trong khi km v cc kim loi khc c mt trong dng oxy ha y ca chng. Do vy, gii phng ng t tro bi c nh hng trc tip v tng cng T. ferrooxidans, trong khi Zn, cng nh AI, Cd, Cr, Ni, c gii phng ch yu do mi trng axit. S axit ho ca bt tro bi (huy ng ho hc) c th tch ra ng k Cd, Ni, Zn v c th tng khng ng k bng cch s dng mi trng v trng nh lixiviant. Bng cch so snh lng ng c lc bng cch thm qua mi trng lm gim s t do ca t bo vi mi trng c hp kh trng, cho kt lun rng s lng ng k ng c huy ng - tri ngc vi cc yu t khc bi cc sn phm trao i cht ca T.ferrooxidans. Lc vi mi trng lm gim s t do ca t bo cho thy mt c ch ho tan do cc thnh phn ngoi bo c hiu qu ng k hn vic lc vi mi trng c hp kh trng bt hot enzyme. c bit rng mt s thnh phn lin quan n vn chuyn chui in t Thiobacillus (rusticyanin, cytochromes, protein st - lu hunh) c th nm trong khng gian periplasmic, do , cng c mt trong mi trng lm gim s t do ca t bo xc tc qu trnh oxy ha cc hp cht kim loi. Trong nhiu iu kin mi trng lc (c bit l nng st (II) v st (III)) thay i theo thi gian lc. iu ny lm kh khn nh gi tm quan trng v nh hng ca s hin din ca vi khun. Mt th nghim c thit lp duy tr nng lin tc ca st, n c th cho thy s hin din t l T. ferrooxidans ca lc pyrit hoc km sulfua c tng ln. 4. Cc yu t nh hng bioleaching ( lc sinh hc) Cc phng php kim nghim tiu chun c pht trin xc nh t l lc st t cc hp cht piryt trung gian bi cc vi khun Thiobacillus ferrooxidan. T. ferrooxidan sinh trng trong mi trng xc nh bao gm( g LP1): (NH4)2S04 3.0
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g; K2HP04 0.5 g; MgS04 7H20 0.5 g; KCl 1 g; Ca(N03)2.4H20 0.01 g; FeS047H20 44.22g; v 1 mL 10 N H2S04. T bo c thu, pha long v thm vo dung dch huyn ph cha pyrit vi mt bt giy( pulp density) 20g PL1. Tng lng st pha long cng nh sulfate hnh thnh trong sut qu trnh oxi ha c xc nh nh k. X l kim loi bng phng php lc sinh hc ( metal bioleaching) trong mi trng acid chu tc ng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau. Cc yu t ha l cng nh vi sinh vt trong mi trng lc l nhn t chnh nh hng n tc v hiu qu lc. Ngoi ra, tnh cht ca cc cht rn c lc cng l mt nhn t quan trng. v d nh mt bt giy, pH, kch thc cc ht c xc nh l cc nhn t chnh i vi vic lc pyrite bng vi khun c Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. iu kin ti u ln lt l 60g LP1, 1.5, v 20 ?m. nh hng ca cc tham s khc nh hot ng ca chnh vi khun , ngun nng lng, thnh phn khong vt, mt bt giy( pulp density), nhit , kch thc cc ht c nghin cu cho qu trnh oxy ha cht khong sphalerite bng vi khun T. ferrooxidan. S phn hy km tt nht t c mt giy thp (50g LP1), kch thc ht nh v nhit xp x khong 350C. S oxi ha kim loi c iu chnh bi cc vi sinh vt a acid c th c hn ch bi nhiu cc yu t nh cc hp cht hu c, cht hot ng b mt , dung mi hoc kim loi c th: s c mt ca cc hp cht hu c ( chit xut t nm men) ngn cn qu trnh oxi ha pyrit ca T. ferrooxidan. 5. Vi khun trn cc b mt khong Ngi ta bit rng s hnh thnh ca cc hp cht cao phn t ngoi bo ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic gn km thiobacilli ln cc b mt khong, v d nh, pyrit, lu hunh, hoc covellite. Vic chit sut hoc lm mt nhng hp cht cao phn t ngoi bo ny ngn chn s gn kt t bo dn n hiu qu lc kim loi gim. c kt lun cho rng mi lin h trc tip gia cc t bo vi khun v cc b mt rn l cn thit v l mt iu kin tin quyt quan trng cho vic huy ng kim loi c hiu qu. Mi tng tc gia cc vi sinh vt v b mt khong xy ra hai cp . Cp u tin l s thm ht b mt v mt vt l do lc tnh in. V pH trong mi trng lc thng thp nn mng bao ngoi ca t bo vi sinh vt c tch in dng, dn n cc tng tc in vi cc pha khong .Cp th
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hai c c trng bi s thm ht b mt v mt ha hc ti nhng vng m cc lin kt ha hc gia t bo v khong cht c th c thit lp (v d, cu ni disulfide). Ngoi ra, cc cht chuyn ha ngoi bo c hnh thnh v bi tit trong giai on ny nm gn vng ln cn ca v tr gn kt. Cc cht chuyn ha c khi lng phn t thp c bi tit bi cc cht oxy ha lu hunh bao gm cc axit c ngun gc t chu trnhTCA, cc axit amin, hoc ethanolamine, tri ngc vi cc hp cht vi khi lng phn t tng i cao bao gm lipid v phospholipid. Vi s c mt ca cc vi sinh vt c yu t lu hunh, oxy ha lu hunh t nc cng, bn c hnh thnh mt ma trn dng si tng t nh mtglycocalyx ca vi khun cho thy tm quan trng trong s xm chim ca cc ht rn 6. S a dng ca vi sinh vt trong cc mi trng chit lc Mt lot cc vi sinh vt c tm thy trong mi trng ngm chit v c phn lp t dch chit lc v c tnh acid t cc h thng nc thi. Mc d iu kin mi trng thng c m t (t mt ci nhn tng qut) l cc oan v khc nghit do gi tr pH v nng kim loi cao, cc h thng ny c th cho thy mc cao ca a dng sinh hc vi sinh vt bao gm vi khun, nm v to. T lu ngi ta bit rng vi khun (Thiobacillus sp.), Nm men (Rhodotorula sp., Trichosporon sp.), Flagellates (Eutrepia sp.) amoebes v ng vt nguyn l mt phn ca ca cc biocenosis (Qun x) vi sinh vt c tm thy vng nc c tnh axt ca mt m ng. iu tra chi tit gn y da trn phng php phn t nh lai DNA-DNA, trnh t 16S rRNA, cc phng php da trn RCR vi cc mi c ngun gc t trnh t rRNA , hunh quang trong lai ti ch (FISH), hoc k thut min dch cho thy rng cc Qun x vi sinh vt bioleaching bao gm mt lot rng ln ca vi sinh vt vi cc tng tc vi sinh vt phc tp v cc chui thc n (v d nh cng sinh, h sinh, n tht, cnh tranh). Cc sinh vt c nghin cu nhiu nht l Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Mc d y l sinh vt tt nht c bit t mi trng sng c tnh axit, ngi ta khng th kt lun rng sinh vt ny l chim u th trong cc h sinh thi. c pht hin ra di iu kin mi trng c bit, Leptospirillum sp. thm ch cn phong ph hn T. Ferrooxidans, cho thy mt vai tr sinh thi quan trng trong cu trc qun x vi sinh vt chit lc cc cht trong mi trng . Thiobacilli l thnh vin ca Proteobacteria
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 gn ch giao gia phn nhm v trong khi leptospirilli nm trong nhm Nitrospira. Nghin cu di truyn cho thy vai tr ca T. ferrooxidans trong hot ng chit lc c th c nh gi cao. Nhng tm tt nh gi tt v di truyn hc ca Thiobacilli v leptospirilli c cng b gn y. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans thuc v nhm sinh vt chemolithotrophic ( dinh dng ha nng v c). Cc sinh vt l hnh que (thng n l hoc theo cp), khng hnh thnh bo t, gram m, vn ng d dng v c lng roi n cc . Ngun carbon, chng s dng carbon dioxide. St b oxy ha. Amoni c s dng nh l ngun nit. Mc d T. Ferrooxidans c c trng nh l mt sinh vt hiu kh chun, n cng c th pht trin trn sulfide lu hunh hoc kim loi trong iu kin thiu xy s dng st nhn in t. Chi Thiobacillus i din cho mt nhm khng c nh ca sinh vt chemolithoautotrophic (dinh dng ha nng v c). Gi tr pH ti u cho s tng trng khc nhau nm gia 2 v 8. Ngi ta chng minh rng vi khun oxy ha lu hunh c kh nng gim pH cao ca cc th vn tro bay kim tnh thay i vi nguyn t lu hunh t khong 9 ti 0,5. C kh nng rng thiobacilli gp phn axit ha ngy cng tng ca s lc h sinh thi trong mt ch lin tc: Trong giai on u s pht trin ca cc chng c tnh t a chua (V d Thiobacillus thioparus) c kch thch, trong khi trong qu trnh lc ko di pH gim dn h tr tng trng ca cc chng tnh a chua hn. iu ny c quan st thy trong chit lc kim loi t bn thi nc thi. Mt lot cc vi sinh vt a nhit (c bit l loi Sulfolobus) c phn lp v lm tng ln t cc mi trng bioleaching. Nhit ti u cho tng trng v chit lc kim loi trong khong gia 65 v 85C. Mc d copperextraction (s ht ng) t cht thi m l hiu qu hn bng cch s dng sinh vt a nhit thay v cc sinh vt mesophilic (a m),vi sinh vt rt a nhit cao cho thy nhy cao hn vi ng v mt bt nho cao trong cc h thng dao ng gii hn, do , mt s ng dng thc t. Mc d iu kin mi trng trong hot ng chit lc c li cho s tng trng v pht trin ca qun x sinh vt a m, va a nhit, v cc k a nhit, s chit lc kim loi nhit thp cng c quan st thy. ng v niken c
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chit lc t cc mu qung pyritic vi s lng ng k ti 4C. Tuy nhin, t l lc c thp hn bi mt nhn t ca 30 n 50 khi so vi th nghim c tin hnh 37 C. T. ferrooxidans thu hi t cc vng nc m c th tng trng mc 2C vi thi gian th h ca khong 250 gi cho thy bn cht psychrotrophic (chu lnh) ca sinh vt. S tch ly st ca vi khun cng c quan st thy 0 C trong cc mu qung thu c t Greenland. T l ha tan ti cc nhit thp khong 25 n 30% ca gi tr ti a quan st ti 21C. Tt c nhng pht hin ny c th c mt tim nng cho cc ng dng thc t trong cc khu vc a l ni m cc lnh vc hot ng di ch nhit thp. 7. ng dng v trin vng ca cng ngh Bioleaching
7.1. Chit lc sinh hc qung ng

Ngm chit sinh hc qung ng . Cc yu t nh hng n s thu hi ng v n hot tnh ca vi khun l: a) c tnh vt l ca th qung (kch thc ht qung, thm i vi dung dch ngm chit, tnh dn nhit v kch thc ng. b) Thnh phn ha hc ca qung v nguyn liu ngho l ch cha khong vt ng (s c mt v phn b ca pirit v ht qung ring bit bn trong th qung); c) Thnh phn ca dung dch ngm chit i vo (O2 v CO2 ha tan v cc cht dinh , qun th vi sinh vt). Vic ngm chit ti ch (in-situ) qung ng cng ging nh ngm chit cht ng nhiu im. Khi qung qu thp khng th dng phng php khai thc thng thng, ngi ta s ph v khi qung trong lng t bng thuc n v ngm chit ti ch.

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S ngm chit qung ng

7.2. Ngm chit sinh hc qung uranium

Uranium c chit t qung nh qu trnh ngm chit vi khun hc quy m cng nghip. Ha hc ca s chit ny c th c biu din bng mt s thay i t uranium khng tan ha tr bn sang dng ha tr su ha tan trong mi trng ngm chit c tnh acid:

Sunfat st hai c ti oxy ha thnh sunfua st ba theo phng trnh (11.10). S bin i nng lng t do chun (86,1 kJ/mol) v th oxy ha kh i vi h thng U4+/U6+ (446mV) cng ging nh s bin i nng lng t do v th oxy ha kh ca h thng Fe2+ /Fe3+ (77,4 kJ/mol v 747mV). Cc qu trnh sinh ha hc v thy luyn kim sinh hc i vi vic chit uranium c bit rt r.
7.3. Ngm chit sinh hc qung bc

S phn b ca bc v cc nguyn t khc trong t b nh hng mnh bi cc chu trnh sinh a ha. Cc kim loi nng v kim loi qu thng to thnh cc phc cht v c duy tr nh cc lp mn ca t. Cc vi sinh vt tham gia vo vic s dng cc nguyn t ny bao gm c vi khun, nm, to v a y. V kh nng ca Thiobacillus ferrooxidans s dng sunfua bc lm ngun nng lng hin ang cn tranh ci. Mt s tc gi cho rng (Ag2S) tng hp v t nhin u khng c vi khun ngm chit phn gii v bc c vi T. ferrooxidans. Tnh c ny c lin quan n s tch ly c hiu i vi bc ca t bo. Song vic nui T. ferrooxidans trong mi trng c nng AgNO3 tng dn li to ra cc chng khng vi bc. Vo nm 1986 mt nghin cu khc pht hin ra rng T. ferrooxidans thc y s
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chit chn lc bc t mt loi qung sunfua hn hp. Trong 49 ngy ngm chit, khong 75% bc c ha tan t qung hn hp khi c mt vi khun v ch c 50% khi vng mt vi khun.
7.4. Thy luyn kim sinh hc vng

Ngay t nhng nm 1960 ngi ta pht hin c cc vi khun d dng c kh nng ha tan vng t cc khong vt laterit. Trong cc nghin cu ny, hm lng vng cc i khng vt qu 1,5mg/dm3. Tuy nhin sau 283 ngy ngm chit tch c ti 82% vng cha trong qung. Mt s loi nm c chng minh khng nhng c th chit vng t qung m cn c th loi vng ha tan khi dung dch ngm chit nh hp ph sinh hc ln b mt c th. Nhng t bo nm ny sau s c lc, lm kh v nung. Ngi ta phn lp c hng lot chng nm hot ng c th loi ti 98% vng t dung dch ngm chit sau 15- 20 gi tip xc. Ha Tan vng t qung pirit nh hot ng ca vi sinh vt Cc th nghim ngm chit c tin hnh vi pirit cha vng (150g vng/tn qung) trong cc bnh nn cha 5g pirit v 200cm3 mi trng dinh dng cha 200mg (NH4)2SO4, 50mg KCl, 50mg K2HPO4, 500mg MgSO4 v 10mg Ca(NO3)2 trong mt lt nc ct, v c vi 10 cm3 mt chng Thiobacillus ferrooxidans thun khit. Kt qu ch ra trong bng

Thu hi vng t cc ti nguyn cha asenopirt S tuyn khong asenopirrit c tin hnh t nhng nm 1960.Vi khun Thiobacillus ferrooxidans c kh nng gii phng vng t qung cha cacbon trong asen chim khong 6%. Cc iu kin ti u cho s ngm chit xc nh c l: t trng bn khong l 20%, pH1,5-2,0 v kch thc ht l 0,05mm. Cc c im c bn ca qu trnh ngm chit kim loi qu vi s tham gia ca vi khun c minh ha trong hnh di y.

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I.

KT LUN

Cc c ch chit lc bng vi sinh vt tng phc tp v cn cn nhiu nghin cu hiu r. Cc qu trnh khai thc kim loi da trn hot ng ca vi sinh vt cung cp mt kh nng thu c cc kim loi t cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn khng th thu c bng cch khai thc thng thng. Cc vi sinh vt tham gia qu trnh chit lc v cng phong ph cng vi qu trnh chit lc ca chng to ra tim nng ln cho vic ti sinh ngun ti nguyn khng th ti ch v x l nhim do kim loi .

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