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Chuyn :

NG D THC
A.Tm tt cc kin thc c bn :
I/nh ngha : Cho m l s nguyn dng. Hai s nguyn a v b c gi ng vi nhau theo
module m, nu a - b chia ht cho m ( a - b )| m hay m\(a - b)
K hiu : a b (mod m) c gi l mt ng d thc.
V d : 3 - 1 (mod 4)
5 17 (mod 6)
18 0 (mod 6)
iu kin a 0 (mod m) c ngha l bi ca a m (a | m) hay m l c ca a ( m \ a) .
Nu a - b khng chia ht cho m, ta vit a b (mod m)
II/ Cc tnh cht c bn :
1) Vi mi s nguyn a, ta c a a (mod m)
2) a b (mod m) => b a (mod m)
3) a b (mod m) v b c (mod m) => a c (mod m)
*Chng minh : Ta c : a b (mod m) => a - b m (m \ (a - b)
v b c (mod m) => b - c m (m \ (b - c)
V a - c = (a - b) + (b - c) => a - c m (tnh cht chia ht ca tng) hay
a c (mod m).
4) ) a b (mod m) v c d (mod m) => a + c b + d (mod m)
*Chng minh :
Ta c : a b (mod m) => a - b m => a - b = m.q1 (vi q1 Z) (1)
c d (mod m) => c - d m => c - d = m.q2 (vi q2 Z) (2)
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v ta c : (a - b) + (c - d) = m.(q1 + q2)
<=> (a + c) - (b + d) = m.(q1 + q2) => (a + c) - (b + d) m
Hay a + c b + d (mod m)
H qu : a1 b1 (mod m) , a2 b2 (mod m) , ... , an bn (mod m)
=> a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an b1 + b2 + b3 + ... + bn(mod m)
5) a b (mod m) v c d (mod m) => a.c b.d (mod m)
*Chng minh :
Ta c : a - b = m.q1 = > a = b + m.q1 (vi q1 Z) (1)
c - d = m.q2 => c = d + m.q2 (vi q2 Z) (2)
Nhn (1) v (2) v theo v ta c : a.c = (b + m.q1)(d + m.q2)
ac = bd + bmq2 + dmq1 + m2q1q2 <=> ac - bd = m(bq2 + dq1 + mq1q2)
=> ac - bd m => ac bd (mod m).
H qu : a) a1 b1 (mod m) , a2 b2 (mod m) , ... , an bn (mod m)
=> a1.a2.a3. ... .an b1.b2.b3. ... .bn(mod m)
b) a b (mod m) => an bn (mod m) - vi mi n N
+Nhn xt :
a) * a 1 (mod 2) v b 1 (mod 2) => a + b 2 (mod 2)
M 2 0 (mod 2) => a + b 0 (mod 2)
* a 1 (mod 2) v b 1 (mod 2) => a.b 1(mod 2)
iu ny c ngha : Tng ca hai s l l mt s chn, tch ca hai s l l mt s l.
b)a 3 (mod 7) => a2 9 (mod 7) 2 (mod 2)
iu ny c ngha : Nu mt s chia 7 d 3 th bnh phng s chia 7 d 2.
+Ch :
a)Khng c chia hai v ca mt ng d thc .

V d : * 2 12 (mod 10) nhng 1 6 (mod 10).


b) a 0 (mod m) v b 0 (mod m), nhng a.b c th ng d vi 0 theo module m.
V d : 2 0 (mod 10) v 5 0 (mod 10), nhng 2.5 = 10 10 (mod 10).
Nh vy php chia hai v ca ng thc i hi phi km theo mt s iu kin .
6) Nu a b (mod m) v d l c chung ca a, b sao cho (d, m) = 1
th : a : d b : d (mod m) ( ad bd (mod m) )
*Chng minh :
Ta c a b (mod m) => a - b m => a - b = mq (1)
Chia hai v ca (1) cho d ( v d l c chung ca a, b => d 0)
a - bd = m.qd <=> ad - bd = m.qd l s nguyn (v d l c ca a, b.
Do ad - bd l s nguyn). => mq d , m (d, m) = 1 => q d
Vy ad - bd m hay ad bd (mod m)
7)Nu a b (mod m) v d l s nguyn l c chung ca ba s a, b, m
th ad bd (mod md )
*Chng minh :
V Nu a b (mod m) => a - b m => a - b = mq (1)
V d l c chung ca a, b, m => d 0. Chia c hai v (1) cho d
a - bd = m.qd <=> ad - bd = md .q => ad - bd md hay md l c ca ad - bd
Vy : ad bd (mod md )
8)Nu a r (mod m) vi 0 r < m , th r chnh l s d trong php chia a cho m.
Chng minh : Ta c a r (mod m) => a - r = m.q => a = m.q + r (vi 0 r < m)
B/p dng :
I.Cc v d :
Dng 1 : Tm s d ca php chia
Bi 1 : Tm s d trong php chia 20042004 cho 11
S dng du hiu chia ht cho 11 : Mt s c gi l chia ht cho 11 khi v ch khi hiu gia
cc tng ch s hng l v tng cc ch s hng chn k t tri sang phi chia ht cho 11.
V d : Xt xem s 5016 c chia ht cho 11 ?
Ta c (5 + 1) - (0 + 6) = 0. V 0 11 = > 5016 11
Gii :
Ta c 2002 11 => 2004 - 2 11 => 2004 2 (mod 11)
=> 20042004 22004 (mod 11) , m 210 1 (mod 11) (v 1024 - 1 11)
=> 20042004 = 24.22000 = 24.(210)200 24 5 (mod 11)
Vy 20042004 chia 11 d 5.
Bi 2 : Tm s d khi chia A = 19442005 cho 7
Gii :
Ta c : 1944 -2 (mod 7) => 19442005 (-2)2005 (mod 7)
M (-2)3 - 1 (mod 7) => (-23)668 1668 (mod 7) hay (-23)668 1 (mod 7)
=> (-23)668.(-2) - 2 (mod 7) hay (-2)2005 - 2 (mod 7)
Vy 19442005 cho 7 d 5.
Bi 3 : Chng minh rng cc s A = 61000 - 1 v B = 61001 + 1 u l bi s ca 7
Gii :
Ta c 6 - 1 (mod 7) => 61000 1 (mod 7) => 61000 - 1 7
Vy A l bi ca 7
T 61000 1 (mod 7) => 61001 6 (mod 7) , m 6 - 1 (mod 7)
=> 61001 -1 (mod 7) => 61001 + 1 7
Vy B l bi ca 7

Bi 4 : Tm s d trong php chia 15325 - 1 cho 9


Gii :
Ta c 1532 2 (mod 9) => 15325 25 (mod 9) , m 25 5 (mod 9)
=> 15325 5 (mod 9) => 15325 - 1 4(mod 9)
Vy 15325 - 1 chia cho 9 d l 4.
Bi 5 : Chng minh rng A = 7.52n + 12.6n chia ht cho 19
Gii :
Ta c A = A = 7.52n + 12.6n = A = 7.25n + 12.6n
V 25 6 (mod 19) => 25n 6n (mod 19)
=>7.25n 7.6n (mod 19) => 7.25n + 12.6n 7.6n + 12.6n 19.6n 0 (mod 19) . iu ny
chng t A chia ht cho 19.
Bi 6 : Tm d trong php chia 32003 cho 13.
Gii :
Ta c 33 1 (mod 13) m 2003 = 3.667 + 2 => 32003 = (33)667. 32
33 1 => (33)667 1667 => (33)667. 32 1.32 (mod 13) (33)667. 32 9
=> 32003 9 (mod 13).
Vy 32003 chia cho 13 d 9 .
Bai 7 : Chng minh rng 22002 - 4 chia ht cho 31
Gii :
Ta c 25 1 (mod 31) , m 2002 = 5.400 + 2
Nn 22002 = (25)400 .22
V 25 1 (mod 31) => (25)400 1400 (mod 31) => (25)400.22 1.22 (mod 31)
=> 22002 4 (mod 31) => 22002 - 4 chia ht cho 31
Bi 8 : Chng minh rng : 22225555 + 55552222 chia ht cho 7
Gii :
Ta c 2222 + 4 7 => 2222 - 4 (mod 7) => 22225555 (- 4)5555(mod 7)
5555 - 4 7 => 5555 4 (mod 7) => 55552222 42222 (mod 7)
=> 22225555 + 55552222 (- 4)5555 + 42222 (mod 7)
M 42222 = (-4)2222 => (- 4)5555 + 42222 = (-4)2222. 43333 + 42222
= (-4)2222. 43333 - (- 4)2222 = (-4)2222(43333 - 1) (43) - 1(mod 7) (1)
Ta li c : 43 1(mod 7) => 43 - 1= 63 7 => 43 - 1 0 (mod 7) (2)
Nn (- 4)5555 + 42222 0 (mod 7)
T (1) v (2) => 22225555 + 55552222 chia ht cho 7.
Bi 9 : Tm d trong php chia 570 + 750 cho 12
Gii :
Ta c 52 1(mod 12) => (52)35 1 (mod 12) hay 570 1(mod 12) (1)
72 2 (mod 12) => (72)25 1(mod 12) hay 750 1(mod 12) (2)
T (1) v (2) => 570 + 750 chia cho 12 d 2.
Bi 10 : Tm s d ca A = 776776 + 777777 + 778778 khi chia cho 3 v khi chia cho 5?
Gii :
+Ta c 776 - 1(mod 3) => 776776 -1(mod 3) => 776776 1 (mod 3)
777 0 (mod 3) => 777777 0 (mod 3)
778 1 (mod 3) => 778778 1 (mod 3)
=> 776776 + 777777 + 778778 khi chia cho 3 d 2.
+Ta c 776 1 (mod 5) => 776776 1 (mod 5)
777 - 3 (mod 5) => 777777 - 3777 (mod 5)

778 3 (mod 5) => 778778 3778 (mod 5)


=> 776776 + 777777 + 778778 1 - 3777 + 3778 (mod 5)
Hay 776776 + 777777 + 778778 1 + 3.3777 - 3777 (mod 5)
776776 + 777777 + 778778 1 + 3777(3 - 1) (mod 5)
776776 + 777777 + 778778 1 + 2.3777
M 32 - 1(mod 3) => (32)388.3 3 (mod 5)
Vy A = 776776 + 777777 + 778778 1 + 2.3 2 (mod 5)
Vy A chia cho 5 d 2.
Bi 11 : Tm s d ca A = 32005 + 42005 khi chia cho 11 v khi chia cho 13 ?
Gii :
+Ta c : 35 1 (mod 11) => (35)401 1 (mod 11)
V 45 1 (mod 11) => (45)401 1 (mod 11)
=> A = 32005 + 42005 2 (mod 11)
=> A chia cho 11 d 2
+Ta c : 33 1 (mod 13) => (33)668. 3 1.3 (mod 13) => 32005 3 (mod 13)
V 43 -1 (mod 13) =>(43)668 .4 1.4 (mod 13) => 42005 4 (mod 13)
=> A = 32005 + 42005 7 (mod 13)
=> A chia cho 13 d 7 .
Bi 12 : Gi s m l s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng : Nu ac1 ac2 (mod m) v (a, m) = 1
th c1 c2 (mod m)
Gii :
Ta c : ac1 ac2 (mod m) => m \ ac1 - ac2 => m \a(c1 - c2)
V (a, m) = 1 => m \ c1 - c2 => c1 c2 (mod m)
Bi 13 :Chng minh rng : Nu p l mt s nguyn t v khng l c ca s nguyn a th ap 1 1 (mod p)
Gii :
Xt dy s 1; 2; 3; ... ; p - 1. Tt c cc s ny i mt khng ng d vi nhau theo mun p.
Do cc s a, 2a, 3a, ... ; (p - 1)a cng i mt khng ng d vi nhau rtheo mun p. Bi v
ngc li nu c r1a r2a (mod p) m (a, p) = 1 => r1 r2 (mod p) - vi r1, r2 l hai s no
ca dy s 1, 2, 3, ... , p - 1 (v l)
Hn na mi mt s ca dy a, 2a, 3a, ... , (p - 1)a ng d vi ng mt trong cc s 1, 2, 3, ...
, p - 1 theo mun p
=> a.2a.3a. ... .(p- 1)a 1.2.3. ... (p - 1) (mod p) hay (p - 1)!ap - 1 (p - 1)! (mod p).
V (p, (p - 1)!) = 1 => ap - 1 1 (mod p)
Bi 14 : Chng minh rng : Nu c l s nguyn dng : a b (mod m) => ac bc (mod c.m)
Gii :
a b (mod m) => a - b = m.q => ac - bc = mc.q => ac bc (mod c.m)
*nh l nh Fermat : Gi s p l s nguyn t bt k, khi vi mi s t nhin n ta c np - n
chia ht cho p.
Gii :
Ta c np - n = n(np - 1 - 1)
Nu n chia ht cho p => nh l c chng minh.
Nu n khng chia ht cho p th (n, p) = 1, nn np - 1 1 (mod p)
=>(np - 1 - 1) chia ht cho p.
Bi 15 :Bn Thng hc sinh lp 6A vit mt s c hai ch s m tng cc ch s ca n l
14. Bn Thng em s chia cho 8 th c s d l 4, nhng khi chia cho 12 th c s d
l 3.

a)Chng minh rng bn Thng lm sai t nht mt php tnh chia.


b)Nu php chia th nht cho 8 l ng th php chia th hai cho 12 c d l bao nhiu ? Hy
Tm s b chia.
Gii :
a)Gi s l n = ab
V n chia cho 8 d 4, nn n = 8p + 4
V n chia cho 12 d 3, nn n = 12q + 3
=> 8p + 4 = 12q + 3 (M 8p + 4 l s chn, cn 12q + 3 l s l). Do vy bn Thng lm sai
mt php chia.
b)V a + b = 14 => ab 2 (mod 3) => 4ab 8 (mod 12) (1)
Nu ab 0 (mod 4) => 3ab 0 (mod 12) (2)
T (1) v (2) => ab 8 (mod 12) => n chia cho 12 d 8
Do n = 8p + 4 l s chn m n = ab => b {0; 2; 4; 6; 8}
Nu b = 0 => a = 14 (loi - v a l s c mt ch s khc 0)
b = 2 => a = 12 (loi)
b = 4 => a = 10 (loi)
b = 6 => a = 8
b = 8 => a = 6
=> S cn tm l 86 hoc 68 => S b chia l 68.
Dng 2 : Tm ch s tn cng ca mt s
a)Tm mt ch s tn cng ca an :
-Nu a c ch s tn cng l 0; 1; 5 hoc 6 th an ln lt c ch s tn cng ln lt l 0; 1; 5
hoc 6.
-Nu a c ch s tn cng l 2, 3 hoc 7, ta vn dng nhn xt sau vi k Z
24k 6 (mod 10)
34k 1 (mod 10)
74k 1 (mod 10)
Do tm ch s tn cng ca an vi a c ch s tn cng l 2; 3; 7 ta ly n chia cho 4. Gi
s n = 4k + r vi r {0; 1; 2; 3}
Nu a 2 (mod 10) th an 2n = 24k + r 6.2r (mod 10)
Nu a 3 (mod 10) hoc a 7 (mod 10) th an a4k + r ar (mod 10)
V d 1 : Tm ch s cui cng ca cc s :
a) 62009 , b) 92008 , c) 32009 , d) 22009
Gii :
a) 62009 c ch s tn cng l 6 (v 6 khi nng ln lu tha vi s m t nhin khc 0 vn bng
chnh s 6)
b) 92008 = (92)1004 = 811004 = 1 c ch s tn cng l 1
91991 = 91990.9 = (92)995.9 = 81995.9 = (1).9 = 9 c ch s tn cng l 9
Nhn xt : S c ch s tn cng l 9 khi nng ln lu tha vi s m t nhin chn khc 0 no
th ch s tn cng l 1, khi nng ln lu tha vi s m t nhin l th c s tn cng l 9.
c) 32009 = (34)502.3 = 81502.3 = ( 1).3 = 3 c ch s tn cng l 3.
d) 22009 = 22008.2 = (24)502.2 = 16502.2 = ( 6).2 = 2 c ch s tn cng l 2
V d 2 : Tm ch s tn cng ca cc s sau :
a) 421 , b) 3103 , c) 84n + 1 (n N) d) 1423 + 2323 + 7023
Gii :
a) 430 = 42.15 = (42)15 = 1615 = 6 c ch s tn cng l 6
421 = 420 + 1 = (42)10.4 = 1610.4 = (6).4 = 4 c ch s tn cng l 4
Nhn xt : S no c s tn cng l 4 th khi nng ln lu tha vi s m t nhin chn th c s
tn cng l 6, khi nng ln vi s m t nhin l c s tn cng l 4)
b) 3103 = 3102.3 = (32)51.3 = 951.3 = ( 9).3 = 7 c ch s tn cng l 7

c) 84n + 1 = 84n.8 = (23)4n.8 = 212n.8 = (24)3n.8 = 163n.8 = (6).8 = . 8 c ch s tn


cng l 8
d) 1423 = 1422.14 = ( 6).14 = . 4
2323 = 2322.23 = (232)11.23 = ( 9).23 = 7
7023 = 0
Vy : 1423 + 2323 + 7023 = 4 + 7 + 0 = 1 c ch s tn cng l 1
b)Tm hai s tn cng ca s an :
Ta c nhn xt sau :
220 76 (mod 100)
320 01 (mod 100)
65 76 (mod 100)
74 01 (mod 100)
M 76n 76 (mod 100) vi n 1
5n 25 (mod 100) vi n 2
Suy ra kt qu sau vi k l s t nhin khc 0.
a20k 00 (mod 100) nu a 0 (mod 10)
a20k 01 (mod 100) nu a 1; 3; 7; 9 (mod 10)
a20k 25 (mod 100) nu a 5 (mod 10)
a20k 76 (mod 100 nu a 2; 4; 6; 8 (mod 10)
Vy tm hai ch s tn cng ca an, ta ly s m n chia cho 20
Bi 1 : Tm hai ch s tn cng ca 22003
Gii :
Ta c : 220 76 (mod 100) => 220k 76 (mod 100)
Do : 22003 = 23.(220)100 = 8.(220)100 = ( 76).8 = 08
Vy 22003 c hai ch s tn cng l 08.
V d: Tm s d ca php chia

cho

Ta c:
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
(mod
)
Suy ra
(mod
Vy s d ca php chia

)
cho

V d 2: Tm s d ca php chia
V

cho

l s nguyn t. Theo nh l Fermat ta c:


(mod
)

Suy ra:
(mod
)
(mod 2003)
Vy s d ca php chia
cho
l
.
Ch : Phng php trn c trnh by di dng cc v d c bn

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