Thiet Ke Bo Loc Song Hai Cho Bien Tan 075 KW Cua Siemens

LI M U
t nc ta ang trn ng hi nhp, mc tng trng hng nm lun

kh cao v l im n ca nhiu nh u t trong v ngoi nc. Trc s ln
mnh ca nn kinh t th vic gia tng nhanh chng ph ti in gy sc p
rt ln cho ngnh in. Mc d xy thm rt nhiu nh my thy in, nhit
in hoc nng cng sut ca cc nh my c nhng cng khng th khc phc
c tnh trng thiu in. Chnh v th m Chnh Ph v Tp on in lc Vit
Nam cc bin php thit kim in nh dng cc thit b tit kim in
v c bit l gim tn tht in nng.
Tn tht in nng nc ta thuc loi cao trong khu vc. Nhiu vng
ca nc ta tn tht in nng ln ti hng chc phn trm. iu ny gy sc p
cho ngnh in buc ngnh in phi vo cuc nhm gim tn tht in nng ti
mc thp nht. Tn tht in nng c th k n bn nguyn nhn sau : Mt s
thit b s dng trn li c v lm vic km hiu qu, nhi ni ng dy
di v xung cp, h s cosphi trn li thp v mo dng sng lm gim cht
lng in nng. ti tt nghip i su vo nguyn nhn th t tc l
nghin cu v sng hi, nh hng ca n ti cht lng in nng v cc gii
php hn ch n.
ti v sng hi cn kh mi m vi sinh vin chng em. nghin cu
chng i hi phi tm ti, nghin cu rt nhiu ti liu ch yu l ti liu nc
ngoi, nht l khi tnh ton v ch to th nghim b lc sng hi. Tuy nhin vi
s gip ca thy Bic Hng v thy Phm Hng Phi em hon thnh
n tt ngip ny vi kt qu kh kh quan.
Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong B mn Thit B
in- in T v c bit l hai thy Bi c Hng v thy Phm Hng Phi
tn tnh gip em hon thnh n ny.
H Ni Ngy 22 Thng 05 Nm 2008
Sinh vin thc hin :
Mc lc
TNG QUAN V CHT LNG IN NNG V CC IU HO BC CAO.........5
Cht Lng in Nng........................................................................................................5
Cc hin tng xy ra trn li in..................................................................................7
Phi tuyn............................................................................................................................7
Xung phi tuyn...................................................................................................................................7
Dao ng phi tuyn............................................................................................................................8
Cc bin thin in p trong thi gian ngn......................................................................9
in p lm........................................................................................................................................9
in p li........................................................................................................................................10
Ngt..................................................................................................................................................11
Cc bin thin in p trong thi gian di.......................................................................11
Di in p.....................................................................................................................................12
Qu in p......................................................................................................................................12
Ngt duy tr......................................................................................................................................12
Mo dng sng.................................................................................................................12
Khong mt chiu............................................................................................................................12
iu ha...........................................................................................................................................12
Ni iu ha.....................................................................................................................................13
Nhiu sinh ra do trng dn ( Notching )..........................................................................................13
Nhiu................................................................................................................................................13
Dao ng in p.............................................................................................................13
Cc bin i tn s...........................................................................................................13
Mt cn bng in p.......................................................................................................14
Tng quan v sng hi v cc ch s nh gi..................................................................14
Sng hi v phn tch sng hi........................................................................................14
Cc ch s nh gi..........................................................................................................18
Tng mo iu ha THD.................................................................................................................18
Tng mo nhu cu TDD..................................................................................................................18
Ngun pht sinh sng hi...................................................................................................19
Cc thit b c hin tng bo ha mch t....................................................................19
Cc thit b c hin tng phng tia la in..................................................................19
L h quang in.............................................................................................................................19
Cc loi n phng in...................................................................................................................20
Chnh lu mt pha...........................................................................................................21
B bin i ba pha ngun p...........................................................................................22
B bin i ba pha ngun dng.......................................................................................23
Mch 6 xung....................................................................................................................................25
Mch 12 xung..................................................................................................................................25
nh hng ca my bin p v tr khng h thng n s pht sinh sng hi..............................26
Cc cun khng iu khin bng thyristor.......................................................................27
B b cng sut phn khng tnh.....................................................................................................27
CC BIN PHP CI THIN CHT LNG IN NNG V HN CH SNG
HI...........................................................................................................................................32
nh gi mo iu ha.......................................................................................................32
im i ni chung..........................................................................................................32
nh gi mo iu ha h thng phn phi.................................................................32
nh gi iu ha pha ngi s dng.........................................................................33
Cc bin php hn ch sng hi........................................................................................34
Hn ch cng sut cc ti phi tuyn.................................................................................34
Tng in khng pha ngun xoay chiu u vo ti phi tuyn.......................................34
Phng php a xung......................................................................................................37
Dng cc b lc...............................................................................................................39
B lc th ng................................................................................................................................39
B lc th ng r nhnh.................................................................................................................41
B lc th ng kiu ni tip............................................................................................................43
B lc thng thp..............................................................................................................................44
B lc t C........................................................................................................................................45
B lc tch cc.................................................................................................................................46
Cc bin php khc phc hi th t khng......................................................................46
Mi quan tm v cc gii php s dng Vit Nam.................................................49
KHO ST H BIN TN - NG C.............................................................................51
L thuyt chung v h bin tn-ng c...........................................................................51
S cn thit ca cc b iu tc.......................................................................................51
Nguyn l ca cc b iu tc.........................................................................................51
Sng hi pht sinh t bin tn..........................................................................................53
Bin tn Micromaster 420 ca Siemens............................................................................54
M phng h bin tn ng c..........................................................................................55
o c vi h bin tn ng c thc t.............................................................................56
Nhim v th nghim.......................................................................................................56
Gii thiu cc thit b o lng dng trong th nghim...................................................57
My o dng sng v phn tch ph tn Energytest 2020E............................................................57
H ng c-my pht.......................................................................................................60
S th nghim..............................................................................................................61
Cch tin hnh o c s liu..........................................................................................62
Kt qu th nghim...........................................................................................................62
THIT K, CH TO B LC SNG HI CHO H THNG.....................................65
La chn kiu b lc..........................................................................................................65
B lc thng thp LC.......................................................................................................65
u im ca b lc LC....................................................................................................65
Nhc im ca b lc LC..............................................................................................65
Phng n thit k b lc..................................................................................................65
Ch to b lc v th nghim cun khng.......................................................................68
3.Th nghim tc dng ca b lc trong mch thc.......................................................70
Cc ti liu tham kho............................................................................................................75
Ti : Thit k b lc sng hi cho bin tn 0.75 kW ca Siemens - 5 -
Chng1
TNG QUAN V CHT LNG IN NNG
V CC IU HO BC CAO
Cht Lng in Nng
Ngay t nhng nm u ca th k 20 ngi ta a ra cc khi nim v
"cht lng in nng ", lc n tr thnh mt khi nim gy tranh ci, cho
n ngy nay th cn nhiu bt ng v vic s dng khi nim ny, v cch
nh ngha v p dng n th no cho chnh xc.
Trong nhiu ti liu ca chu u v M, "cht lng in nng" c hiu l
cht lng ca sn phm in c nh cung cp phn phi cho cc h s dng .
Cn cc nh chuyn mn th a ra nhng nhn nh ca ring mnh.
Theo Roger.C.Dugan : c rt nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v cht lng in
nng , iu ny ph thuc vo v tr ngi a ra nh ngha ny. V d cc nh
cung cp in th nh ngha "cht lng in nng" l tin cy v khng nh
tin cy . Cc nh qun l in cng a ra cc tiu chun da trn quan
im ny . Cn cc nh sn xut th nh ngha "cht lng in nng" l nhng
c tnh ca ngun in cho php thit b lm vic n nh. Ngoi ra ng cng
vit "cht lng in nng" = "cht lng in p" v phn tch rng h thng
cung cp in ch c th iu chnh cht lng ca in p ch khng th iu
chnh c dng in do cc ti c bit sinh ra [14].T Roger.C. Dugan a
ra nh ngha : cht lng in nng l bt k mt vn in nng no th
hin qua sai lch ca in p , dng in hay tn s dn n cc thit b ca
Sinh Vin Thc Hin : Gia Nam
Lp : TB-T4 K48
ngi s dng b hng hay hot ng sai.[14]
Vi Barry. W. Kennedy, ng nhn nh cht lng in nng theo hai quan
im n l mt vn hay mt sn phm tu thuc theo quan im ca tng
ngi. ng vit:Nu bn l mt k s in,mt nh nghin cu v in hay mt
th in th bn c th nhn nhn cht lng in nng l mt vn v cn
phi c gii quyt. Cn nu bn l nh kinh doanh , ngi mua bn in hay
mt khch hng tiu th in th in nng l mt sn phm v cht lng in
nng l mt phn quan trng trong . T ng a ra nh ngha ca Gerry
Heydt v cht lng in nng l bin php, s phn tch,ci thin cho in p,
thng thng l in p trn ti , duy tr in p ny dng sin theo in p
v tn s nh mc [15]
Trong mt s ti liu khc, Maura.C.Ryan nh ngha: cht lng in nng
l mc trong vic s dng v phn phi nng lng in u tc ng n
s hot ng ca thit b in. Bt k mt sai lch no so vi bin , tn s ca
dng sng in p hnh sin l tng u xem nh l cc vn cht lng in
nng. [17]
Cn Kabelo Klifford Modipance cho rng: cht lng in nng l bt k
phn ng no khng bnh thng trn h thng in xy ra i vi dng sng
ca dng in hay /v in p, tc ng c hi i vi s hot ng bnh
thng ca thit b in t hay in [18]
Cc c quan tiu chun ho quc t nh IEEE (Institue of Electric and
Electronic Engineers) v IEC (International Electronical Commision) cng
bt u nh ngha v phn loi cc hin tng lin quan n cht lng in
nng.
Theo IEEE th : cht lng in nng l mt khi nim ca vic ni ngun v
ni t cho cc thit b nhy cm m theo cch ph hp cho vic hot ng
ca thit b. Vo nm 2000 IEC a ra bn d tho v ngh nh ngha v
cht lng in nng theo cch sau : cht lng in nng l tnh cht in ti
Lp : TB-T4 K48
mt im cho trc trn mt h thng in c nh gi so snh vi mt b
cc thng s k thut tham kho (vi mt ch i km : trong mt vi trng
hp cc thng s ny c lin quan n tng thch gia nng lng cung
cp trn mng v cc ti c kt ni vi mng ).
Cc hin tng xy ra trn li in
Phi tuyn
Phi tuyn l cc nhiu m c thi gian ko di ln hn ba chu k (50Hz-60ms)
[14]. Cc nhiu ny xut pht t rt nhiu nguyn nhn: v dun ng ct t in,
phng in trong n hunh quang, chng c th c xp vo cc loi nhiu
xung v nhiu dao ng. Cc nhiu xung xut hin trong mt thi gian nh hn
1ms, t gi tr nh v t gi tr nh xung rt nhanh. Cc dao ng phi tuyn
ni chung l c thi gian tng ti nh hn mt chu k dao ng (tn s ca
ngun kch thch) v thng c tn s dao ng trn 5kHz. Thut ng phi tuyn
c s dng trong phn tch cc bin i h thng in nng ch ramt s
kin khng theo mong mun hoc mang tnh cht tc thi ca t nhin [14]. Phi
tuyn c th c phn loi thnh hai dng:
Xung phi tuyn
Xung phi tuyn l s thay i t nhin trong iu kin lm vic n nh ca
in p hoc dng in hay c hai m s thay i ny khng lm thay i gi tr
cc tnh ca in p hay dng in (Khi u in p hay dng in c th l
m hay dng).
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 1 Phi tuyn xung dng in do st nh [14]
Dao ng phi tuyn
Dao ng phi tuyn l s thay i t nhin trong cc iu kin n nh ca
in p v dng in hoc c hai m s thay i ny lm thay i chiu cc tnh
ca in p hay dng in bao gm c hai gi tr m v dng.Ty theo tn s
dao dng m chng c phn loi vo tn s thp ( f
d
< 5 kHz ), trung bnh
( 5 kHz f
d
<500 kHz) v tn s cao ( 500 kHz f
d
< 5 MHz) [14]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 2Dng dao ng phi tuyn [14]
Cc bin thin in p trong thi gian ngn
Cc bin i ny bao gm cc loi ngt thi gian ngn, in p lm v in p
li c xp trong tiu chun IEC [14]. Mi loi khc nhau c th c xp loi
vo trng hp tc thi (instaneous), thong qua (momentary), tm thi
(temporary), iu ny ph thuc vo khong thi gian tn ti ca chng. Bin
i in p trong thi gian ngn c chia thnh ba loi khc nhau: tc thi 0,5
t < 30 chu k ( 600ms ), thong qua 30 chu k t < 3 s, tm thi 3 giy t <
1 pht.
in p lm
Thut ng lm in p (Sag-Dip) c s dng trong nhiu nm t m t
suy gim ca in p tong mt khong thi gian no y. Mc d lm in p
khng c chnh thc nh ngha, nhng cc nh phn phi in nng ngy
cng s dng nhiu thut ng ny, cc nh sn xut thit b v h tiu dng
tng t cng chp nhn v s dng. in p lm c hiu l mc suy gim
in p trong khong 10% n 90% gi tr hiu dng nh mc trong khong
thi gian t na chu k (50Hz-10ms) n mt pht.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 3 in p lm gy ra bi li chm t mt pha (a) Gi tr hiu dng
(b) Dng sng[14]
in p li
c nh ngha l s tng ca in p trong khong 1,1 n 1,8 ln gi tr
hiu dng in p nh mc ti tn s cng nghip (50Hz-60Hz) v tn ti trong
khong thi gina t 0,5 chu k (10ms-50Hz) cho n mt pht. in p li (hay
qu p tc thi) l do s phng np ca cc t b trn li v s c do st nh.
[14]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 4 in p li tc thi gy ra bi s c chm t mt pha [14]
Ngt
Xut hin khi in p ngun cung cp gim xung di 10% gi tr nh mc
trong khong thi gian khng qu mt pht.N l kt qu ca cc s c h
thng, cc s c vn hnh v iu khin khng chun
Hnh 5 Tr hiu dng ca in p ba pha khi xy ra ngt do s c [14]
Cc bin thin in p trong thi gian di
L s qu in p,di in p, hay trng thi duy tr ngt iu kin lm
Lp : TB-T4 K48
vic n nh. Cc nh hng ny c khong thi gian xut hin trn mt pht.
[14]
Di in p
L s suy gim in p bn di 90% in p hiu dng nh mc v thi
gian tn ti ca n phi ln hn mt pht. Di in p i khi c gi l
Brownout mc d thut ng ny khng c nh ngha mt cch r rng.
Brownout thng c cc nh cung cp in nng s dng khi h c tnh gim
in p h thng xung cho ph hp vi nhu cu s dng in cao im hoc
mt l do ng quan tm no . [14]
Qu in p
L hin tng in p t vo thit b c gi tr vt qu 110% gi tr in p
hiu dng nh mc trong khong thi gian ln hn 1 pht [14]
Ngt duy tr
Khi in p ca ngun cung cp bng khng trong khong thi gian ln hn
mt pht th c gi l ngt duy tr. Ni chung cc ngt in p ko di qu
mt pht th thng l ko di vnh vin, do cn c s tc ng ca ngi sa
cha v vn hnh phc hi li h thng. Tuy nhin ngt duy tr phi c
hiu l cc hin tng ca h thng in nng v chng khng h c s lin h
no vi tnh trng mt in ca li. [14]
Mo dng sng
c nh ngha l s sai lch n nh so vi dng sng tn s l tng ca
in nng, c xc nh bng cch phn tch ph tn s ca s sai lch [14].
Mo dng sng c xp vo nm loi c bn.
Khong mt chiu
S xut hin ca dng in hay in p mt chiu trong mng in xoay chiu
c gi l khong mt chiu. Khong mt chiu xut hin do nhiu t trng
tri t hoc do tc ng ca chnh lu na chu k.[14]
iu ha
Cc iu ha (hay sng hi): l cc dng in hay in p c tn s bng s
nguyn ln tn s ca ngun cung cp (thng c gi l tn s sng c bn,
thng thng l 50 Hz, 60Hz). Cc dng in, in p b mo c th c phn
tch thnh tng ca sng cc tn s c bn v cc iu ha.Cc iu ho ny do
cc ti phi tuyn sinh ra. Chng thng gy ra cc s c cho cc thit b nh
qu nhit, tc ng nhm[14]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Ni iu ha
Cc dng in hay in p cha cc thnh phn tn khng phi l s nguyn
ln tn s c bn c gi l cc ni iu ha. Chng dng nh l cc tn s
ri rc hay l cc ph tn s m rng. [14]
Nhiu sinh ra do trng dn ( Notching )
L cc nhiu in p tun hon xut hin trong cc thit b in t cng sut
khi dng din o mch t pha ny sang pha khc. Khi notching xut hin trong
mch, n c th c nhn dng thng qua phn tch ph tn ca in p chu
tc ng. [14]
Hnh 6Notching gy ra bi b bin i in t cng sut ba pha [14]
Nhiu
c nh ngha l cc tn hiu in khng mong mun vi ph tn rt rng
nhng nh hn 200kHz, c xp chng ln in p hay dng in ca h thng
trong cc ng dy pha, ng dy trung tnh hay cc ng dy tn hiu. [14]
Dao ng in p
Dao ng in p l cc bin i c h thng ca inp hay l mt chui
thay i cc in p ngu nhin, nhng bin ca cc thay i in p thay i
ny thng l khng vt qu cng gii hn c xc nh theo tiu chun
ANSI C 84.1 l 0,9 1,1 gi tr tng i (pu).[14]
Cc bin i tn s
Cc bin i tn s c nh ngha l s sai lch tn s c bn h thng nh
mc c xc nh ca n (thng l 50Hz-60Hz) trong khong thi gian <10s.
[14]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Mt cn bng in p
Trong ph lc D ca tiu chun ANSI (ANSI Std C84-1989) mt cn bng
in p c xc nh l t l phn trng gia lch ln nht khi gi tr hiu
dng ca in ba pha chia cho gi tr hiu dng ca in p ba pha .[14]
100%
lch l n nht so v i gi trtrung bnh
%Khng cn bng in p =
gi trtrung bnh
Tng quan v sng hi v cc ch s nh gi
Sng hi v phn tch sng hi
Cng c phn tch mc mo ca dng sng dng in c chu k l phn
tch Fourier. Phng php ny da trn nguyn l l mt dng sng mo, c chu
k ( khng sin ) th tng ng v c th c thay th bi tng ca cc dng
sng iu ha hnh sin, chng bao gm:
- Mt sng hnh sin vi tn s c bn ( 50 Hz )
- Mt s cc sng hnh sin khc vi tn s hi cao hn, l bi ca tn s c
bn.
Dng sng mo hnh di y c phn tch thnh mt thnh phn sng c
bn v mt thnh phn sng hi bc 3. Tng gi tr hiu dng ca dng in mo
ny c tnh bng cn bc hai ca tng cc bnh phng ca dng c bn v
dng hi.
Hnh 7 Dng sng vi thnh phn c bn v hi bc ba
Du hiu xc nh mt dng sng mo c thnh phn hi bc chn hay bc
l nh sau: [10]
- Hi bc l xut hin khi na chu k m ca dng sng mo lp li y ht na
chu k dng, nhng vi chiu m. Ni cch khc, hi bc l xut hin khi phn
Lp : TB-T4 K48
t chu k u tin v phn t chu k th ba l ging nhau, phn t chu k th
hai v th t l ging nhau. Hi bc l xut hin vi chnh lu cu v na chu k
dng v na chu k m l i xng nhau ( do cc hi bc chn b trit tiu )
- Hi bc chn xut hin khi na chu k m khng lp li na chu k dng.
Mt c im khc khi c hi bc chn l phn t th nht v th t l ging
nhau, phn t th hai v th ba l ging nhau. Thng t khi thy hi bc chn
trong cc h thng in cng nghip. [10]
Mc mo sng hi sinh ra do b VSD ph thuc vo rt nhiu bin s v
nhiu bin s rt kh nh lng, v d:
Bin ca dng in chy qua b bin i
Cu trc ca mch in t cng sut (6 xung, 12 xung)
c tnh v tr khng ca h thng cung cp in ni n ti [10]
Nguyn nhn chnh ti sao b bin i in t cng sut sinh ra dng in hi l
v dng in khng lin tc trong mi pha. Xt v kha cnh sinh ra sng hi th
vic cu chnh lu dng van diode hay van thyristor u khng quan trng v
chng u hot ng tng t nhau. Trong mt cu chnh lu, ch c hai
thyristor ( hoc diode ) c dn ti mt thi im bt k, v khong thi gian
c dn ny s ln lt n phin cc thyristor ( diode ) k tip. Trong mt chu
k ca in p ngun cp, mi mt pha trong ba pha u dn mt xung dng
trong 120
o
v mt xung m trong 120
o
.[10]
Cc dng in pha gin on ny kt hp li pha mt chiu to ra dng
in mt chiu DC nhp nhy ( rippled ), dng in ny c lm trn bng mt
cun khng pha mt chiu. Nh vy, b chnh lu c th c xem nh mt
ngun pht sng hi v pha li. [10]
Cc b bin i in t cng sut khng sinh ra tt c cc bc hi m ch mt s
bc hi nht nh. Bc v bin ca mt sng hi dng in sinh ra bi b bin
i in t cng sut ph thuc vo 3 yu t chnh sau:[10]
S xung ca mt b bin i (p). S xung ca b bin i l s xung mt
chiu u ra ca b chnh lu trong mt chu k ca in p ngun cp. Bc
ca sng hi sinh ra c xc nh theo cng thc
n = kp 1 [10]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 8 Lin quan gia dng sng v cc thnh phn bc
l, bc chn
Vi n: bc ca sng hi
k: s nguyn dng bt k
p: s xung ca b bin i
Bin ca dng ti, dng in pha mt chiu ca b chnh lu nh hng
ti bin ca dng in hi
Bin ca in p ti, p mt chiu ca b chnh lu nh hng ti dng ti
Chui phn tch Fourier ca mt hm c chu k x(t) c biu din bng biu
thc sau [8]
( )
0
1
2 2
cos sin
n n
n=
nt nt
x t =a + a +b
T T
_
_ _

, ,
,
(1)
trong biu thc ny a
0
l gi tr trung bnh ca hm s x(t), cc h s ca chui
a
n
v b
n
l cc thnh phn vung gc ca hi bc n. Vect hi bc n tng ng l
n n n n
A = a + jb
Vi bin
2 2
n n n
A = a +b
V gc pha l
arctan
n
n
n
b
=
a
_

,
H s
0
a
trong biu thc trn c th c rt ra bng cch ly tch phn c hai
v ca phng trnh t -T/2 ti T/2
( )
/ 2 / 2
0
1
/ 2 / 2
2 2
cos sin
T T
n n
n=
T T
nt nt
x t dt = a + a +b dt
T T

1
_ _

1
, ,
]

Ta ly tch phn tng s hng v phi
( )
/ 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
0
1
/ 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
2 2
cos sin
T T T T
n n
n=
T T T T
nt nt
x t dt =a dt + a dt +b dt
T T

1
_ _
1
, ,
]

S hng u tin v phi c gi tr l
0
Ta
, cc biu thc tch phn cn li u
c gi tr l khng.
Vy
0
a
c tnh theo cng thc sau
( )
/ 2
0
/ 2
1/
T
T
a = T x t dt
vi T l chu k ca ( )
x t
Tnh h s
n
a
bng cch nhn c hai v phng trnh (1) vi
( ) cos 2 / mt T
, vi
m l mt s nguyn dng bt k, sau ly tch phn t / 2 T n / 2 T
Lp : TB-T4 K48
/ 2 / 2
0
1
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
0
1
/ 2 / 2
2 2 2 2
( )cos cos sin cos
2 2 2
cos cos cos
2 2
sin cos
T T
n n
n
T T
T T
n
n
T T
n
mt nt nt mt
x t dt a a b
T T T T
mt nt mt
a dt a dt
T T T
nt mt
b
T T

1
_ _ _ _
+ +

1
, , , ,
]
_ _ _
+ +

, , ,
_

,

/ 2
/ 2
T
T
dt
1
_
1
,
]
S hng u tin v phi bng khng.

Xt tha s vi
n
b
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
2 2 1 2 ( ) 2 ( )
sin cos sin sin
2
0
T T
T T
nt mt m n t m n t
dt dt
T T T T
v

+
_ _ _
+

, , ,

i m, n
Xt tha s vi
n
a
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
2 2 1 2 ( ) 2 ( )
cos cos cos
2
0
T T
T T
nt mt m n t m n t
dt dt
T T T T
v

+
_ _ _
+

, , ,

cos
i m, n
Vi m= n ta c
/ 2 / 2
2
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
/ 2 / 2
2 2
( )cos cos
4
cos
2 2
2
T T
n
T T
T T
n n
T T
n
mt nt
x t dt a dt
T T
a nt a
dt dt
T
a T

_ _

, ,
_
+

,

H s
n
a
c tnh theo cng thc
( )
/ 2
/ 2
2 2
cos
T
n
T
nt
a = x t dt
T T
_

,
vi 1 n=
Tng t ta c
( )
/ 2
/ 2
2 2
sin
T
n
T
nt
b = x t dt
T T
_

,
vi 1 n= [8]
Ta thy khi hm x(t) l i xng l, tc l
( ) ( )
x t = x t
th
n
a
bng khng vi
tt c cc gi tr
n
. Nh vy chui Fourier ca mt hm l ch c cc thnh phn
sin.
Cn khi hm x(t) i xng chn, tc l
( ) ( )
x t = x t
th
n
b
bng khng vi tt c
cc gi tr ca n. Chui Fourier ca mt hm chn ch c cc thnh phn cos.
Mt dng sng c th l chn hoc l ty thuc vo khong thi gian tham chiu
Lp : TB-T4 K48
c la chn.
Hm x(t) gi l i xng na sng khi
( ) ( )
/ 2 x t = x t +T
dng sng ca tn hiu kiu ny c hnh dng ti thi gian t / 2 t T + ti t T +
l dng m ca dng sng t
t
ti / 2 t T + . Sau mt s bin i ta c:
Vi n l
( )
/ 2
0
4 2
cos
T
n
nt
a = x t dt
T T
_

,
( )
/ 2
0
4 2
sin
T
n
nt
b = x t dt
T T
_

,
Vi n chn
0
n
a = 0
n
b =
Nh vy dng sng i xng na sng ch cha cc hi bc l.
Cc ch s nh gi
Tng mo iu ha THD
L ch s nh gi mo ca cc thnh phn iu ha ca mt sng b mo
so vi thnh phn c bn, c p dng tnh ton cho c dng in v in
p, c tnh bng cng thc sau
k
max
k
k=
M
THD=
M
2
2
1
Trong
k
M
l gi tr hiu dng ca thnh phn iu ha bc k.
Ch s THD cho bit lng nng lng nhit tn hao khi cung cp in p
mo cho mt ti tr. THD hu ht c s dng m t mo in p iu ha
Tng mo nhu cu TDD
Ch s THD c th c dng nhn bit mc mo ca dng in, nhng
iu ny i khi dn n nhng hiu lm. Mt dng in rt nh nhng li c
th c ch s THD rt cao khi gi tr ca dng c bn thp. Nh vy khi ti b th
THD ca dng in khng c nhiu ngha.
trnh nhm ln, cc nh phn tch a ra ch s tng mo nhu cu TDD
k
max
k
k=
R
I
TDD=
I
2
2
Cng thc ny tng t nh THD nhng mo c tnh bng phn trm so
vi bin ca dng nh mc hay l dng ti ln nht ch khng phi theo
phn trm so vi dng in c bn. Nu ti c trong h thng t trc th
R
I
Lp : TB-T4 K48
l gi tr trung bnh ca dng ti nhu cu nh ca 12 thng trc y, nu cc
thit b mi th
R
I
c th c tnh ton bng cch c lng da trn cc ti
liu ca thit b tiu dng.
Ngun pht sinh sng hi
Trc khi c s xut hin ca cc linh kin bn dn cng sut, nguyn nhn
chnh gy ra mo dng sng l cc l h quang, n hunh quang, v mc
thp hn l t my bin p v my in quay.
Cc thit b c hin tng bo ha mch t
Cc thit b loi ny bao gm cc my bin p v cc thit b in t khc vi
cu trc c li thp ti iu ha c sinh ra do cc tnh cht t ha phi tuyn
ca li st. Cc my bin p thng c thit k hot ng di im bo
ha, mt t cm ca my bin p c la chn da trn cc yu t nh gi
thnh thp, cc tn hao khng ti, n v cc nhn t khc. Thng thng
dng t ha ca my bin p cha rt nhiu cc iu ha, n c gi tr nh hn
1% dng y ti. Mc d iu ha sinh ra bi my bin ap r rng l nh hn
cc thit b in t cng sut nhng trong h thng in, nht l h thng in
phn phi c n hng trm my bin p cho nn iu ha gy bi my bin p
cng cn c ch .
Cc thit b c hin tng phng tia la in
L h quang in
Sng hi sinh ra t cc l h quang s dng trong sn xut thp l khng th
d on c v tia la in thay i lin tc, khng tun hon theo chu k.
Phn tch cho thy dng in h quang bao gm mt di lin tc cc bc sng
hi c nguyn v khng nguyn. Tuy nhin cc sng hi bc nguyn, c bit l
t bc hai n bc by, c v tr quan trng hn nhiu so vi hi bc khng
nguyn. Bin ca sng hi cng gim tng ng theo bc hi ca n. Khi
mc kim loi nng chy trong b cha tng dn, tia h quang tr nn n nh
hn, dn n mc mo dng sng gim. Dng in tr nn i xng on
gn trc khng v nh vy s trit tiu cc bc hi chn v bc hi khng
nguyn.
Bng di a ra gi tr ca cc bc sng hi theo hai giai on ca qu trnh
luyn thp. Cc l khc nhau s c cc gi tr khc nhau.
Phn trm thnh phn hi theo
thnh phn c bn
Bc hi
Giai on luyn thp
2 3 4 5 7
Nung nng chy ( tia la in khng n nh )
7.7 5.8 2.5 4.2 3.1
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Luyn ( tia la in n nh ) 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.1 0.0
Bng 1 Cc thnh phn hi ca dng in l h quang trong
hai giai on ca qu trnh luyn thp [8]
Cc loi n phng in
y l loi ti c tnh phi tuyn cao. Hnh di ch ra dng sng dng in v
ph tn sng hi ca loi n hiu sut cao
D
n
g

n

(
A
)
D
n
g

n

(
A
)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Thi gian (ms)
0
2 4 6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bc iu ha
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Hnh 9 Dng sng dng in (a) v ph tn (b) ca n phng in hiu
sut cao [8]
Tc hi ca loi ti ny cn c bit ch trong trng hp n hunh quang.
Khi phi cn thm cc chn lu t hn ch dng in trong gii hn ca
ng n hunh quang v n nh tia h quang.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Chnh lu mt pha
C rt nhiu thit b in i hi phi c ngun cp mt chiu hot ng.
Cu chnh lu diode mt pha c dng ph bin to nn nhng ngun mt
chiu ny bi gi thnh h v p cung cp kh n nh trong nhng iu kin
lm vic bnh thng.
Mch in trong hnh 10 sinh ra cc xung dng in kh hp ti mi na chu
k ca in p ngun cp. Do t in dc ch c tch in khi in p ngun
vt qua mc in p dc ( l on gn vi nh ca sng in p hnh sin ).
Hnh 10 Ngun mt chiu gm chnh lu cu mt pha v t in [8]
Phn tch Fourier ca dng xung ny nh sau
2 2 2
1,3,5
8 cos
cos
1
n
n=
I n
I = nt
n
[8]
Vi I l gi tr nh ca xung dng in v / T
Hnh 11 th hin ph tn ca sng hi sinh ra t b my tnh c nhn v my
in.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
1 10 20 30
40
100%
71.94%
Hnh 11 Dng iu ha sinh ra bi b PC v My in
B bin i ba pha ngun p
Mt b bin i ngun p ( Voltage sourse converter VSC ) c c trng
bi tnh dung pha mt chiu v h thng pha xoay chiu c tnh cm [8]. Dng
n gin nht ca mt b VSC l cu didode 6 xung vi mt t in ln bc qua
hai cc ca u ra. Trong mch in ny th t in c tch in trong mi na
chu k ca in p ngun cp bi hai xung dng in, dng in hnh nh sau.
Hnh 12 Dng dng in ca b bin i ba pha ngun p
Khng ging nh b ngun mt chiu chnh lu mt pha, do khng c dy
trung tnh nn trng hp ny cc hi triplen khng xut hin. Vic thm vo
pha ac cc cun khng c th lm gim ng k dng hi, y cng l phng
php hay s dng trong cc b bin tn c s dng iu ch rng xung.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
B bin i ba pha ngun dng
B bin i ngun dng ( Current sourse converter ) c c trng bi tnh
cm pha mt chiu cng nh xoay chiu [8]. Tnh cm ny c to ra t cc
cun khng san bng pha mt chiu. Trong mch ny th dng mt chiu to
ra gn nh l hng, b bin i s l ngun p hi vi pha mt chiu v ngun
dng hi vi pha xoay chiu. Cc van c th kha in p c hai chiu nhng
i hi ch dn dng theo mt chiu. Cc b bin i ln thng l loi ngun
dng v c th c c cc van thyristor chu c dng ln.
Vi iu kin i xng hon ton ca h thng th cc dng in sinh ra trn
cc pha l nh nhau.
Xt mt b bin i l tng p pha, mt chiu nh hnh di.
1
2
p
Trung tnh
p pha
Vd
L
Hnh 13 B bin i p pha , mt chiu [8]
B bin i ny khng c tr khng pha xoay chiu v khng san bng pha
mt chiu c gi tr v cng ln. Dng in pha ca b bin i c dng cc
xung ch nht
w
t
Hnh 14 Chui xung dng v m [8]
vi b rng xung l
/ w= p 2
, tun hon theo chu k ngun cp.
Chn im gc gia ca xung nn hm
( ) Ft
l mt hm chn, do vy
phn tch Fourier ch gm cc thnh phn cosin. H s ca chui Fourier vi
dng l 1pu tnh nh sau [8]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
( )
/
/
w
w
w
A = dt = =
p
2
0
2
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
/
/
w
n
w
n
A = nt d t =
n p
_

,
2
2
1 2
cos sin
Nh vy chui Fourier tng ng cho cc xung dng dng l [8]
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
p
w w
F = +t + t + t
+t +
_ _ _

, , ,
_
_

,
,
2 1 2w 1 3w
sin cos sin cos 2 sin cos 3
4 2 2 2 3 2
1 4w
sin cos 4
4 2
Xt mt b bin i p pha, hai chiu nh hnh di
L
p pha
p
2
1
2
1
p pha
Vd
p
Hnh 15 B bin i p pha, hai chiu [8]
Bin i cng thc nh trn cho nhm van chiu ngc li ta c chui
Fourier [8]
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
p
w w
F = +t t + t
t +
_ _ _

, , ,
_
_

,
,
2 1 2w 1 3w
sin cos sin cos 2 sin cos 3
4 2 2 2 3 2
1 4w
sin cos 4
4 2
Dng in pha ca b bin i hai chiu c c xung m v xung dng xen k
nhau. Chui Fourier nh sau [8]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
/
p n
F = F +F = wt + t
+t +
_

,
_
_

,
,
4 1 3w
sin 2 cos sin cos 3
3 2
1 5w
sin cos 5
5 2
Theo cng thc ny th thnh phn mt chiu v bc hi chn b trit tiu.
Mch 6 xung
Mch chnh lu 6 xung to ra t mch chnh lu 3 pha, 2 chiu. Thay
/ 2 3 w= v thm vo gi tr dng in mt chiu I
d
ta c dng in trn pha a
nh sau [8]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a d
i = It t + t t + t
t + t
,
2 3 1 1 1 1
cos cos 5 cos 7 cos 11 cos 13
5 7 11 13
1 1
cos 17 cos 19
17 19
T cng thc ta thy [8]
(1) Khng c cc hi l bi 3 ( triplen)
(2) Cc bc hi xut hin l 6k 1, vi k l s nguyn
(3) Cc hi bc 6k+1 c th t thun v hi bc 6k-1 c th t nghch.
(4) Gi tr hiu dng ca bc hi c bn l
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
/ / /
d d
I = I = I
1
1 2 2 3 6
(5) Gi tr hiu dng ca hi bc n l
/
n
I = I n
1
Mch 12 xung
Mch 12 xung to t hai nhm 6 xung, cp in t hai my bin p ni song
song, dch pha 30
o
Lp : TB-T4 K48
thanh gp
my bin p
dch pha
Aptomat
Cc cu 6 xung
Ld
1
2
Y - Y
Y -
Hnh 16 Cu trc b bin i 12 xung [8]
.
Dng in pha by gi l tng hai dng pha s cp ca my bin p u sao-
sao v sao-tam gic.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a d
i = It t + t
t + t
_

,
_

,
12
2 3 1 1
2 cos cos 11 cos 13
11 13
1 1
cos 23 cos 25
23 25
Ta thy ch cn cc bc hi 12k 1 . Cc bc hi 6k 1 chy vng gia hai
bin p nhng khng i vo li. [8]
nh hng ca my bin p v tr khng h thng n s pht sinh sng hi
Trn thc t do c in khng trn li nn xut hin qu trnh trng dn khi
chuyn mch.
Dng chuyn mch tnh theo cng thc sau
( ) ( ) ( )
c
c
E
i = t
X
cos cos
2
[8]
Vi X
c
l in khng ( mt pha ) ca mch, gi tr gn bng vi in khng
tn ca my bin p.
Ti cui qu trnh chuyn mch th
c d
i = I
v
t =
,lc phng trnh
trn tr thnh
( ) ( )
cos cos
2
d
C
E
I = +
X
1
]
[8]
T hai phng trnh ta rt ra
Lp : TB-T4 K48
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos cos
cos cos
c d
t
i = I
+
_
,
vi
< t < +
[8]
Phn cn li ca xung dng in l
d
i = I vi
2 / 3 + <t < +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos 2 / 3 cos
cos 2 / 3 cos 2 / 3
d d
+ t
i = I I
+ + +
1
]
vi
2 2
3 3

+ < t < + +
[8]
xung dng m vn c tnh cht i xng na sng do vy ch c cc hi bc
l. Sng hi c th c biu din theo gc tr nh xung, gc trng dn v bin
nh hnh di.
Hnh 17 I
5
theo gc tr nh xung v gc trng dn [8]
Cc cun khng iu khin bng thyristor
B b cng sut phn khng tnh
B b cng sut phn khng tnh ( Static VAR compensator SVC ) s dng
cc cun khng c iu khin bi thyristor thng c s dng trong h
thng truyn ti in cao th v trong mt vi nh my cng nghip nh nh
my s dng l h quang in. Mc ch chnh l to ra kh nng iu khin
Lp : TB-T4 K48
in p nhanh chng v rt nhiu cc tc dng khc nh gim nhp nhy
( flicker ), ci thin h s cng sut, cn bng pha v to n nh cho h thng
in.
Th1 Th2
V
i
Hnh 18 Cun khng iu khin bng thyristor [8]
Hnh di l mt mch SVC ba pha in hnh u tam gic. Dng in trong
ba cun dy chm pha gn 90
o
so vi p tng ng v in tr y l khng
ng k.
b
c
if
b
a c
i
a
TCR
Hnh 19 B TCR u song song vi b t b [8]
Trong iu kin khng b gin on, dng in l hnh sin. Tuy nhin gc
nh xung m c tr s lm gim bin ca dng in v lm mo dng sng.
Dng in tc thi c biu din theo biu thc
Lp : TB-T4 K48
( ) ( ) ( )
L
V
i = + t <t < +
X
2 cos cos V i
[8]
v
i = + < t < + 0 V i [8]
Vi V l gi tr hiu dng ca in p ngun cp,
l
X =L
l in khng cun
dy ti tn s c bn v l gc tr nh xung.
Dng hi sinh ra bi s dn dng khng lin tc ch c bc l vi iu kin l
gc tr nh xung ca hai van u ngc nhau l nh nhau.
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng hi tnh theo cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
sin 1 sin 1
sin
4V
cos
2 1 2 1
n
L
n+ n
n
I = +
X n+ n n
1
1
]
[8]
Vi n = 3,5,7 ...
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 20 Dng dng in trong TCR [8]
Bng di l gi tr ca cc bc hi. Hi bc 3 c xut hin nhng c gi
khng i vo li nh s ni hnh tam gic.
Bin ln nht ca dng hi
Lp : TB-T4 K48
sinh ra bi TCR
Bc hi %
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
100
(13.78)
5.05
2.59
(1.57)
1.05
0.75
(0.57)
0.44
0.35
(0.29)
0.24
0.2
(0.17)
0.15
0.13
Bng 2 Bin ln nht ca dng hi sinh ra bi TCR
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Chng2
CC BIN PHP CI THIN CHT LNG
IN NNG V HN CH SNG HI
nh gi mo iu ha
im i ni chung
Vic nh gi mo iu ha thng c thc hin ti im gia h s
dng v h thng phn phi, ti im ny c cc h s dng khc cng ni ti.
im ny gi l im i ni chung ( point of common coupling ).
im PCC c th pha s cp hoc th cp ca my bin p ph thuc vo
my bin p c cung cp ti cho nhiu h s dng hay l khng. iu ny c
ngha l nu c nhiu h s dng cng ly ngun t pha s cp ca my bin p
th PCC pha s cp, cn ngc li, nu c nhiu h s dng cng ly ngun
t pha th cp th PCC pha th cp.
Khi im PCC pha s cp th vic o c dng in vn thc hin pha
th cp. Sau kt qu c quy v pha s cp, c tnh n c nh hng ca
s u my bin p vi cc hi th t khng.
nh gi mo iu ha h thng phn phi
nh gi mo iu ha pha h thng phn phi l vic xc nh mc
mo iu ha c th chp nhn c i vi cc h s dng. Tiu chun IEEE
std 519-1992 a ra cc s liu gii hn c th. Trong bng di y gi tr
THD c tnh theo phn trm ca in p hiu dng nh mc ch khng phi
theo phn trm ca gi tr in p tn s c bn.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Gii hn v mo p hi theo phn trm ca in p nh mc
c bn
p ti thanh ci ti
im PCC, Vn (kV)
Mo in p cho
tng iu ha (%)
Mo in p tng
THDVn (%)
Vn< 69 3.0 5.0
69< Vn 161 1.5 2.5
Vn> 161 1.0 1.5
Bng 3 Gii hn v mo p iu ha theo phn trm ca in p nh
mc tn s c bn [16]
nh gi iu ha pha ngi s dng
Cc s c do mo iu ha hay xy ra pha ngi s dng hn l h thng
cung cp. L do l v phn ln cc ti ph tuyn u nm trong khu vc ngi s
dng, m mc mo hi l ln nht ti v tr gn ngun pht iu ha. S c
nghim trng nht l khi xy ra cng hng ti v tr c ti phi tuyn v t b h
s cng sut.
Tiu chun IEEE std 519-1992 a ra mc dng hi gii hn ti im
PCC nh bng di
Gii hn dng iu ha Ih tnh theo phn trm ca IL
Vn 69 kV
ISC/IL h<11 11 h <17 17 h < 23 23 h < 35 35 h TDD
<20
20-50
50-100
100-1000
>1000
4.0
7.0
10.0
12.0
15.0
2.0
3.5
4.5
5.5
7.0
1.5
2.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.6
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.4
5.0
8.0
12.0
15.0
20.0
69 kV < Vn 161 kV
<20
20-50
50-100
100-1000
>1000
2.0
3.5
5.0
6.0
7.5
1.0
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.5
0.75
1.25
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.3
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.5
0.7
2.5
4.0
6.0
7.5
10.0
Vn> 161 kV
< 50
50
2.0
3.0
1.0
1.50
0.75
1.15
0.3
0.45
0.15
0.22
2.5
3.75
Bng 4 Gii hn dng iu ha tnh theo phn trm ca I
L
[16]
h
I
l tr hiu dng ca cc thnh phn iu ha
Lp : TB-T4 K48
SC
I
l dng in ngn mch ti im PCC
L
I
l thnh phn c bn ca dng ti nhu cu ln nht ti im PCC
Cc bin php hn ch sng hi
chng trc ta ni v cch tnh ton mo hi p v mo hi dng
cho nhiu loi thit b. Chng ny s nu ln cc gii php cn s dng khi cc
kt qu tnh ton v mo hi p v dng cho thy cht lng in nng cha t
yu cu.
Hn ch cng sut cc ti phi tuyn
Vi mt ti phi tuyn lun c mt mc cng sut ln nht m ti mc
mo ca dng v p sinh ra vn nm trong gii hn cho php ca tiu chun
IEEE 519-1992. Lng cng sut ny l bao nhiu cn ph thuc vo loi ti
phi tuyn v vo ngun in.
Tng in khng pha ngun xoay chiu u vo ti phi tuyn
Vi b bin i 3 pha 6 xung th bin php u tin ci thin l thm vo
pha u vo xoay chiu mt in khng. Tc dng ca vic thm in khng
ny c th c nh gi mt cch nh lng theo hnh 21 v 22 di y. Ta
c th gii thch mt cch nh tnh nh sau, cun khng c tc dng lm chm
tc tng ca dng khi dng in chuyn t van ny sang van khc ( chuyn
mch ). Vi phng php ny th vic ci thin c mo sng hi bao nhiu
li ph thuc vo lng st p cho php vi ti l bao nhiu.[9]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
0.0 1.0 3.0 2.0
5.0 4.0 7.0 6.0 9.0 8.0 11 10
1
10
100
Tng in khng pha xoay chiu tnh theo %
D
n
g

u

h
a

t
n
h

t
h
e
o

%
h5
h7
h11
h13
h17
h19
Hnh 21 Dng iu ha sinh ra t cu chnh l ba pha c t lc pha
mt chiu v ngun cp l SP1 [9]
Tng in khng pha xoay chiu tnh theo %
D
n
g

u

h
a

t
n
h

t
h
e
o

%
h5
h7
h11
h13
h17
h19
h3
0
5
10
15
35
30
25
Hnh 22 Dng iu ha sinh ra t cu chnh lu ba pha c khng lc pha
mt chiu v ngun cp l SP2 [9]
Mt cun khng c in khng phn trm l 3% c th gim mo dng
in sinh ra bi b iu chnh tc kiu PWM t khong 80% xung cn
khong 40%. Tc dng gim mo hi ca cun khng c m t qua hnh 23,
ta thy tc dng ca cun khng gim dn i khi ln ca cun khng vt
qu 3%. ln ca cun khng y tnh theo c s l cng sut ca b truyn
ng (kVA). [14]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 23 gim mo iu ha ca mt ASD loi PWM theo khng lc
u vo [14]
Hnh di l nh chp ca cun khng dng cho b bin tn 480 V sn xut
bi tp on MTE [14]
Hnh 24 Khng lc ba pha cho ASD ( sn phm ca MTE corp ) [14]
Tnh ton st p vi mt b bin i cu 6 xung, in khng pha xoay
chiu c th c biu din bng mt in tr tng ng pha mt chiu c
gi tr l
( )
/ 6
pu
X
[9] v quy c rng khng c tn hao cng sut trn in tr
ny. Vi mt lot cc gi tr th nghim th kt qu l st p xp x bng mt
na gi tr ca in khng phn trm pha xoay chiu. V d, nu tng in
khng t 2% ln 10% th in p u ra s gim t 0.99V
d
n 0.95V
d
, v tng
ng hng s sng hi s gim t 210.6 xung 137.7 , mo p gim 34% [9].
S ci thin ny c th l ph hp trong nhiu trng hp. y d nhin l mt
Lp : TB-T4 K48
bin php n gin, thch hp cho cc trng hp khng b nh hng qu nhiu
bi yu t st p, v i km l dng in tng ln.
in khng pha xoay chiu ny c th l in khng tn ca my bin p,
nhng tr khi vic s dng my bin p l bt buc cn khng th dng mt
cun khng c lp s tit kim chi ph hn m vn c hiu qu tng ng
[15].
Phng php a xung
Ni dung ca phng php a xung l s dng nhiu b bin i theo mt
cch thch hp sao cho sng hi sinh ra bi b bin i ny s b trit tiu bi b
bin i khc. Bng cch ny nhng sng hi nht nh, ph thuc s b bin
i c lp, c loi b khi h thng. Phng php ny rt n gin v hiu
qu trong vic hn ch sng hi ca cc b bin i in t cng sut. Phng
php a xung c dng rng ri trong cc ng dng c cng sut ln trong
cng nghip c in t. Vic cc b bin i ngy cng c s dng rng ri
y mnh vic ng dng phng php a xung trong cc ng dng cng sut
nh ti 100 hp hoc hn. [9]
Phng php a xung c hai u im quan trng v hai u im ny t c
ng thi, l:
(1) Gim dng hi pha u vo xoay chiu ca b bin i
(2) Gim c nhp nh ca p pha mt chiu ca b bin i [9]
Phng php a xung c c trng bi vic s dng nhiu b bin i
( hoc l nhiu van bn dn ) v mt ti chung pha mt chiu. My bin p dch
pha cng l mt thnh phn quan trng to ra c ch trit tiu cc bc sng
hi theo cp, v d bc 5 v bc 7, bc 11 v bc 13 ...
S dch pha sinh ra bi my bin p dn n cc dng hi sinh ra bi b bin
i ny ngc pha vi cc dng hi sinh ra t b bin i khc. Nu ti ca cc
b bin i l ging nhau th s c cc bc hi nht nh b trit tiu hon ton.
Mc d ti trong thc t khng th ging nhau hon ton, y vn l mt
phng php gip gim thiu sng hi ti mt mc khi trong h thng c
nhiu b bin i in t cng sut.
cc b bin i in t cng sut c th hot ng mt cch c lp v
duy tr c trng thi dn ca cc van ti gc 120
o
trong s ni s s dng
cc my bin p lin pha. Mt v d c a ra trong hnh 25 di y:
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Bin p lin pha
Y
i1 i2
i1+i2
Hnh 25 Kt hp hai b bin i 6 xung cp cng cho mt ti
to h thng 12 xung [9]
Trn hnh 26 l cu trc to ra mch bin i 18 xung bng cch s dng song
song 3 cu 6 xung cng thm cc my bin p lin pha. Cc my bin p dch
pha to ra cc gc dch pha l 20
o
+20 0
-20
Hnh 26 3 mch chnh lu cu 6 xung kt hp cng cp cho mt ti
to h thng 18 xung [9]
Bin cc dng hi lun t l nghch vi bc hi, hay l tn s hi ca n.
Do vy, khi s dng phng php a xung lm trit tiu cc hi bc thp th ch
cn li cc hi vi bin nh.
Xt hnh 26. Vi mi mt b bin i cu 3 pha 6 xung s sinh ra mt p mt
chiu nhp nhy 6 xung trong mt chu k ca in p ngun cp. Cc bc hi
c tnh sinh ra bi b bin i ny l (6k 1), vi k l mt s nguyn dng
Lp : TB-T4 K48
bt k. Khi c 3 b bin i cu 3 pha 6 xung c kt hp nh hnh v lc ny
cc bc hi c tnh l (18k 1) vi bin cc hi tng ng l 1/(18k 1).
Lc ny bc hi ch yu l bc 17 vi bin ch l 1/17, tc l 5.88%. [9]
trit tiu c sng hi th cc b bin i in t cng sut phi c cp
ngun t cc my bin p dch pha. Gc dch pha phi ph hp vi s lng b
bin i. Tng qut ta c gc dch pha nh nht cn trit tiu sng hi khi s
dng cc b bin i 6 xung trong phng php a xung l
o
60
Gc dch pha nh nht =
S b bin i
[9]
Dng cc b lc
Mt phng php khc lc hi l s dng cc b lc cho h thng in. H
thng in c tnh ton nh gi v sau mt thit b b thch hp v d nh
mt b lc iu chnh c lp thm vo. Phng php dng b lc cho h
thng, d l lc th ng hay lc tch cc, u c u im l c th tho lp
thm vo h thng kh d dng nhng li ch l nhng gii php c tnh cht tm
thi. Khi h thng in thay i, v d nh c thm cc ti phi tuyn trong h,
cc gi thit thit k b lc cng thay i. Trong trng hp ny cc thit b
b c th tr nn qu ti v khng cn hiu qu na.
B lc th ng
B lc th ng c th c thit k gim c cc iu ha bc cao. V
tr lp t cng nh kiu b lc v thng s kt cu ca n u phi thay i ty
vo tng trng hp c th ca h thng in.
Thng thng cc b lc th ng c kt cu gm nhiu loi ng dn song
song c tr khng thp i vi nhiu bc hi khc nhau. Dng hi s chy qua
cc ng dn c tr khng thp ny v lm p hi ti im xt gim i. Xt mt
h thng in nh trn hnh 27, ngun sinh dng hi c phn b ri khp h
thng. Ta thy ngun sinh sng hi l t nhiu loi thit b khc nhau ca cc
hng sn xut khc nhau v xc nh ai l ngi phi chu trch nhim cho b
lc no l iu khng th. Mt b lc cho mt thit b c th no s c t
gn ngay thit b c th li dng c in khng ngun tnh n im t
. Trong nhiu trng hp khi c in khng ngun tnh ti im ta xt
gim sng hi th mt b lc t ti im ny c th s ht sng hi t nhiu
ngun hi khc nhau chy n. im t ny gi l im i ni chung ( point
of common coupling PCC ). Tuy nhin trong mi trng hp b lc phi c
thit k trnh qu ti khi phi hng dng hi chy n t nhng phn khc
ca h thng in, iu ny khin vic tnh ton tr nn phc tp.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
IH1'
IH2'
IH3'
IH4'
IH1
IH2
IH3
IH4
IH
Ngun
Hnh 27 H thng in vi cc ngun hi phn tn [9]
Tr khng ca ngun c th c th hin bng mt in cm v cch thc
lc n gin nht l ni song song thm mt t vo. Tuy vy cch ny thng l
khng t yu cu do cn nhng t rt ln c th to ra tr khng nh vi mt
bc hi, v d bc 5. T lc v in khng ngun s c im cng hng song
song ( to tr khng cao ) ti mt tn s di tn s lc ca b lc. Cng hng
song song to tr khng cao ny khng c xut hin ti cc gi tr tn s l bi
ca tn s ngun cp phng c nhng bc hi ti cc tn s bi .
ln ca t lc c th c gim ng k bng cch ni mt cun khng
ni tip vi n, v b cun khng t lc ny c iu chnh cng hng ni
tip ti v tr gn vi tn s hi cn lc. Cng hng song song vn xut hin
nhng s ti tn s cao hn so vi cng hng song song khi ta ch dng t lc
(hai b lc ta xt tt nhin lm suy gim bc hi i mt lng nh nhau ). Hin
tng cng hng song song i hi s tnh ton nh gi theo tng trng hp
c th. Ti tn s ln hn tn s chnh ca b lc ( tuned frequency ), s suy
gim dng hi thu c vi b lc iu chnh s thp hn so vi b lc ch dng
t.
Nu mt b lc c chnh chnh xc ti mt tn s hi no , v d bc 5,
th b lc s to ra mt tr khng rt thp ti tn s hi . iu ny c li cho
qu trnh lc nhng khi b lc iu chnh ny s nhn dng hi bc 5 t mi
ni trong h thng in v s b qu ti. Trong nhiu trng hp, b lc hi bc
5 phi c chnh cng hng ti bc hi 4.7 hoc 4.8. Nh vy b lc c th
b gim kh nng lc hi nhng li trnh c kh nng b qu ti.
Cu trc lp cc b lc to ng dn song song c v trn hnh 28. ng
dn tr khng thp vi nhng hi xc nh to bi cc phn t t in v cun
Lp : TB-T4 K48
khng c iu chnh cng hng ni tip mc dc trn l dy cp in. Cc
b lc ny c th c thm thnh phn in tr mc song song vi cun khng
tng kh nng lm suy gim cc hi bc cao. Thit k cc b lc to ra tr khng
thp ti mt tn s nht nh m khng gy ra tr khng cao khng mong mun
ti mt tn s khc i hi cn c nhng thit k chi tit.
X5
X7 X11 X13 X17
X1
Thm tr v i cc tn
s cao
Dng iu ha
Hnh 28 Nhiu b lc iu chnh ni tip mc song song by cc bc hi
[9]
Hnh 28 th hin cch lp cc b lc lc cc bc hi c tnh sinh ra bi b
bin i in t cng sut 6 xung. Cc hi khc cng c lc theo cch tng
t. Trong nhiu trng hp thc t mt b lc chnh cho hn ch hi bc 5 c th
l .
Tc dng ca cc b lc ni song song ny l to nhng ng dn tr khng
thp cho nhng sng hi nht nh. Mt b lc hi 3 pha trong thc t c th kt
hp bn t 3 pha ni tam gic vi cc cun khng mt pha.
Thit k cui cng ca mt b lc vn phi m bo d tr khi tnh n
dung sai ca cc thnh phn trong mch v s thay i ca h thng in. V d
gi tr ca t in v cun khng c th thay i trong khong 5% gi tr nh
mc, cng nh vy phi tnh n c thay i do nhit v cc iu kin lm
vic khc. [9]
B lc th ng c th c phn chia thnh mt s loi nh sau:
B lc th ng r nhnh
S dng b lc kiu ny mang li tnh kinh t cao v thng kh hiu qu
trong phn ln cc trng hp. B lc c iu chnh cng hng ni tip
ti mt tn s hi nht nh qua to ra mt ng dn tr khng thp cho
dng hi . B lc ny c ni theo kiu r nhnh vi h thng in. Ngoi
tc dng hn ch sng hi thit b ny cn c th ci thin h s cng sut. Thc
t ngi ta thng tn dng lun cc t b h s cng sut to thnh b lc
ny.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 29 Cc b lc th ng thng gp [14]
Mt im cn ch vi b lc ny l n to ra mt im cng hng song
song ti tn s di tn s chnh. Ta phi trnh tn s cng hng ny trng
vi mt tn s iu ha no . B lc thng c chnh c tn s lc nh
hn mt cht so vi bc hi cn lc qua s to ra mt bin an ton trong
trng hp mt vi thng s thay i.
Hnh 30 B lc iu ha bc 5 v nh hng ca n vi h thng [14]
trnh s c xy ra vi hin tng cng hng ny cc b lc phi c
thit k lc ngay t bc hi nh nht.
Thng cc t in h p thng c ni tam gic, do vy ta c cu trc
in hinh ca mt b lc r nhnh h p nh hnh di y:
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 31 Cu trc b lc v mch thay th tng ng [14]
Cu trc ca b lc nh vy s khng thu ht c dng in th t khng do
t c ni tam gic. iu ny lm b lc khng hiu qu trong vic lc cc hi
triplen th t khng. Do h p hn ch cc hi ny ta phi s dng cc
bin php khc.
Ngc li, cc t in trong mng phn phi thng c ni sao. iu ny
to thun li cho vic hn ch hi triplen. Lp mt cun khng trung tnh ca
b t l cch thng thng b t lc i hi th t khng.
B lc th ng ch nn c lp t khi tr khng ngn mch ti im lp
t c gi tr khng i. L do l v vi b lc ny th tn s iu chnh lc
iu ha l khng i nhng im cng hng song song li thay i ty vo tr
khng ca h thng. y cng l l do khng s dng b lc kiu ny vi h
c my pht in d phng. My pht in d phng c tr khng cao hn rt
nhiu so vi tr khng li in dn n im cng hng song song lc ny c
gi tr thp hn nhiu v nh vy s dn n vic khuych i cc sng hi.
B lc th ng kiu ni tip
B lc ny ni ni tip vi ti . B lc gm in dung v in khng ni song
song c iu chnh c tr khng cao vi mt tn s hi nht nh. Tr
khng cao ny ngn dng iu ha c tn s bng tn s chnh ca b lc. Ti
tn s c bn b lc c tr khng thp v nh vy cho php dng c bn i qua.
Hnh 32 B lc th ng kiu ni tip [14]
B lc ni tip c s dng ngn mt hi nht nh ( v d hi bc 3 ) v
Lp : TB-T4 K48
thng dng trong mch mt pha v khi khng th li dng c c tnh th
t khng.
Khi lc nhiu bc hi khc nhau th b lc kiu ny t ra hn ch. L do l v
cu trc mch lc khi gm nhiu b lc ni tip, mi b lc c iu chnh
lc mt hi nht nh, dn n tn hao qu ln.
Ngoi ra b lc ni tip cn phi mang dng y ti khi lm vic v phi lp
thm cc thit b bo v qu dng.
B lc thng thp
Khi phi lc mt di nhiu tn s iu ha, b lc thng thp l mt gii php
l tng. Vi b lc ny, dng hi c tn s nh hn tn s ct c th i qua cn
dng hi c tn s cao hn tn s ct s b lc i. Cu trc in hnh ca mt b
lc kiu ny nh trn hnh 33
Hnh 33 Cu trc ca b lc thng thp [14]
B lc thng thp ng dng trong cng nghip c cu trc nh sau
Hnh 34 B lc thng thp dng trong cng nghip
Trong cu trc trn s c mt ca t in lm tng in p ti ti u vo ca ti,
do vy cn lp thm mt my bin p gim p.[14]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
B lc t C
B lc t C l mt gii php c th thay th c cho b lc thng thp. B
lc ny c th lm suy gim mt di cc bc iu ha sinh ra t cc b bin i
in t cng sut, cc l h quang ...
Cu trc ca b lc t C nh hnh di y
Hnh 35 Mch thay th tng ng khi lp b lc t C [14]
Nguyn l ca b lc nh sau :
Ti tn s c bn t C
a
v L
m
to ra cng hng dn n ngn mch in tr
R. Do vy cc tn hao sinh ra do tr R c loi tr.
Ti tn s hi bc cao, dung khng C
a
rt nh trong khi cm khng L
m
ln, v
in khng ca nhnh L
m
C
a
gn bng khng ca L
m
. Lc ny b lc t C li c
dng ging nh b lc thng cao bc hai. Ni cch khc, p ng tn ca b lc
kiu t C v b lc thng cao bc hai l gn ging nhau on tn s cao.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 36 B lc t C v p ng tn ca tr khng ( ng nt lin ) [14]
B lc tch cc
Nguyn l ca b lc tch cc l bm vo trong h thng cc sng hi ngc
pha vi cc sng hi sinh ra do ti phi tuyn, t trit tiu chng.
B lc tch cc c phn loi theo cch chng c ni vo mch
ni ni tip
ni song song r nhanh
kt hp gia lc tch cc v lc th ng
Cc bin php khc phc hi th t khng
Hi th t khng l cc hi c bc l bi l ca 3, v d 3, 9, 15, 21 ... y l
cc dng in hi c th t khng. Tc hi ca hi th t khng l chng s
cng li vi nhau v i v dy trung tnh. iu ny c th khin dng trong dy
trung tnh ln gp 2, 3 ln dng trong dy pha.
Cc gii php a ra khc phc l:[15]
tng tit din dy trung tnh, nh dy trung tnh chu mang dng ln hn
v trnh c s c
s dng nhiu dy trung tnh ring cho tng dy pha cp in cho ti phi
Lp : TB-T4 K48
tuyn
s dng cc b lc, my bin p ni sao-tam gic, my bin p ni zigzag
[15]
My bin p kiu zigzag thng c dng trong cc ng dng thng mi
hn ch cc hi th t khng. Hai vn ln nht trong cc ng dng thng
mi l qu ti dy trung tnh v pht nhit my bin p u c khc phc khi
lp t hp l my bin p ni zigzag
My bin p kiu ny c tc dng nh mt b lc vi cc dng in th t
khng v n to ra mt ng dn tr khng thp cho cc dng in ny tr v
dy trung tnh. [15]
Trong mt my bin p kiu zigzag, tt c cc cun dy qun u c s vng
bng nhau, mi cp cun dy qun trn cng mt tr c qun ngc chiu
nhau. My bin p kiu zigzag c tr khng th t khng b. M hnh my bin
p zigzag nh hnh di.
R
Dng in
Sc t ng
a1
a2
b1
b2
c1
c2
Hnh 37 My bin p kiu zigzag [11]
Trn hnh 38 ta c mt h thng in ba pha, bn dy, trung tnh ni t cp
Lp : TB-T4 K48
cho mt ti phi tuyn mt pha. Dng in trong dy trung tnh lc ny c hai
ng i, c hai u c tr khng thp l qua trung tnh ni t v qua
my bin p u tam gic-sao hoc my bin p u zigzag. in p dng dy
trung tnh lc ny s gim i nhiu cho d vn cha hon ton n nh.[11]
Thng thng mt my bin p kiu zigzag c th r nhnh ti 50% dng hi
bc 3 khi dy trung tnh chnh. Do vy gii php ny hu nh lun c th gim
c dng hi trong dy trung tnh ti mc chp nhn c. Ngun hi th t
khng ln nht lun l hi bc 3 sinh ra t h thng in ca cc ta nh cao
tng, ni s dng nhiu n hunh quang, my tnh v cc thit b lin quan.[11]
Hnh 38 Bin p u sao-tam gic v bin p zigzag s dng by cc
hi i vo dy trung tnh trong cc h thng 3 pha 4 dy cp cho ti phi
tuyn [11]
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Mi quan tm v cc gii php s dng Vit Nam
Vit Nam hin nay vn cht lng in nng v c bit l vn hn
ch nh hng ca sng hi vi cht lng in nng hin ang ngy cng thu
ht c s quan tm ca cc bn lin quan. Tuy nhin do tnh trng c s vt
cht cng nh nng lc khoa hc k thut cn ang trong bc u pht trin
nn s quan tm nghin cu cng nh ng dng thc t ci thin cht lng
in nng ta so vi cc nc trn th gii cn mt khong cch.
Phng php gim thiu sng hi hin nay ta ang s dng phn ln l cc
gii php c tch hp ngay trn sn phm ca cc hng sn xut nc ngoi.
V d trong gii thiu sn phm bin tn ca hng ABB c a vo cc u im
ca b lc sng hi tch hp trong bin tn :
B bin i gim thiu sng hi ca ABB cung cp gii php h thp sng
hi mt cch n gin hp nht trong bin tn. Nhng bin tn y s dng cng
ngh gim sng hi m khng cn dng ti b lc ngoi hay bin p a xung.
Cc bin tn gim thiu sng hi sinh ra cc thnh phn hi bc thp pha
u vo vi tng dng mo thp hn 5%.
V vy, bin tn gim thiu sng hi ca ABB cung cp gii php n gin,
gi thnh thp tho mn cc tiu chun nghim ngt v cht lng ngun.
Hoc bin tn Altivar c thng tin v c im s dng cng ngh Reduced-
Capacitance: vn hnh khng gy nh hng sng hi ln li in cung cp
THDI < 30%.
Tuy nhin r rng y ch l gii php c tnh tm thi trong vic i ph vi
bi ton v sng hi v thc cht vic gii quyt bi ton khng th da vo vic
gii quyt ring cho mt vi thit b, hn na s ti phi tuyn c tch hp chc
nng hn ch sng hi l rt nh so vi tng th chung.. Hn na cc b lc i
km vi cc thit b c gi thnh rt cao nn rt nhiu khch hng thng khng
mua cc b lc ny. Thit ngh nu cc b lc ny c sn xut trong nc
nhm tn dng nhng iu kin thun li sn c th gi thnh ca chng s gim
i rt nhiu.
Theo Quyt nh v vic ban hnh u ni vo h thng in quc gia ca
b Cng nghip nm 2006 s 37/2006/Q-BCN c a ra nhiu iu lut lin
quan n mc sng hi, c bit l trong iu 7 chng II v sng hi.
Theo , Gi tr cc i cho php (tnh theo % in p danh nh) ca tng mc
bin dng in p gy ra bi cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao i vi cc cp
in p c quy nh trong bng di
Cp in p Tng bin dng
110, 220, 500 kV 3.0
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Trung p 6.5
Cc n v qun l li in c trch nhim theo di v kim sot mc
bin dng in p do sng hi trong li in thuc quyn qun l khng vt
qu cc mc quy nh trong bng trn iu kin vn hnh bnh thng.
Cn c cc gi tr quy nh trong bng, Cc iu tit in lc ch tr xy
dng v trnh B trng B Cng nghip ban hnh Quy trnh kim tra v gim
st mc pht sng hi ca cc thit b ca i tc khi u ni vo h thng
in quc gia.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Chng3
KHO ST H BIN TN - NG C
L thuyt chung v h bin tn-ng c
S cn thit ca cc b iu tc
C rt nhiu l do cho vic s dng cc b iu tc ( trong c bin tn ).
Thit b ny khng th thiu trong h thng my sn xut giy, ngoi ra cc my
nh bm ly tm hay qut gi c th tit kim nhiu in nng khi s dng vi
bin tn.
Cc b iu tc c s dng vi cc mc ch sau:
To c tc p ng ng yu cu ca cng vic
To ra m men p ng ng yu cu cng vic
Tit kim nng lng v tng hiu sut
Nguyn l ca cc b iu tc
Cc b iu tc ngoi loi da trn nguyn l in th cn c cc b iu tc
kiu c hc v cc b iu tc kiu thy lc. y ta ch xt n cc b iu tc
da trn nguyn l in .
Tri vi cc b iu tc kiu c hc hay thy lc, b iu tc kiu in iu
khin trc tip tc ca ng c ch khng phi qua mt thit b trung gian
khc nh h thng ai truyn hay dng cht lng.
Ta xt c th v b iu tc cho ng c xoay chiu (B iu tc xoay chiu).
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 39 Nhng thnh phn chnh ca b truyn ng xoay chiu kiu
PWM
T thng khe h khng kh ca ng c khng ng b t l thun vi in
p cung cp V v t l nghch vi tn s f.
Do duy tr mt t thng B khng i trong qu trnh iu tc, in p
stator phi c iu chnh tng ng vi tn s. Nu khng nh vy c th mt
t thng B s ln qu cao gy bo ha nhiu phn trong li st ng c. iu
ny dn n dng kch t tr nn qu ln, gy tng tn hao v pht nhit. Nu
mt t thng B xung qu thp, m men u ra s gim mnh nh hng n
hot ng ca ng c.
Vic iu khin tc ca ng c xoay chiu kh khn ch yu do s phc
tp khi phi iu chnh ng thi c in p v tn s.
Tng t nh ng c mt chiu, ng c xoay chiu c m men u ra ph
thuc vo tch s ca mt t thng B v dng in rotor I
R
. Do , duy
tr m men u ra khng i, mt t thng phi c gi c nh, tc l t
s V/f phi l hng.
Chiu quay ca ng c AC thay i bng cch thay i th t nh xung
m cc van ca b nghch lu.
Cng sut u ra ca ng c xoay chiu t l vi tch ca m men v tc .
[10]
Cc lut iu khin thng dng nht cho ng c khng ng b l:
lut V/f (stator)
lut iu khin vect ( iu khin hng trng )
lut iu khin trc tip m men [19]
Lut iu khin V/f vng h cho ng c khng ng b l phng php iu
khin ph bin nht hin nay v n kh n gin. [4]
Ta c t l vi V/f. Nu in p t vo stator khng i V=const, th khi
tng f>f
m
t thng trong my s gim, do m men ca my gim. Nu m
Lp : TB-T4 K48
men ti gi khng i hoc l hm tng ca tc , th khi dng in ca
ng c phi tng ln lm tng m men cho cn bng vi m men cn. Kt
qu l ng c b qu ti v dng.
Khi gim tn s gim tc, t thng tng ln v mch t s b bo ha.
Hin tng ny lm tng dng in t ha, ngha l tng tn hao thp v lm
nng my in.
Do vy khi iu tn ta phi ng thi thay i in p trn stator.
Quy lut iu chnh gn ng cho cc loi ti nh bng sau. Quy lut ny ch
l gn ng do c th s dng khi di iu chnh khng rng. Nu di iu
chnh ln th quy lut ny s phm phi sai s ng k vng tn s thp. [4]
Loi ti Quy lut iu chnh in p
My tin
V/ f =const
Cn trc V/f=const
Ma st nht 3
V/ f = const
Qut gi
2
V/f =const
Bng 5 Quy lut iu chnh [4]
Sng hi pht sinh t bin tn
Pha ngun cp ( ch yu )
tn s ng ct ca cu diode 6 xung l 300 Hz vi li in 50 Hz. Sng hi
sinh ra bi b chnh lu ri vo khong tn s n 3 kHz v c dn ngc v
pha ngun cp. Sng hi pht t b chnh lu c tn s tng i thp
Hnh 40 Dng sng pha ngun cp [10]
Pha ng c
V tn s ng ct ca b nghch lu l rt ln ( thng t 2 kHz n 20
Lp : TB-T4 K48
kHz ), sng hi sinh ra c tn s ln n 10 MHz . Sng hi ny truyn dn theo
cp in ni n ng c.
Hi pha ngun cp c tn s n 3kHz nhng ch yu l cc bc hi thp.
Hi pha ng c c tn s cao ( trn 10 kHz ), xp chng ln trn dng sng
sin bnh thng. [5]
Hnh 41 Dng sng pha ng c [10]
Bin tn Micromaster 420 ca Siemens
Micromaster 420 l mt h cc bin tn dng iu khin tc ca ng c
xoay chiu ba pha. Cc loi bin tn ny kh a dng t bin tn 120 W u vo
mt pha ti bin tn 11 kW u vo 3 pha. y ta s dng bin tn 0.75 kW,
u vo 3 pha.
Bin tn s dng vi x l thc hin vic iu khin. Van s dng l
transistor lng cc cng cch ly IGBT.
Micromaster 420 c lp sn vi h thng cc tham s mc nh ( gi l
factory ) ph hp vi kh nhiu cc ng dng iu khin ng c n gin
thng gp. Khi cn dng cho cc ng dng cao cp hn th ta phi s dng h
thng cc tham s ca bin tn.
Hnh 42 Bin tn Micromaster 420
Lp : TB-T4 K48
M phng h bin tn ng c
Hnh 43 M phng h bin tn ng c
Sng hi pht sinh vi h thng ny c dng
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 44 Dng sng dng in u vo theo m phng
o c vi h bin tn ng c thc t
Nhim v th nghim
Xy dng m hnh th nghim vi ngun pht iu ha l bin tn
To ti cho h thng th nghim nhiu mc ti khc nhau
Lp t cc thit b o lng cn thit thu thp s liu
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Gii thiu cc thit b o lng dng trong th nghim
My o dng sng v phn tch ph tn Energytest 2020E
Hnh 45 Energytest 2020E
Energytest 2020E l mt oscilloscope a nng ca hng Amprobe cho php
phn tch v th nghim vi cc h thng n pha, ba pha c trung tnh v
khng trung tnh. Thit b s dng tn s trch mu l 6400 Hz hin th theo thi
gian thc cc tn hiu o.
Cc c tnh k thut chung nh sau:
Cp in bng 6 pin 1.5V hoc s dng ngun cp ngoi t b adapter
ca Amprobe.
Mn hnh hin th 128128 im nh
Trao i d liu vi my tnh thng qua cng truyn thng RS232
C th ci t, vn hnh my qua cng RS232
Cng truyn thng RS232 :
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 46 Cng truyn thng RS232
Cng truyn thng ny c s dng kt ni Energytest 2020E vi my
tnh.
Cp kt ni C232NG1
Hnh 47 Cp C232NG1 kt ni cng RS232 ca Energytest 2020E v my
tnh
Que o Ampe km DMCT-CE
Hnh 48 Que o Ampe km DMCT-CE
S dng ba que o DMCT-CE o c ba pha ca h thng
Que o in th KITENERGY2
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 49 Que o in th KITENERGY2
Cc thng s k thut chnh ca Energytest 2020E
Thang o Cp chnh xc phn gii
Tr khng u
vo
Bo v qu p
300 V
0.5%
0.2 V
300 k (pha-
trung tnh)
600 k (pha-pha)
900 V ( 1 pht)
600 V 0.4 V
Bng 6 Thng s k thut o in p
Thang o Cp chnh xc phn gii
Tr khng u
vo
Bo v qu p
0.26 V
0.5 %
0.0001 V
100 k 5 V
1 V 0.0004 V
Bng 7 Thng s k thut o dng in
Thang o
Cp chnh xc phn gii
DC-25h
26h-33h
33h-49h
5%
10%
15%
0.1 V /0.1 A
Bng 8 Thng s k thut o cc bc iu ha
Phn mm thu thp v hin th d liu TOPLINK
Toplink l phn mm thc hin nhim v kt ni my tnh vi oscilloscope
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Energytest 2020E, qua thu thp d liu, hin th v phn tch d liu.
Hnh 50 TOPLINK
Sau khi kch hot Toplink s thng qua dch v qun l thit b nhn ra
cng kt ni vi Energytest 2020E. Sau khi kt ni qua phn mm Toplink ta c
th ci t cc thng s v iu khin thit b o. S liu cng nh dng sng v
cc phn tch c th c thc hin d dng qua my tnh c ci t Toplink.
H ng c-my pht
c th thay i ti cho b bin tn lc lm th nghim ta s dng h ng
c My pht. Cu to ca h thng ny gm hai ng c khng ng b 0.75
kW ni vi nhau qua h thng puly v dy curoa. ng c ly in trc tip t
bin tn c puly ng knh ln, ng c kia c puly ng knh nh. ng c
c puly ng knh nh ni vi ngun cp l mt bin p t ngu. Bng cch
iu chnh bin p t ngu ny ta c th iu chnh c ti v cp. Lc ny
ng c ni vi bin tn s lm vic ch ng c c ti, cn ng c kia s
lm vic ch pht in v li.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
S th nghim
L 1
L 2
L 3 W
V
U
P E
M i c r o m a s t e r 4 2 0
e n v n g l c
c p R S 2 3 2
E n e r g y t e s t 2 0 2 0 E
O F F
O N
A p t o m a t 2 2 0 / 3 8 0
A B
C N
B i n p t n g u
Y
B i n p t n g u
Y
A
B
C
A
B
C
Hnh 51 S ni h thng bin tn ng c
Lp : TB-T4 K48
S th ngim gm hai bin p t ngu 220/380 15kVA, mt cp in cho
bin tn, mt cp in vo cho ng c c puly nh. Hai bin p t ngu ny ly
in vo s cp qua hai aptomat ring r trong phng th nghim. Mc mch
thit b o nh trong hnh v v tin hnh o c.
Cch tin hnh o c s liu
S dng bin p t ngu a in p n in p lm vic ca bin tn. Ci
t cc thng s cho bin tn sao cho ph hp vi ti ng c 0.75 kW chn,
v tn s u ra c th c iu chnh d dng trong qu trnh lm th nghim.
thay i ti cho bin tn ( ng c ), ta tng dn in p ra ca bin p t
ngu ni vi ng c c puly nh, quan st trn Ampe k o dng in vo ng
c xc nh cc im non ti v y ti.
Tin hnh o c v lu s liu cho cc trng hp th nghim
Kt qu th nghim
Sau khi o c trn Oscilloscope Energytest 2020E ta c c dng sng pht
ra t ti bin tn c dng sau.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 52 Dng sng dng in o c
I1 I2 I3
1 100.00
3 32.20
5 80.40
7 52.91
11 25.79
1 100.00
3 19.19
5 79.84
7 65.09
11 28.61
13 17.10
1 100.00
3 14.76
5 72.42
7 56.30
11 15.29
THD 106.55 THD 111.27 THD 95.46
Bng 9 THD v cc thnh phn iu ha trn 3 pha khi cha c b lc
Biu din tng ng t l cc bc hi trn biu hnh ct nh sau
I1 I2 I3
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 53 Biu hnh ct cc thnh phn iu ha khi cha c b lc
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Chng4
THIT K, CH TO B LC SNG HI CHO H
THNG
La chn kiu b lc
B lc thng thp LC
Ti bin tn pht ra cc bc iu ha theo mt di rng 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
23, 25 ... Nu s dng b lc iu chnh mc r nhnh th phi ch to t nht
mt vi b tng ng vi cc bc hi thp. iu ny lm cho chi ph ca b lc
kh ln.
Phng n la chn y l dng b lc di thng b lc thng thp.Vi
loi lc ny ta cng c th la chn b lc thng thp LC, b lc RC, b lc t C
... Ta chn thit k b lc LC.
u im ca b lc LC
B lc LC c th lc trong mt di tn s rng
n gin, d ch to so vi b lc t C
tn hao cng sut trn b lc thp hn so vi b lc RC
Ph hp vi iu kin th nghim v c kh nng p dng vo thc t cao
Nhc im ca b lc LC
Phi dng thm mt bin p ph, hoc l mt phng n khc iu
chnh in p v mc ph hp vi ti
C tn hao trn b lc
Phng n thit k b lc
Ta s dng s mch lc nh sau
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 54 M hnh mch lc thng thp LC
Thay th tng ng b t ni tam gic bng b t ni sao ta c
Y
1
C = C
3
v s b lc tr thnh
Hnh 55 M hnh mch lc t ni sao
Xt ring mt pha ta c s tng ng nh sau
L
C
I1h
I2h
Hnh 56 Mch thay th tng ng mt pha
( )
1h 2h
I = F j I
& &
Vi
( ) F j
l hm truyn
Ta c
1h
abh
L
U
I =
R+ jX
&
&
Lp : TB-T4 K48
( ) ( )
2h
L C
abh
L C
R+ jX jX
U = I
R+ jX jX
& &
1h 2h
C
L C
jX
I = I
R+ jX jX
& &
( )
C
L C
jX
F j =
R+ jX jX
T ta c hm truyn
h
F
ng vi hi bc h l
( )
2
2 2 2
C
h
C L
X
F =
X h X +h R
Ta chn L, C sao cho
( )
2
2
=
1
= 1
2 3
h1 C
C L
CH
F X
X X + R
h
=
LC

'
T phng trnh hm truyn ta a vo m phng bng phn mm MATLAB

v la chn cc thng s ca b lc sao cho ti v tr cc iu ho khng xy ra
hin tng cng hng.
Da vo l lun v tnh ton trn ta c th chn L = 70 mH v C =10 F
hoc L= 24 mH v C= 30 F. y chn theo phng n hai.
Vi L=24 mH v
C=30 F
ng vi tn s ct thch hp f
c
=110 Hz (tng
ng h
CH
=2,2) ta thy cc iu ho bc cao khi i qua b lc s b lc bt i.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Cc bc hi s gim theo t l tng ng bng sau
h 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
F 1.27 0.23 0.106 0.04 0.028 0.017 0.013 0.01 0.008
Bng 10 Mc suy gim ca tng bc iu ha
Ch to b lc v th nghim cun khng.
Vi s trn ta ch to cun khng lc c cc thng s sau:
tr s in cm L=24mH
Dng in nh mc l dng nh mc ca ng c Im=2,13A
Khi ch to xong cun khng ta tin hnh th nghim cun khng. Dng mt
bin p t ngu 1 pha LIOA ni qua bin p cch ly h p ri sau ni Ampe
k, Vnk o in p, dng in t vo cun khng. Di y l s th
nghim:
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 57Hm truyn ca b lc, bc cng hng l h=2.2
Hnh 58 S th nghim cun khng
Kt qu th nghim ng vi cc thng s trong qu trnh thit k v tnh ton
cun khng.
Do s mc tam gic 3 t nn ta chn 3 t FUYE vi cc thng s tng t:
in dung
C=30F
in p nh mc 400V
Di y l hnh nh sn phm thit b lc sng hi :
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 59 Bn trong thit b lc
3.Th nghim tc dng ca b lc trong mch thc
Mc s mch c b lc nh sau
Lp : TB-T4 K48
L 1
L 2
L 3 W
V
U
P E
M i c r o m a s t e r 4 2 0
e n v n g l c
c p R S 2 3 2
E n e r g y t e s t 2 0 2 0 E
O F F
O N
A p t o m a t 2 2 0 / 3 8 0
A B
C N
B i n p t n g u
Y
B i n p t n g u
Y
A
B
C
A
B
C
B l c L C
Hnh 60 S mch khi lp thm b lc sng hi
Tin hnh o c ta c dng sng hi.lc ti 3A
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Hnh 61 Dng sng dng in sau khi mc thm b lc
I1 I2 I3
1 100.00
3 6.85
5 21.53
7 7.87
1 100.00
3 10.29
5 20.06
7 4.29
1 100.00
3 5.63
5 21.78
7 6.13
THD 24.04 THD 23.04 THD 23.45
Hnh 62 THD v cc thnh phn iu ha trn 3 pha khi c b lc
Biu din tng ng t l cc bc hi trn biu hnh ct nh sau
I1 I2 I3
Hnh 63 Biu hnh ct cc thnh phn iu ha sau khi lp thm thit
b lc
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Nhn xt
Sau khi lp b lc v o c thng s ta thy mo THD gim t 106%
xung cn 23%. Kt qu cha t c yu cu t ra theo tiu chun IEEE
529-1992 l 10%. Nguyn nhn khng t c kt qu nh mong mun l do
sai s khi ch to cun khng. Nu hiu chnh li cun khng th c th t c
kt qu ng nh yu cu. Ngoi ra cn phi k n vic t nhiu gi thuyt l
tng ha thun li cho qu trnh tnh ton nh vic b qua tc dng ca
sng hi i vi thng s cun khng, qua ch th nghim cun khng tn
s 50 Hz cng l nguyn nhn gy sai s gia kt qu o c thc t v thit k
trn l thuyt.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Kt Lun
ti tt nghip v thit k b lc sng hi cho bin tn l mt ti kh
th v v mi m, phm vi nghin cu nh (ch xt cho ti phi tuyn l bin tn)
nhng hon thnh n cn phi c s tm ti rt nhiu ti liu v i hi chng
em phi n lc rt nhiu. Tuy nhin ti ny em li cho em nhiu kin
thc thc t nh s dng trc tip bin tn, ng h vn nng Energytest 2020E,
xy dng m hnh kho st h bin tn - ng c Di y l nhng nh gi
nhng kt qu t c ca n.
n tt nghip i vo nghin cu v sng hi v cc nh hng ca
sng hi ti cht lng in nngvi nhng vn sau.
Khng nh cht lng in nng quan trng, mang tnh thi s v cc
hin tng xy ra trn trn li in lm gim cht lng in nng, mt trong
cc nguyn nhn l mo dng sng do cc iu ho (snghi) gy ra
Ngun gc sinh ra sng hi l do cc ti phi tuyn, cc ti ny bao gm
cc thit b in t (nh cc b chnh lu, nghch lu, ..) v cc thit b in t
(nh mch t ca ng c, my bin p b mo phi tuyn). Tc hi ca sng hi
cng rt nhiu nh n gy pht nng cho ng c, my bin p v lm gim tui
th ca thit b dng in.T a ra cc gii php hn ch chng nh
dng cc b lc (bao gm b loc r nhnh, b lc ni tip by sng hi, b
lc thng thp LC) v mt s thit b khc c tc dng tng t (s dng
phng php a xung, my bin p ni zigzag.. )
s dng hiu qu cc b lc ta cn xc nh dng sng hi trc bin
tn v ph tn ca chng. Ta kho st m hnh bin tn- ng c trong cng
vic to ti cho ng c l kh quan trng v a ra gii php dng mt ng c
ko mt ng c lm my pht. Kt qu m hnh ny l iu chnh v cp ti
ca ng c sau bin tn. Sau khi lp t xong m hnh tin hnh o c v xc
nh c dng sng iu ho trc bin tn ging vi dng sng m cc ti liu
nc ngoi a ra.
Khi c dng sng iu ho ta chn b lc thng thp LC v tin hnh
tnh ton, thit k , ch to, th nghim cun khng. Sau khi lp mch lc th ch
s THDI gim t 106% xung 23%. Tuy kt qu ny cha c nh mong
mun l gim ch s THDI xung di 10% theo tiu chun IEEE 519-1992.
Hng pht trin ca ti l tip tc tm hiu nguyn nhn cha t yu
cu, hiu chnh n v ng dng kt qu ny cho cc ti phi tuyn khc. Ngoi ra
c th kt hp cun khng lc vi cc t b nhm t c hiu qu cao nht.
Lp : TB-T4 K48
Cc ti liu tham kho
Ti liu ting Vit:
[1] V Gia Hanh, Trn Khnh H, Phan T Th, Nguyn Vn Su (2001),
My in I, II, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut
[2] Nguyn Bnh, in t cng sut (2000), Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut
[3] Trn Khnh H, Nguyn Hng Thanh, Thit k my in, Nh xut bn
Khoa hc v k thut
[4] Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin, Nguyn Th Hin (2004), Truyn
ng in, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut
[5] L Anh Tun (2006), Lun vn thc s Lc sng hi cho ti n hunh
quang, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
[6] (2003), Ngh nh ca chnh ph v s dng nng lng in tit kim v
hiu qu
[7] (2006) Quyt nh ca b trng b Cng nghip v vic ban hnh Quy
nh u ni vo h thng in quc gia
Ti liu ting Anh:
[8] Jos Arrillaga, Neville R. Watson (2004), Power system harmonics, Wiley
[9] Derek A Paice (1995), multipulse methods for clean power, IEEE
[10] Malcolm Barnes (2003), Practical Variable Speed Drives And Power
Electronics, Elsevier
[11] J. C. Das (2002), Power System Harmonics Short Circuit Load Flow And
Harmonics, Marcel Dekker Inc
[12] Philippe feracci (2001), Cahier technique no. 199 Power Quality,
Schneider Electric
[13] Mahesh M Swamy, Gerald R. Bisel, Rossiter (1993), Passive Harmonic
Filter System For Variable Frequency Drives, United States Patent no. 5 444
609
[14] Roger C.Dugan, Mark F.McGranaghan, Surya Santoso, H. Wayne Beaty
(2004), Electrical Power Systems Quality, McGraw Hill
[15] Barry W.Kennedy (2005), Power Quality Primer, McGraw Hill
[16] IEEE 519-1992 IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control in Electical Power Systems, IEEE Industry Applications
Society/ Power Engineering Society, Published by the Institue of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, American National Standards Institue.
[17] Ontario Hydro (1996), Power Quality Reference Guide 6th edition,
Canada
[18] Kabelo Clifford Modipane (2005), An Investigation of the Effects of
Voltage and Current Harmonics on an Electrical DistributionIsland, University
of Johannesburg
[19] Matlab Help
[20] Micromaster 420 User manual

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t nc ta ang trn ng hi nhp, mc tng trng hng nm lun

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T phng trnh hm truyn ta a vo m phng bng phn mm MATLAB

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