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Phng trnh mt phng trong khng gian

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PHNG TRNH MT PHNG TRONG KHNG GIAN
I. VCT C TRNG CA MT PHNG:
1. Hai vct ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , ; ; ; u a a a v b b b = =

l mt cp vc t ch phng (VTCP)
ca mt phng () , 0 u v


; khng cng phng v cc gi ca chng
song song hoc nm trn mt phng ()
2. Vct ( ) ; ; n a b c =

l vc t php tuyn (VTPT) ca mt phng ()


() gi ca n


3. Nhn xt: Mt phng () c v s cp vct ch phng v v s vct php
tuyn ng thi [ ] // , n u v


.
Nu
( )
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
, ,
; ;
u a a a
v b b b
=

l mt cp VTCP ca mp() th VTPT l:


[ ]
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
, ; ;
a a a a a a
n u v
b b b b b b
| |
= =
|
\



II. CC DNG PHNG TRNH CA MT PHNG
1. Phng trnh tham s:
Phng trnh mp() i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) vi cp VTCP
( )
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
, ,
; ;
u a a a
v b b b
=

l:
( )
0 1 1 1 2
0 2 1 2 2 1 2
0 3 1 3 2
,
x x a t b t
y y a t b t t t
z z a t b t
= + +

= + +

= + +


2. Phng trnh tng qut:
2.1. Phng trnh chnh tc: 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = vi
2 2 2
0 A B C + + > .
Nu D = 0 th 0 Ax By Cz + + = () i qua gc ta .
Nu A = 0, B 0, C 0 th (): 0 By Cz D + + = s song song hoc cha vi trc xOx.
Nu A 0, B = 0, C 0 th (): 0 Ax Cz D + + = s song song hoc cha vi trc yOy.
Nu A 0, B 0, C = 0 th (): 0 Ax By D + + = s song song hoc cha vi trc zOz.
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

84
2.2. Phng trnh tng qut ca mp() i qua M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) vi cp VTCP
( )
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
, ,
; ;
u a a a
v b b b
=

hay VTPT [ ]
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
, ; ;
a a a a a a
n u v
b b b b b b
| |
= =
|
\


l:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 3 1 1 2
0 0 0
2 3 3 1 1 2
0
a a a a a a
x x y y z z
b b b b b b
+ + =
2.3. Phng trnh tng qut ca mp() i qua 3 im
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
, , ; , , ; , , A x y z B x y z C x y z khng thng hng c VTPT l:
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
, , ,
y y z z z z x x x x y y
n AB AC
y y z z z z x x x x y y
| |
(
= =
|

\


nn phng trnh l:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
0
y y z z z z x x x x y y
x x y y z z
y y z z z z x x x x y y

+ + =


c bit: Phng trnh mt phng i qua ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 0; 0 , 0; ; 0 , 0; 0; A a B b C c l:
( )
1 0
y
x z
abc
a b c
+ + =
3. Phng trnh chm mt phng:
Cho 2 mt phng ct nhau
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
: 0; : 0 a x b y c z d a x b y c z d + + + = + + + = vi
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
= .
Mt phng () cha () l ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
0 p a x b y c z d q a x b y c z d + + + + + + + =
vi
2 2
0 p q + >
III. V TR TNG I CA 2 MT PHNG
Cho 2 mt phng (
1
):
1 1 1 1
0 A x B y C z D + + + = c VTPT
( )
1 1 1 1
, , n A B C =


v (
2
):
2 2 2 2
0 A x B y C z D + + + = c VTPT
( )
2 2 2 2
, , n A B C =

.
Nu
1 2
, n n

khng cng phng th (
1
) ct (
2
).
Nu
1 2
, n n

cng phng v (
1
), (
2
) khng c im chung th (
1
) // (
2
)
Nu
1 2
, n n

cng phng v (
1
), (
2
) c im chung th (
1
) (
2
)
Phng trnh mt phng trong khng gian

85
IV. GC GIA HAI MT PHNG
Gc gia 2 mt phng (
1
):
1 1 1 1
0 A x B y C z D + + + = v (
2
):
2 2 2 2
0 A x B y C z D + + + = l (0 90) tha mn:
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
.
cos
n n A A B B C C
n n
A B C A B C
+ +
= =
+ + + +


vi
1 2
, n n

l 2 VTPT ca (
1
), (
2
).
V. KHONG CCH
1. Khong cch t M
0
(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) n mt phng (): 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = l:
( )
0 0 0
2 2 2
,
Ax By Cz D
d M
A B C
+ + +
=
+ +

2. Khong cch gia 2 mt phng song song: ( ) ( )
( )
; ; d d M M =
( ) ( ) ( ) ; ; d d M M =
VI. CC BI TP MU MINH HA
Bi 1. Lp phng trnh tng qut ca mp() i qua A(2; 1; 1) v vung gc
vi ng thng xc nh bi 2 im B(1; 0; 4), C(0; 2; 1).
Mp() i qua A nhn ( ) 1; 2; 3 BC =

lm VTPT nn phng trnh mp() l:


( )
( )
( )
1 2 2 1 3 1 0 x y z + + = 2 3 3 0 x y z + + =
Bi 2. Lp phng trnh tham s v phng trnh tng qut ca mp() i qua
( ) 2; 1; 4 A , ( ) 3; 2; 1 B v vung gc vi ( ) : 2 3 0 x y z + + =
HD: ( ) 1; 3; 5 AB =

, ( ) 1;1; 2 n

. Do mp() i qua A, B v
( )
( ) nn ()
nhn ,
b
AB n


lm cp VTCP. Suy ra VTPT ca () l:
( )
3 5 5 1 1 3
; ; 11; 7; 2
1 2 2 1 1 1
n
| |
= =
|
\

. Mt khc () i qua ( ) 2; 1; 4 A nn
phng trnh mp():
( )
( )
( )
11 2 7 1 2 4 0 11 7 2 21 0 x y z x y z + = = .
Bi 3. Lp phng trnh mp() i qua A(1; 0; 5) v // mp(): 2 17 0 x y z + = .
Lp phng trnh mp() i qua 3 im B(1; 2; 1), C(1; 0; 0), D(0; 1; 0)
v tnh gc nhn to bi 2 mp() v ().
HD: mp() // (): 2 17 0 x y z + = c ( ) 2; 1;1 n =

(): 2 0 x y z c + + =
() i qua A(1; 0; 5) 2 1 0 5 0 7 c c + + = = PT (): 2 7 0 x y z + =
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

86
mp() nhn 2 vc t ( ) ( ) 0; 2; 1 , 1; 3; 1 BC BD = =

lm cp VTCP nn c
VTPT l: ( )
2 1 1 0 0 2
; ; 1;1; 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
n

| |
= =
|

\

.
Vy phng trnh mp(): ( ) 1 2 0 2 1 0 x y z x y z + + = + + =

( )
2 2
2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1
cos cos , 60
6 2 3
2 1 1 1 1 2
n n

+
= = = = = =
+ + + +


Bi 4. Vit PT mt phng cha ng thng ():
2 0
3 2 3 0
x z
x y z
=

+ =


v vung gc vi mt phng (P): 2 5 0 x y z + + =
HD: Phng trnh chm mt phng cha () l:
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 2 3 0 , ; 0 m x z n x y z m n m n + + = + >

( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 0 m n x ny n m z n + + =
mp() cha () c VTPT ( ) 3 ; 2 ; 2 u m n n n m = +


Mt phng (P) c VPPT ( ) 1; 2;1 v =

nn () (P) th 0 u v =


( ) ( ) ( )
1 3 2 2 1 2 0 m n n n m + + = 8 0 n m = .
Cho 1 n = suy ra 8 m = , khi phng trnh mp() l: 11 2 15 3 0 x y z =
Bi 5. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha Oz v lp vi mt phng ():
2 5 0 x y z + = mt gc 60.
HD: Mt phng (P) cha Oz (P) c dng: 0 mx ny + = (
2 2
0 m n + > )
VTPT ( ) ; ; 0 u m n =

. Mt phng () c VTPT ( ) 2;1; 5 v =

suy ra
( )
2 2 2 2
2. 1. 0. 5
1
cos , cos 60
2
2 1 5
m n
u v
m n
+
= =
+ + +

( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 10 m n m n + = +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 10 2 3 8 3 0 m mn n m n m mn n + + = + + =
Cho 1 n =
2 1
3 8 3 0 3
3
m m m m + = = = .
Vy
( )
: 3 0 P x y = hoc
( )
: 3 0 P x y + =

Phng trnh mt phng trong khng gian

87
Bi 6. Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mp() qua M(0; 0; 1), N(3; 0; 0) v to
vi (Oxy) mt gc 60.
HD: (): 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = qua M, N suy ra: 0; 3 0 C D A D + = + =
3 ; 3 C A D A = = . Mt phng (Oxy) c VTPT l ( ) 0; 0;1 suy ra
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3
1
cos 60 36 10
2
10
C A
A A B
A B C A B
= = = +
+ + +

2 2
26 26 A B B A = = . Do
2 2 2
0 A B C + + 0 A .
Cho 1 A = suy ra mp(): 26 3 3 0 x y z + = hoc 26 3 3 0 x y z + + =
Bi 7. Cho A(a; 0; a), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c) vi a, b, c l 3 s dng thay i
lun lun tha mn
2 2 2
3 a b c + + = . Xc nh a, b, c sao cho khong cch t O
n mt phng (ABC) t Max.
HD: (ABC): 1 0
y
x z
a b c
+ + = . Suy ra
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
; d O ABC a b c
= + +

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
d a b c
= + +
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
9 3
3 3
a b c
a b c
| |
= + + + + =
|
\

2 1 1
3
3
d d . Vi 1 a b c = = = th
1
Max
3
d =
Bi 8. Cho chm mt phng
( ) ( ) : 2 1 1 0
m
P x y z m x y z + + + + + + + = .
Chng minh rng: (P
m
) lun i qua (d) c nh m
Tnh khong cch t O n (d). Tm m (P
m
)
( )
0
: 2 1 0 P x y z + + + =
HD: Vi mi m, (P
m
) lun i qua ng thng c nh (d):
2 1 0
1 0
x y z
x y z
+ + + =

+ + + =


Mt phng 2 1 0 x y z + + + = c VTPT: ( ) 2;1;1 u =

v 1 0 x y z + + + = c
VTPT ( ) 1;1;1 v =

suy ra (d) c VTCP l: [ ] ( ) ; 0; 1;1 a u v = =



.
Mt khc (d) i qua ( ) 0; 0; 1 M
( )
( )
[ ]
2
2
1 0 0
1
,
2
0 1 1
OM a
d O d
a

+ +
= = =
+ +



( )
( ) ( ) ( )
: 2 1 1 1 0
m
P m x m y m z m + + + + + + + = c VTPT ( )
1
2; 1; 1 n m m m = + + +

;
Trng hp c bit mt phng
( )
0
P c VTPT ( )
2
2;1;1 n =

.
(P
m
) (P
0
) th
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
3
0 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 4 6 0
2
n n m m m m m

= + + + + + = + = =


Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

88
Bi 9. Cho 3 im A(0; 1; 2), B(2; 3; 1), C(2; 2; 1). Vit phng trnh mt
phng (ABC). CMR: O (ABC) v OABC l mt hnh ch nht.
Cho S(9; 0; 0). Tnh th tch chp S.OABC. Vit phng trnh mt
phng cha AB v i qua trung im OS.
HD: ( ) ( ) 2; 2; 1 , 2;1; 3 AB AC = =

VTPT ( ) , 5; 4; 2 n AB AC
(
= =


Do (ABC) i qua A(0; 1; 2) nn phng trnh mt phng (ABC) l:
( )
( )
( )
5 0 4 1 2 2 0 5 4 2 0 x y z x y z + = + =
O(0; 0; 0) v 5.0 4.0 2.0 0 + = nn O (ABC).
Ta c: ( ) 0;1; 2 OA =

, ( ) 2; 2; 1 OC =

OC AB =


0.2 1.2 2.1 0 OA OC = + =

suy ra OABC l hnh ch nht.
Gi H l hnh chiu ca S ln (OABC) suy ra
1 1
2 2.
3 3
OABC ABC SABC
V S SH S SH V = = =
1
2 ,
6
AB AC AS
(
=



Ta c: ( ) 9; 1; 2 AS =

v ( ) , 5; 4; 2 AB AC
(
=




( ) ( )
1 1
9 5 1 4 2 2 45 15
3 3
V = = =
Trung im ca OS l
( )
9
; 0; 0
2
M
( )
9
; 1; 2
2
AM =


Mt phng cha AB v i qua M c VTPT l:
[ ]
( )
1
. 5; ; 11
2
n AB AM = =


Phng trnh mt phng: 10 22 45 0 x y z + + = .
Bi 10. Lp phng trnh ca mt phng
( )
thuc chm to bi hai mt
phng
( )
( ) : 3 7 36 0; :2 15 0 P x y z Q x y z + + = + = nu bit khong cch t
gc ta O n bng 3.
Gii
Mt phng
( )
thuc chm to bi (P) v (Q) nn c phng trnh dng:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
3 7 36 2 15 0 0 m x y z n x y z m n + + + + = + >
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 7 36 15 0 m n x n m y m n z m n + + + + = . Ta c
Phng trnh mt phng trong khng gian

89
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
36 15
, 3 3
2 3 7
m n
d O
m n n m m n

= =
+ + +

2 2 2 2
12 5 59 16 6 19 104 85 0 m n m mn n n mn m = + + =
( ) ( )
19 85 0 19 85 n m n m n m n m = = =
+ Cho n = m = 1 th nhn c
( )
1
: 3 2 6 21 0 x y z + + =
+ Cho m = 19, n = 85 ta c
( )
2
: 189 28 48 591 0 x y z + + = .
Bi 11. Lp phng trnh mt phng
( )
i qua 2 im A(2; 1; 0), B(5; 1; 1)
v khong cch t im
( )
1
0; 0;
2
M n mt phng
( )
bng 6 3 .
Gii
Gi phng trnh mt phng
( )
l:
( )
2 2 2
0 0 Ax By Cz D A B C + + + = + + >
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 0 1 ; 5 0 2 A A B D B A B C D + = + + + =
Mt khc:
( )
( )
2 2 2 7 7 1
,
2
6 3 6 3
d M C D A B C = + = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
27 2 49 3 C D A B C + = + + .
T (1) v (2), ta c
( )
3 2 , 2 4 C A B D B A = =
Th (4) vo (3), ta c:
( )
2
2 2 2
27.49 49 3 2 A A B A B
(
= + + +


2 2 17
5 12 17 0
5
B AB A B A B A + = = =
+ Chn A = B = 1 C = 5, D = 1 th nhn c
( )
1
: 5 1 0 x y z + =
+ Chn A = 5, B = 17 C = 19, D = 27 th
( )
2
: 5 17 19 27 0 x y z + =
VII. CC BI TP DNH CHO BN C T GII
Bi 1. Vit PT mp() cha gc ta O v vung gc vi
( )
: 7 0 P x y z + = , ( ) : 3 2 12 5 0 Q x y z + + =
Bi 2. Vit PT mp() i qua M(1; 2;1) v cha giao tuyn ca
( )
( ) : 1 0, : 2 3 0 P x y z Q x y z + + = + =
Bi 3. Vit phng trnh mt phng cha
( )
3 0
:
3 2 1 0
x y z
x y z
+ =


+ + =


v vung gc vi mt phng (P): 2 3 0 x y z + + =
Chng IV. Hnh gii tch Trn Phng

90
Bi 4. Cho A(5; 1; 3), B(1; 6; 2), C(5; 0; 4). Vit PT mp(ABC).
Tnh khong cch t gc O n (ABC). Vit PT mt phng:
a. Qua O, A v // BC; Qua C, A v (): 2 3 1 0 x y z + + = .
b. Qua O v (), (ABC); Qua I(1; 2; 3) v cha giao tuyn ca (), (ABC)
Bi 5. Xc nh cc tham s m, n mt phng 5 4 0 x ny z m + + + = thuc
chm mt phng c phng trnh:
( ) ( ) 3 7 3 9 2 5 0 x y z x y z + + + =
Bi 6. Cho 2 mt phng
( )
: 2 3 1 0 x y z + + = , ( ) : 5 0 x y z + + = v im
M(1; 0; 5). Tnh khong cch t M n mp().
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua giao tuyn (d) ca () v ()
ng thi vung gc vi mt phng (Q): 3 1 0 x y + = .
Bi 7. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua 3 im A(1; 1; 3), B(1; 3; 2),
C(1; 2; 3). Tnh khong cch t gc O n (P).
Tnh din tch tam gic ABC v th tch t din OABC.
Bi 8. Cho A(2; 0; 0), B(0; 3; 0), C(0; 0; 3). Cc im M, N ln lt l trung
im ca OA v BC; P, Q l 2 im trn OC v AB sao cho
2
3
OP
OC
= v
2 ng thng MN, PQ ct nhau.
Vit phng trnh mp(MNPQ) v tm t s
AQ
AB
.
Bi 9. Cho A(a; 0; 0), B(0; a; 0), C(a; a; 0), D(0; 0; d) vi a, d > 0. Gi A, B
l hnh chiu ca O ln DA, DB. Vit phng trnh mt phng cha 2
ng OA, OB. Chng minh mt phng vung gc CD.
Tnh d theo a s o gc

45 A OB = .
Bi 10. Tm trn Oy cc im cch u 2 mt phng
( )
( ) : 1 0, : 5 0 x y z x y z + + = + =
Bi 11. Tnh gc gia 2 mt phng (P) v (Q) cng i qua im I(2; 1; 3) bit
(P) cha Oy v (Q) cha Oz.
Tm tp hp cc im cch u 2 mt phng (P) v (Q).
Bi 12. Cho OAB u cnh a nm trong mt phng (Oxy), ng thng AB // Oy.
im A nm trn phn t th nht trong mp(Oxy). Cho im
( )
0; 0;
3
a
S .
Xc nh A, B v trung im E ca OA. Vit phng trnh mt phng
(P) cha SE v song song vi Ox. Tnh ( ) , d O P t suy ra ( ) ; d Ox SE

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