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NG D THC
A.Tm tt cc kin thc c bn :
I/nh ngha : Cho m l s nguyn dng. Hai s nguyn a v b c gi ng vi nhau theo
module m, nu a - b chia ht cho m ( a - b )| m hay m\(a - b)
K hiu : a b (mod m) c gi l mt ng d thc.
V d : 3 - 1 (mod 4)
5 17 (mod 6)
18 0 (mod 6)
iu kin a 0 (mod m) c ngha l bi ca a m (a | m) hay m l c ca a ( m \ a) .
Nu a - b khng chia ht cho m, ta vit a b (mod m)
II/ Cc tnh cht c bn :
1) Vi mi s nguyn a, ta c a a (mod m)
2) a b (mod m) => b a (mod m)
3) a b (mod m) v b c (mod m) => a c (mod m)
*Chng minh : Ta c : a b (mod m) => a - b m (m \ (a - b)
v b c (mod m) => b - c m (m \ (b - c)
V a - c = (a - b) + (b - c) => a - c m (tnh cht chia ht ca tng) hay
a c (mod m).
4) ) a b (mod m) v c d (mod m) => a + c b + d (mod m)
*Chng minh :
Ta c : a b (mod m) => a - b m => a - b = m.q1 (vi q1 Z) (1)
c d (mod m) => c - d m => c - d = m.q2 (vi q2 Z) (2)
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v ta c : (a - b) + (c - d) = m.(q1 + q2)
<=> (a + c) - (b + d) = m.(q1 + q2) => (a + c) - (b + d) m
Hay a + c b + d (mod m)
H qu : a1 b1 (mod m) , a2 b2 (mod m) , ... , an bn (mod m)
=> a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an b1 + b2 + b3 + ... + bn(mod m)
5) a b (mod m) v c d (mod m) => a.c b.d (mod m)
*Chng minh :
Ta c : a - b = m.q1 = > a = b + m.q1 (vi q1 Z) (1)
c - d = m.q2 => c = d + m.q2 (vi q2 Z) (2)
Nhn (1) v (2) v theo v ta c : a.c = (b + m.q1)(d + m.q2)
ac = bd + bmq2 + dmq1 + m2q1q2 <=> ac - bd = m(bq2 + dq1 + mq1q2)
=> ac - bd m => ac bd (mod m).
H qu : a) a1 b1 (mod m) , a2 b2 (mod m) , ... , an bn (mod m)
=> a1.a2.a3. ... .an b1.b2.b3. ... .bn(mod m)
b) a b (mod m) => an bn (mod m) - vi mi n N
+Nhn xt :
a) * a 1 (mod 2) v b 1 (mod 2) => a + b 2 (mod 2)
M 2 0 (mod 2) => a + b 0 (mod 2)
* a 1 (mod 2) v b 1 (mod 2) => a.b 1(mod 2)
iu ny c ngha : Tng ca hai s l l mt s chn, tch ca hai s l l mt s l.
b)a 3 (mod 7) => a2 9 (mod 7) 2 (mod 2)
iu ny c ngha : Nu mt s chia 7 d 3 th bnh phng s chia 7 d 2.
+Ch :
a)Khng c chia hai v ca mt ng d thc .
cho
Ta c:
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
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)
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)
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)
(mod
)
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)
Suy ra
(mod
Vy s d ca php chia
)
cho
V d 2: Tm s d ca php chia
V
cho
Suy ra:
(mod
)
(mod 2003)
Vy s d ca php chia
cho
l
.
Ch : Phng php trn c trnh by di dng cc v d c bn