(Vnmath - Com) SKKN Viet So Sanh Nghiem PT Bac 2

TRNG THPT PHM NG LO.
GV: Phm Trnh Cng Chnh

SNG KIN KINH NGHIM 5/2011

www.VNMATH.com

TRNG THPT PHM NG LO. GV: Phm Trnh Cng Chnh


www.VNMATH.com



M U
I. L DO CHN TI
Hin nay trong chng trnh Ton THPT phn ban ca B GD & T khng a
vo ni dung nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai, trong khi mt s bi tp so
snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc trong chng trnh
Ton THPT vn thng c s dng bng phng php ny gy ra kh khn cho
gio vin ging dy v hc sinh gii cc bi tp ny. Trong khi phng php p
dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi
mt hoc hai s thc li t ra hu ch vi cc loi bi ny v cng nng a dng
v n gin trong t duy ca hc sinh.
II. MC CH NGHIN CU
a ra mt s cc dng ton c bn c th s dng phng php p dng
nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt
hoc hai s thc gii quyt, gp phn nng cao nng lc gii ton ca hc
sinh THPT.
III. I TNG NGHIN CU
Hc sinh khi 10,11 &12- THPT PHM NG LO t nm 2007 n 2011.
IV. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
thc hin nghin cu cn thc hin phi hp linh hot cc phng php
nghin cu.
1. Nghin cu l lun
Phn tch chng trnh mn ton SGK 10. Nghin cu v k nng s dng
phng php p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng
trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc trong cc ti liu l lun, sch tham
kho.
2. Thc nghim v rt kinh nghim
Thng qua d gi thm lp, trao i kinh nghim ging dy, vi cc bn ng
nghip, trao i v st hch hc sinh bng cc bi kim tra. T rt ra kinh
nghim ging dy.
V.CU TRC SNG KIN KINH NGHIM
M u
Tim nng v thc tin ca vic rn luyn k nng s dng phng php
p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
vi mt hoc hai s thc cho hc sinh THPT.
nh hng v bin php rn luyn k nng s dng phng php p
dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi
mt hoc hai s thc cho hc sinh THPT.
Ti liu tham kho.

NI DUNG NGHIN CU
I. Tim nng ca phng php p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton
so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc
p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
vi mt hoc hai s thc l phng php s dng mi lin h gia cc nghim
www.VNMATH.com



ca phng trnh bc hai thng qua nh l Vi-t gii cc bi ton so snh nghim
ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc.
Trong khun kh sng kin kinh nghim ca mnh ti xin a ra mt s dng bi
c th gii c bng phng php p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh
nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc
So snh hai nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt s thc .
So snh hai nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi hai s thc v .
So snh cc nghim ca phng trnh bc ba vi s thc .
Tm iu kin ca tham s hm s c cc tr tha mn iu kin
cho trc.
Tm iu kin ca tham s hai th hm s ct nhau ti n im
(n = 2 hoc n = 3) tho mn iu kin cho trc.
1. Bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai f(x) ax
2
+ bx +c = 0 (*)
vi mt s thc
Kin thc c bn:

a>0
b>0

a+b>0
ab>0

a>0
b<0

a<0
b>0
ab < 0
0 0
0 . 0
a a b
b ab
< + <

< >

.

iu kin s nm gia hai nghim ca (*) l:
( ) ( )
1
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1
2
0
0
0 ( ) 0
0
0
x
x
x x x x x x
x
x
>

<
< + + <
<
>

iu kin s nh hn hai nghim ca (*) l:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 2 0
0 ( ) 0 . 0
x x x x x
x x x x x x x

+ > + > >

> + + > >

iu kin s ln hn hai nghim ca (*) l:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
0 2 0
0
( ) 0 . 0
x x x x x
x
x x x x x x

+ < + < <

<
+ + > >

iu kin c ng 1 nghim ca (*) nh hn l:
TH1: a = 0.
www.VNMATH.com



TH2: a 0

x

1
<=x

2

x

1
=x

2
<
x

1
<<x

2

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
2
2
0
0
0 2
( ) 0 . 0
( ) 0
. 0
f
f
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x

=
=

+ <
+ <
= =
+ < + <

+ + > >

+ + <
<

iu kin (*) c nghim nh hn l:
TH1: a = 0.
TH2: a 0

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
2
2
0 2
( ) 0 . 0
( ) 0 . 0
f
f
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x

=
=

+ <
+ <

< =

+ < + <

<

+ + > >

< <

+ + < <

iu kin (*) c nghim ln hn l:
TH1: a = 0.
TH2: a 0

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
2
2
0 2
( ) 0 . 0
( ) 0 . 0
f
f
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x

=
=

+ >
+ >

= <

+ > + >

<

+ + > >

< <

+ + < <

iu kin (*) c ng 1 nghim ln hn l:
www.VNMATH.com



TH1: a = 0.
TH2: a 0

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
( ) 0
( ) 0
2
2
0
0
0 2
( ) 0 . 0
( ) 0
. 0
f
f
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x

=
=

+ >
+ >
= = < =

< = + > + >

< <
+ + > >

+ + <
<

` `` `` `` ` - -- - V d minh ha:
V d 1.1: Cho phng trnh f(x) = (m+1)x
2
- 2(m-1)x + m
2
+ 4m - 5 = 0(*) .
Hy tm m phng trnh (*):
a) C hai nghim tri du ?
b) C hai nghim ln hn 2?
c) C hai nghim nh hn 1?
G:
a) Phn tch: Hai nghim ca phng trnh tri du (c ngha l c mtnghim m
v mt nghim dng ) x
1
.x
2
< 0; m x
1
.x
2
=
c
a
nn yu cu bi ton tr thnh :
tm m :
c
a
< 0.
Trnh by: Phng trnh c hai nghim tri du
c
a
< 0
m
2
+4m-5
m+1
< 0

m<-5
-1<m<1
.
b) Phn tch: Hai nghim ca phng trnh ln hn 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 0
2 0 4
2 0 2( ) 4 0
2 . 2 0
x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ >
> + >

> + + >
>

Trnh by: Phng trnh (*) c hai nghim

1 0 1 2 1
(1)
' 0 ( 1)( 2)( 3) 0 3
m m m
m m m m
+

+ +

Khi , theo nh l Vi-t (*) c hai nghim x
1
, x
2
tha mn:
1 2
2
1 2
2( 1)
1
(2)
4 5
1
m
x x
m
m m
x x
m

+ =
+

Mt khc, theo bi ra th hai nghim ca phng trnh ln hn 2
www.VNMATH.com



( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 0
2 0 4
2 0 2( ) 4 0
2 . 2 0
x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ >
> + >

> + + >
>

(3)
Thay (2) vo (3) ta c:
( )
2
3 2( 1)
0 4
1 1
3 1(4)
( 1) 3 4 5 2( 1)
2. 4 0 0
1 1 1
m m
m m
m
m m m m m
m m m

> >

+ +
< <

+ + +

+ > >

+ + +

Kt hp, (1) v (4) ta c: -2 m < -1.
Vy vi -2 m < -1 th phng trnh (*) c hai nghim ln hn 2.
c) Phn tch: Hai nghim ca phng trnh nh hn 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 0
1 0 2
1 0 ( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ <
< + <

< + + >
>

Trnh by: Phng trnh (*) c hai nghim

1 0 1 2 1
(1)
' 0 ( 1)( 2)( 3) 0 3
m m m
m m m m
+

+ +

Khi , theo nh l Vi-t (*) c hai nghim x
1
, x
2
tha mn:
1 2
2
1 2
2( 1)
1
(2)
4 5
1
m
x x
m
m m
x x
m

+ =
+

Mt khc, theo bi ra th hai nghim ca phng trnh ln hn 2

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 0
1 0 2
1 0 ( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ <
< + <

< + + >
>

(3)
2 2
2( 1) 2
2 0
3 17 1 1
1 (4)
2 4 5 2( 1) 3 2
1 0 0
1 1 1
m
m m
m
m m m m m
m m m

< >

+ + +
< <

+ +

+ > >

+ + +

Kt hp, (1) v (4) ta c:
3 17
1
2
m
+
< <
.
Vy vi
3 17
1
2
m
+
< <
th phng trnh (*) c hai nghim nh hn 1.
V d 1.2: Cho phng trnh f(x) = (m+2)x
2
- 2mx -1 = 0(1) . Hy tm m phng
trnh (1) c nghim nh hn 1?
www.VNMATH.com



G: Phn tch: Phng trnh bc 2 c nghim nh hn 1 ngha l c th xy ra 3
trng hp
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
1
1
x x
x x
x x
< =
<
< <
.
Trnh by:
TH1: m + 2 = 0 m = -2, phng trnh tr thnh 4x - 1= 0 x =
1
4
tha mn
bi ra.
TH2: m -2, c = m
2
+m + 2 > 0, m R nn (1) lun c 2 nghim phn bit
x

1
, x

2
. Theo nh l vi - t ta c:
1 2
1 2
2
2
(2)
1
2
m
x x
m
x x
m
+ =
+
.

Mt khc, theo bi ra th phng trnh (1) c nghim nh hn 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
(1) 0
(1) 0
2
2
1
1 1 0
2
1 (3)
1( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
1
( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
f
f
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
=

+ <
+ <
< =

+ <
+ <

<

+ + >
>

< <

+ + <
<


1 0
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 2 1
1 0
2 2
1
1 2
2
1 0
2 2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m
m m
m
m
m
m m
=
<
=

+

>
<

>
< <
+ >
+ +
>

<
+ <
+ +

Vy vi mi gi tr ca m th phng trnh (1) u c nghim nh hn 1.

www.VNMATH.com



V d 1.3: Cho phng trnh f(x) = mx
2
- (2m+1)x + 2 = 0(1) . Hy tm m
phng trnh (1) c ng mt nghim ln hn 1?
G:
a) Phn tch: Phng trnh bc 2 c ng 1 nghim ln hn 1 ngha l c th xy
ra 3 trng hp
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
1
1
x x
x x
x x
= <
< =
< <
.
Trnh by:
TH1: m = 0 m = 0, phng trnh tr thnh -x +2= 0 x = 2 tha mn bi ra.
TH2: m 0, c = (2m-1)
2
0, m R nn (1) lun c 2 nghim x

1
, x

2
. Theo
nh l vi - t ta c:
1 2
1 2
2 1
(2)
2
m
x x
m
x x
m
+
+ =
.

Mt khc, theo bi ra th phng trnh (1) c ng 1 nghim ln hn 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
(1) 0
( ) 0
2
2
0 1 0
1 1 1 0 2
1 ( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
f
f
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x

+ >
+ >
= = < =

< = + > + >
< < + + >

>

+ + <
<


1 0
2 1
2
1
2 1 0 1
2
2 1 1
2 0
2
1
2 2 1 0
1 0
1
2 2 1
1 0
m
m
m
m m
m
m
m m
m
m
m m
m m
m
m
m m
=
>

= =
=
+
> = <

+ <
+ >

>

+
+ <

www.VNMATH.com



Vy vi m (-;0) [1;+ ) {
1
2
} th phng trnh (1) c ng 1 nghim
ln hn 1.
2. Bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai f(x) ax
2
+ bx +c = 0 (*)
vi hai s thc &
Kin thc c bn:
iu kin (*) c hai nghim thuc khong ( ;)
l:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
0
2
. 0
( ) 0
2 0
( ) 0
. 0
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x

+ >
+ >

>
< + + >

< <

< + < + <

+ + >
>

iu kin (*) c hai nghim tha mn:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
. 0
. 0
( ) 0
( ) 0
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x

<
< <

< < <

< <
<

+ + <
+ + <

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
0
. 0
. 0
2
( ) 0
( ) 0
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ >
< <
< < < >

< <

<
+ >
+ + >
+ + <

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
1 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
0
. 0
. 0
2
( ) 0
( ) 0
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x

+ <
< <
< < < >

< <

<
+ <
+ + >
+ + <

www.VNMATH.com



iu kin (*) c ng 1 nghim thuc ( ;) :

1 2
1 2
1 2
x x
x x
x x

< <
< <
< = <

iu kin (*) c 2 nghim phn bit khng thuc ( ;) :

1 2
1 2
1 2
x x
x x
x x

< < <
< < <
< < <

` `` `` `` ` - -- - V d minh ha:
V d 2.1: Cho phng trnh f(x) = x
2
- 2mx + 4m - 3 = 0(*) . Hy tm m
phng trnh (*) c hai nghim phn bit thuc (0;2 )?
G:
Phn tch: Hai nghim ca phng trnh thuc (0;2 )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
0
0
. 0
0 0
0 2
2 2 0
2 4
2( ) 4 0
2 . 2 0
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
+ >
+ >

>
< < >

< < <

+ <
< < + <

+ + >
>

Trnh by: Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit > 0
m>3
m<1
(1). Khi
, theo nh l Vi-t ta c:
1 2
1 2
2
(2)
4 3
x x m
x x m
+ =
. Theo bi ra th hai nghim ca

phng trnh thuc (0;2 ) khi v ch khi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
0
0
. 0
0 0
0 2 (3)
2 2 0
2 4
2( ) 4 0
2 . 2 0
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
+ >
+ >

>
< < >

< < <

+ <
< < + <

+ + >
>

Th (2) vo (3) ta c:
2 0
4 3 0
3
2(4)
2 4 4
4 3 2.2 4 0
m
m
m
m
m m
>
>
< <
<
+ >

Kt hp (1) v (4) ta c: < m < 1.
Vy vi < m < 1 th phng trnh c 2 nghim thuc (0; 2).
www.VNMATH.com



V d 2.2: Cho phng trnh f(x) = mx
2
- 4(m+1)x + 3m + 13 = 0(*) . Hy tm
m phng trnh (*) c ng mt nghim thuc (0;3) ?
G:
Phn tch: ng mt nghim ca phng trnh thuc (0;2 )

1 2
1 2
1 2
0 3
0 3
0 3
x x
x x
x x
< <
< <
< = <

Trnh by:
TH1: m = 0 th phng trnh (*) c nghim x =
13
4
(0;3) nn m = 0 khng tha
mn.
TH2: m 0. Phng trnh c nghim 0
4
(1)
1
m
m

. Khi , theo nh
l Vi-t ta c:
1 2
1 2
4 4
(2)
3 13
m
x x
m
m
x x
m
+
+ =
. Theo bi ra th phng trnh c ng 1 nghim

thuc (0;2 ) khi v ch khi
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
0
6
3 ( ) 9 0
0 3 0
0 3 0
0 3 3 ( ) 9 0
0
0 6
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x

+ <
+ + >
< < + >

< < >

< = < + +

< + <
(3)
www.VNMATH.com



Th (2) vo (3) ta c:
3 13
0
4 4
6
3 13 4 4
3. 9 0
4 4
0
13
3 13
0 (4)
3
4
3 13 4 4
3. 9 0
0
4 4
0 6
m
m
m
m
m m
m m
m
m
m m
m
m
m m
m m
m
m
+
<
+ +
+ >
>
< +

>
+ +
+
+
< <

Kt hp (1) v (4) ta c:
13
3
4
m
m
<
. Vy vi
13
3
4
m
m
<
th phng trnh c ng
1 nghim thuc (0; 3).

3. Bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc ba
f(x) (x-x
0
)(ax
2
+ b

1
x +c

1
) = 0 (*) vi s thc ( t g(x)= ax
2
+ b

1
x +c

1
, a 0)
Kin thc c bn:
Lc Hoc-ne cho a thc bc 3:
a b c d
x
0
a a
0
x+b = b
1
(a
0
x+b)x
0
+ c = c
1
((a
0
x+b)x
0
+ c)x
0
+ d = d
1

Nu d
1
= 0 th x
0
l mt nghim ca f(x).
Phng trnh ax
3
+ bx
2
+cx + d = 0 c nghim hu t x
0
=
p
q
th p (d) v
q (a).
Nu a + b + c + d = 0 c nghim x
0
= 1.
Nu a - b + c - d = 0 c nghim x
0
= -1.

` `` `` `` ` - -- - V d minh ha:
3
- 3x
2
+ 2(m-1)x - 2m + 4 = 0(*) . Hy tm
m phng trnh (*) c 3 nghim tha mn: x

1
< -1 < x

2
< x

3
?
www.VNMATH.com



G: Phn tch: Vic u tin m ta cn lm l a (*) v dng phng trnh tch
bng cch p dng mt trong s cc kin thc c bn trn. D thy, (*) c mt
nghim l x =1 > -1 v (*) (x-1)[x
2
-2x + 2m - 4] = 0 . Nh vy, yu cu bi
ton tr thnh tm m phng trnh : x
2
-2x + 2m - 4 = 0 c 2 nghim nm 2 pha
ca -1.
Trnh by: Ta c: (*) (x-1)[x
2
-2x + 2m - 4] = 0
x=1
x
2
-2x+2m-4=0(1)

Do , yu cu bi ton tr thnh tm m phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn
bit: x
1
< -1 <x
2
( )( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
' 1 ' 1 0 ' ' ( ' ') 1 0(2) x x x x x x + + < + + + <
.
Mt khc, (1) c 2 nghim phn bit > 0 5 - 2m > 0 m <
5
2
(3). Khi
, theo nh l Vi - t ta c:
1 2
1 2
' ' 2
(4)
' ' 2 4
x x
x x m
+ =
. Th (4) vo (2) ta c: m <

1
2

(tha mn (3)). Vy m <
1
2
.
3
- 3(m+1)x
2
+ 2(m
2
+ 4m +1)x - 4m(m+1)
= 0(*) . Hy tm m phng trnh (*) c 3 nghim phn bit ln hn 1 ?
G: Phn tch: Vic u tin m ta cn lm l a (*) v dng phng trnh tch.
Nu nhm nghim bng cch p dng mt trong s cc kin thc c bn trn th s
rt mt thi gian v phi xt du nhiu trng hp dn n tnh ton sai lch ng
tic. Tc gi xin a ra mt mo nh gim bt sc lao ng trong vic ny:
Nu x
0
l nghim ca phng trnh (*) th khi thay n vo (*) th m s b trit tiu.
Do m
2
( n thc c s m cao nht ca m) cng s b trit tiu, m ta thy c 2
s hng cha m
2
l 2m
2
x v -4m
2
trong (*) v th m
2
b trit tiu th c th 2m
2
x
-4m
2
= 0, th l ta s c x
0
= 2 l i tng kh nghi; thay x = 2 vo (*) tha
mn. T , ta c: (*) (x-2)[x
2
- (1+3m)x + 2m(m + 1)] = 0. D thy, lc ny
yu cu bi ton tr thnh m = ? phng trnh x
2
- (1+3m)x + 2m(m + 1)]= 0
c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2 v ln hn 1.
Trnh by: Ta c: (*) (x-2)[x
2
- (1+3m)x + 2m(m + 1)] = 0

2
2 1
x - (1+3m)x + 2m(m + 1)=0(1)
x = >

Do , yu cu bi ton lc ny tr thnh tm m phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim
phn bit khc 2 v ln hn 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
0
( 1) 0
2 - (1+3m).2 + 2m(m + 1) 0
1
(2)
1 1 0
2
( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
m
m
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
>
>

+ >
+ >

+ + >
>

www.VNMATH.com



p dng nh l Vi-t ta c:
1 2
1 2
1 3
(3)
2 ( 1)
x x m
x x m m
+ = +
= +
. Th (3) vo (2) ta c:
2
( 1) 0
1 1
1
2 1 3 2
2 ( 1) (1 3 ) 1 0
m
m
m
m
m m m
>
>
+ >
+ + + >
. Vy
1
1
2
m >
.

4. Bi ton tm iu kin ca tham s hm s c cc tr tha mn iu kin
cho trc
Kin thc c bn:
- nh ngha1: Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn K v x
1
, x
2
K.
+ Ta gi x
1
l im cc i ca hm s y = f(x) nu tho mn:
+) x
1
l nghim ca pt: y = 0 hoc y khng xc nh ti x
1
.
+) y i du t (+) sang (-) khi x i qua x
1
. K hiu : x
1
= x
C
, f(x
1
) = y
C

+ Ta gi x
2
l im cc tiu ca hm s y = f(x) nu tho mn:
+) x
2
2
.
+) y i du t (-) sang (+) khi x i qua x
2
. K hiu : x
2
= x
CT
, f(x
2
) = y
CT
Ta gi chung cc im C, CT ca hm s l cc im cc tr ca hm s.
- nh ngha2: Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn K v x
1
K.
+ Ta gi x
1
l im cc i ca hm s y = f(x) nu tho mn:
+) x
1
1
.
+) y(x
1
) < 0. K hiu : x
C
, f(x
1
) = y
C

+ Ta gi x
2
l im cc tiu ca hm s y = f(x) nu tho mn:
+) x
2
2
.
+) y(x
2
) > 0. K hiu : x
CT
, f(x
2
) = y
CT
Ta gi chung cc im C, CT ca hm s l cc im cc tr ca hm s.
+ Hm s bc 3 c C, CT c cc tr Phng trnh y = 0 c 2 nghim phn
bit.
+ Hm s bc 4 trng phng c C, CT Phng trnh y = 0 c 3 nghim
phn bit.
+ Hm s bc 4 c 1C v khng c CT (Phng trnh y = 0 c 1 nghim v
h s a < 0) hoc (Phng trnh y = 0 c 1nghim kp v h s a < 0).
+ Hm s bc 4 c 1CT v khng c C (Phng trnh y = 0 c 1 nghim v
h s a > 0) hoc (Phng trnh y = 0 c 1nghim kp v h s a >0).
` `` `` `` ` - -- - V d minh ha:
V d 4.1: Tm m hm s y =
3 2 2
1
( 2) (5 4) 1
3
x m x m x m + + + + + t C, CT
ti cc im x
1
, x
2
tho mn : x
1
< -1 < x
2
?
G: Phn tch: Nhm tnh o hm ta thy y l tam thc bc 2. Do , yu cu
bi ton chuyn v dng 1 ca bi ton1.
Trnh by: Ta c:
+ TX: R.
www.VNMATH.com



+ y = x
2
+ 2(m-2)x + 5m + 4 xc nh trn R.
Hm s c C, CT Phng trnh y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
x
2
+ 2(m-2)x + 5m + 4 = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit > 0
m>9
m<0
(1). Khi
, hm s c cc tiu v cc i ti x
1
, x
2
v theo nh l Vi-t c:

1 2
1 2
2 4
(2)
5 4
x x m
x x m
+ = +
= +
.
Mt khc, theo bi ra th x
1
< -1 < x
2

1 2 1 2 1 2
( 1)( 1) 0 ( ) 1 0(3) x x x x x x + + < + + + < .
Th (2) vo (3) ta c : 5 4 2 4 1 0 3 m m m + + + < < (tha mn (1)).
Vy vi m < -3 th hm s y =
3 2 2
1
( 2) (5 4) 1
3
x m x m x m + + + + + t C, CT ti
cc im x
1
, x
2
tho mn : x
1
< -1 < x
2
.
V d 4.2: Tm m hm s y =
3 2
1
1
3
m x x mx + t C, CT ti cc im
x
1
, x
2

tho mn :
1 2
8 x x ?
G: Phn tch: Ta thy y l tam thc bc 2 v
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 64 0 8 64 x x x x x x x x +
Trnh by: Ta c:
+ TX: R.
+ y = x
2
- 2mx + m xc nh trn R.
Hm s c C, CT Phng trnh y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
x
2
- 2mx + m = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit > 0
m>1
m<0
(1). Khi , hm
s c cc tiu v cc i ti x
1
, x
2
v theo nh l Vi-t c:

1 2
1 2
2
(2)
x x m
x x m
+ =
.
Mt khc, theo bi ra th ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 64 0(3) 8 64 x x x x x x x x +
Th (2) vo (3) ta c : ( )
2
1 65
2
2 4 64 0
1 65
2
m
m m
m
(tha mn (1)).
Vy vi
1 65
2
1 65
2
m
m
tha mn bi ton.
5. Bi ton tm iu kin ca tham s hai th hm s ct nhau ti n im
(n = 2 hoc n = 3) tha mn iu kin cho trc
Kin thc c bn:
Trong mp(Oxy) xet s tng giao cua o th hai ham so:
1
2
(C ) : y f(x)
(C ) : y g(x)
=

www.VNMATH.com



(C
1
) va (C
2
) khong co iem chung (C
1
) va (C
2
) cat nhau (C
1
) va (C
2
) tiep xuc nhau

Phng phap chung:
* Thiet lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua o th hai ham so a cho:
f(x) = g(x) (1)
* Khao sat nghiem so cua phng trnh (1) . So nghiem cua phng trnh (1)
chnh la so giao iem cua hai o th (C
1
) va (C
2
).
Ghi nh: So nghiem cua pt (1) = so giao iem cua hai o th (C
1
) va (C
2
).
Chu y 1 : * (1) vo nghiem (C
1
) va (C
2
) khong co iem iem chung
* (1) co n nghiem (C
1
) va (C
2
) co n iem chung
Chu y 2 : * Nghiem x
0
cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o iem chung cua
(C
1
) va (C
2
).
Khi o tung o iem chung la y
0
= f(x
0
) hoac y
0
= g(x
0
).

` `` `` `` ` - -- - V d minh ha:
V d 5.1: Tm m (C
m
): y = x
3
+ 2(1- 2m )x
2
+ (5 - 7m)x + 2(m + 5) ct
Ox tai 3 im phn bit c honh tha mn: x
1
< x
2
< x
3
< 1?
G: Phn tch: Trc Ox chnh l ng thng y = 0. Phng trnh honh giao
im l phng trnh bc 3 v x l th cch thng dng nht l nhm nghim v
a v bi ton ca phng trnh bc hai. Bi ny nn dng mo trit tiu m
nhm nghim.
Trnh by: Ta c phng trnh honh giao im ca (C
m
) v Ox l:
x
y y y
x x
O O O
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
1
x
2
x
1
M
2
M 2
y
1
y 0
M
) (
2
C
) (
1
C
x
y
0
y
0
x
O
www.VNMATH.com



x
3
+ 2(1- 2m )x
2
+ (5 - 7m)x + 2(m + 5) = 0
(x+2)[x
2
- 4mx + 5 +m] = 0
x+2=0
x
2
-4mx+5+m=0(1)

(C
m
) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit (1) c 2 nghim phn bit khc -2

>0
(-2)
2
-4m(-2)+5+m 0

m>
5
4

m<-1
(2). Khi , theo nh l Vi-t c:

1 2
1 2
4
(3)
5
x x m
x x m
+ =
= +
(vi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca (1)). Lc ny, yu cu bi ton tr thnh
tm m hai nghim ca (1) nh hn 1

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 0
1 0 2
(4)
1 0 ( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ <
< + <

< + + >
>

Th (3) vo (4) ta c :
4 2
1
(5)
5 4 1 0 2
m
m
m m
<
<
+ + >
Kt hp (5) & (2) ta

c m < -1.
Vy vi m < -1 th (C
m
): y = x
3
+ 2(1- 2m )x
2
+ (5 - 7m)x + 2(m + 5) ct Ox tai
3 im phn bit c honh tha mn: x
1
< x
2
< x
3
< 1 .
V d 5.2: Tm m (C
m
): y = mx
3
- x
2
+ 2x - 8m ct Ox tai 3 im phn bit:
1 < x
1
< x
2
< x
3
?
G: Phn tch: Trc Ox chnh l ng thng y = 0. Phng trnh honh giao
im l phng trnh bc 3 v x l th cch thng dng nht l nhm nghim v
a v bi ton ca phng trnh bc hai. Bi ny nn dng mo trit tiu m
nhm nghim.
Trnh by: Ta c phng trnh honh giao im ca (C
m
) v Ox l:
mx
3
- x
2
+ 2x - 8m = 0
(x-2)[mx
2
+ (2m-1)x + 4m] = 0
x=2>1
mx
2
+(2m-1)x+4m=0(1)

(C
m
) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit (1) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2

2
0
1 1
' 0
2 6
0
.2 (2 1).2 4 0
m
m
m
m m m

< <

>

+ +
(2). Khi , theo nh l Vi-t

c:

1 2
1 2
1 2
(3)
4
m
x x
m
x x
+ =
(vi x
1
, x
2
l nghim ca (1)). Lc ny, yu cu bi ton tr
thnh tm m hai nghim ca (1) ln hn 1
www.VNMATH.com



( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1 0
1 0 2
(4)
1 0 ( ) 1 0
1 . 1 0
x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
+ >
> + >

> + + >
>

Th (3) vo (4) ta c :
1 2
2
1 1
(5)
1 2 7 4
4 1 0
m
m
m
m
m
>
< <
+ >
Kt hp (5) & (2) ta

c
1 1
7 6
m < <
.
Vy vi
1 1
7 6
m < <
th (C
m
): y = mx
3
- x
2
+ 2x - 8m ct Ox tai 3 im phn bit:
1 < x
1
< x
2
< x
3
.
II. Thc tin ca vic rn luyn cho hc sinh THPT k nng p dng
nh l Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai vi
mt s thc
1. Nhng thun li ca vic rn luyn cho hc sinh THPT k
nng p dng nh l Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca
tam thc bc hai vi mt s thc
Th nht, trong mn i s lp 9 THCS hc sinh c trang b nhng kin
thc c bn nht v phng trnh bc hai v c mt nh l nu ln mi lin h
gia cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi h s ca n. nh l ny gip ch
kh nhiu cho hc sinh THCS gii cc bi ton: Tm tng v tch ca cc nghim
ca phng trnh bc hai khi c nghim; bit mt nghim suy ra nghim cn li;
nhm nghim ca phng trnh bc hai khi c nghim; . C th ni sau khi hc
xong THCS hc sinh THPT qu quen thuc vi nh l Vi-t p dng cho
phng trnh bc hai.

Th hai, Cng t vic quen thuc vi nh l Vi-t nn vic p dng n vo bi
ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi s thc ch l thao tc t duy
Quy l v quen vi kh khng nhiu v hc sinh khng vt v trong t duy.

Th ba, p dng nh l Vi-t vo bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc
2,phng trnh bc 3 nhm c nghim v nhiu bi ton khc n gin v d
dng hn so vi vic p dng nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai hin nay
khng c trong ni dung ca chng trnh Ton THPT.
2. Thc tin v nhng ghi nhn khi nghin cu p dng nh l Vi-t
gii bi ton so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai vi mt s thc
cho hc sinh trng THPT Phm Ng Lo
Thc tin nghin cu:
www.VNMATH.com



Sau hai nm ging dy ti trng THPT Phm Ng Lo (c 3 khi 10, 11
v 12) ti nhn thy: s lng hc sinh c kh nng s gii c bi ton so
snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt s thc cn rt t (c lp 10,
11 ban c bn khng c hc sinh mt no lm c bi ton ny). Mt s hc
sinh lm c bi tp bng nh l o v du ca tam thc bc hai nhng cha
hiu r c im v c s ca nh l ny l g? Cc em ny lm bi tp theo
kiu nh dng bi quen thuc nn khi gp bi ton c ni dung khng gn gi
vi cc dng bi th cc em hon ton b tc trong vic Quy l v quen v
khi p dng nh l ny phi nh nhiu l thuyt v xt nhiu trng hp. Kh
nng c bi v hnh thnh t duy thut gii cha p dng thnh tho
nh l ny. C bit, mt s hc sinh lp 12 ch lm c mt vi dng bi ny
bng phng php hm s (cn c vo bng bin thin hoc th) nhng tnh
c ng v kh nng sn sng ca cc em cha cao v V kh cha
mnh.
Trao i vi mt s ng nghip trc tip ging dy khi lp 10, ti c
bit h nh hng cho hc sinh gii cc bi ton so snh nghim ca phng
trnh bc 2 vi mt s thc bng cch a ra phng php t n ph. Chng
hn, bi ton: Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x

1
< < x

2
ta t t=x- rri
a v bi ton tm iu kin ca m phng trnh n t c 2 nghim tri du.
Cch lm ny kh di v s vng mc khi ta gii cc bi ton so snh nghim
ca phng trnh bc 2 vi hai s thc v phi t n ph ti 2 ln dn n di
dng trong trnh by bi lm ca hc sinh, lch lc kt qu khi thc hin li
gii.
Hng gii quyt vn
a phng php ny vo ging dy trong ch t chn nng cao vi cc
lp 10 ban c bn v ch t chn bm st vi cc lp 10 ban KHTN.
Thng xuyn cho hc sinh lp 11 v 12 rn luyn k nng ny trong cc bi
ton quy v phng trnh bc hai v lin quan n kho st hm s.
III. nh hng v bin php rn luyn k nng p dng nh l
Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai vi mt s
thc cho hc sinh trng THPT Phm Ng Lo
1. Xy dng quy trnh gii mt bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh
bc 2 vi mt hoc hai s thc bng cch p dng nh l Vi-t
hc sinh c c mt k nng thnh thc khi s dng phng php ny
gii bi tp th vic dy hc sinh c v nghin cu bi (gi thit) t
hnh thnh t duy thut gii n gn kt qu (yu cu bi ton ) l ht sc quan
trng . Sau y l quy trnh chung cho cc dng bi ph bin :
+ Bc 1 : Tm iu kin ca tham s phng trnh c s nghim cn
thit.
V d : gii bi ton : Cho phng trnh f(x) = x
2
-2mx + m -3 = 0(*)
Hy tm m phng trnh (*) c hai nghim phn bit thuc (0;2 )? th
trc tin hc sinh cn tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit:
Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit > 0
m>3
m<1

+ Bc 2 : p dng nh l Vi-t nu mi lin h gia cc nghim ca
www.VNMATH.com



phng trnh bc hai.
+ Bc 3 : (Quy l v quen)Bin i yu cu bi ton v v tr ca cc
nghim so vi cc s thc v cc biu thc, phng trnh, bt phng
trnh, h bt phng trnh cha tng v tch cc nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai.
V d : ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 64 0 8 64 x x x x x x x x +
+ Bc 4 : Kt hp nh l Vi-t v yu cu bi ton a ra iu kin
ca tham s.
+ Bc 5 : Kt lun.
Lu : Tu thuc tng bi ton m gio vin a ra quy trnh c th, khng
nht thit phi lm theo c 5 bc trn trong nhng trng hp khng cn thit.

2. Bi dng nng lc nhn dng bi ton c th s dng phng php
p dng nh l Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc cho hc sinh THPT
Theo kinh nghim ca bn thn tc gi th cn thit phi lm cho hc
sinh t duy theo chiu hng rng m v trnh t duy theo kiu li mn.
Hc sinh c cung cp nh l v cc dng bi tp cng nh phng php
gii cc dng bi tp nhng khng cho php hc sinh dng li m
phi thng xuyn t duy, lin tng cng c kin thc c ng thi vn
dng nhng kin thc ny gii cc dng bi tp mi (theo gio s Vn
Nh Cng gi l: D bt bin ng vn bin, c th hiu l: l thuyt bao
gm nh ngha, nh l, ...l khng i nhng s dng n gii cc dng
bi mi l ci lun bin i). Chng hn, gp bi tp v phng trnh bc 3
nhm c nghim (hay bi tp v cc tr tha mn iu kin cho trc,
tng giao ca hai th hm s,...) v cn so snh nghim ca n vi mt
hoc hai s thc th cn ngh ngay n phng php ny.

KT LUN
Sng kin kinh nghim gp phn lm sng t s cn thit phi rn luyn cho
hc sinh THPT k nng s dng phng php p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton
so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc .
Sng kin cng ch ra tim nng, thc tin v nhng nh hng cho vic rn
luyn k nng s dng phng php p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh
nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc gii Ton i
vi hc sinh THPT, l:
+ Xy dng quy trnh gii mt bi ton bng phng php p dng nh
Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt
hoc hai s thc
+ Bi dng nng lc nhn dng bi ton c th s dng phng php p
dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
vi mt hoc hai s thc cho hc sinh THPT, c bit l khi lp 10.
www.VNMATH.com



Mc d iu kin cn kh khn v phm vi nghin cu mi ch dng li vic
nghin cu thc nghim mt nh trng THPT nhng sng kin a ra nhng
lun im xc thc, ng tin cy v c tnh ng dng cao.
E Kt qu thc nghim phng php p dng nh Vi - t gii bi ton so snh
nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc

Lp Kha
hc
Ch bit s dng phng
php
S dng thnh tho phng
php
10A3 07- 08 51,3% 12,5%
10A4 07- 08 20,1% 8,5%
11A1 08-09 62,5% 25,4%
11A1 10-11 64% 33,7%

W xut: Nn a vic p dng phng php to trong khng gian vo ch
t chn bm st vi ban KHTN v ch t chn nng cao vi ban c bn gio
vin c thi lng truyn t phng php ny cho hc sinh.
Cui cng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip, cc em hc sinh lp
10A3 & 10A4 nm hc 2007 - 2008, lp 11A1 nm hc 2008 - 2009 v 2009 -2010
Trng THPT PHM NG LO gip ti hon thnh sng kin!
Do kinh nghim ging dy cn cha nhiu nn sng kin kinh nghim ca ti
khng trnh khi c nhng thiu st. Ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng
gp, trao i v chia s ca cc thy, c, cc bn ng nghip sng kin ca ti
ngy cng hon thin hn v tr thnh mt ti liu tham kho b ch cho cc bn
trong ging dy ! Mi kin ng gp chia s xin gi v a ch:
Phm Trnh Cng Chnh - THPT Phm Ng Lo - n Thi - Hng Yn.
ST: 0989296252 hoc email: jackychinh@gmail.com

www.VNMATH.com



TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. L Hng c, o Thin Khi, L Bch Ngc, L Hu Tr - Phng php
gii ton tam thc bc hai - NXB HSP 2009.
[2]. Trn Phng - Tuyn tp cc chuyn luyn thi i hc mn Ton NXB
H Ni- 2008.
[3]. Th vin bi ging in t : www.baigiang.bachkim.vn
[4]. Website: www.vnmath.com
[5]. Website: www.mathvn.com
[6]. Din n: diendan.hocmai.vn
[7].website: thay-do.net
[8].Th vin: tailieu.vn

www.VNMATH.com



MC LC

Ni dung Trang

A. Phn m u
I. L do chn ti
II.Mc ch nghin cu
III. i tng nghin cu
IV. Phng php nghin cu
V. Cu trc sng kin kinh nghim
B. Phn ni dung nghin cu
I. Tim nng ca phng php p dng nh Vi-t gii bi ton so
snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc
1. Bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi mt s
thc
2. Bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc hai vi hai s
thc &

3. Bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh bc ba vi s thc

4. Bi ton tm iu kin ca tham s hm s c cc tr tha
mn iu kin cho trc.
5. Bi ton tm iu kin ca tham s hai th hm s ct
nhau ti n im (n = 2 hoc n = 3) tha mn iu kin cho trc
II. Thc tin ca vic rn luyn cho hc sinh THPT k nng p dng
nh l Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai vi mt
s thc
1.Nhng thun li ca vic rn luyn cho hc sinh THPT k
nng p dng nh l Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca tam
thc bc hai vi mt s thc.
2.Thc tin v nhng ghi nhn khi nghin cu p dng nh l
Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai vi mt
s thc cho hc sinh trng THPT Phm Ng Lo.
III. nh hng v bin php rn luyn k nng p dng nh l Vi-t
gii bi ton so snh nghim ca tam thc bc hai vi mt s thc cho
hc sinh trng THPT Phm Ng Lo
1.Xy dng quy trnh gii mt bi ton so snh nghim ca phng
trnh bc 2 vi mt hoc hai s thc bng cch p dng nh l Vi-t
2.Bi dng nng lc nhn dng bi ton c th s dng phng php
p dng nh l Vi-t gii bi ton so snh nghim ca phng trnh
bc hai vi mt hoc hai s thc cho hc sinh THPT
C. KT LUN
3

3

3

4

10

13

15

16

19

19

19

20

20

21

www.VNMATH.com



D. TI LIU THAM KHO

21

23

www.VNMATH.com

(Vnmath - Com) SKKN Viet So Sanh Nghiem PT Bac 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Vnmath - Com) SKKN Viet So Sanh Nghiem PT Bac 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG THPT PHM NG LO.

GV: Phm Trnh Cng Chnh

< < + + >

< < <

< < <

. Theo bi ra th hai nghim ca

. Theo bi ra th phng trnh c ng 1 nghim

< < + >

. Th (4) vo (2) ta c: m <

Kt hp (5) & (2) ta

(2). Khi , theo nh l Vi-t

Kt hp (5) & (2) ta

You might also like