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ng cong elliptic v phng trnh Diophant

Bi ny trnh by cc khi nim c bn v ng cong hu t v ng cong


elliptic trn trng hu t v mi lin h ca chng vi phng trnh Diophant.
Bt u t cc nh ngha ng cong hu t, ng cong elliptic, im k d,
dng Weierstrass v thut ton chuyn mt ng cong bt k v dng Weiestrass.
Tip n l bng phng php ct tuyn gii quyt bi ton v im hu t trn
ng cong bc hai v a ra cu trc nhm cho cc im hu t trn ng cong
elliptic. Cui cng, trnh by cc kt qu nn tng v xon v hng, qua m t
hon ton cu trc cc im hu t trn ng cong elliptic.
Cc ti liu tham kho chnh [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].
1. ng cong hu t v phng php ct tuyn
Xt bi ton v b ba Pythagore: Tm tt c cc b ba s nguyn dng x, y, z
sao cho x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
.
Bi ton ny c th gii bng phng php s hc, c th, ta thc hin cc bc
sau:
1) R rng, do tnh thun nht, ta c th gi s (x, y, z) = 1. B ba
Pythagore x, y, z vi (x, y, z) = 1 c gi l b ba nguyn thu.
2) Khi z phi l v nu z chn v (x, y, z) = 1 th suy ra x, y cng l,
iu ny mu thun v lc ny v tri chia 4 d 2 cn v phi chia ht
cho 4.
3) V z l nn trong hai s x, y, c 1 s l, 1 s chn. Gi s x chn, y l th
2
.
2 2
2
y z y z x +

,
_

. t
,
_

2
,
2
y z y z
d
th d | z, y => d = 1. Vy hai s
2
,
2
y z y z +
nguyn t cng nhau. T suy ra
2 2
2
,
2
n
y z
m
y z

+
vi m, n l
cc s nguyn dng nguyn t cng nhau v khng cng tnh chn l. T y ta
c
x = 2mn, y = m
2
-n
2
, z = m
2
+n
2
.
Ta pht biu kt qu ny di dng mt mnh ton hc:
B 1.1. Nghim nguyn nguyn thu ca phng trnh Pythagore x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
c dng x = 2mn, y = m
2
-n
2
, z = m
2
+ n
2
, trong m, n l cc s nguyn nguyn t
cng nhau v khng cng tnh chn l.
Nhiu phng trnh Diophant c th gii c bng phng php ny. im mu
cht trong li gii ny chnh l tnh hung x
2
= (z-y)(z+y) vi (z-y, z+y) = 1
trn. R rng, khng phi lc no chng ta cng c c phn tch chun nh
vy. V d vi cc phng trnh
x
2
+ 2y
2
= 3z
2
, x
2
+ y
2
= 2z
2

cn phi c nhng php i bin kh tinh vi mi c th gii c bng phng
php trn.
Di y, chng ta trnh by mt phng php tip cn khc cho bi ton v b ba
Pythagore, phng php m c th m rng cho mt lp rng hn cc phng
trnh Diophant.
Gi s x, y, z l cc nghim nguyn khng ng thi bng 0 ca phng trnh x
2
+
y
2
= z
2
. Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho z, ta c
1
2 2

,
_

+
,
_

z
y
z
x
t
z
y
Y
z
x
X ,
th X, Y l cc s hu t v X
2
+ Y
2
= 1. Ngc li, nu X, Y l
cc s hu t v
z
y
Y
z
x
X ,
vi (x, z) = (y, z) = 1 th ta c (x, y, z) l mt b
ba Pythagore nguyn thu.
Nh vy, bi ton quy v vic tm tt c cc nghim hu t ca phng trnh X
2
+
Y
2
= 1. Bi ton ny tng ng vi vic tm tt c cc im hu t trn ng
cong (C) X
2
+ Y
2
= 1.
Gi s M(X
0
, Y
0
) l mt im thuc (C). Xt im A (0, 1) thuc (C). Khi
ng thng AM ct trc honh ti im N. D thy nh x : M N l mt
song nh t (C) \ {A} vo ng thng Ox.
ng thng AM c phng trnh
1
1
0
0
0 0

Y
Y
X
X
, suy ra honh im N l
0
0
1 Y
X

. Nh vy, nu (X
0
, Y
0
) l mt im hu t trn (C) th N cng l mt im
hu t trn Ox.
Ngc li, nu N(r, 0) l mt im hu t trn Ox. Khi ng thng AN c
phng trnh
r
X
Y
Y
r
X

1
1
1
. Thay vo phng trnh ca (C), ta c
phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v AN l
2 2
2
2
1
2
0 1
2
1
r
r
X X
r
X
r
X
X
+
+ +
X= 0 chnh l honh im A, cn
2
1
2
r
r
X
+

s l honh im M. T y, ta
tm c tung im M l
2
2
1
1
r
r
Y
+

. Nh vy giao im th hai M ca AN vi
(C) cng c to hu t. Nh vy, song nh cm sinh ra mt song nh t tp
hp tt c cc im hu t trn (C) \ {A} vi tp hp tt c cc im hu t trn
Ox. T suy ra tp hp tt c cc im hu t ca (C) l

'

,
_

+
Q r
r
r
r
r
|
1
1
,
1
2
)} 1 , 0 {(
2
2
2
By gi xt r = m/n vi (m, n) = 1, ta c
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1
1
,
2
1
2
n m
n m
r
r
n m
mn
r
r
+

+
T , nh l lun trn, trong trng hp m, n khng cng tnh chn l, ta c
b ba Pythagore tng ng l (2mn, m
2
-n
2
, m
2
+ n
2
). Mt ln na ta c kt lun
ca b 1.1.
tng c trnh by trn y c khi qut ho thnh khi nim ng cong
hu t v phng php ct tuyn nh sau:
nh ngha 1.2. ng cong bt kh quy tuyt i f(x, y) = 0 (tc l f(x, y) khng
phn tch c thnh tch ca cc ng cong h s phc bc nh hn) c gi
l ng cong hu t nu tn ti cc a thc F(c), G(c), H(c) vi h s hu t
trong t nht mt trong hai hm s
) (
) (
,
) (
) (
c H
c G
c H
c F
khng l hng s sao cho khi
thay
) (
) (
,
) (
) (
c H
c G
y
c H
c F
x
vo biu thc ca f(x, y) ta c ng nht 0.
Nh vy, chng hn x
2
+ y
2
= 1 l mt ng cong hu t vi F(c) = 2c, G(c) = 1
c
2
, H(c) = 1 + c
2
.
S dng phng php ct tuyn va trnh by trn, ta c th d dng chng minh
nh l sau:
nh l 1. 3. Cho f(x, y) l mt a thc bc hai vi h s hu t, trong ng
cong f(x, y) = 0 bt kh quy tuyt i. Nu trn ng cong ny c t nht mt
im hu t th ng cong l hu t.
2. ng cong elliptic
Tip theo, ta xt cc ng cong bc ba v th p dng phng php ct tuyn vo
cc ng cong ny. Tuy nhin, c th thy r rng l ta s khng c nh l
tng t vi nh l 1.3, v ng thng vi h s hu t i qua mt im hu t
thuc ng cong, c th ct ng cong ti hai im na v c to khng hu
t. iu ny c th s c khc phc nu im hu t l im k d. hiu r
khi nim ny cng nh s khc bit ca im k d vi im khng k d, ta a
ra nh ngha:
nh ngha 2.1. im (x
0
, y
0
) thuc ng cong F(x, y) = 0 c gi l im
khng k d nu tn ti t nht mt ng thng qua n x = x
0
+ at, y = y
0
+ bt sao
cho t = 0 l nghim n ca phng trnh F(x
0
+ at, y
0
+ bt) = 0. Trong trng hp
ngc li (x
0
, y
0
) c gi l im k d. ng cong c cha t nht mt im k
d c gi l ng cong k d. ng cong khng cha im k d c gi l
ng cong trn hay ng cong khng k d.
V d ng cong x
3
+ y
3
= 1 l khng k d. Cc ng cong x
2
+ x
3
= y
3
, x
2
+ x
3
= y
2
l cc ng cong k d. Trong c hai trng hp, im k d l (0, 0).
B 2.2. Cho F(x, y) = 0 l mt ng cong bc 3 v (x
0
, y
0
) l mt im k d
thuc ng cong. Khi mi ng thng qua (x
0
, y
0
) ct ng cong ti nhiu
nht mt im khc.
Chng minh: Xt ng thng x = x
0
+ at, y = y
0
+ bt. Thay vo phng trnh, ta
c
F(x
0
+at, y
0
+ bt) = 0
Do F(x, y) bc ba nn phng trnh trn l mt a thc theo t, c bc khng qu 3.
Do (x
0
, y
0
) l im k d nn t = 0 l nghim c s bi t nht l 2. Suy ra phng
trnh trn ch c nhiu nht mt nghim khc 0.
T y, s dng phng php ct tuyn, ta nhn thy rng ng cong vi t nht
mt im k d hu t s l ng cong hu t.
nh l 2.3. Cho F(x, y) = 0 l mt ng cong bt kh quy tuyt i bc ba. Nu
ng cong ny cha t nht mt im k d hu t th n l ng cong hu t.
ng tic l ng cong bc 3 khng k d khng th l ng cong hu t. Ta
gi cc ng cong ny l ng cong elliptic. Vi cc ng cong ny, ta tm
cch bin i chng v dng n gin hn. thc hin iu ny, ta s dng cc
php i to x nh
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
' , '




+ +
+ +

+ +
+ +

y x
y x
y
y x
y x
x

0
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ +
Cc php bin i ny c mt nhc im l chng khng xc nh mi ni, c
th l trong trng hp
1
x +
2
y +
3
= 0. Tuy nhin, ch rng ng thng

1
x +
2
y +
3
= 0 ct ng cong ti khng qu 3 im. Nu bi ton yu cu
tm nghim hu t hay nghim nguyn ca phng trnh bc 3 no , ta xt tt c
cc im thuc ng thng ny trc, sau thc hin php i bin.
Ta c nh l sau:
nh l 2.4.
a) Php i to x nh
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
' , '




+ +
+ +

+ +
+ +

y x
y x
y
y x
y x
x
xc lp
mt n nh t R
2
vo R
2
khi v ch khi
0
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1




. Ta gi php
i nh vy l kh nghch
b) Nu php i to x nh l kh nghch th php i to ngc (tc
l biu din x, y qua x, y cng kh nghch.
c) Tch ca cc php i to x nh kh nghch cng l mt php bin
i x nh kh nghch.
Ta b qua php chng minh nh l kh n gin ny. Tip theo, ta s ch s dng
cc php i to x nh.
ng cong bc 3 trn mt phng (x, y) c gi l ng cong dng
Weierstrass nu n c cho bi phng trnh y
2
= x
3
+ ax + b.
Ta c nh l:
nh l 2.5. ng cong y
2
= x
3
+ ax + b l k d khi v ch khi 4a
3
+ 27b
2
= 0.
Chng minh. Gi s (x
0
, y
0
) l mt im k d thuc ng cong. Vi ng
thng ng x = x
0
, y = y
0
+ t s bi ca nghim t = y
0
ca phng trnh t
2
x
0
3

ax
0
b = 0 c th bng 2 nu nh y
0
= 0. Trong trng hp ny x
0
l nghim ca
phng trnh x
3
+ ax + b = 0. By gi xt ng thng x = x
0
+ t, y = 0. Phng
trnh (x
0
+t)
3
+ a(x
0
+t) + b = 0 vi iu kin x
0
3
+ ax
0
+ b = 0 c vit li thnh
t
3
+ 3x
0
t
2
+ (3x
0
2
+a)t = 0
S bi ca t = 0 phi bng t nht l 2 nn ta c a = -3x
0
2
. Thay x = x
0
vo phng
trnh x
3
3x
0
2
x + b = 0, ta c b = 2x
0
3
. Suy ra = 4a
3
+ 27b
2
= 0.
Ngc li, nu = 4a
3
+ 27b
2
= 0. Khi phng trnh x
3
+ ax + b = 0 c nghim
bi x
0
. Thay x = x
0
+ t vo phng trnh ny th t = 0 l nghim bi, do a =
-3x
0
2
, v b = 2x
0
3
. Ta chng minh rng (x
0
, 0) l im k d ca ng cong y
2
=
x
3
3x
0
2
x + 2x
0
3
. Thay vo phng trnh ng cong x = x
0
+ ut, y = vt, ta c
v
2
t
2
= 3x
0
u
2
t
2
+ u
3
t
3
tc l t = 0 l nghim bi t nht l 2.
S = 4a
3
+ 27b
2
c gi l bit thc ca ng cong bc 3, v cng c gi
l bit thc ca a thc x
3
+ ax + b.
nh l sau y khng nh rng mi ng cong elliptic vi mt php bin i x
nh no c th a v dng Weierstrass.
nh l 2.6. (Newton) Vi mi ng cong bc 3 khng k d tn ti mt php i
to x nh a n v dng Weierstrass. Hn na, nu cc h s ca ng cong
l hu t v trn ng cong tn ti t nht mt im hu t th tn ti php i
to x nh vi
i
,
i
,
i
hu t (i = 1, 2, 3) bin ng cong ban u v
ng cong dng Weierstrass vi a, b hu t.
nh l Newton l mt nh l k thut v ta b qua php chng minh nh l ny.
C th xem chi tit chng minh trong [5].
Di y l thut ton Nagell a ng cong bc 3 bt k v dng Weierstrass
bng cc php bin i song hu t.
Thut ton 2.7. (Thut ton Nagell)
Gi s ta c mt ng cong bc 3 c h s hu t v c cha mt im hu t (p,
q). Bng php tnh tin x = u + p, y = v + q, ta c th a im hu t ca ng
cong v gc to
s
1
u
3
+ s
2
u
2
v + s
3
uv
2
+ s
4
v
3
+ s
5
u
2
+ s
6
uv + s
7
v
2
+ s
8
u + s
9
v = 0 (1)
Gi f l biu thc v tri.
Bc 1: Thay i u v v nu cn, ta gi s rng s
9
0. Ch rng nu s
8
= s
9
= 0
th (0, 0) l im k d, do ng cong khng elliptic.
Bc 2: i to u = U/W, v = V/W v quy ng mu s a v dng thun
nht
F = F
3
+ F
2
W + F
1
W
2
= 0
trong
F
3
= s
1
U
3
+ s
2
U
2
V+ s
3
UV
2
+ s
4
V
3
F
2
= s
5
U
2
+ s
6
UV + s
7
V
2
F
1
= s
8
U + s
9
V
im hu t P vi to (u, v) l (0, 0) c to x nh l (U, V, W) = (0, 0, 1).
ng tip tuyn ti P, cho bi F
1
= 0, ct ng cong ti im Q = (-e
2
s
9
, e
2
s
8
,
e
3
), trong e
i
= F
i
(s
9
, -s
8
), i = 2, 3. Cc e
i
khng th ng thi bng 0 v bi v nu
xy ra tnh hung ny, tip tuyn s l tha s ca F v nh vy F s kh quy. Nu
e
2
= 0 th P = Q l im gp, tip tuyn ct ng cong ba ln ti P, trong khi e
3
=
0 c ngha l Q ti v cng. Nu e
3
0 ta c th thc hin php i to U = U
(s
9
e
2
/e
3
)W, V = V + (s
8
e
2
/e
3
)W, W = W, trong khi nu e
3
= 0 ta c th i to
U = U s
9
W, V = V + s
8
W, W = U. Trong c hai trng hp Q s tr thnh
gc to , (U, V, W) = (0, 0, 1), v tip tuyn ti P s c cho bi s
8
U + s
9
V
= 0. By gi ta c th quay tr v to afin bng bin i u = U/W, v =
V/W; to x nh ch dng x l trng hp Q v cng.
Bc 3: Nu phng trnh ng vi u, v c dng f = f
3
+ f
2
+ f
1
, trong f
i
=
f
i
(u, v) l thnh phn thun nht bc i ca f th
u
2
f
3
(1, t) + uf
2
(1,t) + f
1
(1, t) = 0
trong t = v/u. T
' ' ,
2
'
3
2
tu v u
t


(2)
trong
i
= f
i
(1, t), =
2
2
- 4
1

3
. Gi tr ca t sao cho = 0 l h s gc
ca cc tip tuyn ca ng cong i qua Q, v mt trong nhng gi tr ny l t
0
=
-s
8
/s
9
. Ta vit t = t
0
+ 1/ th =
4
l a thc bc 3 theo .
Bc 4 : Cui cng, nu
= c
3
+ d
2
+ e + k,
th c 0 v c = 0 th ng cong ban u khng phi l ng cong elliptic, v
php i to = x/c, = y
2
/c
2
s cho ta dng Weierstrass
y
2
= x
3
+ dx
2
+ cex + c
2
k
Mi lin h gia cc bin ban u u, v vi x, y c th tm li bt u t cc h thc
(2) trong
t = t
0
+ c/x, = c
2
y
2
/x
4
.
V d. Vi ng cong Fermat x
3
+ y
3
= 1. Ta c im (0, 1) l im hu t thuc
ng cong. t x = u, y = v+1, ta c
u
3
+ v
3
+ 3v
2
+ 3v = 0
Nh vy s
8
= 0, s
9
= 3. i to u = U/W, v = V/W ta c
F
3
+ F
2
W + F
1
W
2
= 0
Trong F
3
= U
3
+ V
3
,

F
2
= 3V
2
, F
1
= 3V. T tnh c
e
2
= F
2
(s
9
, -s
8
) = F
2
(3, 0) = 0, e
3
= F
3
(s
9
, -s
8
) = F
3
(3, 0) = 27
y l trng hp e
2
= 0, P = Q nn ta b qua bc ny v chuyn sang bc 3.
t v = tu th ta c
u
2
(1+t
3
) + 3t
2
u + 3t = 0
= 9t
4
12(1+t
3
)t = 12t 3t
4
.
t t = 1/ th =
4


=
4
(12/ 3/
4
)) = 12
3
3
t = -12/x, = y
2
/144 th ta c
y
2
= x
3
432
y, h thc trc tip gia x v y c cho bi
tu v
t
t
u
+
+
,
) 1 ( 2
3
3
2


vi t = -12/x, = 144y
2
/x
4
. Thay vo ta c
1728
) 36 ( 72
,
1728
) 36 ( 6
)
1728
1 ( 2
/ 12 / 432
3 3
3
2 2

x
y
tu v
x
x y
x
x y x
u
Ghi ch:
1) Theo thut ton trn th cc i to khng ch l php i to x nh, m
l cc php i to dng phn thc hu t. Trn phng din v tnh gii c
ca phng trnh Diophant th cc php i to nh vy khng lm nh hng
n kt qu bi ton.
2) ng cong x
3
+ y
3
= 1 cn c th a v dng Weierstrass bng cc php i
to x nh. u tin t x = s t, y = t ta a phng trnh v dng
s
3
3st(s-t) = 1
Sau bng php t s = 1/3u, t = (6v+1)/6u a v dng
v
2
= u
3
1/108.

Lu l nh l Newton ch ng vi cc trng c s khc 2, 3. Vi trng F
bt k, ng cong elliptic c th a v dng
y
2
+ a
1
xy + a
3
= x
3
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
4
x + a
6

gi l dng Weierstrass tng qut.
3. Php cng im trn ng cong elliptic
Phng php ct tuyn s dng trong phn ng cong hu t c th tip tc
p dng i vi ng cong elliptic tm ra cc im hu t mi. Di y s
trnh by php cng im trn ng cong elliptic.
Gi s ta tm c trn ng cong y
2
= x
3
+ ax + b hai im c to hu t
P(x
P
, y
P
) v Q(x
Q
, y
Q
). Vit phng trnh ng thng qua PQ v tm to giao
im th ba ca ng thng ny vi ng cong. Cc to ny tho mn h
phng trnh

'


+ +
) ) ( ( ) ) ( (
3 2
P Q P P Q P
x x y y y y x x
b a x x y
Rt y theo x t phng trnh th hai v thay vo phng trnh th nht, ta c
mt phng trnh bc ba theo x. Phng trnh ny c h s hu t c hai nghim
hu t l x
P
, x
Q
nn theo nh l Viet, nghim th ba cng hu t. chnh l
honh ca giao im th ba. Tung ca im ny, do phng trnh th hai,
cng hu t. Nh vy ta c thm mt im hu t trn ng cong. Do tnh i
xng ca ng cong elliptic, ta cn c mt im hu t na, l im i xng
vi im va tm c qua trc honh. im ny c gi l tng ca hai im P
v Q.
S dng cc tnh ton i s, ta c th chng minh c b k thut sau:
B 3.1. P(x
P
, y
P
) v Q(x
Q
, y
Q
) l hai im thuc ng cong y
2
= x
3
+ ax + b v
R = P + Q th to im N c th tnh theo cng thc sau.
(a) Khi x
P
x
Q

th

'

,
_

+
+

,
_

) (
) (
2
R P
P Q
P Q
P R
Q P
P Q
P Q
R
x x
x x
y y
y y
x x
x x
y y
x
(b) Khi P = Q th

'

,
_

+
+

,
_

) (
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
R P
P
P
P R
P
P
P
R
x x
y
a x
y y
x
y
a x
x

nh l 3.2. Php cng im c nh ngha trn y c cc tnh cht sau
1) Giao hon: Tc l P + Q = Q + P
2) Tn ti phn t trung ho: Tc l im 0 sao cho P + 0 = 0 + P = P vi
mi P.
3) Tn ti phn t i: Tc l vi mi P, tn ti im (-P) sao cho P + (-P)
= 0.
4) Kt hp: Tc l (P + Q) + R = P + (Q + R)
Chng minh.
1) Theo cch dng im P + Q v Q + P th ta u k ng thng qua P,
Q, xc nh giao im th ba ri ly i xng, do kt qu l nh nhau.
2) Ta b sung vo ng cong im v cng, k hiu l v coi rng tt
c cc ng thng ng u giao nhau ti . Khi tm P + , ta ni P vi
c ng thng ng x = x
P
ng ny ct thm ng cong ti im th hai
i xng vi P qua trc honh. Khi ly i xng li th trng vi P. Vy P + = P
= + P.
3) Vi mi im P th (-P) chnh l im i xng vi P qua trc honh.
Khi tm P + (-P), ta ni P vi (-P) v c ng thng x = xP ct ng cong ti
im . Ly i xng im ny qua trc honh, ta vn c im . Vy P + (-P)
= .
4) Kim tra trc tip bng tnh ton da vo b 3.1
V d xt ng cong y
2
= x
3
36x v im P (-2, 8) th
2P = P + P = (25/4, 35/8);
3P = P + 2P = (-4418/1089, 319976/35937)
4. Xon v hng
Gi s P l mt im no ca ng cong elliptic. T im ny ta c th xy
dng cc im mi -3P, -2P, -P, P, 2P, 3P, Nu nh im P hu t th tt c cc
im ny cng hu t. C th xy ra hai tnh hung: hoc l tt c cc im ny
khc nhau, hoc l c hai im no trng nhau. Trong trng hp th hai, gi
s mP = nP vi m > n. Theo tnh cht ca php cng, ta c ngay (m-n)P = 0. Nh
vy tn ti k
1
> 0 sao cho k
1
P = 0.
nh ngha 4.1 S nguyn dng k nh nht tho mn iu kin kP = 0 c gi
l bc ca im P v P c gi l im xon bc k (hay im xon bc hu hn).
Theo nh ngha 0 l im xon bc 1. Nu trng hp th nht xy ra, ta ni bc
ca P bng v cng.
V d, trn ng cong y
2
= x
3
+ ax + b th nhng im bc 2 l nhng im c P
= (-P), tc l nhng im nm trn trc honh. Cn nhng im bc 3 l nhng
im no? Ta c 3P = 0 2P = (-P). Theo nh ngha ca 2P th iu ny c
ngha l giao im th ba ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti P trng vi chnh
im P. Ta gi nhng im ny l nhng im un.
Ta c mt s tnh cht c bn sau y ca im xon
B 4.2
a) Nu P l im xon bc k th tp hp {nP | n Z} cha ng k phn t;
b) Nu P v Q l cc im xon th P + Q cng l im xon;
c) Nu P c bc l k th nP c bc l k: (n, k).
iu rt tuyt vi l mi ng cong elliptic ch cha hu hn cc im xon hu
t. Hn na, nh l Barry Mazur khng nh rng nu gi t l s im xon hu
t trn ng cong elliptic th ch c th xy ra cc trng hp t {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16}.
nh l 4.3 (Mazur) Nhm con cc im xon hu t ca mt ng cong elliptic
ng cu vi mt trong cc nhm Z
n
, 1 n 10, n = 12, n = 12 hoc l tng trc
tip ca Z
2
vi Z
2
, Z
4
, Z
6
hoc Z
8
.
By gi xt hai im P, Q bc v cng. Cng c th xy ra hai kh nng: hoc l
tt c cc im mP + nQ i mt khc nhau, hoc l c nhng im trng nhau.
Trong trng hp th nht ta ni P v Q c lp tuyn tnh, trong trng hp th
hai ta ni P v Q ph thuc tuyn tnh. Mt cch tng qut ta c nh ngha sau.
nh ngha 4.3 Cc im P
1
, P
2
, , P
n
c gi l c lp tuyn tnh nu cc
im m
1
P
1
+ m
2
P
2
+ + m
n
P
n
i mt khc nhau vi mi m
1
, m
2
, , m
n
Z
n
.
nh l Mordell khng nh rng vi mi ng cong elliptic, tn ti s t nhin n
sao cho mi n+1 im hu t trn ng cong ny u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
nh ngha 4.4 Xt mt ng cong elliptic. S t nhin n nh nht sao cho mi
n+1 im hu t trn ng cong ny u ph thuc tuyn tnh c gi l hng
ca ng cong.
R rng, t nh l Mazur v nh ngha trn ta suy ra
Mnh 4.5 ng cong elliptic c v s im hu t khi v ch khi hng ca n
dng.
nh l sau y m t hon ton cu trc cc im hu t trn ng cong elliptic.
nh l 4.6 (Mordell) Cho E l mt ng cong elliptic. Khi tn ti cc im
hu t P
1
, P
2
, , P
n
sao cho mi im hu t ca E u c th biu din di dng
P = m
1
P
1
+ m
2
P
2
+ + m
n
P
n
+ Q
Trong m
1
, m
2
, , m
n
l cc s nguyn, cn Q l mt im xon hu t no .
Ni cch khc, tt c cc im hu t c th thu c t hu hn cc im nh
vy bng cch k cc ct tuyn v tip tuyn. Hng ca ng cong bng s t
nhin n nh nht trong nh l Mordell.
Di y ta xem xt mt s ng cong di gc xon v hng.

1) ng cong y
2
= x
3
9x + 81 khng c xon (tc l 0 l im xon hu t duy
nht ca ng cong). Hng ca ng cong bng 2. Hai im P
1
, P
2
trong nh l
Mordell c th ly l l (-3, 9) v (0, 9).
2) ng cong y
2
= x
3
36x c ng bn im xon: im 0 v 3 im xon bc
2. Hng ca n bng 1 v c th ly P
1
l (-2, 8).
3) ng cong y
2
= x
3
x + 1/4 khng c xon. Hng ca n bng 1 v c th ly
P
1
= (0, 1/2).
4) ng cong Fermat y
2
= x
3
1/108 c ng 3 im xon hu t: 0 v hai im
xon bc 3. Hng ca n bng 0. R rng l iu ny tng ng vi nh l ln
Fermat i vi n = 3.
[1] V.V. Ostrik, M.A. Shfasman, Algebraic Geometry and Number Theory
Rational and Elliptic Curves, MCCME Publishing House, Moscow 2001.
[2] H Huy Khoi, S hc thut ton, Nh xut bn HQG H Ni, 2002.
[3] Rahul Ramesh Athale, Symbolic Computation in Number Theory, Ph.D.
Dissertation, Johan Kepler Universitat, Linz 2004.
http://www.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/publications/download/risc_2331/rahul-risclib.pdf
[4] Roelof J. Stroeker, Benjamin M.M. de Weger, Solving elliptic diophantine
equations: the general cubic case, Acta Arithmetica, LXXXVII.4 (1999), 339-
365.
[5] Ian Connell, Elliptic Curve Handbook, http://www.math.mcgill.ca/connell/,
1999.

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