n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

LI M U
Trong qu trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc, cng ngy cng c nhiu nh
my, khu cng nghip tp trung c xy dng v a vo hot ng to ra mt khi lng sn
phm cng nghip chim mt t trng cao trong ton b sn phm ca nn kinh t quc dn.
Bn cnh , qu trnh sn xut cng nghip gy nn nhiu nh hng xu n mi trng
c bit l mi trng khng kh. Nu khng c bin php thch ng th mi trng ni chung
v mi trng khng kh ni ring xung quanh cc nh my, cc khu cng nghip tp trung s
ng trc nguy c b ph hy trm trng, nh hng trc tip n sc khe ca ngi dn.
nhim khng kh do hot ng cng nghip vn ang v s l mt trong nhng ngun gy
nhim mi trng nghim trng nht.
c th p dng nhng kin thc hc trong thi gian qua, nhm nh hng cho mnh
trong vic gp mt phn nh trong cng cuc kim sot nhim khng kh. Chng ti thc
hin n Tnh ton thit k h thng x l kh thi cha HCL bng dung mi l nc cng
vi s hng dn v gip ca cc thy c: thy Lm Vnh Sn; c Nguyn Ch Hiu.
Vi nhng kin thc cn hn hp v kinh nghim thc t cn hn ch nn trong n ny cn
nhiu thiu st, chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc thy c nhm rt ra kinh
nghim cho cc n trong thi gian sp ti. Xin chn thnh cm n!

Nhm 15

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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

MC LC
LI M U......................................................................................................................................1
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V QU TRNH HP TH.....................................................................4
KHI NIM:....................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Khi nim:..............................................................................................................................4
1.2 p dng ca hp thu:..............................................................................................................4
1.3 La chn dung mi:................................................................................................................4
QU TRNH HP TH:.................................................................................................................5
2.1 C ch qu trnh:....................................................................................................................5
2.2 Qu trnh trao i cht:...........................................................................................................5
2.3 C 2 phng php hp th:....................................................................................................6
CC LOI THP HP TH:.........................................................................................................7
3.1 Thp phun:..............................................................................................................................7
3.2 Thp si bt: .........................................................................................................................7
3.3 Thp m:...............................................................................................................................7
Thp a:.......................................................................................................................................7
DUNG MI HP TH:..................................................................................................................7
CC YU T NH HNG N HIU QU HP TH: .......................................................7
5.1 Nhit : ................................................................................................................................7
5.2 p sut:...................................................................................................................................7
5.3 Cc yu t khc:.....................................................................................................................8
Chng 2: GII THIU CHUNG V KH THI HCl...................................................................8
Ngun gc:.......................................................................................................................................8
Tnh cht:..........................................................................................................................................9
S lc v qu trnh in phn NaOH-Cl2:.....................................................................................9
Cng ngh sn xut HCl:...........................................................................................................10
Phn tch cc kh nhim t qa trnh in phn: ...................................................................10
CC PHNG PHP X L CHUNG:.....................................................................................11
4.1 C s l thuyt ca qu trnh x l kh c hi:...................................................................11
4.2 Hp th kh bng cht lng: .................................................................................................11
LA CHN PHNG PHP X L:........................................................................................12
CC PHNG N X L KH HCl:.........................................................................................12
LA CHN THIT B:.................................................................................................................12
Chng 3: S CNG NGH......................................................................................................12
Chng 4: TNH TON THIT B...................................................................................................14
Thng s ban u:..........................................................................................................................14
Cn bng vt cht...........................................................................................................................14
u vo:......................................................................................................................................14
u ra.........................................................................................................................................14
Phng trnh cn bng................................................................................................................15
Suy ra: noy = = 2.0716..................................................................................................................16
Tnh thp hp th............................................................................................................................16
3.1 ng knh thp...................................................................................................................16
3.2 Chiu cao lp m................................................................................................................17
3.3 Mt ti thc t...............................................................................................................18
3.4 Mt ti thch hp...........................................................................................................18
3.5 Chun s cho pha kh...........................................................................................................18
3.6 Chun s cho pha lng.........................................................................................................19
3.7 Tr lc ca thp....................................................................................................................20

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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

3.8 Chn b dy thn..................................................................................................................22

3.9 Tnh c kh:..........................................................................................................................23
3.10 Tnh bch:............................................................................................................................24
3.11 a phn phi.....................................................................................................................24
3.12 Li m.......................................................................................................................24
3.13 Khi lng ton thn thp..................................................................................................24
3.14 Tnh chn thn bng ng thp trn................................................................................24
3.15 Tnh tai treo........................................................................................................................25
Chng 5: KHAI TON GI THNH.............................................................................................25
Chng 6: KT LUN......................................................................................................................26
PH LC: BN V..........................................................................................................................27

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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Chng 1: TNG QUAN V QU TRNH HP TH

KHI NIM:
1.1 Khi nim:
Hp thu l qu trnh xy ra khi mt cu t ca pha kh khuch tn vo pha lng do
s tip xc gia hai pha kh v lng. Nu qu trnh xy ra ngc li, ngha l cn s
truyn vt cht t pha lng vo pha kh, ta c qu trnh nh kh. Nguyn l ca c hai
qu trnh l ging nhau.
Qu trnh hp thu tch b mt hay nhiu cht nhim ra khi dng kh thi (pha
kh) bng cch x l vi cht lng (pha lng). Khi ny hn hp kh c cho tip xc
vi cht lng nhm mc ch ha tan chn la mt hay nhiu cu t ca hn hp kh
to nn mt dung dch cc cu t trong cht lng.
Kh c hp th gi l cht b hp th
Cht lng dng hp thu gi l dung mi (cht ht th )
Kh khng b hp th gi l kh tr.
1.2 p dng ca hp thu:
Trong cng nghip ha cht ,thc phm, qu trnh hp thu c dng :
Thu hi cc cu t qu trong pha kh .
Lm sch pha kh .
Tch hn hp to thnh cc cu t ring bit .
To thnh mt dung dch sn phm.
1.3 La chn dung mi:
Nu mc ch ca qu trnh l tch cc cu t hn hp kh th khi vic la
chn dung mi tt ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
1.3.1 ha tan tt: c tnh chn lc c ngha l ch ha tan cu t cn tch v
ha tan khng ng k cc cu t cn li. y l iu kin quan trng nht.
1.3.2 nht ca dung mi: cng b th tr lc qu trnh cng nh, tng tc
hp thu v c li cho qu trnh truyn khi.
1.3.3 Nhit dung ring: b s tn t nhit khi hon nguyn dung mi.

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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

1.3.4 Nhit si: khc xa vi nhit si ca cht ho tan s d tch cc cu t

ra khi dung mi.
1.3.5 Nhit ng rn: thp trnh tc thit b, khng to kt ta, khng c
v thu hi cc cu t ha tan d dng hn.
1.3.6 t bay hi, r tin, d kim v khng c hi vi ngi v khng n mn thit
b.
QU TRNH HP TH:
2.1 C ch qu trnh:
Hp th l qu trnh quan trng x l kh v c p dng trong rt nhiu qu trnh
khc. Hp thu trn qu trnh hp th truyn khi , c m t v tnh tan da vo phn
chia ca hai pha: pha lng v pha kh.
Qu trnh chia lm 3 bc:
Khuch tn cc phn te nhim th kh vo trong khi kh thi n b mt ca cht
lng hp th. Nng phn t pha cht kh ph thuc vo c 2 hin tng khuch
tn:
Khuch tn ri: c tc dng lm nng phn t c u n trong khi kh.
Khuch tn phn t: lm cho cc phn t kh chuyn ng v pha lp bin.
Trong pha lng cng xy ra hin tng tng t.
Khuch tn ri: c hnh thnh gi cho nng c u n trong tan b
khi cht lng.
Khuch tn phn t: lm dch chuyn cc phn t n lp bin hoc t lp bin i
vo pha kh.
Thm nhp v ha tan cht kh vo b mt ca cht hp th.
Khuch tn cht kh ha tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su bn trong lng cht lng
hp th.
Qu trnh hp th ph thuc vo s tng tc gia cht hp th v cht b hp th trong
pha kh.
2.2 Qu trnh trao i cht:
Khi cht nhim vo trong cht lng hp th th cc cht phn t c trao i
qua lp bin (mng). Cc phn t i qua lp bin c hai pha (mt s t pha cht lng,
mt s t pha cht kh).
Cng trao i ph thuc vo cc yu t tc ng ln h thng nh p sut,
nhit , nng v ha tan ca cc phn t. Cng tng nu gia pha kh v pha
lng din ra phn ng ha hc hay cc phn t khng th quay tr v khi kh khi c tc
ng ca qu trnh vt l.
Qu trnh hp th km theo s ta nhit v lm tng nhit ca h thng. khi
pha kh phn tn vo pha lng xy ra hin tng dn nhit lm nng lng ca cu t
ca pha kh b gim. Hn tng ny xy ra do s chuyn ng ca cc phn t kh, lm
cho cc phn t ny b xo trn dn ti s cn bng nng lng gia hai pha.
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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Trong thc t c 2 hin tng hp th:

Hp th ng nhit: c tin hnh vi s gii nhit pha lng bng thit b truyn nhit
b tr trong thp hp th. Nu nng ban u khng ln hoc khi lu lng cht lng
ln th s thay i nhit ca cht lng khng ng k.
Hp th ng p: din ra khi c s thy i ca mi trng bn ngoi, khi ny c cu
thit b c n gin ha nhng iu kin cn bng khng tt.
2.3 C 2 phng php hp th:
Hp th vt l: c da trn s ha tan ca cu t pha kh trong pha lng
y s truyn vt cht trong mi pha c xc nh bng phng trnh truyn
khi n nh:
G = kF(y yp) = lF(x xp)
Cn qu trnh vn chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc s dng phng trnh:
G = KkF(y y*) = KlF(x x*)
Trong :
G: s mol vt cht c chuyn trong mt n v thi gian, mol/s
F: b mt tip xc pha, m2
y, x: nng mol cht b hp th trong pha kh v pha lng, mol/m3
yp, xp: nng cht b hp th trn b mt phn chia pha trong pha kh v pha
lng, mol/m3
y*, x*: nng cu t trong pha kh v pha lng cn bng vi nng trong pha
kh v pha lng tng ng, mol/m3
k, l: h s truyn khi trong pha kh v lng, m/s
Kk, Kl: h s truyn khi tng qut trong pha kh v lng, m/s
Quan h gia h s truyn khi v h s truyn khi tng qut nh sau:
1
1
1
=
+
Kk
k l
1
1
1
=
+
Kl
m k l

Trong m l hng s cn bng pha

Nu h thng c ho tan cao m (hng s cn bng pha) 0, v vy Kk k.
Khi , tr lc ca qu trnh truyn khi tp trung trong pha kh.
Khi ha tan nh m c gi tr ln Kl l. Khi , tr lc ca qu trnh truyn
khi tp trung trong pha lng.
Hp th ha hc: c phn ng ha hc gia cht b hp th v cht hp th. Khi ny
hiu nng b mt phn chia tng, vn tc hp th ha hc tng hn khi hp th vt
l. Vn tc phn ng ha hc cng tng, vn tc hp th ha hc cng tng.
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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

CC LOI THP HP TH:

Thit b hp th c chc nng to ra b mt tip xc gia hai pha kh v lng vng
ln cng tt. C nhiu dng thp hp th.
3.1 Thp phun:
L thp c c cu phun cht lng bng c hc hay bng p sut. Trong , cht lng
c phun thnh nhng git nh trong th tch rng ca thit b v cho dng kh i qua.
Thp phun c s dng khi yu cu tr lc b v kh c cha ht rn.
3.2 Thp si bt:
Kh c cho qua tm c l bn trn c cha lp nc mng.
Thp sc kh:
Kh c phn tn di dng cc bong bng i qua lp cht lng. Qu trnh phn tn
kh c th thc hin bng cch khuy c hc.
3.3 Thp m:
Cht lng ti ln lp m rng v chy xung di to ra b mt t ca lp
m dng kh tip xc khi i t di ln. Thp c p dng khi nng sut nh, mi
trng n mn, t l kh v lng ln, khng kh cha bi v hp th khng to ra cn
lng.
Thp a:
Vn tc trong thp ln nn ng knh nh v kinh t hn so vi cc thp khc. Thp
c s dng vi nng sut ln, lu lng lng nh v mi trng khng n mn.
iu tha mn i vi khi s dng thp hp th nh sau:
Hiu qu, c kh nng cho kh i qua, tr lc thp (<3000Pa), kt cu n gin v
vn hnh thu tin, khi long nh v khng b tc nghn bi cn sinh ra trong qu trnh
hp th.
Hp th c nhiu kh, vn tc hp th ca mi kh gim.
DUNG MI HP TH:
Cht hp th c th l nc, NaOH, Na2CO3, KOH, Ca(OH)2,
CC YU T NH HNG N HIU QU HP TH:
5.1 Nhit :
Khi nhit thp tng th h s Henry tng. Kt q l nh hng ng cn bng
dch chuyn vn pha trc tung. Nu ng lm vic AB khng i th ng lc trung
bnh s gim, s a l thuyt tng v chiu cao ca thit b cng tng.
Nhit tng lm cho nht c hai pha lng v kh tng.
5.2 p sut:
Khi tng p sut trong thp th h s cn bng s tng v cn bng dch chuyn v
pha trc honh. ng lm vic AB khng i dn n ng lc trung bnh tng, qu
trnh truyn khi tt hn nn s a l thuyt gim ko theo chiu cao thp gim.

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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Vic tng p sut s lm tng nhit . Mc khc, tng p sut cng kh khn trong
vic ch to v vn hnh ca thp hp th.
5.3 Cc yu t khc:
Tnh cht ca dung mi, loi thit b, cu to thit b, chnh xc ca dng c o,
ch vn hnh thp u c nh hng nhiu n hiu sut hp thu.

Chng 2: GII THIU CHUNG V KH THI HCl

Ngun gc:
Trong kh quyn , kh HCl c nhiu trong cc nh my x nghip sn xut ha cht
nh: nh my sn xut bt git, cht ty raV cc nh my gia cng b mt kim
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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

loi nh : nh my m km bng phng php nhng nng vi cng sut hng nghn
tn.
Hoc kh t than, giy, cht do v nhin liu rn cng to ra kh HCl.
Tnh cht:
Dung dch HCl c to thnh t kh hydroclorua ha tan trong nc.
HCl thng bc khi trng.
Khi dung dch HCl gp hi nc trong khng kh thng ngng t thnh git nh rt
kch ng.
HCl c tc hi n sc khe nh: gy tn hi khi tip xc vi c th: h h hp,
ng tiu ha, mt da,
Vi nng 0.1 3.23 mg/ m3 x c mi, 2.83 12.8 mg/ m3 thy mi r v 8.3
32.9 mg/ m3 thy mi nng.
Cng nhn lm vic nng 15 mg/ m3 trong thi gian di s nh hng n rng v
c th. m bo nng 2.9 mg/ m3 duy tr sc khe cho cng nhn.
HCl khng gy ung th, nhng khi ht phi kh HCl qua ng h hp th c th gy
ra vim phi.
HCl lm cho cy ci chm pht trin, nng cao th cy cht. v HCl lm gim
bng ca cy, t bo biu b co li.
S lc v qu trnh in phn NaOH-Cl2:
Sn xut NaOH 31.5% c sn xut theo phng php in phn nc mui trong
thng in phn c mng trao i ion.
Qu trnh in phn xy ra theo phng trnh:
2NaCl + 2H2O -----------> 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Quy trnh c cc cng an sn xut chnh nh sau:
3.1.1 Cng an tinh ch mui s cp:
Mui nguyn liu t kho cha c a vo thit b ha tan bng bng ti. Nc
mui i t di ln qua ct nc.
Cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, c nh hng xu n qu trnh in phn c kt ta
bng Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaOH theo phng trnh sau:
SO42- + BaCl2 -----------> BaSO4 + 2Cl-+
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 -----------> CaCO3 + 2Na+
Mg2+ + NaOH -----------> Mg(OH)2 + 2Na+
Cng an in phn:
H thng thng in phn hot ng theo cng ngh mng trao i ion. Qu trnh xy
ra theo phng trnh sau:
2NaCl + 2H2O -----------> 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2

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 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

3.1.2 Cng an x l nc mui th cp v nc mui ngho:

Trong qu trnh in phn ng thi xy ra phn ng ph to sn phm khng mong
mun nh ClO-, ClO3-.
Cc ion ny tn ti trong nc mui ngho v c hi trong qu trnh ti to bo ha
nc mui.
Cn x l theo cc bc sau:
Dng Axit HCl phn hy ClO-, ClO3- thng Cl2.
HCl + HClO -----------> Cl2 + H2O
HCl + NaClO -----------> Cl2 +NaCl + H2O
Tch kh Clo ra khi dung dch nc mui bng cch gim p sut ring phn trn b
mt dung dch trong thp m lm vic p sut chn khng.
3.1.3

Cng an iu dng Xt:

NaOH sau khi ra khi thng in phn, mt phn tun han v thng in phn, phn
cn li c a ti h thng cha.
3.1.4

Cng an iu dng kh Clo, Hydro:

Kh Clo, Hydro ra khi thng in phn s c lm ngui. iu chnh p sut thch

hp, bo m h thng lun lm vic n nh ( p sut m i vi Clo v p sut dng
i vi Hydro)
Qu trnh tng hp l phn ng gia Clo v Hydro xy ra trong thp hn hp.
Cng ngh sn xut HCl:
Axit HCl c tng hp t kh clo v hidro lm ngui, iu kin p sut
dng . Qu trnh tng hp l phn ng gia kh clo v hydro xy ra trong thp hn
hp
Phn tch cc kh nhim t qa trnh in phn:
C mt vi ngun gy nhim cho trong cc qu trnh in phn. Do cc in
cc lm vic iu kin chn khng thp, trong trng hp khng gi c iu kin
lm vic th c th gy ra p sut v dn ti kh cho c th thot ra ngoi khng kh.
Ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh clo b thot ra do ly mu v khi thay in cc. Kh clo
cng c th b thot ra ngoi ch cc van, vng m ca bm v trc ca my nn.
Ti khu vc cho clo vo bnh hoc thng cha clo cng c th c clo thot ra vi lng
nh khi cp clo hoc ly ra
Kh HCl c hnh thnh trong thp tng hp HCl t H2 v Cl2 , kh ny c a
sang thp hp th ti y axit HCl c c to ra do qu trnh hp th hi HCl bng
axit long. Dng kh ra khi thp hp th c tip tc i qua thit b phun thu hi phn
hi axit cn li.
Sau thp tng hp HCl, kh thi ra cn cha hi HCl cha hp th ht, mt
lng kh Cl 2 cn li cng vi kh hidro v hi nc. Tuy nhin hm lng kh Cl
tng i nh nn khng ng k nn kh thi chnh l HCl vi hm lng

- 10 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

yd =
0 ,08 (phn khi lng). Ta s la chn phng php hp l thit k thp c
nng sut 5000m3/h x l lng kh thi HCl trn trc khi thi ra ngoi mi trng
CC PHNG PHP X L CHUNG:
i vi kh thi cng nghip, cc c s cn x l ti ngun, cc phng php x l
c bn l:
Pha lng kh bng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp
Thay i nhin liu, nguyn vt liu thit b nhm gim nhim.
Lp t h thng x l nhim (lng, lc, thp hp th, phn hy sinh hc)
4.1 C s l thuyt ca qu trnh x l kh c hi:
Gm 3 phng php chnh:
Hp th cc kh c hi bng cht lng: dung dch hoc nc
Hp th cc cht nhim trn b mt vt liu rn (than hot tnh, than bn, than
nu, t xp,.)
Bin i ha hc cc cht nhim bng qu trnh thiu t (t chy sau) hoc
x l bng cht xc tc i vi kh thi.
4.2 Hp th kh bng cht lng:
Hp th l qu trnh xy ra khi mt cu t ca pha kh khuch tn vo pha lng do s
tip xc gia hai pha kh v lng. Nu qu trnh xy ra ngc li, ngha l cn s truyn
vt cht t pha lng vo pha kh, ta c qu trnh nh kh. Nguyn l ca hai qu trnh l
ging nhau.
Qu trnh hp th tch b mt hay nhiu cht nhim ra khi dng kh thi (pha kh)
bng cch x l bng cht lng (pha lng). khi cho hn hp kh tip xc vi cht lng
nhm mc ch ha tan chn la mt hay nhiu cu t ca hn hp kh to nn mt dung
dch cc cu t trong cht lng.
Kh c hp th gi l cht b hp th
Cht lng dng hp th gi l dung mi (cht hp th)
Kh khng b hp th gi l kh tr.
Nguyn tc:
Cho kh thi tip xc vi cht lng. cc khu ny hoc c ha tan vo cht lng
hoc c bin i thnh phn kh khc.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh hp th ph thuc vo:
S tip xc gia pha kh v pha lng
Thi gian tip xc
Nng mi trng hp th
Tc phn ng gia cht hp th v kh thi
Phng php x l ny thng c s dng nhiu trong kh SOx (kh thi t than
u v l nu kim loi) H2SO4 (cng ngh sn xut ha cht),
- 11 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

LA CHN PHNG PHP X L:

Trong cc phng php x l trn, x l lng kh HCl do nh my in phn
NaOH-Cl2 thi ra. Phng php thng c s dng l hp th hoc hp ph.
Hp th hydroclorua bng nc thng c thc hin trong cc thit b khc nhau.
Hiu qa ca qu trnh ph thuc vo lng nc ti.
Trong thp m hiu qu x l t n 88%, thp a 90-99%, thp da chp 97.8%.
Hp th hydroclorua thng s dng nc hoc dung dch kim NaOH, NaCO 3,..
hp th HCl cho php tng hiu qu v ng thi trung ha nc thi. Phng php cho
php tn dng hydroclorua sn xut cc Clo kim loi: CaCl2, FeCl3,
hp th HCl ngi ta cn dng oxit clorua st, clorua oxit ng trong hn hp vi
oxit magi.., to thnh cc phc vi 2 phn t HCl v vi vt liu polime hu c, zeolit,
Cc cht hp th ny cho php x l kh vi nng HCl thp n 1% th tch trong
khang nhit rng. Phng php ny t s dng do chi ph cao, cht hp ph thng
t tin v him.
CC PHNG N X L KH HCl:
Hp th bng huyn ph CaCO3, sa vi:
Hp th bng phng php axit
Hp th bng nc.
LA CHN THIT B:
T yu cu v phn tch nh trn. Chng ta s la chn thp hp th l Thp m.
Vi:

Nng sut l 1200 m3/h = 28800 m3/ng.

HCl l mi trng n mn.

Hiu sut hp th l 90%

Chng 3: S CNG NGH

- 12 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15
Kh
ng
khi

Bn cao v
Scub
lc bi

X bi

Bi

Thp
hp th

Nc
thi

Kh

Pht
thi

Bn
cha

Bm
B trung
ha HCl
Nc

Cng
trnh
XLNT

B cha

Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:

Kh thi HCl t qu trnh in phn i vo Scub lc b bi. Sau c a
qua thp hp th. Nc t b cha c bm ln bn cao v chy vo thp hp th.
Nc c a vo thp hp th qua b phn phn phi lng phi thm t ton b
lp m tip xc vi kh thi HCl i t di ln. Ti lp vt liu m trong thp s
xy ra qu trnh hp th kh thi HCl vo trong dung mi l nc.Do hiu sut hp th
ca thp hp th ch t n 90% nn khong10% lng kh thi s thot ra ngoi qua
qut ht i vo ng khi thi ra kh quyn vi tiu chun thi c cho php. 90% kh
thi HCl c hp th vo nc thnh dung dch axit clohidric.Dn dung dch qua b
trung ha cho hon lu tr li thp hp th, phn cn li cho qua h thng x l nc
thi ca nh my.

- 13 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Chng 4: TNH TON THIT B

Thng s ban u:

Cn bng vt cht
Lng HCl c hp thu l:
M =

Qt * y * ea
1200 * 0.005 * 0.9
=
= kmol/h
(1 y ) * 22 .4 (1 0.005 ) * 22 .4

u vo:
p dng phng trnh trng thi kh l tng, ta c nng kh ban u:

Ck = R T = 0,082 (273 + 30 ) = mol/l= mol/m3

Nng HCl trong khng kh i vo y thp hp thu:
y

0.005

Y = 1 y = 1 0.005 = kmol HCl/kmol khng kh

Nng mol kh HCl u vo

y =

[ HCl ]
Ck

[ HCl ] = y C k = = mol/ m3

u ra
Vi ea = 90%
ea=

Y Yc
= 0.9
Y

Nng HCl trong khng kh i ri khi nh thp hp thu:

Yc = Y * (1 0,9) = 0.00503 * (1 0,9) =

kmol HCl/ kmol khng kh

Nng kh HCl u ra
[ HCl]c = Yc * Ck =
Nng phn mol hay phn th tch ca HCl trong hn hp kh u ra:
yc =
2.2.1
2.2.2

Yc
0.000503
=
=
1 + Yc 1 + 0.000503

Sut lng mol hn hp:

P *G

1*1200

Ghh = R * T = 0,082 * (273 + 30 ) = Sut lng mol kh tr:

- 14 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Gtr = Ghh ( 1 y) =
Sut lng kh HCl u vo:

2.2.3

GHCl vo= Ghh - Gtr =

2.2.4 Sut lng kh u ra:
GHCl ra = Ghh * (1 Y * ea) =
Phng trnh cn bng
2.3.1 Mhh kh = ytb * MHCl + (1 - ytb) * Mkk

[ y M + (1 ytb ) M KK ] 273 = M hhk * 273 = 29.021 * 273 = 1.187 kg/m 3

ytb = tb HCl
22.4(273 + t )
22.4(273 + 25) 22.4 * (273 + 25)
y + yc 0.005 + 0.000503
=
ytb =
=0.00275 kmol HCl/ kmol kk
2
2
Mhh kh = =29,021vC
M hhkh M HCl ytb (1 ytb ) M kk
=
+
hh
HC l
kk

2.3.2
Tra bng

oc
HCl
= 1161 kg / m 3
o

25 C
HCl
= 1161 *

273
kg/m3
273 + 25

0 OC

kk = 1.293 kg/m3
0
C

kk25 = 1.293 *

273
= kg/m3
273 + 25

M hhkhi 36 .5 0.00275 (1 0.00275 ) * 29

3
=
+
= hhkhi = 29 .021 = kg/ m
hhkhi
1063 .601
1.1845
24 .416

Gi s dung dch hp th c X= 0
Ta c phng trnh cn bng Y*= mX ( m =

H
)
P

H: hng s Henry ph thuc nhit H = 2200 (tra t QTTB)

P: p sut = 760 mmHg
Y * =

Xc*=

2200
= 2.985 X khi thay Y*=Y th phng trnh tr thnh:
760

P
760
0.00503 =
Y X c* =
H
2200

Lmin=Gtr*

Yd YC
0.00503 0.000503
= 48.86 *
= 127.3 kmol/h
*
XC Xt
0.00174

Ltro= K * Ltro min =1,5 * = kmol/h

- 15 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
G

Nhm 15

48 .86

tr
Xc thc t = L ( Y Yc ) = 190 .95 * ( 0.00503 0.000503 ) = mol/m3
tr

ng lm vic ca thp i qua 2 im:

A (X, Yc) = (0; 0.000503)
B (Xc, Y) = (0.00116; 0.00503)
Phng trnh ng lm vic i qua hai im:
Y=3.9X+0.000503
Lp bng tnh:
Suy ra: noy = Si = 2.0716
Tnh thp hp th
Chn vt liu m l vng s xp ngu nhin: (tra bng trang 193 s tay QTTBCN tp
2) ta c:
Kch thc m : 30 * 30 * 3.5 (mm)
Din tch b mt ring: = 165 m2/m3
Th tch ring phn: = 0,76 m3/m3
S vt liu m trong mi m3 m: 25.103
Khi lng ring 1 m3 vt liu : = 570 kg/m3
3.1 ng knh thp
D=

Q
0,785 * tb * 3600

Vn tc ti hn:
th2 * * k 0.16
L
lg
x =A 1,75 tr
3
Gtr
g * * l

0.25

* k
l

0.125

Vi:
-

A = 0,022 (tra bng sch bi tp 10)

tb : tc kh trung bnh i trong thp (m/s)

th : vn tc ti hn (m/s)

l , k : khi lng ring ca pha lng v pha kh

k = 1.188 kg / m 3 ; l = 995 kg / m 3

- x = 0.8937 * 10 3 N.s/m2 nht ng hc ca pha lng

( tra bng I.102 trang 95 s tay 1)
Gx : lng lng
- 16 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Gx= Ghh * L = 49.11* 190.95 = 9377.55 kg/h=2.605 kg/s

Gy : lng hi
Gy= Gtr * Mkk + (Ghh - Gtr) MHCl
= * 29 + ( ) * 36.5 =1426.07 kg/h= 0.396 kg/s
Th vo cng thc ta c:
th2 * 165 * 1.188 * (0.8937 * 10 3 ) 0.16
2.605

lg
= 0.022 1.75
3
9.81 * 0.76 * 995
0.396

lg(th2 * 0.015 ) = 1.186

2 lg th =1.83 1.186 = 0.638

th =1.995 m / s

Vn tc i qua thp:

tb = ( 0.75 0.9) th

tb = 0.75* 1.995= 1.496m / s

ng knh thp:
D=

1200
= 0,532 m
0.785 * 1.496 * 3600

Chn ng knh thp l D = 0.6 m = 600mm

Tnh tit din thp:
S=

* D2
4

3.14 * ( 0.6)
=
= 0.2826 m 2
4
2

3.2 Chiu cao lp m

H = hoy * noy
hoy: chiu cao ca 1 lp m
hoy = h1 +

m*G
* h2
L

h1 : chiu cao ca 1 n v truyn khi ng vi pha kh (m)

h2 : chiu cao ca 1 n v truyn khi ng vi pha lng (m)
Gy : lu lng kh (kg/s)
Gx : lu lng lng (kg/s)

- 17 -

0.25

1.188
*

995

0.125

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
h1 =

0.25
0.66
* Re y * Pr y
* *
2/3

0.25
0,5
h2 = 2.56 x * Re x * Pr x
x
M H 2O
18
Gx = L *
= 190 .95 *
= 0.9548 kg / h
3600
3600
G y = Q * y = 1200 *

1.188
= 0.396 kg / s
3600

= 0.123 h s m

: h s thm t ph thuc mt ti thc t v mt ti thch hp

= 165 m2/m3 : b mt ring ca vt liu m

= 0.76 m3/m3 th tch ring phn

3.3 Mt ti thc t
U tt =

Vx
S

S : tit din ca thp

Vx: lu lng th tch ca cht lng
Vx = L * 18 * 10 3 = 190 .95 * 18 * 10 3 = 3.437
U tt =

3.437
= 12 .16 m 3 / m 2 h
0.2826

3.4 Mt ti thch hp
Uth = B *
Trong B = 0.158 m3/m2h (tra bng IX.6 trang 177, s tay 2)
Uth = 0.158 * 165 = 26.07 m3/m2h
Vy

U tt
= 0.466
U th

H s thm t = 0,525 (tra hnh IX.16 trang 178, s tay 2)

3.5 Chun s cho pha kh
Rey =

0,4 * y * th

* y

da vo ton trang 451 sch VD&BT ta c:

HCl 25 = 0.014 *10 3 kg / ms
0

Pry = * D
y
y

- 18 -

Nhm 15

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Dy: h s khuch tn ca HCl trong pha kh 25 0 (tra bng 42 trang 428 sch VD & BT
10)
T

3/ 2
Dy = D 0 * ( T )
o

Do = 13*10

-6
3/ 2

273 + 25
5
2
D y = 13 *10 6
=1.48 *10 m / s
273

0.4 *1.188 *1.995

Re y =
= 410 .4
0.014 *10 .3 *165
0.014 *10 3
Pr y =
= 0.8
1.188 *1.48 *10 5
0.76
h1 =
( 410 .4) 0.25 * (0.8) 0.66 = 0.276
0.123 * 0.525 *165

3.6 Chun s cho pha lng

Re x =
Pr x =

0.04 * G x
0.04 * 0.9548
=
= 0.819
S * * x 0.2826 *165 * 0.8937 *10 3

x
x * Dx

H s khuch tn HCl trong nc 250C c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi Dx= D20oC * [1 + 0.02 (t 20)]
Vi
1
10
1

+
D20 =

M HCl2 M H 2O
1/2
1/3
1/3 1/2

A.B. . VHCl2 + V H 2O

1
2

[cng thc 5.23 trang Sch V d v Bi tp- Tp 10]

Vi: l nht ng hc ca nc 20oC
=1.005Cp

A,B: cc h s ph thuc vo tnh cht dung mi

B = 4.7 dung mi l nc
A = 1 i vi cc cht kh, ru, axit hu c
Theo bng 5.4 trang 227 sch V d v Bi tp-tp 10
VHCl =VH +VCl = 3.7 + 24 .6 = 28 .3 (cm3/mol

pt)

VHCl = VH +VCl = 2 * 3.7 + 7.4 = 14 .8 (cm3/mol

T cc s liu trn ta tnh c

- 19 -

pt)

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

20
x

Nhm 15
1/ 2

10 6
1/ 2

1* 4.7 * (1.005 )

1/ 3

* 28 .3

+14 .8

1/ 3

1
1
.
+
2
36 .5 18

= 2.02 9 (m 2 / s )

Suy ra :
Dx = 2.02 *10 9 * [1 + 0.02 ( 25 20 ) ] = 2.22 *10 9 m 2 / s
Pr x =

0.8937 *10 3
= 404 .6
995 * 2.22 *10 9

0.8937 *10 3
h2 = 256 *

995

2/3

* 0.819 0.25 * 404 .6 0.5 = 0.46 m

m : h s phn phi pha (m =

hoy = 0.276 +

H
= 2.895 )
P

2.895 * 0.396
* 0.46 = 0.82
0.9548

H = hoy * noy = 0.82 * 2 = 1.64m

chn chiu cao lp m l 2m

H = hoy * noy + (0,8

1) (cng thc trang 168 s tay 2)

H =2 + 1 = 3m
Trong :
0,8 1 : khong cch cho php nh thp v y thp
Vy chn chiu cao ca thp 3m
3.7 Tr lc ca thp
Tn tht p sut ca m t l:
Pu

G
= Pk 1 + A x
G

y
*

x

c
n
x
N / m2
*

(cng thc IX.118 trang 189 s tay 2)

Trong :
Tn tht p sut m kh:
Pk =

' H y2 y
3 24

(theo bng IX.119 trang 189 s tay 2)

- ' : h s tr lc ca m, h s ny ph thuc chun s Rynn

Vi Rey = 410.4 > 40 nn:
' =

16
16
=
= 4.083
0, 2
Re y
410 .4 0, 2

'
- y : tc ca kh tnh trn ton b tit din thp (m/s)

- 20 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
=
'
y

Nhm 15

Re 'y y
d td y

dtd: ng knh tng ng ca m

d td =

4 4 0,76
=
= 0,0184 m

165

Re = 0,045 Ar
'
y

Ar =
=

0 , 57

Gy

Gx

0 , 43

dtd3 y ( x y ) g

y2

0,0184 3 1.188 ( 995 1.188 )9,81

(0,014 .10 )
= 0,045 (3.681 .10 )
3 2

Re

'
y

y' =

8 0 , 57

= 3.681 .10 8
0 , 43

2.605

0.396

= 7718 .52

7718 .52 0,014 .10 3

= 4.943 m / s
0,0184 1,188

Tc thc ca kh trong lp m:
t =

y'
4.943
=
= 6.5m / s

0,76

Vy p sut m kh l:
Pk =

4.083 * 4 * 165 * (6.5) 2 * 1.188

= 19258 N / m 2
3
4 * 2 * 0,76

Cc h s A, m, n, c ph thuc vo h:
Gx

G
y

1,8

0, 2

0, 2

1,8

3
2.605
1.188 0.8937 .10

3
0.396
995 0,014 .10

= 0.081 < 0,5 Tra

bng IX.7

trang 189 s tay 2

A = 8,4
m = 0,405

n = 0,225

c = 0,015

0 , 015
0 , 405
0 , 225

0.8937 .10 3
2.605
1,188

Pu = 19258 1 + 8,4
= 100470 N / m 2

3
0
,
014
.
10
0.396
995

- 21 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

3.8 Chn b dy thn

Chn vt liu m: tra bng XII.4 trang 309 s tay 2 ta c
Thit b lm vic mi trng n mn.
Chn vt liu thp khng g; k hiu X18H10T (Trong: X: crm 18%; H: niken
10%; T: titan: 1-15%) .
Tra theo bng XII.4 tnh cht c hc ca thp tm ta c:
Gii hn ko k = 550 .10 6 N / m 2
Gii hn chy ch = 220 .10 6 N / m 2
Khi lng ring = 7,9.10 3 kg / m 3
Chn cng ngh gia cng l hn tay h quang in, v kiu hn l hn gip mi mt
bn.
Tra theo bng XIII.8 Gi tr h s bn hn ca thn hnh tr trang 362 s tay 2
H s bn mi hn h = 0,7 .
Tra theo bng XIII.3 v gi tr h s an ton bn ca mt s vt liu ch to n gin
ta c:
H s an ton khi ko theo gia hn bn: nk= 2,6
H s gia hn chy: nc = 1,5
H s gii hn mi: nbl= 1,5
H s iu chnh: =1
p dng cng thc trang 355, s tay 2 XIII.1; XIII.2 ta c:
ng sut cho php ca vt liu bn:

[ k ] = k = 550.10

[ k ] = c = 220.10

nk

2,6

nc

1,5

1 = 211,54.10 6 N / m 2
* 1 = 146 ,67.10 6 N / m 2

p sut lm vic ca thp

P = pmt * x * g * H
(theo cng thc I.1 sch H L Vin)
Vi pmt = 9,81.104 N/m2
Do gii hn bn nhit ln hn p sut lm vic ca thp, da vo bng XIII.11 trang
384 s tay 2
Vi D = 600 mm -> Chn chiu dy ca thn l s = 5 mm
Tnh np v y:
Chn np v y thit b dng elip c g

- 22 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
ng knh thp D = 600mm
Tra bng XIII.11; XIII.10 trang 382 s tay 2 ta c:
y:
Chiu cao hnh elip ht = 150 mm
Chiu cao g h = 40 mm
B dy y s = 10 mm
Khi lng = 38kg

khi lng thc ca y l:

m = 1,01 * 38 = 38.38kg
Np:
Chiu cao hnh elip ht =150 mm
Chiu cao g = 25 mm
B dy = 6mm
Khi lng = 21 kg

khi lng thc ca np l:

m = 1,01 * 21 = 21.21 kg
3.9 Tnh c kh:
Tnh ng ng dn kh:
Vn tc trong ng khong 15 25 m/s
Chn V1 = V2 = 15m/s
ng knh ng dn kh vo v ra c tnh nh sau:
D1 =

G m 3 / s
=
3600 * 0,785 * V1

1200
= 0,1683 m
3600 * 0,785 *15

chn ng knh ng dn kh vo bng ng knh ng dn kh ra

D1 = D2 = 200mm
Tnh ng knh ng dn lng:
ng vo: (vn tc khong 1- 2m/s)
Chn V3 = 1,5m/s
D3 =

L
=
0,785 * 3600 *V3

3.437
= 0,0285 m
0,785 * 3600 *1,5

Chn D3 = 32 mm
ng ra: (vn tc 1m/s)
D3 =

L
=
0,785 * 3600 *V3

3.437
= 0,0285 m
0,785 * 3600 *1,5

- 23 -

Nhm 15

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Chn D4 = 40mm
Chn b dy thp ca ng vo = 2mm
Chn b dy thp ca ng ra = 3mm
3.10 Tnh bch:
Tnh bch ni y v thn y:

m1 =

* ( D 2 Do2 )h * = ( 0,740 2 0,6 2 ) * 20 .10 3 * 7900 = 23 .268 kg

4
4

Tnh bch ni ng dn lng vo thit b:

m2 =

* ( D 2 Do2 ) * h * =

(0,135 2 0,038 2 ) * 0,018 * 7900 = 1,875 kg

Tnh bch ni ng dn lng ra:

m3 =

* ( D 2 Do2 ) * h * =

(0,145 2 0,045 2 ) * 0,02 * 7900 = 2,36 kg

Tnh bch ni ng dn kh:

m4 =

* ( D 2 Do2 ) * h * =

(0,29 2 0,219 2 ) * 0,022 * 7900 = 5kg

Tng khi lng bch:

m = 6m1 + 2m2 + 2m3 + 2m4 = 6 * 23,268 + 2 *1,875 + 2 * 2,36 + 2 * 5 = 740 ,39 kg

3.11 a phn phi

3.12 Li m

3.13 Khi lng ton thn thp

3.14 Tnh chn thn bng ng thp trn

- 24 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi
3.15 Tnh tai treo

Chng 5: KHAI TON GI THNH

- 25 -

Nhm 15

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

Nhm 15

Chng 6: KT LUN
Thp hp th trn c thit k dng x l kh HCl t nh my in
phn xt-clo.Thp hp th x l c mt lng kh HCl rt ln kh thi u ra
thp hn nhiu so vi tiu chun cho php, iu ny rt cn thit c bit l
trong hon cnh hin nay khi ngnh cng nghip ha cht ngy cng pht
trin.Tuy nhin chi ph ch to thp cng cn hi cao v phi x l thm mt
lng nc thi l dung dch HCl vi nng kh cao.Nu thit k c mt h
thng hon lu tt s tit kim thm c mt lng nc dng cho hp thu,nh
vy s gim bt c chi ph vn hnh.V y l ln u tin thit k ton b
mt thp hp thu nn chc chn vn cn nhiu thiu xt,y s l kinh nghim
qu bu cho nhng ln thit k tip theo ca em.Xin cm n cc thy c to
iu kin cho em c ng dng thc t bi hc ca mnh.

- 26 -

 n mn hc K Thut X L Kh Thi

PH LC: BN V

- 27 -

Nhm 15