PHT GIO V TM L HC HIN I Dch ga: TT.Thch Vin L ---o0o--Ngun http://www.thuvienhoasen.

org Chuyn sang ebook 25-7-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.com Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org Mc Lc
Phn I Phn II CHNG I - IM C SC C BN CA TM L HC PHT GIO LUN L HC V TM L HC LUN L HC X HI V NHN TNH L LUN CA TRI THC L LUN THC TI (THE THEORY OF REALITY) C S TR LIU CA TM L HC PHT GIO LNH VC CH YU CA TM L HC PHT GIO NGUN T LIU TM L HC PHT GIO VN THUC TRN PHNG PHP LUN KHI NIM V TM (MIND) CHNG II - TRI NHN TM L HC, NG C V TNH CM NH NGHA TRI NHN TR THC AO HN TRI NHN V NG C TRI NHN V TR LIU NG C (MOTIVATION) TNH T (EMOTION) TM L HC KHT CU (PSYCHOLOGY OF CRAVING) TIM THC NG C (UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION) CHNG III - NHN CCH TM L HC NGHIN CU V NHN CCH TM L HC V NHN CCH PHT GIO C CHT V LOI HNH NHN CCH XUNG T V TA CHIT (NGN TR THT BI) (CONFLICT AND FRUSTRATION) PHNG THC PHNG V (DEFENSE MECHANISM) NHN CCH V X HI CHNG IV - TM L HC PHT GIO V TM L HC TR LIU TY PHNG LI NI U TM L HC HON HNH PHI PHN TCH TM L CA SIGMUND FREUD TM L HC NHN TNH (THE HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY) HNH VI TR LIU (BEHAVIOR THERAPY)

TM L HC TN TI (EXISTENTIAL THERAPY) MC CH CA TM L HC PHT GIO TR LIU PHT GIO TR LIU TH H TR LIU CA PHT GIO V TM L HC TY PHNG CHNG V - NGUYN L TM L HC PHTGIO V BNH L X HI NG TIN S CI QUAN CA TM L TR LIU C TH CA V BIU TNH TRONG THGII BIN THIN NGUY C NG NHN DI S PHN TCH TM L HC PHT GIO T LUYN (NARCISSISM) C N, C TCH (LONELINESS) CM TNH V PHIN CHN (SENSUALITY AND BOREDOM) TIU CC V TCH CC I PH VI TRNG RNG

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Phn I
Pht Gio v Tm L Hc Hin i do ban bin tp ca B Hc X bin son, l mt ti liu gi tr cho nhng ai mun tm hiu s khc v ging gia Pht Php v Tm l Hc Tr Liu Ty phng. Pht php l nhng phng php tu tp c th v mu nhim gii quyt mt cch rt rt s kh au phin no ca con ngi. Do v s kh au ca mi mt con ngi cng nh trnh hiu bit, hon cnh tip cn v.v.. ngn sai mun bit, nn gio php do c Pht ging dy cng c v lng v bin, v d v lng v bin nhng cu cnh vn quy v mt mi, l gii thot tn gc s t sanh thng kh ca tt c mun loi. i vi Pht Gio th phng tin chnh l cu cnh v ngc li. Trong phng tin vn c cu cnh, trong cu cnh vn c phng tin, phng tin v cu cnh khng hai, khng khc, chnh l im sai bit to tt gia Pht Php v Tm L Hc Tr Liu Ty Phng. ---o0o---

Phn II
im khc bit to ln khc gia Pht Gio v Tm L Tr Liu Ty Phng l, cn tu tp theo phng php ca Pht Gio th bn ng cng b thu hp dn v cui cng b trit hy ton din t n tm thc gic ng, gii thot t ti tuyt i. Ring Tm L Tr Liu ngy nay th gn nh ch xoa di, vut ve tm l con ngi con ngi tha mn c ng chp, v cui cng, vn kh c9au trm thng ca con ngi vn khng sao bng nh,

dit tr mt cch tn gc r d cho c i nt, vi im gn nh tng t v cch nhn so vi Pht gio. Tuy bn dch ny c cn trng xem duyt li, nhng, v dch gi ang trong giai k rt bn rn trong vic to mi c s xy dng tu vin hu lm ni nng ta, tu hc cho mi gii, do vy, nn rt c th bn dch vn cha c trn vn nh nguyn. Rt mong cc bc cao minh bi mn b chnh v ch gio ln ti bn dch phm ny c hon ho hn. Dch gi cn bt, Thch Vin L ---o0o---

CHNG I - IM C SC C BN CA TM L HC PHT GIO LUN L HC V TM L HC

Mt cch r rng, Pht gio kt hp hnh vi tm l v lun l lun cp. Lun l hc Pht gio khng ch gii quan nim lun l v phn tch l lun, m xa hn, cn ch dy nhng phng thc sinh hot v chun tc cho mi hnh vi. Lun l hc ca Pht gio dy con ngi khng lm nhng iu c, bi dng thin tm v thanh tnh tm . Ch cn hnh vi ph hp vi chun mc, thc o quy phm ca vn ha x hi th l tm l lnh mnh. ---o0o--LUN L HC X HI V NHN TNH c Pht dy rng, s hi ha ca th gii nhn loi c t trn nn tng tm l. V vy hnh vi x hi phi c ni kt vi tm l hc ca Pht gio phn tch. Nu vn c nhn c gii quyt th s khn trng v xung t ca x hi s gim thiu. To ra nhng cm tnh nh tham lam, kiu mn, sn hn v.v u c th nh hng n s quan h ca nhn t. c Pht dy : Bo h chnh mnh l bo h ngi khc; bo h ngi khc cng chnh l bo h t thn. c Pht li nhn mnh, bi dng t cht tm l c nhn nhn l c gi tr vn ha x hi, nh t tit ch, tm l an bnh thanh tnh, t rn buc v.v.. Tm li, lun l x hi gm c hai mt tch cc v tiu cc : ng trn mt tiu cc ni th s tit ch trn phng tin nhn cch v thc tin

lun l chun tc s c th lm gim thiu s xung t ca x hi; ng trn mt tch cc lun cp th, bi dng, pht trin nhn cch lnh mnh, c th kin lp c mt x hi lng thin. c Pht v d nhn tnh nh mt m vng, c nhng lc b ngoi tuy b v minh lm m hoc, nhng s hun luyn ca ni ti kh d chuyn ho v bin n thnh lng thin. ---o0o--L LUN CA TRI THC ngha ca tri thc, nu ni trn mt ngha rng th gm c hai loi, l l tnh v kinh nghim. Kinh nghim c th c chia thnh kinh nghim cm quan (sense experience) v kinh nghim trc quan (intutive experience). Thng thng th con ngi bit s dng c kinh nghim l tnh ln cm quan; nhng, ch c nhng ngi pht huy k xo trc quan mi c th t n phng php s dng tri thc mt cch y . Loi s dng phng php tri thc y ny, chng phi l mt loa/i thn b; trong Pht gio, nhng ai c s hun luyn c bit u c th t n mc ch ny. Nhng k ci th tc u rng buc kinh nghim trn khi nim ca mt loi kinh nghim no , nhng, Pht gio th vt qua phm vi cc hn ny. L do l v khi chng ta truy tm tri thc thng b chp trc (craving), v v minh (ignorance) d pht, cn Pht gio khi phn tch v khi nim khng dng li ngn ng hoc trn tng thc ca lun l hc m tin thm mt bc, Pht gio c th tim nhn vo cnh gii tm l chn tht. i vi phng din ny, Pht gio c th tm cu c mt loi m thc mi ca nhn thc lun (a new model of epistemology). ---o0o--L LUN THC TI (THE THEORY OF REALITY) Khi tho lun n vn con ngi v v tr. Pht gio cho rng hnh ng ca con ngi l do ch t do ca chng ta i vi s phi tri v khng b quyt nh bi bt c hnh thc no khc; Khi c Pht bin lun vi su nh t tng ni ting ng thi, Ngi nm ly ch trng ny. ---o0o---

C S TR LIU CA TM L HC PHT GIO Mc ch ch yu ca Tm l hc Pht gio l nhm gii p rt ro nguyn nhn kh au m nhn loi phi tip nhn, v, vn l lm th no gii thot s thng kh . Trit hc v Tm l hc ca Pht gio u c mt th Th hng tr liu (Therapy oriented). Trit hc Pht gio cung cp mt loi gii tr khn hoc ca tri tnh; cn tm l hc Pht gio th cung cp phng php tr liu v s nhiu lon ca tnh cm. Erich Fromm bo rng Sigmund Freud khng th tr liu tt bnh tm l m Sigmund Freud ch mun gii tr s lo u, nng ny khng hp l v tnh cng bc ca nhn loi m thi. Phng thc tr liu ca nhng nh tm l hc hin nay l m thc iu chnh vn v bnh l x hi mt cch rng ri hn. Trn thc t, nhng quc gia c nn cng nghip ha v ang pht trin cao th nhng tm trng nh hoang vng trng rng, lnh cm, s thiu st v mt hng o nhn sinh trong lng nhn loi, u l khi nim v mc tiu ca tm l tr liu ngy nay. Pht gio thuyt minh rng tm cnh kh khn, xung t, bt mn, nng ny, lo lng, tham lam, ght hn, m chp v.v ca nhn sinh u c th cho l ph hp vi thng bnh ca con ngi hin i; nhng, Pht gio cn c kh nng ch dy cho mi ngi hng n con ng ln huy hong i gii thot, ti cc phc lc, l cnh gii Nit Bn. ---o0o--LNH VC CH YU CA TM L HC PHT GIO Nhng lnh vc nghin cu ca Tm l hc Ty phng u c ch trung tm ca n, nh tm l hc Hon Hnh Phi (Gestlat Psychology) ch yu l nghin cu v tri gic (Perception); Phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud th nhm vo s nghin cu ng c v nhn cch. V tm l hc Hnh vi phi (Behaviourism) th ch yu nghin cu v l lun hc tp (learning) v.v Nhng, vn quan thit nht ca tm l hc Pht gio l cn nguyn kh au ca nhn loi v con ng gii thot; v th, ng c thc y (motivation) v cm xc (emotion) chnh l gio ngha ch yu; Tri nhn (cognition) l iu kin tin quyt phi c nghin cu thm; ngoi ra, nh tnh tnh, nhn cch (personality) k c s kt cu tr liu ca tm l hc Pht gio; gio nghim trn phng din tm l hc, nh phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud, tm l hc nhn tnh ca Carl Rogers v A. Maslow c

th thy mt cch thu trit v cch tr liu ca ch ngha tn ti v cch tr liu ca ch ngha hnh vi u l lnh vc ch yu ca s nghin cu tm l hc Pht gio. ---o0o--NGUN T LIU TM L HC PHT GIO Dng vn Pli tp thnh kinh in Pht gio nguyn thy (u c dch sang Anh Vn) lm gc, kinh in c chia thnh 3 loi : Mt l li dy ca c Pht c gi l Kinh tng (Sutta Pitaka), hai l nhng iu mc hun luyn, rn ch ca T Kheo v T Kheo Ni gi l Lut tng (Vinaya Pitaka) v ba l Lun tng (abhidhamma pitaka), trong gm c phn tch tm l ca tri thc. Nhng, Kinh tng li c th c chia thnh 5 loi : Trng B (The Digha Nikaya or Dialogues of the Buddha) : i thoi trng thin ca c Pht, bao gm 34 kinh in trng thin, trong c th trng kin s tch bnh sanh ca c Pht v tht s v chnh tr, x hi v tn gio n ng thi. Trong Sigalovada Sutra a ra nhng ch dn v quan im lun l hc Pht gio thc dng. Trung B A Hm Kinh (The Majjhina Nikaya of Middle Langth Saying) Bao gm 152 kinh. Gi tr ca n ch l c th lm cho chng ta bit c tnh hnh tin ha thi k bt u ca Pht gio v nhng gio php ca c Pht cng nh tnh hung khi qut ca nhng t thn cn v nhng sinh hot ca x hi n ng thi. Kinh Trung A Hm cng cha ng mt s ti liu v Lut tng. Tp B A Hm Kinh (The Samyutta Nikaya of Kindred Sayings) Gm 2889 kinh do 56 chng tit hp thnh, trong y c rt nhiu ch lp li, trng phc. Tng Chi B A Hm Kinh

(The Anguttara Nikaya of Gradual Sayings) Thu tp 2308 kinh, chia thnh 11 chng tit v c thm phn tho lun. c im ch yu l s n gin, thanh khit v gm rt nhiu cu thc tnh nhn sinh. Tiu B A Hm Kinh (The Khuddaka Nikaya of Division of Small Works) L mt loi on thin danh ngn s dng tn vn hoc hnh thc thi ca vit nn, thng c dng k o, vnh thi, ca xng v.v ng trn quan im vn hc, Pht gio s v Trit hc nhn xt th Tiu B A Hm Kinh l mt b kinh rt c gi tr. Ngoi nhng s kin ny, nhng tc phm ni ting ca i Tha kinh in dng Phn vn, Hn vn, Nht vn v Tng vn vit thnh, cng c th tm c nhng t liu lin quan nh Kinh Dc S (Bhaisajya Guru Sutra of the Lapis Lazuli Radiance Tathagata). Kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa, kinh Duy Ma Ct v.v Truyn thng ca i Tha Pht gio c bit nhn mnh n s thnh Pht hoc nhng hnh hot ca cc bc B Tt. Cn c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni th c miu t trong kinh in Pli, nh l mt bc c kh nng tr liu v i, phng thc tr liu ca Ngi gm c hai loi : Tr liu trn gio ngha v tm l hoc thn tch. em kinh Pht v mt s nguyn l ca tm l hc Ty phng hin i, nht l mt s hc l ca cc loi hc phi y liu so snh tm hiu trn tinh thn nghin cu th mi c th nhn thc mt cch su sc v Tm l hc Pht gio. ---o0o--VN THUC TRN PHNG PHP LUN Trn phng din hin tng tm l, c Pht ch trng do kinh nghim m chng thc l lun. Nhng kinh nghim khng ch l kinh nghim cm quan m cn l cng phu ca trc quan (intuition) v ni tnh. Bi l c Pht nhn thc rng truyn thng nhn tp, hoc s dng lun l hc v l tnh u c s gii hn ca n v, ch c kinh nghim mi c s bo him tt nht. Kinh nghim ca c Pht ngoi vic cn c vo ng quan cn ti dng Ni Tnh Php (Introspection) nh l mt gi tr cao

t c k thut tri thc v pht huy thu th (qun st mt cch thu trit). Trc quan php l mt loi k thut Phn tch t ng (Self-analysis). Ty Phng ngi ta s dng trc quan php nghin cu hin tng tm l v c cho l k thut khng ng c tin cy, bi v kinh nghim ca ring mnh khng th lm cho ngi khc gic st c. Nhng, Pht gio cho rng do cng phu thin nh cao m c th t n nng lc vt qua cm quan, v chnh v th m n l phng thc kho nghim khch quan. Nu c th t n k thut thin nh mt cch nht nh th khng b v minh lm tr ngi v do vy m tm l c kh nng t n giai on ca s an bnh v thanh tnh. ---o0o--KHI NIM V TM (MIND) c Pht ph nh bt c thc th no c tnh vnh cu tc Tm hoc Thc (Mind or Consciousness). Pht dy : ci c gi l tm l mt loi phc tp th ca nhn th (a psycho-physical complex of nama-rupa), nama l ch cho 4 loi qun th phi vt cht tc l cm gic, n tng ca cm gic (tng tng, quan nim, khi nim), ch hot ng (conative activity) v thc; rupa l ni v 4 nguyn t ln, tc l khuch i (extention), ngng t lc (cohesion), nhit (heat) v hnh trng vt cht (materialshape) c c t nhng nguyn t ny. V vy, c th ni, n l mt phc hp th c t thnh bi nhng thnh phn tm l v vt cht v c tnh cht tm th (hoc th tm) nng ta ln nhau. Mun liu gii mt cch rt ro v hin tng tm l th cn phi xuyn qua lut nhn qu, bi v chng cng lm nhn v qu cho nhau. Nhn duyn gi hp l s biu th ca iu kin h vi ca tm l v vt cht. Gio ngha v ng (egolessness) cng cn ch dy rng c ni ln ngoi u khng c ci gi l thc th tn ti. V th, hai gio ngha nhn duyn gi hp v v ng l tm l hc Pht gio gii thch v tm (c th dng phng php tng hp v phng php phn tch phn bit gii thch hai loi hin tng ny). Cn c theo tm l hc Pht gio, chng ta c th bo rng Tm l mt th loi lin tc ng thi (dynamic continuum), c th khuch i n khi nguyn v kh m tnh m c, v li, n cn c th pht trin bn ngoi ca s kt liu ca th mng. Loi thuyt php ny hin vn cha c s tha nhn ca tm l hc Ty Phng. Nhng, Tnh cht di truyn nguyn thy ca ngi (Archaic heritage of mind) ca Sigmund Freud v quan nim v Tp th v thc

(Collective Unconsciousness) ca Carl Jung u mun thm d vo mt lnh vc su xa khc, trong tng lai, rt c th s khm ph mi s hi t cng ch trng tm l hc ca Pht gio. ---o0o---

CHNG II - TRI NHN TM L HC, NG C V TNH CM NH NGHA TRI NHN

Tri nhn (Cognition) c ngha Qu trnh ca s hiu bit (knowing), l mt vn hot ng tm tr, s dng ngn ng, tng tng v pht sinh quan nim (hon cnh kch thch v i vi kch thch ca phn ng c). Loi qu trnh hiu bit ny l mt ci g khng th trng thy, chng ta khng th thy c nhng ci c mnh danh l t kho, suy l hoc k c, nhng, chng ta c th quan st v nghin cu hnh vi do nhng hot ng ny sanh ra. c Pht dy rng, qu trnh tri nhn ca chng ta l thc ti ca qu trnh cm quan (reality of the sensory process), tri nhn ca chng ta cng cng vi thnh phn quan nim v tng tng ca phi cm quan (non-sensory) kt hp ti mt ch. Ch th ca tri thc tm l hc ca c Pht v khoa hc tnh ca tm l hc hin i c s ging nhau. ---o0o--TR THC AO HN c Pht th qua cc loi phng php nh kh hnh (penance), t ng kh tu (self-mortification). Cm gii (aroidance) v n n (seclusion) v.v pht trin t ng. Loi pht trin v nng lc cao ny, khng phi l mt loi thn b m chnh l s pht trin t nhin ca mt loi tim nng no ca mt con ngi, n khng phi l s xut hin t nhin ca mt lc lng thn b no m l s pht trin mt cch dn dn. Loi phng thc pht trin tim tin ny lin quan n 3 giai on : Tho th o c, cng phu nhn nh (samadhi or concentration) v s bi dng ca tr hu. Loi u nhp ny cn phi tri qua thi gian sut i th nghim, c Pht cui cng t n s ph tr v minh v nhng buc rng ca phin no. Bt c ai tham cu, tm hiu v tm l hc tri nhn ca Pht gio th u khng th th i vi nhng phm vi tm l tri gic cao ny.

---o0o--TRI NHN V NG C Tm l hc tri nhn khng th tch ri ng c nghin cu. c Pht s d phn tch ng c ca tm l nhn loi l v mun ch by nguyn nhn thng kh ca nhn sinh, v tm cu phng php lm gim khinh s thng kh y, iu cng chnh l yu cu chng ta cn phi c mt nng lc tri nhn bn nhy v t ci thin chng ta. Dc vng ca nhn loi nh hng nng lc tri nhn, nhng tri nhn cng c tc dng i vi dc vng. c Pht khng ch trng ct c dc cu ca cm quan m l ch trng hun luyn dc cu ca nhng cm quan ny khin cho nhng kch thch ngoi ti khng th nhiu lon ni tm. c Pht khng tm cch nn p, co rt cm quan m ch mun lm cho cm quan pht trin, ci thin v tnh ha. ---o0o--TRI NHN V TR LIU c Pht dy rng c hai loi phng php c th t n s pht trin trn phng din tinh thn : Ninh Tnh (Tranquillity), s tnh lng an bnh; v ng Kin (Insight), s nhn thy xuyn sut bn trong s vt. Nhng, cng c 5 loi nhn t c th nhiu lon s pht trin ca s ninh tnh tr phi dng cng phu thin nh th mi c th khc phc nhng nhiu lon ny. Nm loi nhn t ny l dc cu, ch xu, li bing v chm lt, khng trm trc v lo lng, hoi nghi. c Pht cng ch dy 7 loi nhn t ca Khai ng c th bi dng tr thc v ng kin ca chng ta, l : chnh t duy, truy cu Pht Php, tinh thn, h lc, ninh tnh, thin nh v trn nh (bnh tnh). S dng nng lc tri nhn ca nhn loi tnh ho tri gic v t kho ca chng ta th s hin ra mt khun thit k ca cu tng tr liu tm l hc. V th, c Pht dy : i vi tm l hc th s tri nhn trn phng din th h tr liu cn phi t v tr trung tm. ---o0o---

NG C (MOTIVATION) ng c l mt ngun nng lc (source of energy) c trong c th, ngun nng lc ny c th sanh ra hnh ng, khin n t thnh mt loi khuynh hng ca mc tiu no . ng c c th chia thnh hai phn l sinh l v tm l. Trn phng din sinh l th n ging nh nhng ng c thc sc v t vong v.v Trn phng din tm l th n nh l mt gi tr quan thuc v tn ngng (tn gio) v.v ng c ca tm l hc Pht gio ch yu l s phn tch nhng phng din dn n s bt an, khn trng, cng thng, nng ny, lo lng, bn chn v cm th au kh v.v ca nhn loi nhm ra php mn bt nh hng dn mun loi t n con ng hnh phc, v th, ng c nghin cu tm l hc Pht gio ba hm sc thi tr liu. ng trn quan nim ca ty phng ngy nay nhn xt th ch tr liu ny thng thng c dng ch cho s cha tr nhng ngi c tt bnh tm l; Nhng nu ly tm l hc Pht gio ni, th n c dng ch cho s gii tr tt c s xung t trn mt tm l v s bt an ca ni ti. Kinh in Pht gio cp rt nhiu n phng din ng c ca tm l hc. ---o0o--TNH T (EMOTION) ca tnh t tc l s kch ng (Arousal), cm gic (feelings) hoc trng thi tnh cm (affective states) m cng chnh l do s chuyn bin ca phng din sinh l nn sanh ra phn ng hnh vi. Tnh t quen thuc nht l nhng tnh t yu, hn, bi thng, v sung sng, khoi lc. ng trn mt ni tnh ni th tnh t l trng thi thc ch quan; khc quan m ni, tnh t l mt loi biu hin hnh vi. Trn phng din tm l hc ni th tnh t l mt loi trng thi khng thng bng v kch ng, nhng khng th xem tnh t hon ton nh l v l tnh. Chng ta c th tm c s kin ton ca tnh t lun l nh thng i, tn knh, chnh ngha cm, quan tm chn l v.v l nhng tnh t t ng siu vit (self-transcending emotion), nhng tnh t ny u thuc nhng tnh t tt. Trong gio l Pht gio c mt s tnh t c th c gi l tinh thn cao qu, ng tnh v t bi, ni mt cch chnh xc hn, khng tham lam, khng sn hn, khng si m ca tm l hc Pht gio c cho l ngun tnh t kin ton, tch cc v sng to tnh. Di y chng ta phn chia mt s tnh t c bit nh sau : ---o0o---

S st (Fear) S st thng thng l ch cho s phn ng gy ra i vi s vt c mc ch nguy him no . Dc cu qu mnh v s chp trc u c th to nn s s st. Bi v khi chng ta quyn luyn khng th x b i vi mt s vt qu bu v c gi tr th chng ta s sn sanh mt loi tc dng c chp, lo lng v s st b mt n v nh mnh yu thng qu i mt ngi no n khi ngi y b lm bnh trm trng th tm l thng yu s chuyn thnh s st lo u. Cng ging nh th, chp trc vo t ng, danh vng, quyn lc v. v u s sinh ra tm trng s st hay tm l khng hong. Mc cm ti c (sense of guilt), khin trch t ng (self-reproach), s st b trng pht (fear of punishment) v s hi b a xung a ngc (fear of lower world) v. v kinh nghim tn gio u sanh ra s st. S st c lc cng vi ght hn (thm ch t hn) v tnh t bt mn kt hp v nhng lc nh th th lin sanh ra cm gic phm ti trn bnh l (pathological guilt) hoc cm thc bt an gi l ray rt lng tm (uneasiness of conscience). c Pht dy rng nhng ai cha gic tnh th u c t ng trung tm ch ngha, dc vng, ch v khuynh hng chp trc. c Pht ch trng mun gii tr tn gc nhng c cht ny th khng cn thit phi khin trch ti li qu kh, bi v nu t mnh khin trch th i vi s pht trin tm l c rt nhiu phng hi. c Pht cng xng l cn tnh ha tnh t t c tm l thng bng v lnh mnh. ---o0o--Bt an (Anxiety) Bt an l mt loi ly vt khng c mc ch lm i tng s st. c Pht dy rng ngun ci su xa ca loi s st ny c to ra bi s chp trc t ng. Chuyn gia Pht hc Edward Conge gi n l s n tng ca thng kh (concealed suffering). c Pht khm ph ra loi con ngi bt an ny (anxious man) l do l bi h khng c nng lc nm vng chn l c bn V ng (Egolessness), cho nn mi dn n s bt an; ch cn liu gii c V ng th c th nm vng c cha kha ca s bt an i vi loi hnh thc.

---o0o--Khng ch v biu hin ca s s st Hun luyn tnh t c th trnh by trn ba phng din : (1) Pht trin tp qun st t ng i vi trng thi tnh t ca chnh mnh; (2) Khi tnh t hng khi phi tm cch khng ch s xut hin ca tnh t; (3) Pht trin mt quan nim gi tr mi lm cho s s st vn c hoc phn ng ca s phn n khng th ti pht. Nh th, tri qua s hiu bit v t ng, khng ngng phn tch t ng v phn cu nhng cng phu ca chnh mnh, cui cng c th t n hiu qu ng nh s d k (thi k d tr). ---o0o--Th hn Th hn cng l mt loi bi/U hin ca tnh t, c cc loi phng thc biu t chng hn nh t tng (nh l ngh mong cho nhng ngi m mnh khng a thch cht i), li l th l v nhng hnh vi cng kch v. v Trn s tht, c Pht lun nhn mnh v phn i s th hn, thm ch bao gm c nhng cuc chin chnh ngha (just war) hoc nhng phn n chnh ng (righteous indignation) i vi c nhn (v i vi x hi). c Pht xut s chuyn bin ni ti (cu pht trin tm linh ni ti) c th thun phc tm th hn tin thm bc na, l, dng s hiu bit, ni tnh v t tng ch ng tnh t th hn, nh vy th c th tnh ha t ng m ng thi cng c th lm cho x hi pht trin mt cch hi ha. ---o0o--au kh v bi thng Trn c bn, au kh v bi thng l tnh t phn ng i vi bit ly, ngoi ra nh mt mt cng s a n au kh v bi thng. Bi v i vi ngi ch thn, chng ta u xem h nh l mt b phn ca chnh mnh, mt khi h mt i, ta s sanh ra tnh t au kh v bi thng, Sigmund Freud gi n l Bi thng v cu mang (lo lng, ray rt, thc mc trong lng) Mourning an Melancholoy. Vi Pht gio th i vi s kin ca mc ch no lm sn sanh s tp trung tinh thn (cathexis) ca tnh t mnh lit cng chnh l lc chp trc v, mt khi mt i i tng mc tiu th s hin ra trng thi trng vng hoang vu, khn nhim tm l, tnh t ti

c cm, b ph, t thng hi v t mt lp m nh mu xm ln cc loi tnh cm bi thng. i vi bi kch bi thng v au kh ny, T Diu v Bt Chnh o trong trong gio ngha Pht gio c kh nng lm phng thuc tr liu hu hiu. Thi ca Pht gio l yu cu nhn loi hiu r v chn tht cm ca s tng thay th cho tnh t bi thng qu . ---o0o--i v t bi i (Love), trn danh t bng Anh ng khng my r rng v rt m h, trong vn t Hy Lp nu dng tip u ng eros l biu th cho i dc trn cm quan, v nu dng agape th li biu th v i i vi phng din tm linh. S truy cu ca Pht gio l mt loi gi cu lun l (ethical framework) v s hy cu ca lnh vc tinh thn, v th trn phng din lun l Pht gio i vi quan h nhn loi th khng ph hp vi i dc ca o c, khng ph hp vi dc cu tit ch v try lc ca o c cm, v nhng th y u b cho l t c, bi l nhng th ny gy nn nhng a lc ca x hi, nhng, ch c s hiu thun v kin thnh i vi tn gio mi kh d hnh thnh mt cch c bn mt x hi lnh mnh. Ngi xut gia i vi vn i dc cn phi dp tr, v l i dc c th a dn n s bt an v au kh ng thi lm phng hi n tinh thn hy cu. Ci m Pht gio mun truy cu l mt loi tnh t ca sng to tnh v tnh t ca phn ng ng tnh t nhin quan tm n chng sanh. ---o0o--TM L HC KHT CU (PSYCHOLOGY OF CRAVING) i vi phng din tm l hc tnh t th gm c 3 loi hnh thc kht cu, l kht cu tha mn cm quan, kht cu bo tn t ng (selfpreservation) v kht cu hy dit v cng kch. Ba loi kht cu ny i vi bn nng xung ng (libido), t ng bn nng (ego instinct), v bn nng t vong ca Sigmund Freud c s thng nht. Xin c chia thnh nh sau : ---o0o---

Dc tnh (Sexuality) Thng, Pht gio ch dng cm quan (nh mt, tai, mi, li, thn) v bao qut hn so vi tm l hc Ty phng (Pht gio cp n ng quan, nhng tm l hc Ty phng th ch thin nng v mt dc tnh, nht l Phin tnh lun ca Sigmund Freud). i vi vn truy cu nguyn tc khoi lc (hedonism) ca cm quan, Pht gio a ra hai phng php nhn thc : (1) Truy cu cm quan khoi lc s mang li s bt hnh; (2) Th on truy cu cm quan khoi lc (hp php v khng hp php), nu hp php th cn phi suy tnh n vic khng th thi qu, ng thi khng ph hoi nguyn tc khoi lc lm iu kin. Pht gio cng cho rng s truy cu khoi lc ca cm quan ch bn di ca s tun hon c tnh ca nhu yu, khn trng v tha mn (want tension and satisfaction) xuyn qua s truy cu ca au kh m thi; v th, Pht gio ch trng dng bt chnh o ch ng s truy cu ca cm quan khoi lc. ---o0o--Bo tn s t ng y l mt loi thnh kin sai lm ca s ng trung tm ch ngha, hon ton t ni gi nh sai lm (tn ngng) tc t ng thc ti vnh tn (egoentity). Nhn cch kt cu ca n l nhm vo ba loi : Kht cu, vng tng v gi tng nh sau : Kht cu y l ca ta. Vng tng y l ta. Gi tng y chnh l t ng. Nhng, Pht gio cng biu th mt cch r rng, nhu yu ca c bn duy sanh nh khng kh trong lnh, nc, thc n, ng ngh v. v chng hn, u c xem nh l mt loi biu hin ca s kht cu. ---o0o--T ng hy dit v cng kch

i vi phng php quan st v t ng hy dit v cng kch, Sigmund Freud cho rng n l mt loi bn nng xung ng; nhng, c Pht th li dy rng n l mt loi hnh vi phn ng tnh. Khi mt loi tnh t th hn (i vi ngi hoc vt) th gii ngoi ti khng c pht tit th n li hng ngc v mnh, v th nn sn sanh s th hnh t ng (kh hnh) v t st. c Pht qu trch s pht sanh ca 3 loi hnh thc kht cu trn y v cho rng v do khng hiu r o l kh au ca nhn sinh nn to thnh; ng thi, i vi vn thng kh ca nhn sinh v thiu cng phu ni tnh nn ty tin tng phc vo s m hoc t ng v, kt qu l a dn n nhng bi kch. ---o0o--TIM THC NG C (UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION) Tim thc ng c l ni v s thc y khin cho con ngi to ra mt th ng tc no nhng li khng gic st c ng c chn chnh (real motive) s ti. Thng thng tim thc b k c v tnh t p bc, nhng c th l t trong gic mng, tht ngn, o gic, v trong nhng chng trng tm l tht thng thuyt minh s tn ti ca ng c tim thc. Quan nim v tim thc ca tm l hc Ty phng c sng to bi Sigmund Freud, v ngi hc tr ca ng l Carl Jung li khai sng ra thuyt Tp th tim thc (Collective unconsciousness), Carl Jung cho rng tim thc c c th. Tim thc (personal unconsciousness) tc l mt s tm l c th no b p ch hoc b s b qun; ngoi ra, cn c loi khc tc l tp th tim thc, l ch cho tm l con ngi ngay khi va cho i vn sn c mt loi trng thi tm l phc tp, Carl Jung gi l nguyn hnh (archetypes), n l quan nim vn ha c truyn tha t i ny qua i khc bi t tin ca chng ta, nhng kinh nghim u c bo lu trong tim thc c th ca chng ta; mt cch r rng hn, theo s gii thch ca Carl Jung th nhn cch c cu thnh bi 3 loi thnh phn : T ng, c th tim thc v tp th tim thc. Tp th tim thc l nguyn hnh ca b su. Cn c theo thuyt ca Carl Jung th tp th tim thc vn c sn t cht di truyn, lm cho c th v ngi ca i trc trn phng din tri nhn v th gii, c cch nhn tng i ging nhau. Nh nhn loi vo thi k rt sm lo s s hc m, v en ti s mang n nguy him; ngy nay, loi nguy him ny mc d bin thnh qu kh, nhng nhn loi vn cn s hi s en ti. Khi nim tnh ph bin

hi s ca tp th tim thc hoc nh tng c gi l nguyn hnh. Nguyn hnh l kinh nghim ca tnh t n t b c ca s truyn tha tin ha. Nh nguyn hnh ca ngi m hin t xa n nay vn l biu th cho s m p, bo bc, dng dc, m cng cn l s tng trng cho i mu; nguyn hnh ngi cha l lc lng, quyn oai v tng trng cho quyn lc. Nhng nguyn hnh khc nh nh tng n tnh (anima), nh tng nam tnh (animas), t ng (self), anh hng, thn, sanh, t v. v cng u nh th c. Th quan nim ny hi ging vi quan nim A Li Da thc hoc chng t thc ca Pht gio (storehouse consciousness). Dng thc ca Pht gio (Stream of consciousness) cng lin quan vi tim thc ng c. Pht gio dy chng ta rng nu c kh nng tu tp k thut thin nh th c th s dng lp trong ca tim thc en ti to ra thnh s pht trin nhn cch mt cch kin ton. ---o0o---

CHNG III - NHN CCH TM L HC NGHIN CU V NHN CCH TM L HC V NHN CCH PHT GIO
ng trn phng din tm l hc ty phng ni th nhn cch (personality) l m thc n nh hnh vi c th mt cch c c, ng thi s dng t tng, cm gic, tri gic lm c s thch ng vi hon cnh. Khi nh tm l hc nghin cu v nhn cch thng ch n c cht ca c th, hnh th ca thn th, th lc ca tim thc, qu trnh tri nhn v cc loi x hi hc tp v. v v nhng nhn t ny u l nhng nhn t c th nh hng n hnh vi ca nhn loi. Tm l hc hoc tm l phn tch hc (Psychoanalysis) ca Sigmund Freud cho rng c ba loi tng th tm l, l hnh thnh nhn cch tc thc, tin thc (preconsciousness) v tim thc. Ni dung ca ba tn thc ny da theo s kt hp ca ba sinh vt v th lc hon cnh m hnh thnh ba loi h thng tm l, tc bn ng (id), t ng (ego) v siu vit (superego). Hc thuyt ca Sigmund Freud ch trng Tnh l hch tm ca ng c nhn loi. Theo Sigmund Freud th Tnh trong x hi vn minh thng do cc loi p lc ca x hi v tht kh c th c tha mn, bi vy m bin thnh nhn t ch yu lm nh hng n nhn cch. Nhn cch ty thuc vo s pht trin ca tnh m pht trin, v th nn c

tng giai on pht trin nh khu khang k, giang mn k, tnh kh k, tim phc k v sanh thc k. T v sau, bao nhiu hc thuyt, l lun v nhn cch u pht ngun t hc thuyt ca Sigmund Freud v c tu chnh thm, v c gi l hc phi mi Sigmund Freud (Neo Freudian School). Cui nm 1930 n u nm 1950, c rt nhiu hc sinh ca Sigmund Freud pht biu v nhng kin gii v l lun v tm l phn tch hc. Trong hc s dng phi Phn Tch Tm L Hc (nh Carl Jung ch trng) nhn mnh nhn cch l s thng bng ca th lc thc v tim thc. Phi C Nhn Tm L Hc (nh ch trng ca Alfred Adler) th cho l vai tr (role) v s quan h ca x hi hnh thnh nhn cch. Hc thuyt Tm L Nhn Tnh (Humanistic theory) tc nhng v nh Carl Rogers v A. Maslow th nhn mnh rng nhn cch l tnh c c v kinh nghim sinh hot c th ca c th. L Lun Hc Tp X Hi (nh B. F. Skinner) th ch trng n th lc ca hon cnh i vi s nh hng ca nhn cch, c th s dng phng thc m phng cng thm tc dng tri nhn c th hc tp v hnh vi. V cn c mt s l lun khc v nhn cch rt ch trng v kinh nghim ch quan v. v Pht gio i vi s gii thch v nhn cch c s bao hm ca trit hc tnh, lun l tnh v tm l tnh. Pht gio ph nh con ngi vn c t ng thun ty c nh (ego) v n ch l nhn duyn ha hp. Do s quan h ca nhn duyn ha hp m mi con ngi u c thc, k c v thuc tnh ca thn th c th phn bit Ta, Ngi (ch th, khch th). Pht gio tip nhn quan im cho rng con ngi c mt nhn cch ng thi, gi hp bin ng bt thng, nhn cch ch l mt loi danh t ca phng tin c s dng phn bit gia Ngi v Ta m thi. ng trn Lun L Hc ni th nhn cch ny c th l l tnh v phi l tnh nhng chu trch nhim v hnh ng ca chnh mnh. Ngay trn phng din ca Tm L Hc gii thch th rt c ngha, bi v nhn cch c k c, t tng, cm gic thng cu vi ngi khc. Phn tch mt cch nghim chnh v tm l hc th, nhn cch cng ch l mt phng tin gi danh, bi n biu th cho mt loi cng nng thng nht no (unity of function) nh i, ng, tri gic, t tng, quyt nh v.v ging nh chic xe nga, do s kt hp ton th ca cc b phn mi c th gi l xe nga c; Nhn cch cng th, do thn th, cm gic, thc v tnh hng v. v t hp m thnh v nh th mi c th gi l nhn cch. Tm li, nhn cch l mt loi thng nht th ca cng nng, ch c

gi danh ca tnh tm thi. Nhn cch khng th n c tiu biu cho thn th, tri gic, cm gic m ch c trong s t hp thch ng mi c th c gi l nhn cch. S gii thch ny hon ton c s ph hp cng vi Pht gio. ---o0o--C CHT V LOI HNH NHN CCH c cht nhn cch (Persoanlity traits) l ni n tnh c sn c ni mi nhn cch c th, loi c sc ny c th xc nhn c. Loi hnh nhn cch (Personality types) l ch cho s hu nhn cch; loi hnh u c th quy loi thnh rt nhiu hnh thc c bn. Trong Tng Chi B A Hm Kinh (Anguttara Nikaya), chng ta c th pht hin bn loi c sc ca nhn cch, tc l nhng loi hnh nh M c (Virtue), Thnh Thc (Integrity), Cng Ngh (Fortitude) v Tr Hu v.v Do s c ng c cu lu di ti mt ni chn m c th bit rng trn phng din o c ca ngi thng tr ny l tt hoc c khuyt im, iu cng c ngha bo rng c th nhn xt r l ng ta c o c tt p hay khng; x l s vt vi ngi khc khin c th nhn thy r rng h l ngi khng thnh tht; trong nhng khi nguy him ging xung hoc bt hnh xy n th c th on nh c trnh cng ngh ca mt con ngi; giao m vi ngi th c th tri nhn c l h c tr hu hay khng. S phn loi c cht nhn cch ch yu ca Pht gio l nhm vo xch l lun l v tm l o lng. Kinh Pht (Visuddhimagga) cng chia nhn cch lm 6 loi hnh ln, l tham lam (tham), ght hn (sn), vng tng (si), trung thc, thng minh (hu) v tn mn. ---o0o---

XUNG T V TA CHIT (NGN TR THT BI) (CONFLICT AND FRUSTRATION) Xung t cng tc l hai ci hoc hai mc tiu (goals) hoc nhu yu (needs) a dn n tnh cnh bt an khi khng th tng dung ln nhau. Xung t c th/ chia lm ba loi, l chnh-chnh xung t (approachapproach conflict), tc loi xung t khi mun ly mt trong hai mc tiu ca ngh mun; Ph-ph xung t (Avoidance-avoidance conflict) l hai mc tiu u khng ngh mun, xung t xy ra khi mun ly mt; Chnhph xung t (Approach-avoidance conflict) l loi xung t ca mt mc tiu m c hai loi thnh phn chnh ph trong y (v d nh, mt ngi n b p nhng mang nhiu bnh tt). Gii quyt s xung t ng nhin lin h n nhn t quyt nh ca n v khong cch xa gn ca mc tiu, ng c c nhn, cng nhu yu c nhn, h quyt tm, thi gian tnh, k vng c nhn v.v S trc tr, tht bi i vi nhng quyt nh hoc mun t n mc ch nhng phi chu s tr ngi gia ng. Cng c s trc tr bi hon cnh nh ngi nh b cht; c nhng trc tr bi yu t th cht, nh qu thp ln sinh ra tng t xu x kh coi; c nhn t x hi nh ly hn, tht nghip v.v Phng thc i ph vi s trc tr, tht bi gm c cng kch (gin tip cng kch v trc tip cng kch), o tng v co rt (t nh, n b xu x gp phi nhiu trc tr tht bi, c o tng mnh l ti t Elizabeth Taylor, v tr v vi nhng hnh vi tr con nh khc lc n o, lnh lng v tiu trm v.v) c Pht dy rng trn c bn, s xung t v bnh an, thanh tnh c th kim nghim t hai tng th : Nit bn (Nirvan) l thanh tnh, hi ha mt cch tuyt i; cn au kh (dukkha) th dy y s bt an, khn trng v xung t. Gia s hi ha (mc tiu truy cu l tng ca ngi ti gia) v thanh tnh tuyt i (l l tng truy cu ca ngi xut gia) cng c rt nhiu khc bit. Ngi ti gia chnh trc nu tun theo th on hp php lm giu, khng tham lam th c cng c v hn na c th t c s hi ha; nu ngi ti gia khi ln tm tham lam, kht cu s hng th qu th chc chn l b xung t vi ngi khc. Ngi xut gia v x b tt c, khng nhng c kh nng gii tr au kh m hn na cn c th truy tm s thanh tnh cao nht trong ni tm ca h.

Pht gio cho rng khu lc (drive) mnh m truy cu tha mn cm quan, truy cu s tn k, hng phn, vt s hu, u l my pht in ca s xung t. Pht gio gii thch v nhng trc tr, tht bi rng l : khoi lc v kch thch mt khi ci m chng ta truy tm kt qu bin thnh rng tuch th sanh ra trc tr, tht bi nng n. Loi trc tr tht bi su nng hn ny khng tc khc xut hin qua tri gic ton din ging nh s trc tr tht bi khi mt i mc tiu c bit. Ngoi s trc tr v truy cu tha mn cm quan gy nn, Pht gio cn ra s xung t tm l ca t ng bo tn (cm quan, quyn lc, a v, danh vng), mt ngi c khu lc quyn lc mnh m th s xung t tm l cng to ln v s trc tr, cm gic tr ngi cng tng i to ln. Khi cm gic trc tr ln n cao im l khng th tip nhn th con ngi hin nhin lp tc gp mt loi hin tng hy hu l dc vng v kht vng mun hy dit t ng. V th, s xung t m tm l hc Pht gio cp nh phn tch ng c cn nguyn dc cu truy cu tha mn cm quan, bo tn t ng, hy dit t ng v tham lam, ght hn v.v cng vi tm l hc hin i tng i c im tng thng. ---o0o--PHNG THC PHNG V (DEFENSE MECHANISM) Phng thc phng v l tinh tm kit tc ca Sigmund Freud v Anna, con gi ca ng; phng thc ny ni v qu trnh nhn loi li dng tim thc nn i vi s liu gii chn tht b bp mo, thay i v ci bin, nht l khi chn tht v cm gic ti li (feelings of guilt), kinh nghim bi thng, xung ng, khng th tip nhn, tht , v khi nhng s vic khc c lin quan dn khi mt cch khn trng. Tuy nhin, phng thc phng v khng c bin php duy h ca p lc tm l c th, v th cng c th ni l mt loi di la t ng v trc trc t ng (self-deceptive and self-defeating), khng c bin php no c th gii quyt s p lc ca tm l, bi v qu trnh ca phng thc phng v pht sinh ngay trong tng th tim thc, con ngi s dng n lm bnh phong v ni nng ta kin c ln lao mi khi pht sinh nng ny, lo lng, bt an v khng cm thy l mt th th on ca s tht b b cong

bp mo; l do l trong s sinh hot ca mi mt con ngi u s gp phi nhng tnh cnh btan nh ti c, s st khng hong, bt an, mc tiu b tr ngi v.v v th, dng nh mi c nhn u s li dng phng thc phng v bo h chnh mnh. Nhng phng thc phng v gm c : p ch (regression), mc ch l khin cho au kh, t tng ca tnh uy hip, cm gic, k c v qu trnh o tng khng tin vo c trong thc hoc tri gic c th. Hp l ha (Rationalization) l tm kim l do hp l thay th tht vng, ni mt cch khc, tm l l khng thc thay th l do chn chnh. V nh mt hc sinh gian ln trong vic thi c th thng bin h l hc sinh no m chng gian ln; mt c gi khng c mi tham d d hi th bo cha cn bn l c y khng bng lng chp nhn li mi. u X (Projection) l s tha ni ngi khc, tt c u din gii rng l s sai lm ca ngi khc. Tc dng nghch thi (reaction formation) l s kinh hi i vi xung ng v t tng, khng nhng ch c gng p ch m cn pht trin mt thi m thc v hnh vi hon ton tng phn che y ng c v hnh vi chn chnh ca tim thc y, trng hp nh mt ngi c tnh nng ny bc xc, lo lng, bt an c th xin vo vin thn hc chun b lm mc s hoc n tu chng hn. ng Nhn (Identification), s nhn qung quen bit ny l v bo v gi tr cm nhn ca chnh mnh, c th thng a ra nhng bnh lun chung chung vi mt s nhn vt c danh vng hoc oai quyn, nh Tng Thng M Carter l bn thn ca ti v.v Thng hoa (Sublimation), l mc tiu hot ng li dng x hi c th chp nhn nhm tha mn ng c p ch ca x hi y, chng hn nh lm mt kim tra vin in nh c th xem phim X m khng cm thy c mc cm ti li. Ph nhn hin thc (denial of reality) l nhng g khng vui hoc t tng a n s bt an, bt cn (th ), th ph nhn bng cch ngh rng vic ny cha tng c tn ti.

Cn c theo tm l hc ca Pht gio, th vic s dng phng php nht tm chuyn ch s khin cho con ngi c th t n b phn n ti v thm tng nht ca tm linh; cng phu thin nh c th gip chng ta kim tra t m t tng ca chng ta, v th m khng cn phi s dng n phng thc phng v. Tc dng nghch thi (Reaction formation) trong phng thc phng v, thi dng i vi k ch ngha cm dc (sinh hot kh hnh), dng tnh ha cm quan nhng c Pht khin trch phng php ny, l do l v ch ngha cm dc l con ng cc oan khng c ngha no c. Thng hoa l iu c c Pht nu ra gii thiu, bi l dc cu trung tm t ng c th c thay th bng dc cu Nit bn. ---o0o--NHN CCH V X HI i kht l phn ng ni ti ca sinh l, dc tnh th c khuynh hng sinh l v x hi, ngoi ra dc vng quyn lc, khu lc (drive for power), danh vng v a v l qu trnh hot ng x hi h tng. c Pht tip nhn ngha trng yu v s quan h h tng ca con ngi v hon cnh x hi. c Pht tn thn rng lun l x hi c th gip cho con ngi kin lp mt quan h nhn t lnh mnh v mt l tng x hi hi ha. Mc tiu tr liu (nhn tm) ca c Pht t trn tm l kh cht ca c nhn bin ha, c Pht truy tm tung tch v s xung t cn bn ca x hi v tri nhn l n c bt ngun t tham lam, th hn v vng tng v t ng. ---o0o---

CHNG IV - TM L HC PHT GIO V TM L HC TR LIU TY PHNG

LI NI U Thi xa, i vi nhng ngi c hnh vi tht thng hay tm thn ri lon (behavior disorder) th thng hay tm cu ma thut (witchcraft), qu thn hc (demonology) v cc loi phng thc tr ma ui qu khc nhau (diverse means os exorcising evils and demons). C mt s tn gio xen

trn hoc t nhiu nhng phng thc ny vo lm nghi thc y liu tn gio, mt s khc ph nhn nhng th on trn v cho rng tt bnh tinh thn l v cng nng ca no b hn lon gy nn, nhng, mi n sau 20 th k mi c phng php khoa hc r rng hn phn tch v nhng hnh vi tht thng. u tin c hai phi a ra gi thuyt dng thay th cho quan nim Trng Ma (Demonic possession) : Gi thuyt thn nhn tnh (Somatogenic hypothesis), tc l bnh tt tinh thn c th c xem l s ph hoi ca thn kinh kh quan, tc dng trao i bi tr ph vt tht thng v.v nh nhng ch trng ca Kraepline v nhng ngi khc. Gi thuyt tm nhn tnh (Psychogenic hypothesis) l ch cho qu trnh tm l tht thng, nh ch trng ca Mesmer, Charcot, Janet, Breuer v Freud. on ny ch trng phn sau, dng k thut tm l hc gii quyt s thng kh ca nhn loi. Gestalt hoc Tm L Hc Hon Hnh Phi (Gestalt Psychology) nhn mnh n chnh th tnh ca hin tng tm l, cng tc l c im ln nht ca hin tng tm l, l tnh thng nht khng th chia ct ca n, hnh vi cng th, tc l s thng nht ca mt hnh vi no , l phn ng ca chnh th. Sigmund Freud l l lun gia ca tinh thn tt bnh, cng tc l ngi sng lp u tin s Phn Tch Tinh Thn (psychoanalysis) v nh hng mt cch ln lao cha tng c trc . Ngoi hc phi Signmund Freud (Neo-Freudians) ra, Nhn Tnh Tm L Hc (humanistic psychology) ca Carl Rogers and A. Maslow, Hnh Vi Tm L Hc (beheviourist psychology) ca John Watson v B. F. Skinner, Tn Ti Tm L Hc (Existiential psychology) ca Rollo May v.v u l ch tho lun ca chng ny. S tht, mi c nhn trong x hi t nhiu u t trong Bnh thi x hi (Sick society) v Bnh thi chnh thng (Pathology of normoly) nh Erich Fromm ni. Erich Fromm cn bo rng bnh thi x hi ng thi bao gm nhng chng trng nh : S ly (Alienation), nng ny, lo lng, bt

an (Anxiety), cm gic s st cp su xa (the fear of feeling deeply), tnh b ng (passivity), thiu hoan lc (lack of joy) v.v v th bo rng phng php tr liu ca nhng nh tm l hc khng ch gii hn c th bnh nhn m ng thi cn bao gm c bnh l x hi ang thi. ng nhin, ch yu chng ta vn ly h thng tr liu tm l hc ca Pht gio so snh vi tm l hc tr liu ca ty phng hu c c s hiu bit su sc hn. ---o0o--TM L HC HON HNH PHI Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh pht trin vo nm 1912 c quc, v vo nm 1930 c a vo Hoa K. Nhn vt ch yu ca phi ny l Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1876-1941 ?) v Wolfgand Kohler kt cu v ch ngha hnh vi (ch trng hnh vi nhn loi c chia thnh tng on phn tch nhm hiu bit thm). Phi ny cho rng phng php hc gia m ch ngha kt cu s dng l nhn v khng th i biu cho tnh cht chn chnh ca kinh nghim thc. Chng ta cn suy tnh n s phc tp ca b phn tuyt i khng i biu mt cch hon ton hon chnh. Hnh vi ch ngha cng b ph bnh nh th. i vi phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh th hnh vi chng qua ch l mt tp hp ca phn x m thi (bundle of reflexes). Gestalt, c ng c l hon chnh (whole), hnh thc (form) hoc hnh mo (configuration). Phi ny nhn mnh rng th gii m chng ta nhn thc l dng s kt cu ca chnh th, nhng khng phi l phng thc ca phin on m chnh l s quan thit, l hon chnh, lin tc v l ngha ca hnh vi chnh th. V d : chng ta nghe m nhc l nghe m lut, m giai (melody) ch khng phi ch nghe tng m ca m tng ging iu (pitch) v cng (intensity). Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh nh hng n s pht trin ca Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh (Humanistic Psychology) sau ny; nhng, so vi hc phi Hnh Vi thi hc k v hc phi Phn Tch Tm L th nh hng ca phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh khng c xem l to ln. Phng php tr liu ca phi Tm l hc hon hnh nu cn c vo nin i 60 th Fritz Perls, i s tm l hc ca phi ny cho rng trn phng din tr liu th nn gip c th nhm vo s lin quan n cc phng din v nhn cch v kinh nghim ca h nhn thc thm hu

tin ti vic gip cho t ng thc hin v t ng ph trch; ngoi iu ny ra, cn nn khuyn khch nhng s nghip cha hon thnh (unfinished business) - gii quyt nhng vn thuc qu kh. Bi v nhng vn ca qu kh c th nh hng n hnh vi hin ti. Nh vy th, c th mt cch su sc hn, ch n c th v th gii chung quanh gim thiu s nng ny, bt an v khn trng nhm t thnh hiu qu r rt trong x hi cnh tranh. Tm li, ch th ca Fritz Perls ch l gip ngi ta dng Tr thc t ng (Self-knowledge) y v c nng lc bo tr t ng v sau cng dn o ngi ta theo hng t n cnh a c lp (Tnh t thnh thc). ---o0o--PHN TCH TM L CA SIGMUND FREUD Bng vo t liu c tch ly nhiu nm gip cho Sigmund Freud qun xt tm trng trong lng ngi mt cch su sc v qun trit. ng khng nhng nghin cu v bnh thi m kho st n c nhng b phn bnh l tm l chnh thi nh tht ngn (l li), di vong (qun mt), vit sai ch, mng m v.v, ng thi ng cng nghin cu v cc lnh vc khc nh ngh thut, vn hc v thn thoi v.v Sau , ng tng hp mi kinh nghim thc t v vit thnh hc thuyt l lun. Trong quyn Tm L Phn Tch i Cng (An Outline of Psychoanalysis) ng thuyt minh rng mt con ngi b bc bch bi ba loi bn nng c bn l : tnh bn nng (sexual instinct), t ng bn nng (ego instinct) v khu lc t ng hy dit (self-destructive urge). Sigmund Freud s dng sc tt a (libido) tc dc lc trong bao gm cc loi khoi cm ca thn th, iu ny c nhn nhn l tng i ging vi s tham dc ca tm l hc Pht gio. Sau ny, Sigmund Freud li tip nhn quan nim t luyn (narcissism) (B phn t ng ca bn nng bo tn t ng). Dc lc c th do t tha mn, p ch hoc dng tc dng nghch thi, ng nhn v.v nhng phng thc phng v gii quyt; khi xung ng b p ch th c lu tr ngay trn tng th ca tim thc; tuy nhin cng c lc b y vo trng thi thc; nhng, i b phn hot ng ca n nm trong tng th su hn do vy m sn sanh tm trng khn trng v bt an. Sigmund Freud cho rng triu chng ca bnh l l mt loi tr hnh tha mn ca s xung ng khng c tip nhn (disguised gratification).

Bn thn ca khu lc t ng bo tn c rt nhiu phng thc biu hin : l truy cu quyn lc, danh vng, a v, lm ngi c chim nghng, t luyn v.v Bn nng ca t vong, trn c bn l phn t ng, sau mi n nhn vt v vt mc tiu khng a thch. Sigmund Freud cng tng cp rng chnh ngay s hot ng nhn th cng l khuynh hng nm nguyn tc truy cu khoi lc nhm trn trnh kh au. Nhng, truy cu t tha mn ca cm quan mt cch tc khc l iu kh c th c m ngc li l s c hi. V th, c th cn phi hc t n vic ko di s tha mn bng cch dp b mt s khoi lc no ng thi tn trng php lut v o c ca x hi, nh th th bin php hin thc trong qu trnh truy cu khoi lc khng th hon ton b ph hoi. Trong tc phm Ngoi Nguyn Tc Khoi Lc (Beyond the Pleasure Principle), Sigmund Freud cho rng : ngoi khu lc tha mn khoi lc mnh lit cn c s ch to ca thin kin tm l khng vui sng (Psychi Preoccupation) nh ngc i, khi d (sadism) v b ngc i, khi d (machosism). C rt nhiu nh tm l hc tha nhn rng nhn loi c mt th tnh c chiu hng cng kch c bn, nhng khng c mt loi khu lc t ng hy dit, c mt s ngi cho rng cng kch chng qua ch l mt loi tnh phn ng phng v m thi. Sigmund Freud li phn tch nhn cch c hp thnh bi ba loi yu t, l : Bn ng (Id), tc l kho tng ca xung ng; T ng (Ego), tc s khng ch xung ng hin thc; Siu ng (Super-ego), tc l biu th cho s cng cu ca lng tm ni ti i vi o c, tn gio v nhn loi. Trn phng din tr liu, phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud ch yu l s khm xt v truy cu ng c tim thc ca bnh nhn, tc l vn xung t v p ch giai on pht trin tm l tnh dc ca thi to k, nu c th c gii phng t s p ch th bnh nhn s lnh bnh. Mc tiu tr liu ca n ch l tim thc ca k c b p ch c chuyn sang thc gii. K thut c s dng bao gm nhng phn tch c lit k sau y : Phn tch v t do lin tng (analysis of free associations) ngi bnh ni ra nhng iu ngh, nguyn vng, cm gic ca thn th, nh tng ca tm l trong lng mt cch ton b v s dng iu thm d tng ni bng lnh gi ca tim thc. Phn tch s khng c (analysis of resistances)

Trong t do lin tng, ngi bnh khng sc v khng mun tho lun v dc vng, kinh nghim v.v, v iu ny c cho l mt loi chng ngi trn tm l (gia tim thc v thc); mc tiu ca s phn tch tm l ch l ph v s khng c, ngi bnh i din vi nhng quan nim, dc vng v kinh nghim v nhng au kh ny. Phn tch v gic mng (analysis of dreams) Phi phn tch tm l cho rng phn tch v gic mng c th thu r ng c tim thc ca ngi bnh. Mng l tim thc xung ng, biu hin tng trng ca xung t v dc vng. Phn tch v s chuyn di tc dng (analysis of transference) Khi ngi bnh tip nhn phn tch tm l tr liu th thng pht trin mt loi phn ng i i vi k phn tch tm l. Ngi phn tch tm l c th b cho rng l mt ngi bnh, l mt nhn vt quan yu ca s xung ng trnh t qu kh, tnh hnh ny c gi l chuyn di tc dng. Chuyn di gm c ba loi : Chnh chuyn di (Positive transference), tc l ngi tr liu c ngi bnh ngh v xem l ngi m h yu thng hoc nhn vt h t duy ngng m; Ph chuyn di (Negative transference), tc ngi tr liu tr thnh l i tng i dch ca ngi bnh; Chnh ph chuyn di, tc bao gm hai loi tnh t chnh v ph. Phng php ny c th hiu bit c kinh nghim v thi ca ngi bnh trong thi k trc . Nhng, phng php ny cn phi ch n tc dng chuyn di phn hng (counter transference), tc ngi tr liu mang tc dng tnh t ca tim thc v ly ngi bnh lm i tng biu hin; nh th th a n tnh trng l chng ngi i vi vic phn tch tm l. ---o0o--TM L HC NHN TNH (THE HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY) Phng thc tr liu Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh thuc v Tn hc phi Sigmund Freud (Neo-Freudian). Tn hc phi Sigmund Freud nu so vi hc phi Sigmund Freud th c s mi m hn : Tng thm phn phn tch v hon cnh x hi ca ngi bnh. Khng nhng ch ch trng n giai on thiu thi ca ngi bnh m cn ch trng n s pht trin tnh tnh thi hu k. Vai tr quan h nhn t hot ng h tng (yu cu ca sinh vt tnh t

hn). ngha ca cng nng t ng v quan nim t ng (i vi xung t bn ng v siu ng t nhn mnh hn). Tm li, phng php tr liu ca Tn Sigmund Freud t nhn mnh n qu trnh tim thc, ng thi ly tnh v cng kch lm nhn t ca quyt nh bnh l; nhng, h vn da vo ng (gp nhau) m tr liu (talking therapy) vch r ng thi nhn cch. Gia Sigmund Freud v Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh c th thy c cch tr liu ca Sigmund Freud ch trng v s bt mn v bt hnh ca nhn tnh, cn Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh ca Carl Rogers v A. Maslow nh c nu trn th nhn mnh n mt nhn tnh tch cc, c nng lc l tnh, t do v t ng hng o. i tng nghin cu ca Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh l ngi chnh thng, s thnh tu c th ca c nhn v ngi thch ng vi hon cnh ni ti khng tt. Carl Rogers, A. Maslow v nhng hc gi ca phi ny u cho rng nhn loi truy cu gi tr, ngha v c th trng thnh l mt n lc i vi khn cnh ca nhn loi (nhng tm l hc tn ti th cho rng x s v hon cnh ca vn lm ngi l s ly, phin chn v thiu ngha). Th h tr liu ca Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh l Tr liu khch hng l trn ht (Client-centered therapy). H cho rng ngi bnh khng cn s dng phng thc ch o bin i thm hoc ci bin hon cnh ca h, ngi bnh c th t gii quyt vn ca mnh. Cho nn Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh l mt loi th h tr liu khng c tnh ch o (a non-directive system of therapy). C th nu so vi mt vn c th th cng trng yu hn, hin ti trng yu hn qu kh, tnh cnh tr liu l tng l tnh t trng thnh. Ni mt cch tm lc, khi nim tr liu ca Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh l : Con ngi t trch nhim v mnh vn ca chnh mnh, mc tiu ca n l lm cho ngi bnh bin i tri gic ca mnh; phng php ny i vi nhng ngi chnh thng c vn iu thch th rt c hiu lc, nhng, i vi nhng ngi bnh c vn tnh t phc tp cn c s nng ta th gp phi mt s vn . ---o0o---

HNH VI TR LIU (BEHAVIOR THERAPY) c khi nguyn t John Watson v tm l hc phi Hnh Vi ca B. F. Skinner say ny. John Watson v hc gi ca phi ny cho rng nu ni mt cch nghim tc th, tm l hc l khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi nhng phn i k thut Ni Tnh Php (Introspection), cng tc l ph nh i vi vic nghin cu trng thi tm l ni ti s dng quan nim hot ng ni ti. Ch ngha hnh vi nhn mnh n k thut khch quan quan st php (Thy c, nghe c, c cm gic) v c bit ch trng n s hc tp tm l hc (Psychology of learning), quan h phn ng kch thch (stimulusresponse relation) v qu trnh tm l tnh ch c (Process pf psychological conditioning) v.v c Pht tip nhn ngha trng yu v s quan h h tng ca con ngi v hon cnh x hi. Ngi tr liu hnh vi cho rng bnh l ch l ngi bnh i vi s kch thch ca hon cnh m hc c phong php i ph vi nhng trng hp khng thch ng gy nn. V th, cng tc tr liu hnh vi l gip ngi bnh dp b i nhng hnh vi hc tp mt cch khng thch ng thay th vo hnh vi hc tp thch ng. K thut c s dng bao gm trong cc tit mc c lit k nh sau : Gim thiu mn cm (descutization) Dy ngi bnh thay th nhng tnh t bt an, hi s mc ch vt hoc s kin bung th bng mt loi phn ng c ch mi vui v thoi mi. Phng php ny c pht minh bi nh tm l hc Nam Phi tn l Joseph Wolpe. Ch tr m (tin kiu) (token economy) Ngi bnh mi ln thc hin thnh tu mt vic c hc tp (nh n cm ng gi) th c cho tin kiu, sau c th i tin kiu bng thc vt hoc s tng thng, t c s th p mt cch thch ng (nh ngh ngi cui tun), nhm khch l. Thn th tr liu (Somatic therapy) S dng nhng phng thc nh thuc men, (drugs), in kch (electric shocks), ng th thut (surgery) v.v

---o0o--TM L HC TN TI (EXISTENTIAL THERAPY) Tm L Hc Tn Ti c bt ngun t ch ngha Tn Ti trit hc (existentialism) t tng ca Soren Kiekegaard, Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers and Jean-Paul Sartre (mt ngy 15 thng 4 nm 1980). Nhm vo s s ly ca x hi hin i, s tan r ca nhng gi tr truyn thng. Tn Ti ch ngha tin rng nu nhn sinh nng cy vo chnh mnh th du cho vo mt x hi dy y ch i na, chng ta cng ch c th la chn t ng. Chnh Jean-Paul Sartre ph bnh v Sigmund Freud, v m ch rng qua c th pht trin mt b phn Phn Tch Hc Tm L Tn Ti (existential psychoanalysis). Karl Jaspers tng vit v tm l bnh l hc v hin tng tm l tr liu (Phenomenological psychiatry), y l cng trnh v cng khch l ca Martin Heidegger. Nhng nh tr liu hin tng tm l hc ni danh nht gm c nh Minowski, Erwin Strauss v Gebsattel. Tm L Hc Tn Ti do Ludwig Binswanger dn u, nhng chu nh hng ca ch ngha Tn Ti vit thnh tc phm tm l hc th ngi ng c cp l Rolls May. Tm L Hc Nhn Tnh ca Carl Gogers, A. Maslow i vi Tm L Hc Tn Ti c rt nhiu im tng t. Cc nh tr liu Tm L Hc Tn Ti cha pht trin c mt h thng cao lm k thut tr liu. nh ca nhng nh Tm L Hc Tn Ti l mun tm hiu v cnh x nguy c ca nhn loi. H khng tip nhn nhng iu nh : khu lc (drive), th h nng lc (energy system), c nng tim thc (unconscious mechnisms) hoc quan h phn ng kch thch (stimulus response relations). H ch quan tm n quyt tm, trch nhim, t lut (autonomy) v tnh ng nht, ng nhn (identity) tm cu mt con ngi chn chnh (authentic person). Mc tiu tr liu ca Tm L Hc Tn Ti ch l cho c nhn chu trch nhim i vi chnh mnh, d khoi lc hay khng th cng phi i din vi th gii, tip nhn khiu chin. Ngi tr liu ch ngay thng by t kin v cm gic bnh nhn bit rng thi khc ny l thi khc cho chnh ngi bnh la chn, cho bnh nhn t bit l mnh ang lm cng vic la chn mt cch t do.

V c mt kin gii tn gio nn y theo tng lun im so snh gia tm l phn tch hc, hc phi hnh vi v nhn tnh tm l tr liu ca tm l hc tn ti (Tm l hc nhn tnh hp li mt ni) nh mu so snh c trnh by nh sau : ---o0o--MC CH CA TM L HC PHT GIO TR LIU PHT GIO TR LIU Phng php tr liu ca Tm L Hc Pht Gio l s thu ht ton b v tng hp tinh hoa hc thuyt ca cc phi, bi l trn c bn, Pht gio chnh l Tr liu th hng (Therapy Oriented). Trn phng din trit hc th Pht gio c th a ra nhng khi th i vi vic nhn loi b m m v nh mt hnh thi thc, v khn hoc trn mt thc. Trn phng din tm l hc, Pht gio c th ch r l v dc vng rng buc nn nng ny, lo lng, au kh v cn ch dy nhng phng php c kh nng gii quyt c nhng khuynh hng cng kch nhn cch. V th Pht gio, trn phng din tr liu bao gm c trit hc v tm l hc, v c th m rng tm mt ca tm l tr liu. Pht gio r rng ch ra c s ti (ngun gc ni chn) ca vn au kh ca nhn loi, vi s chn on ca Pht gio th ci ngun ca au kh l dc cu (craving) v v minh (ignorance), v con ng gii quyt chm dt au kh l Bt Chnh o, v, mc ch chung cc ca s tr liu chnh l Nit Bn (Nirvnna) gii thot. au kh s d hin hu l do dc cu (cn nguyn trn mt tnh t) v v minh (cn nguyn trn bnh din tr thc). Dc cu khi sanh t kht vng, ght hn, cn v minh th li n t vng tng. Cho nn con ng tr liu l : i vi nhng ngi c kh cht dc cu th cung cp cho s Ninh Tnh (Tranquility), thanh tnh; cn i vi ngi khn hoc trn phng din tm tr th cung cp cho s Ni Tnh v ch c nh th mi l con ng gii quyt ti cn bn. S khc nhau r rng nht gia tm l hc Pht gio v hc phi tr liu ty phng ch l mc ch tr liu. Pht gio khng trc tip quan tm n c th hu hn, iu thch bt lng, nhng li quan thit n vn khn cnh ca ton th nhn loi. c Pht dy rng tt bnh c th c chia thnh tt bnh trn thn th v tt bnh trn tm l. Nhn loi chng ta b tt bnh trn thn th trong mi mt st na (thi gian ngn nht), nhng,

tt bnh trn tm l th ngoi tr n Thnh Cnh (Sainthood) v nu khng th th khng th no c th tiu tr c. y c Pht a ra l tng ca hnh phc v khi nim v s bt an : Ngi xut gia c th x b tt c tm cu s ninh tnh hon ton ca ni tm; ngi ti gia c th sng mt i tht hnh phc, rt hi ha (thch ng hon cnh) trn ci i, nhng phi trnh xa s qu bng cch hn ch nhu yu, thng xuyn phn tch t ng v gip ngi khc. So vi tng th cao hn trn thc Pht gio l phng din thin nh thc tin, quan nim ny vn cha c a s cc nh tm l hc ty phng hp th; nhng, i vi thc pht trin tng th cao hn ny li chnh l tinh tm kit tc ca c mt cuc i ca c Pht, tic thay, mt s nh tm l hc Ty phng vn cn cm thy xa l i vi khi nim ny. ---o0o--TH H TR LIU CA PHT GIO V TM L HC TY PHNG Thng thng, Pht gio tr liu l phng php t hp cc hc thuyt ca nhng nh tm l phn tch hc, nhn tnh tm l hc v tn ti tm l hc; nhng, hc phi ch ngha hnh vi th li hi c s khc bit i vi quan nim tr liu ca Pht gio. Pht gio ch trng Ni Tnh Php, cn tr liu hnh vi th ch trng v hnh vi ngoi hin (hin l bn ngoi). Nhng, trit hc Pht gio cng trng ly t thi thc chng, nhn mnh n s quan st v chng thc. Pht gio cng ph bnh v l lun Hnh Nhi Thng (siu hnh hc gii thch tm linh). Pht gio ph nh s hin hu ca l lun thun ty t ng. Quan h ca kch thch phn ng, cn c vo nhng li dy ca c Pht l nhm khi ln mt th on ght hn v vng tng ca nhn loi. c Pht dy rng kch thch phn ng trong tm linh ca nhn loi gc r bm su t nhiu i nhiu kip trong sanh t lun hi. Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh ch trng n tm l hc ca by gi v y (here-and now psychology). Pht gio cng rt ch trng n thi khc tu hnh. Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh v Pht gio u s dng mt cch thin xo v qun tng (visualization) hiu bit v o lng nhu yu v phn ng ni ti ca chng ta. Ni cch khc, ch ng s qun tng th c th pht trin thc ti. vo th k 12 Ty nguyn, i s ca Pht gio Ty Tng l Gampopa s dng s qun tng phn din ty tr vn cm tnh, iu cng c ngha l khi chng ta pht hin tnh cm mnh lit

nht, cn phi tm cch sa li, nh s chp trc khi c khoi lc trong cm quan th hy qun tng n phn din, mt xu ngc li ca n. Phi Tm L Hc Hon Hnh v Pht gio c th thu bit mi bin ng khng ngng ca hin tng th gii l khng th nm bt. Fritz Perls tng bo : Bin thin, khng thc th l thc ti duy nht. Fritz Perls cn khuyn khch ngi ta phi kinh nghim v khai ng (enlightenment). Bi v n c th s dng thn tm, cm tnh, hp l v k thut hnh nhi thng (siu hnh hc) t n mc tiu ny. Nh th l chng ta c th pht hin trong Pht gio mt loi tm l hc cao siu rng ri hn c ph thm phn trit hc, ngh thut m nhc v Du Gi cng nh s hu ca cc phng din vn ha ca nhn loi, nhm a dn n mt l tng cao qu. Mc tiu tr liu cui cng ca tm l hc phi Hon Hnh l hng dn n mt tha mn ln hn trong vn hng th t tc v c nhn, nhng Pht gio th tri nhn nhng s hu ca th gii ngoi ti u l nhng quan h nhn duyn ha hp, sau khi nhn thc c nhng li dy ca c Pht, chng ta c th trnh c nhng au kh do s rng buc bi t t v dc nim; l tng ca Pht gio l B Tt, l ng tn lc gii tr au kh cho tt c chng sanh v lm cho chng sanh c th t n cnh gii cu cnh Nit Bn thanh tnh, y l cnh gii cao nht ca Pht gio. Dc lc (Libido) trong phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud, bn nng t ng v bn nng t vong cng vi ba loi dc cu biu hin m Pht gio ch trng, l dc cu tha mn cm quan, truy cu dc vng t t v dc cu hy dit c s ging nhau. Khi nim ca Pht gio v ng c hu v thc, chnh l hng c sai khin ca tng su xa bi dc cu hng phn ca cm quan. S chp trc i vi vt mc ch d hng cm gic khoi lc v c v cm quan tham cu tim ti; cm gic au kh dn pht kch n tim ti v s uy hip ca v thng i vi sanh mng nn c khuynh hng chp trc kch thch tim phc tn ti. Nhng hng ca tnh tim phc ny nng cao lng tham cu, kch n, kiu ngo, k v cc loi nn tng c bn ca s bt an mt cch vnh vin khng gin on. V th m bo rng tm linh l mt lin tc th ca ng thi k c tng tr thi k th u, (thm ch v s i trc qu kh). c Pht dy rng t ng do nh s gip lu di ca thc tim ti nn to nn c s ca s khn trng v bt an.

Mc ch phn tch tm l ca Sigmund Freud ch l cao l tng hnh phc hu hn v c th t n, cn Pht gio th ra mt con ng chn chnh nhm vo lnh vc tm linh v trn lun l hc, gip cho th nhn tun hnh. Carl Gogers v.v ch trng rng nhn loi phi c trch nhim i vi mnh h ca chnh mnh, la chn tin cho chnh mnh v cn phi c chn la, trch nhim cm, iu ny c s ging nhau vi kin gii ca Pht gio trn phng din tm l hc v lun l hc. Pht gio l mt tn gio ph nh t nhin Mnh nh lun v Thn nh lun. Nhng Pht gio ch trng i vi tr liu khc hnh trn ht c s khc bit. Pht gio ra con ng gii thot cho tm linh bt an v phng thc sinh hot l kim ch nam mt cch ht sc tch cc, nhng ch trng k thut tr liu khch hng trn ht th v mt ni dung khng c r rng lm. Quyt nh v trch nhim cm ca tm l hc Pht gio v tm l hc nhn tnh nhn mnh cng c i ch khc bit : cch nhn ca Pht gio nu so snh th thy r l giu ng lc tnh hn, c cht ca ngun gc su xa ca n ch l c khuynh hng ca qu kh v v lai. Pht gio v tm l hc tn ti i vi phng din tr liu c im tng ng nh : Sanh mng bi kch cm ca tm l hc tn ti v Nhn sanh l au kh ca Pht gio d khng c s mu tnh nhng vn gp nhau. Ngoi bi kch cm cn c s nng ny lo lng c bn. Pht gio ra phng php dng quan nim v ng c th tr liu s nng ny, lo lng, kh au v phin chn. Pht gio cng cho rng con ngi s d nng ny lo lng bt an l bi v bm vu vo s chp trc ni t ng. Tm l hc Tn Ti nh thc nhng con ngi v ang ng say trong x cnh ca chnh tm mnh, nhng Pht gio th ra tinh thn v ng gii quyt vn mt cch rt ro. ---o0o---

CHNG V - NGUYN L TM L HC PHTGIO V BNH L X HI NG TIN S CI QUAN CA TM L TR LIU

Rollo May tho lun n vn khu vc (problem areas) khi bin i mt cch trng i trn phng din Bnh L Hc tm l, ng gic st

n 20 th k ca thi k u tin, s ch trng n vn kh khn ca con ngi ngay trn phng din bn nng, nht l vn phng din tnh chim c ton th tm t ca Sigmund Freud. Otto Rank v Alfred Alder th bin i hng th i vi s chuyn mn nghin cu vn t ti cm, ti cm v vn khng thch ng trn mt tinh thn. Ch ca n tng ca tn phi Sigmund Freud, b Karen Horney, th li t trn s xung t c th v on th. im nng bng ch yu trong i sng hin nay th li t trn vn bt an, c n qunh qu (loneliness) v trng rng hoang vu (emptiness). Rollo May tng bo : Vn ca hin ti khng nm ch x hi cm k v hot ng tnh hoc l ti cm ca bn thn tnh m trn thc t nu i vi rt nhiu ngi ni th tnh l kinh nghim, c gii thc l trng khng v v mc ch. ng ta cn nu r rng loi ni tm trng vng ny khng nn ch gii hn phng chn on ca bc s tm l tr liu m nn su tp thm nhiu t liu x hi hc chng thc mt cch rng ri s tn ti ca hin tng ny. Bnh l x hi ngy nay nh c ra vi kin tng tn hc phi Sigmund Freud l Erik Erikson l nguy c ng nht, ng dng (identity crisis) tc trong 8 giai on (t nh n gi) ca s pht trin nhn cch, c th cn phi t thnh ng nht cm mt cch chnh din (nh t ng xc nhn, thnh tu k vng, tnh ng nht v.v), nu khng nhiu lon vai tr ca c th, th cng sn sanh ra s xa la, cch bit (bnh tinh thn) (alienation). Ci gi l s ly (mi bt ng, s xa lnh) chnh l lc khng th no gii quyt c nguy c ng nht, nn bn sanh ra s khng tn nhim ngi khc, v nng cm v.v do vy li cng cho rng th gii chung quanh l hin tng lnh but nh bng v y chnh l im c sc ca s ly (s xa lnh). Hc thuyt Erik Erikson khng ch l tm l hc m cn c thm x hi hc, quan im v sc thi ca nhn loi hc ---o0o--C TH CA V BIU TNH TRONG THGII BIN THIN Trong x hi hin i v di th ch kinh t, vi phn nhn tnh l mt s kin rt r rng : c gii ha v phn cng lao lc khin cho cng nhn tr thnh n l mt cch my mc, cng tc bin thnh on iu, phin chn v khng c my may ngha no. S hng khi to ln ca cng xng c vn tc di th ch quan liu, cng tc tp qun ca c gii thc lm cho cng nhn cm nghim mt cch su sc v tm bt xng

i vi cng vic ca chnh mnh. Thm vo sau khi b th ha, sinh hot ca th b ri vo tnh trng khn trng, thiu an lc, lu ng di i lun lun khin cho con ngi hnh thnh cm gic v cn v v nng. Thiu mc tiu ni ti ch o sinh mng c th khin cho cch iu sinh mng ca s khng chn tht dm nt tm linh. Thng xuyn c tuyt nhn thc ca chnh mnh, khin s trng thnh ca t ng nhn (selfknowledge) b cn tr. Thiu t ng nhn thc v t ng hng o (selfdirection) l c sc ca con ngi hin i ca chng ta. Tnh th ny, khng nhng ch sng to ra mt loi nhn cch l nt v thng tn, m cn khin cho chng ta v ngi khc trong vn kin lp s quan h m p s bin thnh nh bt (bo bt v hnh bng), v th khin cho con ngi bin thnh mt loi ngi bnh thi ca o hnh (other-oriented). Do s cn cng trng vng ca ni ti v v trn trnh mt ni ti trng hoang nn khin cho con ngi hng theo ngi khc v c tm n nhng ni cn vin tr, nhng, kt qu l c hai bn u trng rng, y chnh l th bnh thi (sick cities) ca tm cnh nhn loi. C th, x hi v khng gian tm l m x hi sng to l mt loi bnh thi x hi, cho nn tm bnh l hc (vn l cha tr nhng ngi c hnh vi c th tht thng) hin ti cn phi m rng c s v ci bin mc tiu tr liu. ---o0o--NGUY C NG NHN DI S PHN TCH TM L HC PHT GIO Pht gio ra hai phng din nhn xt : Gia tng trng kin ngi chn chnh (authentic person), v con ngi x hi hin i thiu t ng nhn thc v t ng hng o. Do vy ch trng lm cho con ngi c c s thm tnh ca Pht gio c th ng hp vi nhu cu ca con ngi hin i, hn na, ch trng ny ca Pht gio c th phi hp ln nhau vi Tm l hc nhn tnh v Tm l hc tn ti. ng dng ca tm l hc Pht gio, tc l dng quan im v ng i ph vi nguy c ng nhn, dng v ng ph tr t ng ln i (self-love), t ng ght hn (self-hatred), t ng trng pht (self-punishment) v t ng chp trc (ego-attachment) v.v ---o0o---

T LUYN (NARCISSISM) Cn c theo Orrine Klapp th sau khi kim nghim c s lin quan n chng trng cng ng ca vn ng nhn ch r : T ng quan tm qu ng vi t luyn l khi nhn ca vn nhn ng. T luyn pht ngun cu chuyn ca mt nhn vt thn thoi Hy Lp l Narcissus m bng hnh ca s tic thng v gieo mnh xung nc. Sigmund Freud li dng cu chuyn ny gii thch v tm l bnh hon i vi s chp trc bnh l bn thn. Ngi t luyn khng nhng i vi thn th mnh cm thy kiu ngo, m cn pht trin c chp a v x hi, ti sn, phong thng, khi nim v thc hnh thi. c Pht tng dy tn gi A Nan (Ananda) rng : Do bi thn th nn dn ln gi tng ng v cm gic, tri gic, hot ng v thc khc, y l do gi tng hu ng m suy din ra. Ngoi ra, t hn (self-hatred) l phn ng c to tc bi tiu trm v u ut i vi t luyn, l mt ph nh ca t luyn. T hn cng c th ni l ng nhn tuyt vng (Identity despair), thng thng xy ra thi k cui cng ca sinh mng. ng nhn tuyt vng c th a n vic t st, rt nhiu ngi cng tri qua mt loi liu lnh tuyt vng mt cch lng l (quiet desperation). ---o0o--C N, C TCH (LONELINESS) David Riesman trong sch Qun chng C n (Lonely Crowd) cp n tnh trng nhn loi b cng bch x giao tnh (compulsive gregrariousness) nh tham gia cu lc b v nhng tnh hnh cung nhit b vo nhng hot ng trong lc h nhn. Chng ta c th pht hin c hin tng qui g ca nhn loi l s trn chy t ng v gia nhp on th c hnh vi hnh lit. Rollo May cho rng loi bnh l ny l hnh vi ngoi o hnh (other-oriented), l hnh vi c to tc bi s hi s i vi s c n ca nhn loi. Cn c theo s phn tch ca Pht gio th c s khu bit gia c tch (being lonely) v n c hoc c c (being alone) khng c nng lc i qua kinh nghim c c v khng thch ngh ngi mt mnh l do e s s n c. Bn thn c tch gm c nhng phng din nh : c lp di s ch c ca vn ha, ni c tch v mt s tn trng ca ngi khc,

trng thi c n di s p buc ca bnh tt v.v Tnh trng trn trnh t ng l hnh thc c tch i vi s so snh thng thng. Pht gio cho rng kinh nghim c c l s tm cu phng thc ni tnh tn gio mt cch su sc, loi kinh nghim ny c s khc bit vi nhu cu c c nn thn cn vi sn thy t nhin. Ngi xut gia n n, ngi ti gia thin nh thc tin v phn tch t ng, hng th mt th diu lc c x l im Pht gio tn thn, bi v sinh hot thin nh c th gip lm phong ph thm i vi s quan h x hi gia ngi v ngi v ng thi cng con ngi cng c c thm kin v pht hin c ngha ca sanh mng cng c th pht huy c tc dng tinh thn th c th xa la c s c liu v phin chn. Pht gio li ra mt loi kin gii khc : Trn x hi, cn kin lp s quan h nhn t thnh thc v s tn knh ln nhau v quan tm n ngi khc. Nhng, quan h ca loi nhn t ny v s chung sng ln nhau v nng ta vo nhau hot ng ca bnh thi ngoi o hnh c s khu bit. ---o0o--CM TNH V PHIN CHN (SENSUALITY AND BOREDOM) S truy cu khoi lc cm quan v s truy lc bi hoi nhn tnh ca tnh sinh hot u c th khin cho nguy c ng nhn thng tin; nhng, pht trin mt loi cch iu sinh hot Pht gio (Buddhist life-style) mi l nhim v chnh yu i vi hin ti. Theo ui s bin thin nhanh chng, khng ngng tm cu s bin ha, v sau th phin chn, o dit, c th tm thy trong sch Hoc y Hoc (Either Or) tc phm ca Soren Kiekegard, Don Juan - ngi anh hng ca sc tnh lng mn trong cu chuyn truyn k ca Ty Ban Nha, l nhn vt i biu cho mt loi hnh khc, ng ta c quy loi l nhn vn thuc sc dc hnh (lustful type). Ngi thanh nin hin i, sau khi ui theo nhng m thanh v hnh sc, k n l pht hin rng s quan h ca nhn loi v ang thiu vng s quan tm chn chnh v i tnh v mc thn thit. Nhng, t trong ng nhn tnh thy c tm l hc nhn tnh v lun l hc ca Pht gio rng l chng a c th c thng yu mt cch chn chnh, lng thin v tn knh vi tm t bi su xa v lng.

Kt qu theo ui ca Don Juan s sanh ra s phin chn, u ut, au kh v tuyt vng; v vy m bo rng l tng ca Don Juan khng th bin thnh trit hc nhn sinh trng k mt cch thng nht (consistent pholosophy of life). Phin chn l mt chng trng su nng nht trong vn ng nhn ngy nay. Phin chn gm c hai loi l do mc tiu c th gy nn (nh h kch, sch v v.v) v khng c mc tiu no c, v l s phin chn c dn pht t chnh mnh. Nu chng ta c th dng ni tnh nm vng ci rng tuch ca v danh (nameless emptiness) nhm tin vo ca ng tr tu th c th khc phc tt c mt cch trit . ---o0o--TIU CC V TCH CC I PH VI TRNG RNG Trng rng, phin chn, c n, c tch v e ma ni ti bin thnh ngh thut v vn hc cho n ngay c trong b phn lnh vc ca trit hc ng kim. Pht gio i vi kinh nghim ca khng v cng thi dng ly hai loi phng php, l ph nh i ph vi trng rng v phin chn. Mt loi khc l tch cc dng Ni Tnh Php liu gii mt cch rt ro rng tnh cht ca thc ti l hon ton khng c bn cht ni ti, khng c kinh nghim ca t ng vnh hng v tm linh i vi khng tnh. Do s ngho nn ca ni ti m con ngi hin i khng c nng lc bin i tnh tiu cc thnh tnh tch cc nhm tin ti qun st mt cch thu sut tnh cht ca thc ti. T ng v khng v l ch trung tm ca gio ngha Pht gio, chuyn gia Pht hc Edward Conze tng bo rng khng tnh theo Phn vn snya cng c ngha l n ln (trng i) (svi or swell), tc l nhn t ngoi biu ca mt vt v a dn n s trng i; nhng, ni b th li l Khng. ng trn thut ng Pht hc ni th Ng Un thuc b phn ngoi biu (biu l bn ngoi) n ln nhng bn trong th hon ton v ng, l Khng. Ch khi no i su vo thc ti mi liu gii c mt cch trn vn nhn sinh l thng kh v quan nim v v ng, v, nh th chng ta mi c th vt qua tm thc phin chn tiu cc v bnh trng vng, KHNG V ca thi i mt cch rt ro.

---o0o--HT