Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Chng 7
OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG

7.1 VI SAI TNG HP:

Mch vi sai trong thc t thng gm c nhiu tng (v c gi l mch vi sai tng hp) vi mc ch. - Tng khuch i AVS - Gim khuch i tn hiu chung AC Do tng h s 1. - To ng ra n cc thun tin cho vic s dng cng nh ch to mch khuch i cng sut. Thng ngi ta ch to mch vi sai tng hp di dng IC gi l IC thut ton (op-amp _operational amplifier). Ngi ta chia mt mch vi sai tng hp ra thnh 3 phn: Tng u, cc tng gia v tng cui. Tng u l mch vi sai cn bn m ta kho st chng trc.

7.1.1 Cc tng gia:

Cc tng gia c th l vi sai hay n cc. a/Mc ni tip vi sai vi vi sai:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

l tng tr vo ca tng vi sai sau c th lm mt cn bng tng tr ra ca tng vi sai trc. Tng sau khng cn dng ngun dng in. b/ Mc vi sai ni tip vi n cc: Ngi ta thng dng tng n cc : - D s dng. - D to mch cng sut. Nhng mch n cc s lm pht sinh mt s vn mi: - Lm mt cn bng tng vi sai, nn hai in tr RC ca tng vi sai i khi phi c tr s khc nhau b tr cho s mt cn bng. - Lm tng c AVS v AC nn (1 c th thay i, do ch nn dng tng n cc ni c thnh phn chung tht nh (sau hai hoc ba tng vi sai)

7.1.2 Tng cui:

Phi tha mn cc iu kin: - Cho mt tng tr ra tht nh.
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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- in th phn cc ti ng ra bng 0 volt khi hai ng vo 0 volt. a/ iu kin v tng tr ra: c tng tr ra nh, ngi ta thngdng mch cc thu chung.

tnh tng tr ra ta dng mch tng ng hnh 7.3b; Trong RS l tng tr ra ca tng (n cc) ng trc.

b/ iu kin v in th phn cc: V cc tng c mc trc tip vi nhau nn in th phn cc ng ra ca tng cui c th khng 0 volt khi ng vo 0 volt. gii quyt ngi ta dng mch di chuyn in th (Level shifting network) gm c: mt ngun dng in I v mt in tr R sao cho: E = RI.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.1.3 Mt v d:
Op-amp pc 709 ca hng Fairchild. T1, T2: Mch vi sai cn bn ng vo. T3: Ngun dng in cho T1 v T2. in th phn cc ti cc nn ca T3 c xc nh bi cu phn th gm T6 (mc thnh diode), in tr 480 v 2.4k. T4, T5: khng phi l vi sai v 2 chn E ni mass. T4 c nhim v n nh in th ti im A cho T1 v T2.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

T5: L tng n cc chuyn tip gia vi sai v tng cui. T7: L mch cc thu chung u tin v T8 l mch di chuyn in th vi in tr 3.4k. T9: L mch cc thu chung cng l tng cui t c tng tr ra nh.

7.2 MCH KHUCH I OP-AMP CN BN:

Trong chng ny, ta kho st op-amp trng thi l tng. Sau y l cc c tnh ca mt op-amp l tng: - li vng h A (open loop gain) bng v cc. - Bng tn rng t 0Hz n v cc. - Tng tr vo bng v cc. - Tng tr ra bng 0. - Cc h s bng v cc. - Khi ng vo 0 volt, ng ra lun 0 volt.

ng nhin mt op-amp thc t khng th t c cc trng thi l tng nh trn.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

T cc c tnh trn ta thy: . - Zi nn khng c dng in chy vo op-amp t cc ng vo. - Z0 0 nn ng ra v0 khng b nh hng khi mc ti. - V A rt ln nn phi dng op-amp vi hi tip m. Vi hi tip m, ta c hai dng mch khuch i cn bn sau:

7.2.1 Mch khuch i o: (Inverting Amplifier)

Dng mch cn bn.

(7.2) Nhn xt: - Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th v0 v vi s lch pha 1800 (nn c gi l mch khuch i o v ng vo ( - ) c gi l ng vo o). - Zf ng vai tr mch hi tip m. Zf cng ln (hi tip m cng nh) khuch i ca mch cng ln. - Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th op-amp c tnh khuch i c in th mt chiu.
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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o: (Non_inverting Amplifier)

Dng mch cn bn.

Suy ra:

Nhn xt: - Zf, Zi c th c bt k dng no. - v0 v vi cng c th c bt k dng no. - Khi Zf, Zi l in tr thun th ng ra v0 s c cng pha vi ng vo vi (nn mch c gi l mch khuch i khng o v ng vo ( + ) c gi l ng vo khng o). - Zf cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i AV, ta c th tng Zf hoc gim Zi. - Mch khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun. Mch cng gi nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi trng hp ca tn hiu xoay chiu. - Khi Zf=0, ta c: AV=1 v0=vi hoc Zi= ta cng c AV=1 v v0=vi (hnh 7.10). Lc ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c dng lm mch m (buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch cc thu chung BJT.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.2.3 Op-amp phn cc bng ngun n:

Phn trn l cc c tnh v 2 mch khuch i cn bn c kho st khi op-amp c phn cc bng ngun i xng. Thc t, tin trong thit k mch v s dng, khi khng cn thit th op-amp c phn cc bng ngun n; Lc by gi chn ni vi ngun m -VCC c ni mass. Hai dng mch khuch i cn bn nh sau:

Ngi ta phi phn cc mt ng vo (thng l ng vo +) in th phn cc hai ng vo lc ny l VCC /2 v in th phn cc ng ra cng l VCC /2. Hai in tr R phi c chn kh ln trnh lm gim tng tr vo ca op-amp. Khi a tn hiu vo phi qua t lin lc (C2 trong mch) khng lm lch in th phn cc. Nh vy, khi phn cc bng ngun n, op-amp mt tnh cht khuch i tn hiu mt chiu. Trong hnh a, mch khuch i o, C1 l t lc in th phn cc ng vo (+). Trong hnh b, mch khuch i khng o, C1 dng to hi tip xoay chiu cho mch v gi in th phn cc ng vo (-) l VCC /2. khuch i ca mch vn khng i.

7.3 MT S NG DNG CA OP-AMP:

7.3.1Mch lm ton:
y l cc mch in t c bit trong s lin h gia in th ng vo v ng ra l cc phng trnh ton hc n gin. a/ Mch cng:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Tn hiu ng ra bng tng cc tn hiu ng vo nhng ngc pha. Ta ch l vi l mt in th bt k c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu. b/ Mch tr: Ta c 2 cch to mch tr. * Tr bng phng php i du: tr mt s, ta cng vi s i ca s .

v2 u tin c lm o ri cng vi v1. Do theo mch ta c:

Nh vy tn hiu ng ra l hiu ca 2 tn hiu ng vo nhng i du. * Tr bng mch vi sai: Dng c bn

Thay tr s ca vm vo biu thc trn ta tm c:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

c/ Mch tch phn: Dng mch Dng in ng vo:

* Hai vn thc t: - iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn: Dng mch cn bn

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s thp. Nh vy khi c Rf, mch ch c tnh tch phn khi tn s ca tn hiu f tha: , Rf khng c qu ln v s hI tip m s yu. d/ Mch vi phn: Dng mch

Vn thc t: gim tp m. Mch n gin nh trn t c dng trong thc t v c c tnh khuch i tp m tn s cao, y l do li ca ton mchtng theo tn s. khc phc mt phn no, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C ng vo nh hnh 7.19.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

7.3.2 Mch so snh:

a/ in th ng ra bo ha: Ta xem mch hnh 7.20

ln.

Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo cng thc trn v0 rt

Khi Ed nh, v0 c xc nh. Khi Ed vt qu mt tr s no th v0 t n tr s bo ha v c gi l VSat.. Tr s ca Ed ty thuc vo mi op-amp v c tr s vo khong vi chc V. - Khi Ed m, mch o pha nn v0=-VSat - Khi Ed dng, tc v1>v2 th v0=+VSat. in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt n 2 volt. l |+VSat| c th khc |-VSat|. Nh vy ta thy in th Ed ti a l:

b/ Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro) * So snh mc zro khng o

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch so snh mc zro o:

c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k: * So snh mc dng o v khng o: - So snh mc dng khng o:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- So snh mc dng o:

* So snh mc m o v khng o:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- So snh mc m o:

d/ Mch s snh vi hi tip dng: * Mch o:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

tip dng nn v0 lun lun trng thi bo ha. Ty theo mc tn hiu vo m v0 giao hon mt trong hai trng thi +VSat v -VSat.

Nu ta tng Ei t t, ta nhn thy: Khi Ei<Vref th v0=+VSat Khi Ei>Vref th v0=-VSat Tr s ca Ei=Vref =.(+VSat) lm cho mch bt u i trng thi c gi l im ny trn (upper trigger point) hay im thm trn (upper threshold point). (7.12) VUTP=.(+VSat) By gi nu ta gim Ei t t, ch l lc ny v0=-VSat v Vref=(-VSat), ta thy khi Ei<(-VSat) th v0 chuyn sang trng thi +VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny: Ei= Vref = (-VSat) c gi l im ny di hay im thm di (lower trigger point-lower threshold pointVLTP). Nh vy chu trnh trng thi ca mch nh hnh 7.34. Ngi ta nh ngha: VH=(Hysteresis)=VUTP-VLTP VH={(+VSat)-(-VSat)] (7.13) Nu |+VSat|=|-VSat|VH=|2.VSat|

* Mch khng o: Dng mch

- By gi nu ta gim Ei (v0 ang l +VSat), khi VA bt u nh hn Vref=0v th v0 i trng thi v bng -VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Tnh VUTP v VLTP

- Khi gim Ei t tr s dng dn xung, lc ny v0=+VSat nn:

e/ Mch so snh trong trng hp 2 ng vo c in th bt k vi hi tip dng: *Dng mch khng o: Dng mch

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Khi VA=Vref th mch i trng thi (v0 i thnh +VSat), tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny trn VUTP. T (7.17) ta tm c:

bng Vref th mch s i trng thi, tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP. Tng t nh trn ta tm c:

nu |+Vsat|=|-VSat| * Dng mch o: Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.38

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

, cng l tr s ca VA, gi l im ny trn VUTP.

Nu ta gim Ei t t, n khi Ei=VA mch s i trng thi (v0= -VSat) v Ei=VA lc c tr s l VLTP (im ny di).

7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc: (Active filter)

C 4 loi mch chnh: - Mch lc h thng. - Mch lc thng thng. - Mch lc di thng. - Mch lc loi tr (di trit).
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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

a/ Mch lc h thng(Low pass Filter-LPF) * Mch lc h thng cn bn: Dng mch

Nu ta chn R2=R1 th |AV0|=1 p tuyn tn s dc -20dB/dec v khi tn s tng ln 10 ln th khuch i gim i 10 ln tc -20dB. Ngi ta hay dng mch voltage follower lm mch lc nh hnh 7.41. y l mch khuch i khng o, nhng do khng c in tr ni mass ng vo (-) nn li bng +1.

Ngi ta thng chn Rf=R gim dng offset.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch lc h thng -40dB/dec: Trong nhiu ng dng, ta cn phi gim nhanh li ca mch khi tn s vt qu tn s ct, c ngha l dc ca bng tn phi ln hn na. l mc ch ca cc mch lc bc cao. Dng mch

Nu chn C2=2C1, ta c:

mch ny khuch i s gim i 40dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln ( li gim i 100 ln khi tn s tng ln 10 ln).

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch lc h thng -60dB/dec: t c dc hn na-gn vi l tng-ngi ta dng mch lc -20dB/dec mc ni tip vi mch lc -40dB/dec c dc -60dB/dec ( li gim i 60dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln-gc pha ti tn s ct l -1350). Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.44

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

b/ Mch lc thng thng (high-pass filter) y l mt mch m li ca mch rt nh tn s thp cho n mt tn s no (gi l tn s ct) th tn hiu mi qua c ht. Nh vy tc dng ca mch lc thng thng ngc vi mch lc h thng. * Mch lc thng thng 20dB/dec: Dng mch nh hnh 7.46 y l mch voltage follower nn AV=1. Do in th ng ra v0 bng vi in th 2 u in tr R nn:

Khi tn s cao, tng tr ca t in khng ng k nn AV0=v0/vi=1. Khi tn s gim dn, n lc no li bt u gim. Tn s m ti li gim cn 0.707 AV0 gi l tn s ct. Lc ta c:
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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 7.48

* Mch lc thng thng 40dB/dec: Dng mch

Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R1 chnh l v0. Ta c:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Mch lc thng thng 60dB/dec Ngi ta dng 2 mch 40dB/dec v 20dB/dec ni tip nhau t c dc 60dB/dec.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Chn C1=C2=C3=C;

Ti tn s ct:

c/ Mch lc di thng: (band pass filter) y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Vi mch ny in th ng ra v0max t n tr s ti a mt tn s no gi l tn s cng hng r. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng, khuch i gim dn. Tn s thp hn r lm li gim i cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt thp L v tn s cao hn r lm li gim cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt cao h. Bng thng c nh ngha: B=H - L Khi B<0.1r mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc cng hng. Khi B>0.1r c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.

* Mch lc di thng bng tn hp Dng mch

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Ti tn s cng hng r:

T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:

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* Mch lc di thng bng tn rng Thng thng c mt mch di thng bng tn rng, ngi ta dng hai mch lc h thng v thng thng mc ni tip nhau nhng phi tha mn iu kin tn s ct 2 ca mch lc h thng phi ln hn tn s ct 1 ca mch lc thng thng.

Ta tm c 2 tn s ct l:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Phi chn R1, R2, C1, C2 sao cho 1 < 2. d/Mch lc loi tr: (di trit-Notch Filter) y l mch dng lc b mt di tn s no trong ton b di tn. Mch thng c dng lc b cc nhiu do mt b phn no trong mch to ra th d nh tn s 50Hz, 60Hz hay 400Hz ca mt. C rt nhiu dng mch lc di trit, thng dng nht l mc 2 mch h thng v thng thng song song vi nhau hoc c th dng mch nh hnh 7.58.

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7.4. TRNG THI THC T CA OP-AMP

Mt op-amp thc t khng c c cc c tnh l tng nh kho st cc phn trc. Cc c tnh thc t c th thy: - li vng h A: Thng t 103 n hn 106. Tr s ny c duy tr n mt tn s no ri gim dn. - Nh vy ta thy bng tn cng khng phi v hn - Tng tr vo zi: Thng t vi chc K n vi ngn M, l mt hm s theo nhit , tn s v iu kin phn cc. - Tng tr ra z0: T khong 200 tr xung v cng thay i theo nhit , tn s v iu kin phn cc. - Khi c phn cc bng ngun i v khi ng vo bng 0V th ng ra c th khc 0V. - Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu 1 chiu, ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu mt chiu ng vo c khuch i cn c cc thnh phn sai s do cc c tnh thc t trn to ra. Cc tc nhn chnh l: + Dng in phn cc ng vo + Dng in offset ng vo + in th offset ng vo + S tri Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu xoay chiu, cc t lin lc s ngn cn thnh phn mt chiu nn cc tc nhn trn khng cn quan trng, nhng pht sinh hai vn mi, l: - p ng tn s - Vn tc tng th (slew rate)

7.4.1. Dng in phn cc ng vo (input bias currents)

Do tng tr vo Zi khng phi l v hn, nn hai ng vo ca op-amp c dng in nh chy qua (hnh 7.59). Ngi ta nh ngha dng in phn cc ng vo IB l ln trung bnh ca 2 dng IB+ v IBIB+

IB =
+ Hnh 7.59

I B+ + I B 2

(7.35)

IB-

Tr s thng thng ca IB l vi A nu mch vo l BJT hoc nh hn 1pA nu mch vo l FET.

B

a. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (-) Trong phn ny ta coi in th offset ng vo vio=0V. vio s c bn n phn sau - mch follower:

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Rf IB-

0V

vo=Rf.IB-

+
vi=0V Hnh 7.60

- mch khuch i o:
Rf IBRi 0V

I=0 vi=0V

vo=Rf.IB-

Hnh 7.61

- o IB- ta c th dng mch:

Rf

Ri vi=0V

IBRM 0V

R v o = 1 + M R f .I B + R M .I B Ri

Hnh 7.62

Do IB- rt nh nn ta khng o trc tip m o v0 sau 1o suy ra IB-. vo kh ln ta nn chn Rf ln. Th d nu Rf=1M, RM=10K, Ri=1K Ta c: v o 11R f .I B
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IB =

vo 11Rf

(7.36)
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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

b. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (+) Ta xem mch:

IB-

0V RG vi=0V IB+ Hnh 7.63

vo=RG.IB+

7.4.2. Dng in offset ng vo

a. nh ngha: I os = I B+ I B Thng Ios 25%IB b. nh hng ln in th ng ra - Vi mch khng o:
Rf = RG IB-

(7.38)

0V

vo

+
vi=0V IB+ Hnh 7.64a

Phn gii ta tm c:

v o = R G ( I B+ I B ) = R G .I os

= 0 nu I B+ = I B Vi mch o:
Rf

Ri

0V IB-

vo

+
IB+ R=Rf //Ri

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VII-33
Hnh 7.64b

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Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Phn gii ta tm c:

v o = R f ( I B+ I B ) = R f .I os

= 0 nu I B+ = I B Nh vy gim thiu nh hng ca Ios ln vo, trong mch khng o ta mc thm RG=Rf v trong mch o mc thm R=Rf//Ri. Cc in tr ny c gi l in tr b chnh dng in. T cc l lun trn ta c th thy nguyn tc chung gim thiu nh hng ca Ios l mch phi c thit k sao cho: in tr nhn t ng vo (+) xung mass bng in tr nhn t ng vo (-) xung mass.

7.4.3. in th offset ng vo
a. nh ngha v m hnh Trong mch in hnh 7.65a, ng ra khng phi l 0V nh l tng m c mt tr s no . in th ny to ra do s mt cn bng bn trong ca mt op-amp thc t. Tr s vo ny thay i ty op-amp, thng hng v n mv. tin trong phn gii, ngi ta c th coi nh c mt ngun in th vio mc ni tip ng vo (+) ca mt op-amp l tng (hnh 7.65b) v vio ny c gi l in th offset ng vo

Op-Amp thc t

vo=2mv (th d ) 0V vo=vio=2m v

+
(a) Hnh 7.65

vio=2mv

(b)

Nu ng ra v0<0 th i cc vio li b. nh hng ca in th offset ng vo ln in th ng ra - Trong mch vng h, nu A kh ln v vio cng kh ln, ng ra ca op-amp c th b bo ha.
|Ed | A vo=|vosat|=A. |E |

+
vio

Hnh 7.66

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- Ta c th dng mch sau o vio Rf khng c qa ln gim thiu nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo T .01 gim nhiu tn s cao Nh sn xut thng ch dn cch lm gim thiu nh hng ca vio
.01 Rf Ri Ei=0v

+
741

vo = (1 +

Rf Ri

)vio

vio Hnh 7.67

7.4.4. S tri (drift)

phn trc ta thy, sai s ng ra vo do hai nguyn nhn chnh l dng in phn cc ng vo v in th offset ng vo. hai tc nhn ny li thay i theo phn cc v nht l nhit . S thay i in th ng ra ny theo thi gian gi l s tri. Nh sn xut thng cho bit thay i ca dng in phn cc di dng nA/oC v thay i ca in th offset di dng v/oC. Nh vy gim thiu sai s vo v tri, ngoi vic b chnh dng in phn cc v hiu chnh in th offset (theo ch dn ca nh sn xut) ta nn dng mch n p phn cc cho op-amp v nn la chn cc op-amp c tri nh v t mi trng c nhit t thay i.

7.4.5. p ng tn s ca op-amp
a. B chnh tn s bn trong li vng h A c tr s ln v u n mt tr s no ri gim dn theo tn s. y l ch ch ca nh ch to vi 2 l do: mt l op-amp t khi s dng dng vng h m thng c hi tip, nh vy li thc t Av thng nh hn A, hai l trnh hin tng d dao ng tn s cao. Mun vy, cu trc bn trong ca op-amp lun c cc t b chnh tn s (c gi tr trn di 30pF). Thng gim ca A c chn l 20dB/decade. i vi nhng op-amp c bng tn t nhin rng hn v gim nh hay ln hn -20dB/decade thng lm cho op-amp d b dao ng khi dng mch hi tip (theo nh lut Nyquist). Trong trng hp nh ch to s ch dn phng php sa cha p ng bng cc mch hi tip bn ngoi (thng l t in, t in-in tr)
A A (dB) 120 106 105 104

2.105

Trng Vn Tm

103
P P

VII-35

Hnh 7.68. p Mch in T ng tn s t nhin ca Op-Amp 741

102
P P

10

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

* Bng tn li n v (unity-gain bandwidth) L bng tn ca op-amp c li vng h bng 1. Th d op-amp 741 l B=1MHz. * Thi gian chyn tip (thi gian qu - Rise time) mch c li vng h bng 1, nu tn hiu vo l mt xung vung l tng (c bin t 0 Ei) th ng ra khng thay i ngay t 0 n Ei khi c xung vo m phi mt mt thi gian gi l p ng thi gian tng qu (transient response rise time). Thng thi gian ny c tnh t khi ng ra t 10% gi tr cc i n 90% gi tr cc i. i khi nh sn xut khng cho ta bit p ng tn s t nhin (tc khng bit bng tn li n v B) m li cho bit thi gian qu ny (rise time). Bng tn n v B c tnh t cng thc:
B= 0.35 risetime (7.39)

b. li in th v p ng tn s li thc t Av ca mch khuch i c hi tip khng nhng ty thuc cc in tr bn ngoi m cn ty thuc vo li vng h A. Do A theo tn s nn Av cng thay i theo tn s. ta xem li hai mch khuch i cn bn: * Mch khuch i khng o
vi va

+
741

vo

Rf Ri

Ta c: A =

vo vi va vo va va = Rf Ri

Hnh 7.69

Rf v Ri (7.40) Gii h thng ta tm c: A v = o = Rf vi 1+ Ri R Trong : 1 + f l li Av khi xem op-amp l l tng. Ri 1+

T cng thc thc t ny ta thy: Nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu (tn s f=0) hoc vi l tn hiu xoay chiu tn s rt thp th A kh ln nn A v 1 + ln, do A gim nn Av gim theo. * Mch khuch i o:
Trng Vn Tm VII-36 Ri vi
B B B B

Rf . Khi vi c tn s Ri

Rf

va
B B

741

Mch in T
vo
B B

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

A=

vo va vi va va vo = Ri Rf
vo = vi Rf Ri (7.41)

Gii, ta tm c: A v =

1 R + Rf 1+ i A Ri

Nhn xt ta cng thy Av c tnh cht nh mch khng o (thay i theo A tc theo tn s). c. rng bng tn - gii hn tn s cao Bng tn cng c nh ngha l gii hn ca hai tn s fL v fH m ti li ca mch gim 2 ln so vi li cc i. Vi op-amp c tn s gii hn pha thp fL thng rt nh (vi Hz) nn bng tn xem nh bng gii hn tn s cao fH.
A A

AV

fH

Hnh 7.71. Bng tn ca mch c li Av

xc nh gn ng bng tn ca mch khuch i dng op-amp ta c 2 cch: - Mt l c th dng p ng t nhin (vng h) c m t hnh 7.71 Hai l c th tnh t cng thc: f H =
B Ri + Rf Ri (7.42)

7.4.6. Vn tc tng th (slew rate)

nh ngha

in th ca op-ampkhng th tng t ngt ln tr s cao m phi mt mt thi gian np in vo cc t b chnh tn s bn trong ca op-amp. c tnh ny c o bng vn tc tng th v c n v l v/s. Nu I l dng np ti a v C l in dung ca t bi chnh, ta c:
Trng Vn Tm VII-37 Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Slew rate = o thay oi ien ngo the ra I = Thi gian C

Th d op-amp 741: I=15A ; C=30pF slew rate = 0,5V/s. Vn tc tng th ty thuc vo li in th, t b chnh tn s v in th ng ra dng hay m, thng c nh sn xut cho bit.

Gii hn ca vn tc tng th trn sng sin

Gi vi l tn hiu vo c dng sin vi bin nh vip ca mt mch khuch i dng op-amp. S thay i ti a ca vi ty thuc vo tn s, bin nh v cho bi 2f.vip. Nu thay i ny ln hn vn tc tng th ca op-amp th tn hiu ra vo s b bin dng. Nh vy, khi s dng op-amp phi tho mn iu kin: 2f.vip slew rate hay: f max =
slew rate 2vip

7.4.7. Nhiu trn in th ng ra

Tn hiu in khng mong mun xut hin ng ra gi l nhiu. S tri dng in v in th offset cng c gi l nhiu ( tn s rt thp). Nu ta b qua cc nhiu do mch ngoi to ra th bn trong ca op-amp cng to ra nhiu v lm nh hng n in th ng ra. Hnh 7.72 l m hnh ha n gin nht ca nhiu trong op-amp (ngun in th En).
3pF Rf Ri

741

vo = E n (1 +

Rf Ri

+
En=2v Rf //Ri

Hnh 7.72

Nh sn xut thng cho bit ngun nhiu (khong vi V) trong khong tn s no vi mt khong thay i ca Ri. Th d op-amp 741 c En = 2V trong di tn s t 10 Hz 10 KHz. Ngun nhiu ny khng thay i khi 200 < Ri < 20K. Khi Ri > 20K ngun nhiu ny s tng ln rt nhanh. T m hnh ho ca ngun nhiu v c tnh nh trn, gim nhiu ta thc hin : - Khng dng Rf v Ri qu ln. Ri c thit k < 10K. - Mc mt t nh (khong 3pF) song song vi Rf gim nhiu tn s cao.
Trng Vn Tm VII-38 Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

- Khng bao gi mc thm t song song vi Ri hoc t ng vo (-) xung mass v nh th s lm gim tng tr vo v tng li in th gy nhiu nhiu tn s cao. Nhiu dng in (dng in offset ng) vo cng xut hin 2 ng vo ca op-amp. Nn mc thm in tr b chnh gim nhiu dng in a n gim nhiu in th ng ra.

Trng Vn Tm

VII-39

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

BI TP CUI CHNG VII

Bi 1: Xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 7.59

Bi 2: Xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 7.60

Bi 3: Xc nh IL trong mch hnh 7.61. Thay RL=5k, tnh li IL. Mch trn l mch g?

Bi 4: Mt op-amp c cc c tnh

Trng Vn Tm

VII-40

Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Bi 5: Cho mch hnh 7.63 a/ Tnh v0 b/ I0?

Bi 6: Cho mch in hnh 7.64 a/ Tnh bng thng ca mch b/ p dng bng s khi: R1=R2=10k C1=0.1F; C2=0.002F Rf=10 k; Rg =5 k

Bi 7: Cho mch in hnh 7.65

g?

- Diode c xem nh l tng. - vi c dng sin bin ln. Tm dng tn hiu ra v0 v bin ca v0 theo vi. Mch trn c tc dng ca mch
VII-41 Mch in T

Trng Vn Tm

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

Bi 8: Cho mch hnh 7.66 Chng t rng:

Bi 9: Cho mch hnh 7.67 Chng t nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu th ng ra c xc nh bng phng trnh:

Bi 10: Cho mch hnh 7.68

a. Mch trn l mch g? Nu chc nng ca tng BJT trong mch.

Trng Vn Tm VII-42 Mch in T

Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng

b. Cc BJT hon ton ging ht nhau, c ch to bng Si v c phn cc vi VBE=0.7v. Mch hon ton cn bng v l tng. c tnh tr s ca tt c cc dng in phn cc IC ca cc BJT trong mch v in th cc chn BJT (xem IC IE). Bi 11: Cho mch in nh hnh 7.69. Gi s op-amp l tng v c phn cc bng ngun i xng 15v a. Tm v0 theo R, RA, v1, v2 b. Gi s v1 bin i t 0v 0.8v v V2 bin i t 01.3v. Cho R2=2k v ng ra bo ha ca op-amp l V0Sat=15v. Hy c tnh tr s ca RA li in th ca mch t tr s ti a v v0 khng bin dng (chn RA c gi tr tiu chun). Tnh AV trong trng hp .

Trng Vn Tm

VII-43

Mch in T