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n
g
c
x
b)
2,0
C
n
g
n
g
i
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
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Cng thc cn bng nhit lng ng rung:
Hnh thi ca nng lng mt tri tuy c bin i, nhng theo nh lut bo ton
nng lng th khng mt i. Vy cng thc cn bng lng nhit nh sau:
R + H + IE = 0 (1)
Trong : R: Bc x thun; H: Cm nhit; I: Tim nhit bc hi; E: Lng bc hi
trn n v din tch, n v thi gian.
Nu xt n nhng bin i trong thi gian tng i ngn, trn ng rung, th
cng thc trn c th i thnh:
R + H + IE + B + P = 0 (2)
Trong : B l nhit tn tr trong ng rung, dng vo s ln xung nhit t
v nhit thn thc vt; P l nhit tn tr ha nng ca quang hp.
Tr s ca chng rt nh so vi cc s hng khc, hu nh c th b qua.
Bc x thun: c th biu th bng cng thc sau y:
R = (1 - a) (Q + q) + S (3)
a l sut phn x ca ng rung
Q v q l bc x mt tri chia ra trc tip v tn lon
S l bc x hu hiu sng di, l tng ca bc x sng di t mt t ra
v t khng kh n.
Du ca cc s hng trong cc cng thc t (1) n (3) ly chiu chiu vo mt t
l dng, chiu phn x l m.
Bc x mt tri v bc x quang hp c:
V i th, bc x mt tri gm c bc x bng sng 0,2 - 4,0, gi l bc x sng
ngn, cng ca cc bc sng khc nhau nh hnh 2.2 (a) cho thy, ngoi kh
quyn th gn nh bng bc x t ngun 6000
0
K, cn trong khng kh th c hi
nc, oxi, ozon, bi hp thu, hnh thnh my khe lm. Trong , bng sng cho quang
hp c, nh hnh 2.2 (b) cho thy, gn bng vi phn nhn thy c: 0,38 - 0,71.
Bc x ca bng sng ny gi l bc x quang hp c. Hnh 2.2 cn cho bit, quang
ph c tc dng i vi quang hp v ng cong biu th cm gic ca mt ngi
i vi cc bc sng khc nhau r rng l khc nhau. Do , khi o quang hp, dng
lux biu th cng nh sng l khng chnh xc.
Bc x quang hp c i th tng ng vi mt na ca bc x mt tri.
Tooming v Guliaep (1967) cho rng, tr s tnh tch ngy v tr s tnh tch thng c
quan h nh sau:
Q = 0,42 Q + 0,60 Q (4)
Trong : Q l bc x quang hp c. T cho thy, t l bc x quang hp
c ca bc x tn x l cao hn.
4
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5
Thng lng hin nhit v tim nhit:
B<0 B>0
H>0 H>0
B>0 B<0
H<0
H<0
nhit
Khng kh
t
cao
Mt t
Hnh 3.2. Bin i trong ngy v phn b nhit ng rung
Hnh 3.2 cho thy, bin i trong ngy theo chiu thng ng ca nhit khng
kh v nhit t mt t vo ban m l thp nht, bui tra tr nn cao nht. Bin
i trong ngy ca nhit t c th n su khong 30cm, su hn na hu
nh khng c bin i nhit. Nhng cn c vo ng cong bin i trong nm ca
nhit t th s bin i nhit c th n su 600 cm. Xem dc ca ng
cong trong hnh c th thy hin nhit ca mt t, hng truyn dn ca nhit truyn
dn trong t v mc ln nh ca nhit, nh mi tn trong hnh. Truyn dn nhit
thnh t l vi dc ca ng cong (
dz
DT
), dc cng ln th dn nhit cng nhiu.
dc nhit v thng lng hin nhit mt thi gian no c quan h nh sau:
H = C K
H
dz
DT
(5)
Trong : l mt khng kh; C l t nhit nh p ca khng kh;
K
H
l h s khuch tn x
dz
DT
t l bin i nhit theo cao ( dc thng ng).
Cng nh trn, tim nhit c th biu th nh sau:
IE = K
W
I
dz
dq
(6)
Trong : q l m tng i, K
W
l h s khuch tn dng xoy ca hi nc.
Hai cng thc (5) v (6) cho bit: h s khuch tn dng xoy cng ln, dc
thng ng ca nhit hay m cng ln, th thng lng hin nhit v tim nhit s
cng ln.
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Lng bin i nhit tn tr:
Nhit tn tr trong ng rung (B) biu th s thay i lng nhit ca mt ct cu
thnh do r cy trng v t tnh t mt t tr xung, cng tc l thng lng nhit tn
tr. Trn mt t trong qun th cy trng, c th theo cng thc (2), tc l:
R
0
+ IE
0
+ H
0
+ B
0
= 0 (7)
Trong cng thc ny, B
0
biu th nhit truyn dn t mt t xung di t v gi
l nhit truyn dn trong t, c th biu th bng cng thc sau y:
0 z
dz
dTS
B0 =
(8)
Trong : l h s dn truyn nhit ca t (cal/cm
2
. sec.
0
C);
0 z
dz
dTS
=
biu th dc thng ng phn b nhit t ca mt t.
Tr s B
0
tin hnh phn tch 1 nm th gn bng khng.
T (2) n (7) ta c: Bp = B - B
0
(9)
Trong : Bp l lng bin i nhit tr trong thn cy trng v trong khng kh
ca qun th cy trng.
S phn b a l v cn bng lng nhit:
Nh kh hu hc Lin X Buuko dng phng php kh hu hc nghin cu s
phn b a l v cn bng lng nhit: lng nhit to ra do bc hi, lng trao i
nhit khuch tn. Nghin cu ch ra rng, v mt lng nhit ca c nm, nh hnh 4.2
(a) cho thy, bc x thun trn lc a v trn bin khc nhau r rt, ng ranh gii
biu th tr s khng lin tc. l do t l sut phn x ca mt bin nh hn so vi b
mt lc a cng v . Tr s ln nht ca bc x thun trn qu t c thy phn
Bc bin Arabi, khong 140kcal/cm
2
.nm. bin, ng thng tr thnh tng bng ko
di hng ng Ty; i v cao, tr s bc x thun h thp rt nhanh.
Trn lc a, tr s bc x thun ln nht c thy vng nhit i m, cng ch
c 100 kcal/cm
2
nm, rt nh so vi trn bin. Ngoi ra, nu so snh vng kh vi vng
m th tr s nh hn. l do sut phn x ca bc x sng ngn vng kh ln hn,
bc x hu hiu sng di cng ln ( nhit b mt cao, ngy rm t, m thp).
Hnh 4.2 (b) biu th nhit to ra do bc hi. Tr s ca lc a v bin khc bit
nhau r rt, thay i r rt ng ranh gii. y cng ging vi tnh hnh bc x
thun ni trn, nhng phn b phc tp hn, d trn lc a hay trn bin cng u
khng thnh tng bng. Trn bin, tr s ca i kh p cao ln hn mt cht so vi gn
xch o. vng dng nc m v vng dng nc lnh d cng mt v , cng
chnh lch nhau 2 - 3 ln. Mt khc, trn lc a nu lng nc trong t y , th
nhit to ra do bc hi ch yu quyt nh bc x thun. Cn nhng vng sa mc,
na sa mc, t thiu nc, th gn bng vi lng ma nm. Lng bc hi ln nht
ton nm lc a c th n 100 mm ( cao ct nc), trn bin c th n 200 mm.
6
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7
(c) Lng trao i nhit dng xoy trong nm (kcal/cm
2.
nm)
Hnh 4.2 a, b, c. S phn b a l trong nm v cn bng lng nhit (kcal/cm
2.
nm)
(Buuko, 1956), phn gch xin l thiu ti liu
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Lng trao i nhit do dng xoy (trong hnh 4.2c du m v dng l xc nh
ngc), tt c mt i lc v phn ln mt bin u cung cp nhit cho khng kh, tr s
c nm ca vng sa mc v nhit i l ln nht, t 50 - 60 kcal/cm
2
nm tr ln.
Bin i trong nm v cn bng
lng nhit
a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Thng
R
LE
H
Hnh 5.2 l s bin i trong nm
v cn bng lng nhit ca mt s a
im thuc cc vng kh hu in hnh
(trn hnh v ngoi bc x thun ra, du
ca cc s hng khc xc nh ngc).
Hnh 5.2a biu th tnh hnh ca
thnh ph H Ch Minh vng kh hu
gi ma xch o, bc x thun ca ma
kh cao, ma ma thp (i xch o ni
chung, tr vng gi ma ra, bin i
trong nm ca bc x thun rt nh).
5.2a. Vng gi ma xch o (Tp. H Ch Minh
10
0
47' v Bc, 52
0
59' kinh ng)
b) Nhit to ra do bc hi rt cao vo
u ma kh, thp xung rt nhiu vo
cui ma kh v t kh (thng 4), n
ma ma li tng ln.
LE
H
R
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
K
c
a
l
/
c
m
2
n
m
Ch l tr s bc hi thp nht n
mun hn tr s bc x thun ln nht,
quan h gia lng nc trong t v s
bc hi c th ni r vn ny. S bin
i trong nm v trao i nhit dng xoy,
thng l ngc li vi trao i nhit bc
hi, ma kh rt cao.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Thng
5.2b. Vng kh hu lc a nhit i
(Kraxnvxc, 40
0
v Bc, 52
0
59'
kinh ng)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Thng
-2
R
LE
H
10
4
2
0
c)
Ly vng kh hu lc a l
Kratnvxc Trung lm th d,
nh hnh 5.2(b). y do nguyn
nhn ca thin vn hc, bc x
thun bin i trong nm tng i
ln, m ma ng c tr s m. V
ma t, lng nhit bc hi rt nh,
vo ma h li cng thp. Do ,
trao i nhit dng xoy c bit
cao vo ma h, vt bc x thun
vo ma ng hng t khng kh
xung mt t.
K
c
a
l
/
c
m
2
n
m
5.2c. Vng kh hu gi ma v trung bnh (Vlaivxtc
43
0
07' v Bc, 134
0
54' kinh ng); R: bc x thun,
LE: nhit to ra do bc hi; H: Trao i nhit xoy
Hnh 5.2a, b, c. ng cong bin i trong nm
v cn bng lng nhit cc vng kh hu
in hnh (Buuko, 1956)
8
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Ly Vlaivxtc lm th d v vng kh hu gi ma c v trung bnh (hnh
5.2c, tr s ca cc loi cn bng lng nhit ma h y chu c ch ca tri rm, nn
ng cong hi bng.
trn bin ni chung, trao i nhit dng xoy ht sc nh, bin i trong nm
cng rt nh. Bc x thun v nhit to ra do bc hi khc nhau theo v v vng kh
hu, v lng nhit to ra do bc hi cao hn hn hoc thp hn hn bc x thun m
sinh ra thiu hoc tha lng nhit; tnh trng thiu hoc tha ny c b p bng
lng nhit i lu gia tng su v tng nng ca bin hoc lng nhit vn chuyn
nh dng nc bin.
1.2. Cn bng nc trn ng rung
Da vo nh lut bo ton nng lng, c th dng cng thc cn bng lng
nhit biu th tnh hnh phn phi li nng lng mt tri chiu trn ng rung.
Cng l lun nh vy, c th dng cng thc cn bng nc ni r s phn phi li
nc trn ng rung. Cng thc cn bng nc ca ng rung cho thy l ch trong
mt thi gian nht nh, tng lng nc dng rn, dng lng, dng hi m khng
gian chung quanh cung cp cho ng rung v lng cc loi nc mt i phi bng
khng. Cng thc nh sau (Buduko, 1956):
r + E + fw + m = 0 (10)
Trong cng thc ny r l lng nc ma, E l chnh lch bc hi v ngng t trn
b mt ng rung; fw l nc chy mt trn mt t; m l trao i nc ca mt t
vi tng di ca ng rung. Du ca cc s hng trong cng thc (10) ging nh
trong cng thc cn bng lng nhit, phng hng vo ng rung c tr s dng.
Gi tr ca m bng tng ca nc trng lc t mt t chy xung tng su, nc ca r
thc vt hp thu v lng lu ng theo chiu thng ng ton b nc trong cc tng
c hm lng khc nhau. Cng thc 10 cng c th dng cho trng hp bin i t
nhiu, tc l nc lu ng theo chiu thng ng bng tng lng nc trong t chy
ra fp v hm lng nc trong t tng mt b.
Tng ca nc b mt chy ra fw v nc trong t chy ra fp bng tng lng
nc chy ra f (f = fw + fp), do biu th thnh cng thc sau y:
r + E + f + b = 0 (11)
Cng thc ny c th dng tnh ton cn bng nc ca c mt ci h, hoc cn
bng nc ca mt vng nht nh (th d lu vc mt dng sng). Lc ny, f l tng s
nc phn phi li theo chiu nm ngang trong thi gian nghin cu nht nh, c mt
nc v trong tng y t. Nu ly tr s bnh qun th s hng b rt nh. Cng thc
(10) c th bin dng thnh cng thc sau y:
r + E + f = 0 (12)
i vi ton qu t, phn phi li ca nc theo chiu nm ngang bng 0 vy:
r + E = 0 (13)
Bnh qun nm ca vng t sa mc khng ti s nh cng thc (13).
9
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2. Mi trng t
t
t c cy trng hoc thc vt bc cao sinh trng pht trin trong h sinh thi cn
gi l t trng hay th nhng. Cng vi cy trng, t cng l i tng kinh
doanh ca con ngi. Nhng cho t mt nh ngha chnh xc tht khng phi n
gin nh vy. Thnh phn ch yu cu thnh t c nhin l nhng cht v c trong
m, nhng nu khng c v s vi sinh vt, ng vt sinh sng trong t v cht hu c
phn gii t xc thc vt, ng vt, th khng th coi l t. Cho n nay, nh ngha
v t c nhiu ngi tha nhn l nh ngha ca acutraiep. Kira (1959) cho rng
t l th kt hp khng th chia ct ca sinh vt v v sinh, do h thng tc dng v
phn tc dng cu thnh, v ch ra rng Ci tr thnh mt b phn ca h sinh thi no
, lu di ti cng mt a im, trong tc dng ln nhau vi gii sinh vt, tr thnh
ci c cu trc nht nh thch ng vi nhng c tnh ca h sinh thi y, tc l
t. t nng nghip chu rt nhiu nh hng ca con ngi, kt qu l lm cho tc
dng ln nhau ca sinh vt v v sinh c thc y hoc b c ch. Chi tit v nhng
pht trin gn y ca mn hc t, tc dng ln nhau gia t v cy trng, ngh
tham kho nhng ti liu lin quan, y ch ch yu ni r vn hnh thnh t lin
h cht ch vi mi trng vt l.
Thnh phn ca t
t c ba pha, u tin l pha rn, tc l phn th rn bao gm nhng mnh vn,
cc thnh phn v c ca sn phm phong ho m v cc cht hu c t l sn
phm phn gii xc sinh vt; ri n pha kh v pha lng nm gia khe hng ca pha
rn. gi l khe ba pha ca t. T l ca pha rn, pha lng v pha kh, cng tc l s
phn b ca ba pha, d l cng mt loi t cng thay i, nht l trong iu kin kh hu
khc nhau, t l pha lng v pha kh thay i kh ln. ng rung, do cy ba v cc
bin php canh tc, s phn b ba pha ca t cng khc nhau. Ni chung, s phn b ba
pha ca t do s khc nhau v chng loi t v v tr lp t m hnh thnh tr s c
tnh tng ng.
Thnh phn ca pha rn, theo to nh ca ht m chia ra ct, limon v st. S hp
thnh theo ng knh ht ca nhng ht cht v c ny gi l thnh phn c gii. Phn
loi da theo gi l phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii. V d: t ct pha, t tht
nh, t tht trung bnh, t tht nng, t st nh, t st trung bnh v t st nng.
Trong thin nhin, cc ht ct, limon v st thng t dng ht n m chng
thng lin kt vi nhau nh cc keo hu c v v c to thnh cc ht c kch
thc ln hn. Ht kt trong t c hnh dng khc nhau tu theo loi t: dng phin,
dng tr, dng hn, dng cu v cc bin th ca chng. Cc ht kt ny c th xem nh
cc vin gch b nh cu trc thnh t. Nhng t c cu to t cc ht kt vin
c gi l t c kt cu vin hoc t c cu trc vin. l loi t c ph
thin nhin cao, nh t en vng n i hay t bazan ca Vit Nam.
10
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Nc trong t
Nc trong t dng lng c th gi l dung dch t, v n cha cc cht ho tan
gm nhiu loi cht v c v cht hu c. Cn c vo lc lin kt ca nc trong t
vi ht t, c th chia: nc lin kt cht vi hp cht khong, nc ht m, nc lm
nho, nc mao qun v nc trng lc. Trong , nc m cy trng c th ht l
nc mao qun v nc trng lc, gi l nc hu hiu. biu th cng ht nc
trong t trn ht t, Schofield (1935) ngh dng logarit biu th cao ct nc
(cm) tng ng vi lc ht gi l PF. Hnh 6.2 ni r quan h ca PF vi loi nc
trong t v hng s nc trong t.
PF
Kh p
tng ng
Loi nc
trong t
Hng s ca nc trong t
Phng php
o
Dch c vn
Nc trng lc
Nc mao
qun
Nc ht m
0
1,5
2,7
4,2
4,5
6,0
7,0
0,001
0,031
0,5
15
31
1.000
10.000 Nc kt hp
c vn
Dung tch lng
Lng gi nc ln nht
Gii hn trn tnh do, im
thnh ht
Lng gi nc ng
rung
Lng gi nc nh nht
ng lng nc im
kh ng mao qun
Gii hn di co rt
Gii hn di tnh do
im kh ho
Kh m mt thy c
H s ht m (di m bo
ho)
H s ht m (R.H - di 50%)
105
0
C kh mt nc
Hnh 6.2. Quan h ca PF, kh p tng ng, loi v hng s nc trong t
v phng php o
- H s ht m: Nc ht t khng kh m vo khi ri mng t ra.
- H s kh ho ( m cy ho): Lng nc trong t lm cho thc vt bt u
ho gi l h s kh ho ban u, lng nc m sau khi ho khng th phc hi li
nguyn trng gi l h s kh ho vnh cu.
- ng lng nc: Cho t bo ho nc, a vo my ly tm tng ng vi
1000 ln trng lc, nc cn li trong t l ng lng nc, gn tng ng vi
nc mao qun.
- Lng gi nc ng rung: Nc ma v nc ti tr thnh nc trng lc di
ng xung di, sau i ln nh tc dng mao qun, khi loi nc ny hu nh ngng di
11
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ng, lng nc ca tng t mt, gi l lng cha nc ng rung. Tr s PF khong
1,5-1,7. Trong khong gia ca tr s ny v h s kh ho ban u l nc hu hiu.
Hnh 6.2 cn cho bit phm vi c th ca cc phng php khc nhau o nc trong
t, cn c vo phm vi ca tr s PF cn thit m chn phng php o tng ng.
Khng kh trong t
Thnh phn khng kh trong t cng ging nh kh tri, gm xi, nit, cacbonic
v cc kh him khc. im khc nhau ch yu gia khng kh trong t v khng kh
trong kh quyn l hm lng CO
2
. Trong khng kh thng thng, hm lng CO
2
khong 0,33% cn trong khng kh tng t mt thng l 0,2 - 1%. Trong rung nc,
c th khng kh ho tan vo nc mt rung ri khuch tn vo t. Trong t, oxi
c tiu dng, sinh ra CO
2
, H
2
v mtan, thnh bt kh i ln mt nc ri vo khng
kh. Thnh phn ca khng kh trong t s d khng ging vi khng kh thng thng
l v s h hp ca r thc vt v vi sinh vt cn tiu hao oxi v thi ra CO
2
.
Bng 1.2. S tiu hao oxi trong t khi c cy trng v khng c cy trng
Lng tiu hao oxi (l/m
2
.ngy)
t Cy trng
Tng lng
tiu hao
Khng c
cy trng
Lng tiu hao
cho cy trng
t ct pha
t than bn
Khoai ty
Thuc l
7,6
13,0
4,8
9,4
2,8
3,6
Bng 1.2 ni r s khc bit v lng tiu dng kh oxi, trng thi c cy trng v
khng c cy trng. Bng chng r rng l oxi tiu hao cho sinh vt t nhiu hn cho cy
trng. Trong t gn b r, s tn ti ca b r thc y hot ng ca vi sinh vt, cho nn
trong thc t, oxi dng cho cy trng cn nh hn na; cn v ng thi CO
2
trong t s
c cp ti phn sau.
3. Mi trng sinh vt
Sinh vt trong t
Nhiu loi ng vt v thc vt c tr trong t. Trong thc vt ch yu l: nm, vi
khun, x khun, to; ng vt c loi bin hnh amip, b hung, ng vt tit tc ln, giun,
ng vt thn mm... Nhng sinh vt t ny trong qu trnh chuyn ho nng lng ca h
sinh thi ng rung, l loi tiu dng v loi phn gii nng lng, lin h vi nhau khng
qua tc dng v phn tc dng ca h thng ch th - mi trng (hnh 7.2). V vi sinh vt
t ngh tham kho gio trnh Vi sinh vt t ca Trng i hc Nng nghip I.
Cn trng, sinh vt ngun bnh
S hin din ca cn trng trong sn xut cy trng thng c coi l c hi, hon ton
tri ngc vi h thng c nh, chuyn dch nng lng mt tri ca cy trng. V th trng
im nghin cu thng l phng tr su hi. ng v gc ca h sinh thi ng rung, li
rt ch n vn sinh thi ca nhng qun th ng vt, t ra cng phi lm r s chuyn
ho nng lng tun hon vt cht ca nhng qun th ng vt ny v sinh vt ngun bnh.
12
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13
C di
C di trong h sinh thi ng rung l i tng c nhng nh nghin cu cy trng
v nhng nh sinh thi hc thc vt ht sc quan tm. C di l i th cnh tranh ca cy
trng, l i tng phi phng tr. Gn y trong vic nghin cu c di, ngy cng c nhiu
ngi vn dng phng php sinh thi hc (c l ngi u tin i theo hng ny l Arai,
1961). V c di trong h sinh thi ng rung, s c cp n mc cnh tranh..
Bn phn
Thuc dit c
Thuc dit nm
Thuc dit su
Ma axt
Chn v to ging
Canh tc
Cc loi cng sinh Cc loi giun, ng vt t c tc dng
phn hy cc cht hu c
Loi k sinh nm, virus
Cc loi cng sinh
Loi n c
Loi hoi sinh
Loi n tht Loi k sinh
Hnh 7.2. Mi quan h gia cy trng, cc loi sinh vt t, cn trng di
cc bin php iu khin ca con ngi thng qua h sinh thi ng rung
(Ngun: Shiyomi v Koizumi, 2001)
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14
4. Cu trc ca qun th cy trng
Cu trc sn xut ca qun th cy trng
Bt k cy trng no cng u cu thnh do nhiu phin l quang hp tc l h
thng quang hp v h thng khng quang hp nh r, thn. Hn na, v cy trng trn
ng rung l qun th do nhiu c th hp thnh, cho nn quang hp v sn xut vt
cht ca mt phin l so vi mt c th hoc thm ch mt qun th, th tnh cht v
mc phc tp ca n rt khc nhau.
Khi so snh sn xut vt cht ca mt phin l vi mt c th, ch yu phi xt
trong quang hp, do phng thc xp t phin l khc nhau nn mi phin l nhn
c cng chiu sng s khc nhau, nn cng quang hp cng khc nhau. Hn
na, trong vic phn phi v tiu dng sn phm quang hp, cng phi xt t l s
lng gia h thng quang hp v h thng khng quang hp, t l hnh thnh h thng
khng quang hp... S xp t ca l, hnh thi ca tn cy c s khc nhau gia cc
loi thc vt, iu ht sc quan trng i vi s tm hiu quang hp ca c th v
qun th. Hnh 8.2 cho thy, khi din tch l bng nhiu ln mt t (khi l ht sc rm
rp), l nm ngang khng c li cho tng quang hp ca tng l.
Hnh 8.2. M hnh xp t nhm l. Gi thit din tch
lp trn v di nh nhau, nhng hng b mt v v tr
tng i khc nhau. Nu nh sng chiu t trn xung,
th lng ng ho ca lp l di l ln hn
Ngi ta gi tnh trng xp t l nh vy l h thng ng ho, nhng cha tin hnh
phn tch nh lng h thng ng ho.
Hnh 9.2. Hai loi hnh cu trc sn xut ca qun lc trong h sinh thi ng c
(Monsi, Saeki - 1953)
A. Cy du giun - Chenopodiun album L. qun lc thun.
B. C voi - Pennisetum purpurascens Nak. qun lc thun, phn mu en l loi khc.
Hai loi hnh cu trc sn xut ny cng thy qun th cy trng.
Lng sn xut
ca h thng
khng ng ho
Lng sn xut
ca h thng
khng ng ho
Lng sn xut ca
h thng ng ho
Lng sn xut ca
h thng ng ho
B- Loi hnh l hp h Ho tho
Cng chiu sng
A- Loi hnh l rng
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Ngi u tin ng v gc sn xut vt cht, nu r c nh lng cho cu trc
qun th thc vt l Monsi v Saeki (1953). H tin hnh chia tng ct cy theo nhng
khong cch nht nh t cao xung thp ton b thc vt trong mt din tch nht nh, ri
phn bit nh lng theo h thng ng ho (h thng quang hp) v h thng khng ng
ho, tm ra s phn b theo chiu thng ng s lng cc tng, gi l phng php ct tng.
S phn b v lng ca cc tng tm c nh hnh 9.2, bn tri ng gia l h thng
quang hp, bn phi l h thng khng quang hp, lm thnh bn cu trc, sn xut. Trong
hnh v ly cng chiu sng b mt qun th l 100, bn trong qun th ln lt biu th
cng chiu sng theo cao, s khc bit theo tng l ca loi hnh l rng v loi hnh l
hp h ho tho, iu kin chiu sng v cu trc qun th c quan h r rng, c th thy
ngay c. Hnh v ny tuy l hai loi hnh in hnh cu trc sn xut ca qun th ng c,
nhng v c bn cng c th phn nh loi hnh cu trc sn xut ca qun th cy trng.
Phng thc biu hin cu trc qun lc ly phng php ct tng v bn cu trc sn
xut lm c s ch nu r c sinh khi ca tng l v h thng quang hp, nhng cha xt
n s xp t tng l nh Boysen - Jensen nu ra, y l mt vn cn phi nghin cu.
H thng l v h thng thn ca qun th cy trng
Sumia (1960) dng phng php nghin cu sn xut vt cht, tin hnh phn
tch ging nng sut cao ca cy trng. ng pht trin thm mt bc cch suy ngh
v h thng ng ho ca Boysen - Jensen, gi tng l ca c th hay qun th l h
thng l. Phng php tin hnh phn tch h thng l ca Sumia l (1) xem chiu
hng ca l, tng phin l tri bng hay ng thng; (2) t l din tch trng lng ca
phin l (t din l), tc l dy hay l mng; (3) din tch ca mt phin l to hay nh;
(4) trng thi xp t (nm ngang) ca l, chia ra loi hnh tha v dy. Trong khi phn
tch h thng l, ng thi quan st mu l m nht, hm lng m... ng v gc
sinh thi ca ging, phng php ny khng dng li giai on nh tnh, m
tin mt bc vo nhng nh lng, v mt nghin cu sn xut vt cht cng cn kh
nhiu ni dung nhng cha nu c r rng quan h gia n vi cu trc mi trng.
Cu trc sinh hc ca qun th cy trng
Ross (1970) xut pht t lp trng xng nghin cu vt l hc i vi qun
th thc vt, tin hnh nghin cu t m cu trc qun th (cu trc tng l).
Ross v Ninson (1965) cho rng: phn tch nh lng qun th cy trng, ch
cn tm ra hm s phn b mt din tch b mt ca cc c quan thn, l, bng v
hm s xp t khng gian ca chng. Din tch b mt ca l cng tc l din tch l,
thng ch l mt na ca tng din tch, cng l din tch mt mt ca l. Ngoi ra, i
vi thn v bng, khi nghin cu lt nh sng (mc thu quang) bn trong qun th,
c th ly din tch mt ct. Khi tm hm s phn b mt din tch b mt cc c
quan khc nhau, cn gi thit l cc c quan xp t tu c trn phng nm ngang. Gi
thit ny thch hp vi qun th pht trin bnh thng, cn thi k u pht trin cha
th c c. Do , hm s phn b mt din tch b mt ch xt n s bin i theo
chiu thng ng l c. C ngha l, i vi l ch cn tm ra din tch l c n v
th tch khng gian trong phm vi cao z. Vy c cng thc sau y:
15
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16
dz (z)
r
U
h
0 0
L =
(14)
dz (z)
L
U
h
0 0
L =
L
0
: ch r din tch l
H: cao ca qun th (cm)
U
L
(z): mt din tch l (cm
-1
) cao z (cm).
Cng nh th, c th tm ra ch s din tch b mt ca thn nh sau:
(15)
Cn v hm s xp t ca l g
L
(z) th phn tch nh sau: trc ht coi phin l l
mt tm phng, l cong hoc nhn c th coi nh mt phin l c chia nh ra thnh
nhiu tm phng v coi cc tm phng nh mt phin l. Sau , ly phng ch mt
trn (b mt) ca phin l l phng ca php tuyn dng trn mt l, nh vy th php
tuyn ca l tri nm ngang s l thng ng, php tuyn ca phin l ng thng l
nm ngang, phng chiu ca php tuyn ) r (
L
do hai to sau y quyt nh:
)
L , L
0 ( )
L
r (
= (16)
L
: l gc thin nh ca php tuyn trn mt l (gc hp thnh do php tuyn v
trc thng ng o c t pha trn dng);
L
: l gc phng v ca php tuyn (gc hp thnh do php tuyn v trc Bc -
Nam, ly Bc l 0
0
, tin hnh o thun theo chiu kim ng h).
Trong qun th cy trng, trn thc t c th coi b mt l hng v na trn qu t,
khng gian ca php tuyn trn mt l l 2;
L
trong khong
2
0
;
L
bin thin trong
khong 0 ~ 2. S phn b ca php tuyn trn mt l cao z tu , biu th nh cng
thc sau u:
=
2
) , 0 , z ( g
2
) r , z ( g
L L L L L
(17)
Vi mi phng ca
) r (
L
tin hnh tch phn i vi g
L
, s thnh:
1 d sin ) , , z ( g d
2
1
d ) r , z ( g
2
1
L L L L L
2 /
0 L
2
0 L L L 2
=
(18)
Trong :
d
L
= sin
L
d
L
d
L
, biu th n v gc lp th chung quanh
L
r , phng tu .
Hm s g
L
) r , z (
L
biu th t l chim ca din tch l trn php tuyn trong ca n v
gc lp th phng chiu
L
r so vi ton b din tch l trong n v khng gian cao
z; v gi l hm s sp xp khng gian ca l. Gi thit
L
khng c quan h vi
L
, th:
g
L
(z;
L
,
L
) = g
L
(z;
L
) g
L
(z,
L
) (19)
Vn thng dng hm s sau y thay cho g
L
(z;
L
) :
g
L
(z;
L
) = g
L
(z;
L
) sin
L
(20)
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17
Trong trng hp ny:
(21) 1 d ) , z ( g
L L L
2 /
o
=
(22) =
2 d ) , z ( ' ' g
L L L
2
0
Trong : g
L
d
L
l t l chim ca din tch l gc thin nh ca php tuyn
gia
L
v
L
+ d
L
so vi tng din tch l.
t gi thit gia
L
v
L
khng c quan h tng quan, ni ng ra l khng
c y , nhng ch tm gi tr gn ng th c th b qua quan h tng quan. Ross
ng v gc ca hnh hc khng gian tng l biu hin cu trc qun th cy
trng nh vy v gi n l cu trc hnh hc ca tn cy.
Warren Wilson (1965) ngi xtrylia, dng phng php im mu phn tch
cu trc tng l. ng gi gc ca l, din tch l chia tng l stand structure (cu trc
ca thm cy). W.A. Williams v ctv. (1968) M cng dng phng php ging nh
vy tin hnh nghin cu tng l v gi n l canopy (community architecture - cu trc
tng tn ca qun th). V sau, c mt s ngi cng dng cc danh t ny, nhng cha
c s ng h ca nhiu ngi.
Phng php o cu trc hnh hc qun th cy trng
Phng php o bng thc o nghing l: Theo phng php ct tng ca
Monsi v Saeki, khi tin hnh ct theo cao nht nh, dng thc o nghing l
ca Laisk (1965) o gc thin nh ca php tuyn ca mi phin l (thc t l bng
gc to thnh bi mt l v mt nm ngang),
L
chia v ct theo rng nht nh tu ,
ln lt tm din tch l. Ly din tch l tm c chia cho tng din tch l ca tng ,
s thng l g
L
(z). Th d, t
L
chia v ct theo gc 15
0
th nh s th t 0
0
15
0
,
15
0
30
0
... l j = 1, 2 ... v c ng thc sau y:
= = =
J
1 j
LJ j
LJ j
LJ j L
) , z ( ' g
) , z ( g
) , z ( ' g ) z ( g (23)
y
)
, (
LJ J
z bi
c tuyn c
' g u th tng din tch
a l m php gc thin nh l
ch
uan h vi gc
ph
Hnh 10.2. Thc o nghing l
LJ
c cao z. Th c o nghing l do
Laisk thit k nh hnh 10.2.
Dng bn phng v quyt nh hm
s sp xp l g (z, ) c q
L L
ng v ca php tuyn trn mt l: do gc
phng v ca php tuyn, ln lt tm din
tch theo nhm php tuyn ging nh trng
hp gc thin nh, tnh ton bng cng thc
sau y:
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18
k L L
g
) , z ( ' ' g
) , z ( g
k
1 k
Lk k
Lk
k L k
) , z ( g
) , z (
2
(24)
y, g
k
'(z,
Lk
) biu th tng din tch ca l m php tuyn c gc phng v
Lk
cao z
in tch l tch ring theo gc thin nh v gc phng v ca nhng php tuyn
khc
.
D
nhau c tin hnh o ng thi, nn i vi mt s tng cn o s nhm j k din
tch l. Lc ny c quan h nh sau:
= =
=
k
1 k
k L Lj jk
j
1 j
Lk Lj jk
k L k j L j
) , , z ( g
) , , z ( g
) , z ( g ). , z ( ' ' g
2
(25)
g
Jk
(z,
Lj
Lk
) biu th tng din tch ca l m php tuyn c gc thin nh
LJ
,
gc ph
(cn gi l phng php qu tch)
o t
bt u t phn chn
l, c
c
sinh trng pht trin. Tnh hnh bin i
gc nghing ca nhm l biu hin rt r.
L , L L
) , z ( g
ng v
Lk
cao z.
Phng php hnh chiu
Hnh 11.2 cho thy, trn ng rung
Hnh 11.2. Phng php hnh chiu
Hnh
Z
3
Z
2
Z
P
1
P
2
P
3
X
X
Z
nghin cu qun th cy trng
ny ly cy ng lm v d. Trn t th
nghim, o to X - Z ca P
1
, P
2
v P
3
ca
mi phin l, dng chiu di phin l v
qu tch ca l
o X - Z ca phn chn l (P
1
),
im cao nht ca phn cong (P
2
), nh
(phn nhn) l (P
3
) ca mi phin l ca
cc cy. o ton chiu di l ca l, v qu
tch ca l ln hnh v. Sau , ct rng
z tu , dng thc o gc o gc
nghing
L
ca l trong tng z v z + z,
lc ny chia ct l ra mt cch thch ng,
cho n mc c th nhn thnh tm phng
(trn thc t, mt phin l ng c th chia
ct theo 5 - 10 cm).
o din tch l
10cm o mt ln, dng phng
php hnh hc o din tch ca l.
Cch lm sau ging nh trng hp
dng thc o nghing ni trn.
Hnh 12.2, bn v hnh chiu tm
bng phng php hnh chiu phn
nh s bin i ca cy ng trong qu trnh
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19
Phng php im mu
cm vo qun th theo gc nht nh, ghi chp s
ln c, chia cho khoang cch m kim cm vo, s tm
thy
300
200
100
0
= (26)
Trong
f
0
c th mt din tch l F l:
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20
ng nh t
din tch l theo tng. Hnh 13.2 l th d o mch en nhiu hoa (Lolium
mult
2 l kt qu o cu trc hnh hc thi k chn ca qun th i mch. C
th t n; tng trn cng v tng
thp
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4
(
c
m
)
c
a
o
0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
F F F F
G ing l (F) (cm
2
/cm
3
)
S tun sau khi gieo
c ngh ca l ( ) (), mt din tch
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.065 0.209 0.966 1.919
Ch s din tch l
ng
ng php
0.007 0.050 0.447 0.852
Ch s din tch l chiu thng
Hnh 13.2. Th d v o cu trc tng l bng ph
im mu
o theo t vy c th tm c gc nghing bnh qun ca l v m
thc khi
iforum).
Trng thi thc t ca cu trc qun th cy trng
Hnh 14.
hy l: din tch b mt ca bng i mch tng i l
nht, l c nghing nh chim t l ln; l dng ng (70 ) tng gia kh nhiu.
Ngoi ra, gc phng v ca l ta nh phn b tu c. Hn na, i vi i mch v
hng dng, gia mt trng v cu trc qun th c quan h nh hnh 15.2.
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21
Bng 2.2. Phn b l theo gc phng v
Nam Ty Bc ng
La m
Ng 0,23 0,27 0,24
0,25
0,26
0,26 0,26 0,23
thi k u sinh tr
ca cch x l m a cc cch x
l kh c nhau cng p xp ca l c
quan
oss (1970). a s l quay theo mt tri, sng sm
hn
m c theo gc nghing mt l lm hm s phn b
ca
4 loi hnh nh hnh 17.2.
0
0,4
0,2
60 - 80 cm
g
J
(
w
)
0
100
80
ng, p n tch hn b mt di l r rng l chu nh hng
t , n thi k sau, c bit l i mch, nh hng c
khng r rt, hu nh khng c khc bit. Hm s s
h vi gc nghing, gc phng v ca l, v thi k sinh trng pht trin c bin
i rt ln, nhng khng thy nh hng ca cch x l mt i vi n. iu c
ngha l hm s sp xp ca l l c tnh c hu ca loi hoc ging, kh c th ci
thin qua phng php trng trt.
Cu trc tng l ca mt s cy trng thay i trong ngy r rng. Nhiu cy h
u nh u tng, l c vn ng trong ngy, l ca hng dng cng nh vy. Hnh
16.2 l kt qu nghin cu ca R
g ng, bui tra hng nam, bui chiu hng ty. Nhng vn ng ca l chm
30
0
so vi vn ng ca mt tri.
Wit (1965) dng phng php ging nh ca Ross, tm ra hm s phn b
ca l. V gc phng v, ng dng kt qu tu c ca Nichiporovic (bng 2.2) v ly
s phn b tng i din tch l t
l. Wit chnh l kt qu o c cc thi k sinh trng khc nhau ca
chiu cy trng nh ng, ci ng, c ba l trng, khoai ty, mch en... v chia ra lm
60
40
F=3.20
c
a
o
(
c
m
)
40 -60 cm
0,4
0,2
0
20 - 40 cm
0,4
0.2
20
0
1 0,04 0,0 ,12 0,16
M din tch b mt l
(cm
2
/cm
2
t)
8 0
t
0
10 - 20 cm
0.4
0.2
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
g ca l Gc nghin
0 90 180 220 360
Gc phng v ca mt l
0
0,2
0,1
0
0,2
0,1
0
0,2
0,1
0
0,2
0,1
0
g
K
(
w
)
4 u trc hnh hc ca qu i mch
Bng
l
Thn
Gc
n th .2. C Hnh 1
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tn l
) l
ng,
i ty.
Tn
22
Trong hnh 17.2,
ngang (pla-nophile canopy
cu trc ca loi hnh l b
nh c ba l trng v khoa
l ng (erectophile
canopy) l cu trc ca loi hnh
l ng thng, nh mch en.
Tn l nghing (plagiophile
canopy) l ca loi hnh l gc
nghing 30 - 60
0
chim a s,
nh ci ng, ng, ci du, kh
nhiu cy trng thuc loi hnh
ny. Nhng Wit cha ch ra
loi tng ng vi tn l bng -
ng (extremophile canopy).
Ngoi ra, cy c mch en lu
nm (Lolium perenne) ma xun
l loi hnh l ng, sau khi qua
mt v ct, t loi hnh l ng
thng tr thnh loi hnh l
nghing, n ma h li tr
thnh loi hnh l bng.
G
30 60
c ng ng ca l
L
m
s
p
h
n
b
90
hi
H
0,5
1,0
1,5
3
(
4
1
2
7
8
b)
0
4
5
6
a)
L
)
0,1
0,3
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Gi
0,2
H
m
s
p
h
b
1
2
3
4
4
2
1
c)
Hnh 16.2. Bin i trong ngy c tr hnh hc
nhm cy ng d (Ross, 1970)
a) Bin i trong ngy ca gc nghing mt l:
1: 1 - 6 gi 30 pht; 0 g
chia 10
0
;
3
S
W
N
E
0,5
a cu c
l h ng
2: 1 i 30 pht
3: 12 gi 30 pht; 4: 16 gi 30 pht
b) ng cong t l ca din tch l (gc nghing mt l
theo 10
0
mt) trong tng din tch l: 1: 0
0
2: 10
0
- 20
0
........... 7 : 60
0
- 70
0
; 8: 70
0
- 90
0
.
i mch
Dy
Va
Tha
0
20
40
60
0 0,2 0 0 0,1 0,1
H dng
7/7 29/7 8/3
0,2
ng
17/7
0
0
30
10
1
2
0,05 0 0,05 0 0,05 0 0,05
Mt din tch l (cm
-1
)
i mch Hng dng
29/1 Dy
Va
Tha
7/7
0
60
00
17/7 20/3
25/4
11/5
8/8
29/7
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0,2
Gc thin nh php tuyn trn mt l
LI
Hnh 15.2. nh hng ca mt trng u trc hnh hc ca nhm l
0,4
0
0
0,4
0,2
0
,4
0,2
0
0
0,2
,4
n c
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23
n th cy trng lm ch th ca h sinh thi ng rung, th
ch th - mi trng. nu
r q
h s
trn
ng php
cn
l
ng rung nghin
Bu
rong phng
php
vic nghin cu trng thi kh hu tng khng kh gn mt t.
5. Cu trc mi trng ca h sinh thi ng rung
Nh trn ni, ly qu
mi trng vt l ca n s c xem nh l mt h thng
uy lut vn ng ca h thng ny, iu quan trng nht l lm sng t quy lut bin
i nng lng v vt cht ca n. i vi mi trng vt l th phn tch vt l tng
khng kh gn mt t, cn i vi sinh vt (cy trng) th nghin cu kh hu sinh hc.
Vt l ca tng khng kh gn mt t
Xt v mt kh tng hc, v tr ca
inh thi ng rung trong phm vi
mt t 50 - 60 cm, tc l trong
tng khng kh gn mt t. Do , s
bin i nng lng v vt cht gia cy
trng v mi trng b cc nh lut vt
l c tc dng i vi tng khng kh gn
mt t quyt nh. Mi trng bn ngoi
(iu kin kh hu) c th chia ra dng
nhit v dng nc ca tng khng kh
gn mt t, k c tng t canh tc.
Chng phn nh qu trnh v kt qu trao
i nhit v nc. Thng qua vic nghin
cu s cn bng lng nhit v cn bng
nc trong tng khng kh gn mt t c
th lm sng t cc nh lut vt l quyt
nh cc qu trnh trao i ny.
Nghin cu vt l i vi tng
khng kh gn mt t, ly ph
bng lng nhit v c hc khng
kh pht trin nhanh chng lm
phng php chnh.
Cn bng lng nhit, nh trn ni
cn bng lng nhit
Tn l bng
Tn l ng
Tn l nghing
Tn l bng - ng
0 30 60 90
0
Gc nghing ca mt l (
L
)
n
t
c
h
l
0,8
Hnh 17.2. Lo
loi theo gc nghing mt l (De Wit,1965)
g
Planophile canopy - tn l bng
Erectophile canopy - tn l ng bng thng
Plagiophile canopy - tn l nghin
Extremophile canopy - tn l bng ng
i hnh phn b din tch l phn
0,2
0,4
0,6
T
n
g
i
t
n
h
t
o
n
c
a
d
i
n
g
n
h
i
t
l
u
Hnh 18.2. Bin i trong ngy v cn bng
l
n v trn trc tung l
t
2
G
R
ot hi nc)
ng nhit ng c chn nui (Tanner, 1960)
mm/gi.
mm/gi = 0,1 cal/cm . pht
ieo hn hp Medicago + Bromut c ti y
n - Bc x thun; S - Nhit truyn dn trong t
E - Thng lng tim t (bc hi v th
H - Thng lng hin nhit
truyn dn trong t ch truyn t mt t xu
i ngn bui tra, ban m ch bng khong m
th lng tnh ton trong n
t b ch thiu ca bc x thun.
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25
H
=
IE
(28)
T s ny gi l t s Bowen, l
mt
ca t s Bowen sau khi m au
ma, IE gim, H tng ln, t s n
tng
t khng kh, hi nc,
nng
b mt
d
c x ng dy c
ch s din tch l l hiu sng.
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S ngy sa
nh 19.2. Bin i t s a
(Rauner, 1960, Uch 1964)
i lng nu r s phn phi
nhit nng trong tng khng kh gn
mt t. Hnh 19.2 nu r s b i in
a. S
Bowe
dn.
Phn b iu kin kh hu trong
v ngoi qun th cy trng
Hnh 20.2 biu th s phn b
theo phng thng ng bc x
thun, nhi
CO
2
v tc gi trong v
ngoi qun th ng v phn
in tch l ca qun th ng.
l kt qu o c t hai qun th c
mt trng khc nhau.
Bc x thun v sut phn x
thun bn trong qun th gim rt nhanh, r rng nht l khu tr
n. iu ny c quan h cht ch vi s gim c
B
10
19 - 22/7/1954
14 - 17/8/1954
11-16/9/1954
B
o
w
e
n
(
L
0
/
I
E
0
)
T
H
0
u khi ma
Bowen sau khi m
ijima v hnh,
60
120
240
180
300
360
420
480
540
600
u
c
a
o
c
m
LAD
LAI 3.6
LAI 2.6
Tc
gi
CO
0 1 2 3 0 80 160 240 5 0 5 8 9 10 20 22 24 26 28 0 2 4 6 8 10
dm
2
/ dm
3
u cm / s c ppm e gm /m
3
0
C Ly / min f,
C
h
i
2
n
nh 2 . Phn b iu kin kh hu trong v ngoi qun th ng mt trng
khc nhau (Lemon, 1970) tr s bnh qun trong khong thi gian
11 gi 45 pht - 12 gi 15 pht ngy 15-8-1968
Ni quan st v
Trc
H
2
O
nhit
Bc x
thu
H 0.2
o: Ellis Hollow, Ithaca, NewYork.
khi o ta cy, iu chnh mt .
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26
nh 21.2 cho thy s bin i trong
ngy v cn bng phn x rung nc (a(Q +
a), du trong cng thc (3) ngc li). C
th t ng
66%
ch l.
v
thnh ng gch gch trong hnh v.
Mt khc, bc x thun, nh cng
thc (3) cho thy, l hiu ca thnh phn
hn
-
a tun mt, thu thp v tnh
t qu o chiu sng trc x v chiu
, biu th nh hnh 24.2. C th
t
chi
sn
H
hy bc x thun c th t n kho
bc x mt tri. Bc x hu hiu sng
di thng thng l tr s m (t mt t
hng ln khng kh), bui tra tr s gn
nh c nh, bng 0,2 ly/min
(1)
.
Hnh 22.2 cho thy s bin i trong
ngy ca sut phn x ca mt s cy trng,
bt k loi cy trng no, s bin i trong
ngy u r rng, hn na, sut phn x cn
bin i theo ch s din tch l, khi LAI
( ) 2
(ch s din tch l) = 2,5 tr ln th xp x
bng 0,2 (hnh 23.2). Quan h ny biu th bng cng thc sau:
a = a
p
- (a
p
- a
w
) exp (-0,56F) (29)
a
p
l sut phn x khi cy trng rm rp
a l sut phn x ca mt nc,
F l tr s din t
Tr s tnh theo cng thc (29)
g xung chiu sng trc x, chiu
sng tn x v thnh phn hng ln
sng di. N
ton k
sng tn x
hy l, thi k ma phn hu nh khng c
u sng trc x. Ngoi ra, t l chiu
g trc x cao nht c th t 60% tr ln.
( ) 1
Ly/min l n v biu th cng bc x mt tri, tc l s calo chiu theo mt cm
2
mt pht.
( ) 2
LAI = Leaf Area Index; exp = exponent: s m.
0,3
1,0
0
0,5
(Q+q)
R
S
a(Q+q)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
10/8/1965 Gi
Hnh 21.2. Bin i trong ngy
v cn bng bc x rung nc
8
10
12
14
16
1
2
2
24
26
8
0
2
28
30
32
Khoai lang 12/8
C bc n 1/6
La m 21/5/1969
La nc 5/7
Tr s o
Tr s tnh
ton
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ch s din tch l
h 23.2. Quan h gia ch s ch
l v sut phn x run
t
p
h
5 6 7 8 9 10 17 18 19h
nh 22.2. Bin i trong ngy v phn x
ca mt s cy trng
11 12 13 14 15 16
n
x
(
%
)
H
Hn
S
u
din t
g nc
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27
i:
c gi c s k hng thng trn
ng rung, tc gi bn tro . V phn b tc gi
ca ng, c nh lut logarit sau y:
G
T hc nhau do mt ca qun th cy trng. T
ng qun th gim xung rt nhanh
ng ru
V
*
z - d
u (z) =
K
ln
z
o
(30)
Trong : V
*
= (T/)
1/2
tc ma st (cm/s); K = 0,4 hng s Kaman;
z: t ; d hiu chnh mt t (cm); z
o
: m g
gh : l a st ca khng kh (g/cm
3
).
hng c nh
cao cch m
(cm); T
t
c m
= tr s c
ng
Ni mt cch cht ch hn, cng thc (30) ch c xc lp khi k
hng ca s phn b nhit. Morin v Obuenop ch ra: cng thc phn b tc
gi khi c phn b nhit trong tng khng kh gn mt t, nh sau:
V
*
z - d z - d
u (z) =
K
ln
z
o
+
L
(31)
: 6,0 hng s, L l di Obuenop.
Hnh 25.2 ch h b o a tr s hiu chnh t d
v g gh z
o
tro t c trong rung i mch. Tr hiu
chn gi, khi tc gi t n 4 m/s
tr l
r tnh
ng cng
nh in i the tc
o
gi c mt
s hc (30) v (31)
h mt t gim xung rt nhanh cng vi tc
n th tr thnh mt tr s nht nh, khng thay i trong sut c thi gian sinh
trng. g gh z
o
thi k u sinh trng c tng ln tng ng theo tc gi,
nhng li gim xung vo thi k cui sinh trng. C th v thi k cui sinh trng
do tc gi tng ln, cy bin thnh nghing, d gim i, z
o
tng ln. Mt s kt qu
quan st khc cng ph hp vi kt lun ny.
0
1,0
2,0
3,0
Tng bc x sng ngn (Q+q)
(bc x mt tri)
Chiu sng tn x (q)
Chiu sng trc x (Q)
Chiu sng tn x (q)
Thng Thng Thng
Hnh 24.2. Chiu sn a n
n mt ln
c
x
l
y
p
t
h
n
h
c
n
x
0
t
t
r
i
/
t
h
i
k
t
r
c
x
,4
0
0,2
0,6
0,8
T
c
h
i
u
s
n
g
t
g tn x v t l c
theo tnh ton na tu
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28
(32)
V phn b tc gi bn trong qun th cy trng, nh hnh 25.2 cho thy, gim
rt nhanh tng trn qun th, ngi ta dng cc cng thc vi hm s m sau y
biu th s phn b tc gi ny:
Cng thc Saito: ) (z p - ( exp u (z) u
H
=
Z
H
dz)
Z
V
*
H
: u (z) =
K
ln
o
= dz )
H
- (1 - exp u (z) u
H
Cng thc Inoue:
(33)
- d
Cng thc Takeda
z
) z H (
F 1
F
2
C
exp
D
n ng, u l tc gi b mt qun
th, H l cao ca qun th cy trng, F l mt cy trng, C
D
l h s khng.
u ni r: tc gi bn trong q
mt qun th, tu theo
h s
xun
CO t
tng mt din li
tng v
70 - 80 ppm; khi F
t
= 4,2 th nng l 100 ppm; c th thy, lng h thp nng CO
2
vo bui tra l tng
(34)
y, p (z), l h s c xt s phn b tr cy
H
Ba cng thc ni trn un th cy trng khc vi b
c trng phn
b mt cy, gim
0
0,4
0 400 800
g thnh hm s
m. Ngoi ra, cng
thc Saito v Inoue
c lp ra theo kinh
nghim sau khi nghin
cu l lun i vi
cng thc Takea,
nhng gn b mt
qun th, th cc cng
thc ny u gn
ging nhau.
Nng CO
2
:
xem hnh 26.2, ta thy
b mt qun th nng
nhanh, gn
2
tng dn ln, cn bn trong qun th th gim xung r
tch l ln nht th thp nht, cn n gn mt t th
ln. y ni r,
pha di, n gn mt
Hnh 26.2 cho thy s bin i trong ngy ca nng CO
o bui tra, CO
2
ca ng ung lu ng t pha trn x
t th ngc li, t mt t lu ng ln trn.
r ung
2
b mt qun th cy
ng. C th thy r, nng CO
2
gim vo bui tra; trong trng hp ch s din tch l
0,5 tr xung, nng l 20 - 30 ppm. Nu ch s din tch l (F
t
tng ln, tc l khi F
t
=
0,56 th nng CO
2
tng ng l 30 - 40 ppm, khi F
t
= 2,5 nng l
0,6
Tc gi (U
150
) (cm/s) Tc gi (U
150
) (cm/s)
0 400 800
0
0,04
0,08
0
(b) Z
0
/h
Hnh 25.2. Tr s hiu chnh t v g gh trong
cng thc phn b tc gi bin i theo tc gi
(a): qu t (d) v
(b): qu cao
U 150 t t 150 c ch
0,08
(a)
0,04
mt
an h ca tr s hiu chnh mt
an h v
cao cy (h) vi tc gi
cy (h) vi tc gi. ca t s g gh (z
0
)
l tc gi ch cch m m. Kt qu rung i m
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29
ln tng ng. S bin i ny r rng l c quan h cht ch vi quang hp. S bin i
nng CO
2
ca ngy 8 v ngy 9 thng 8 tuy ni l thi k sinh trng pht trin ging
nhau, cng vn c khc nhau r rt, nguyn nhn chnh c th l tc gi trn qun th
khng ging nhau, tc gi ch cao cch mt t 245 cm bui tra ngy 8 thng 8 l 40
cm/s, cn ngy 9 l 50 - 90 cm/s.
S phn b theo phng thng ng ca nng CO
2
c th tnh theo cng thc:
P
H
z - d
C
o
- C
z
=
kV*
ln
z
o
(35)
C
o
, C
z
l nng CO
2
(g C
3
O
2
/ cm ) cao d + z
o
v z; p
H
l thng lng CO
2
trn
Nu p
H
(tng ng vi cng
p ca qun th) l nht
nh, th nng CO
2
t l nghch vi V*.
bn trong qun th, nh hnh 26.2 cho
thy
thn
xung thp n cao 100 cm (cch mt
chn
25 ng
nh hi cao hn khu trng cy. iu ny c
hnh 27.2, b mt qun th, nng ny gim dn
theo
a r, s ht nc v cht dinh dng. nhit t ch yu do lng nhit m
mt t tip thu (lng nhit truyn dn xung di t) v tnh cht nhit ca t quyt nh.
thm thc vt (g CO
2
/ cm
2
.s).
25, 26/7 F
t
=
135cm
8, 9/8
245
quang h
tr s
Di y s cp ti nng CO
2
, cng c bin i trong ngy r rng.
Nht l ngy 8 thng 8 tc gi tng
i nh, quang hp mnh, c th hin
h mt ct rt pht trin. Tng thp ca
nng CO
2
, sng sm xut hin gn
tng mt qun th, sau v tr
( ) 3
ca n
thp xung theo vi mt tri ln cao, n
11 gi 35 pht, khi gn gi ng Nam
( ) 4
,
t). Lc ny CO
2
trong v ngoi qun th
nhit khng kh v nhit t nh hnh
hnh 26.2 c th thy nhit nhit hnh
th c quan h vi tc gi bn trong
qun th.
Quan st nng hi nc
h lch n 27 ppm.
nhit, m: dng thc phn s
.2. T s phn b nhit khng kh tro
cao. C ngha l ngc li vi s phn b CO
2
ni trn. Vo bui tra, hi
nc lu ng t mt t ln trn, tc l s bc hi v thot hi nc rt mnh.
nhit t ca ng rung c nh hng rt ln n s ny mm ca ht ging, s
pht trin c
( ) 3
Tc cao cch mt t
( ) 4
Gi ng Nam l gi mt tri i qua ng Bc - Nam
2,5
205cm
26
25
15, 19/6
F
t
=4,2
8
9
cm
F
t
=4,2
20/8
F
t
=0,0
18
19
25cm
30/6 F
t
=0,05
30cm
70cm
15
14
14, 15/7
300
250
25
300
350
0
250
300
150
300
150
300
300
Hnh 26.2. Bi i trong ngy ca
CO
2
mt qun th ng
Hnh ny biu th ch s l F
t
ao
s cong l ngy thn ng trn o. Ch
v c
g o
din tch
nng
n
b
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30
khu
khc gi l c trng
dn
i, s lu thng nhit
di
Cc i lng c trng cho
nhit ca t l: h s truyn dn
nhit ca t (cal/cm.s.
0
C) h s
2
ch tn nhit ca t K (cm /s),
dung lng nhit ca t C
V
= c
(cal/cm
3
.
0
C).
Trong bn i lng trn, v
C
V
l cc i lng c trng c bn,
cc i lng
xut.
Hnh 28.2 biu th s bin i
trong ngy, bin i trong nm ca
nhit t v s lu ng ca nhit
tng ng (nhit truyn dn di t).
Nh trn n
t c th tnh bng cng thc
(8), trn thc t
0 z
dz
s
dT
=
kh
xc nh, nn thng dng ba phng
php
cng thc sau:
sau y:
Phng php phn tch nhit:
cn c vo s phn b theo phng
thng ng ca nhit t, tnh bng
n T . C . n . v
n
(36) H dt B
t
n
r
=
H
t
1 n
0
1
=
ca tng t
n
: dy
khc nhau (cm);
n . v C : dung lng nhit
bnh
t
1
)n
Cng thc (36) cho thy,
ly c
mi tng t
phn,
o
qun ca tng t khc
nhau.
n
= (t
2
-
hnh lch nhit thi
gian t
2
v t
1
ca
nhn vi dy tng
t v C
n
bnh qun ca cc
tng, tng ca cc tng tc l
B .
c
a
o
(
m
)
0
6
0
5
0
7
0
5
0
8
0
5
0
9
3
5
1
0
3
5
1
1
3
5
1
2
3
5
1
4
0
5
1
5
0
5
1
6
0
5
1
7
0
5
1
8
0
5
1
9
0
5
8/9/1966
2
3
8/9/1966
0
7
0
5
0
8
0
5
0
9
3
5
1
0
3
5
1
1
3
5
1
2
3
5
1
4
0
5
1
5
0
5
1
6
0
5
1
7
0
5
1
8
0
5
1
9
0
5
0,02
0,02
mg/l
c
a
0
0
3
4
o
(
m
)
2
1
1
Nng CO
2
0,04 0,02 0
Mt din tch l (cm
-1
)
Hnh 27.2. Bin i trong ngy ca nng CO
2
trong qun th ng (Uchijima v ctv, 1968)
Ch s trn ng cong l thi gi n gch bn phi hnh
biu th phn b phng thng t din tch l
an, ph
ng m s
30
Bin i
trong ngy
1 cm
300cm
Bin i
trong nm
10 cm
20cm
100cm
20 cm
50 cm
900cm
Tr
nhit To nhit Tr
nhit To nhit
-40
0
40
0
20
N
h
i
t
(
0
C
)
y
0
-0,2
0,1
10
N
h
t
(
0
C
)
i
L
y
/
n
g
a
y
0 2 16
Gi
1 6 8
Thng
2 2 4 10 12 20 24 4 8 1
H
c
nh 28.2. Bin n i trong n
a nhit t ng nhit di t tn g
m
ng
i trong ngy, bi
lu v
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(T - T )
Phng php tm truyn nhit: Vn dng phng php o lng nhit truyn qua
tng, cc nh kin trc dng cng thc sau tnh ton trong k thut truyn nhit:
a e u
B
z
=
L
= a (T
e
- T
u
) (37)
T
e
v T
u
l nhit (
0
C) mt trn v mt di ca tm truyn nhit
a
l h s t nh cal
L l dy ca tm (cm); a l hng s thc nghim
e
- T
u
.
huyt dn nhit m tin hnh x l
n ong nm) ca nhit mt t,
tm
ruyn it ca tm ( /cm.s.
0
C)
Trn thc t, bn trong tm truyn nhit c kp cp nhit in, dng o T
Phng php truyn dn nhit: Da vo l t
g cong biu din s bin i trong ngy (bin i tr
0 z
s
dT
= ca cng thc 8, v:
dz
dTs c
dz
z = O = T sin (t +
4
+ ) (38)
0
D
31
o : )
2
t sin( T . ) t , O ( B
o
+ c
+ = (39)
T bin bin i nhit t.
gc thi gian, gc lch pha.
V quan h gia bin bin i nhit mt t v s lu ng nhit di t,
biu
s k
hnh thnh
hn
0
l
= 2 /
th nh hnh 29.2.
Phng php xc nh h
huch tn dng xoy v
tc trao i:
Quan st khi t ng khi
i ra, c th thy s lu ng
ca khi khng
g c quy tc. Li nh khi
gi bo, ng h o tc gi
v ng h o hng gi cng
khng ngng dao ng. Cho
nn s vn ng ca khng
kh khng phi l s lu ng
c quy tc, m l khng quy
tc, cng tc l dng xoy.
Gi l dng xoy, nh trong
cng mt th long, bao gm
mt cch quy tc nhiu ch
0 4 8 12
Bin bin i nhit t (T
0
)
0
C
16
mt
B
O
Q
S
120
80
40
0
160
120
80
40
g
n
g
O
n
nh 2 . Quan h ca bi bin i t
m t
160
t
(
Q
t
l
u
S
)
T
n
g
n
h
i
t
l
n
g
l
n
g
t
r
o
n
c
a
l
/
c
m
B
i
b
i
i
t
r
o
n
g
n
g
y
n
h
i
t
r
o
n
g
t
(
B
)
l
y
/
m
i
nhi
2
.
n
a
n
g
y
H 9.2 n
t t v lu ng ng nhit di
(Uchijima, 1961)
Q
S
l tng nhit lng tch tr trong t trong sut
thi gian nhit t ln cao
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32
lc: Khuch tn dng xoy cao z
1
v z
2
trn b mt
qun
(40)
(lng khuch tn dng xoy), C l gam
CO
2
trao i (cm/s) gia z
1
v z
2
;
z
1
v z
2
.
xoy phc tp to nh khc nhau. Nhng ch xoy nh vy gi l dng xoy. Trong tng
khng kh gn mt t, do s c st ca khng kh vi mt t hnh thnh nhng lu
ng c th, gi l tng ranh gii dng xoy. Ngoi ra, thng lng vt cht (khuch
tn) trong dng xoy so vi thng lng tng khng dng xoy th ln hn r rng.
Bi v thng lng (lng khuch tn) c dc nng vt cht v h s khuch
tn dng xoy quyt nh.
Phng php kh ng
th cy trng, ly CO
2
lm th d, c th biu th nh sau:
P = D
1 - 2
(C
1
- C
2
)
Trong cng thc ny, P l thng lng
/cm . s;
D
2
1-2
l tc
C
1
, C
2
l nng CO
2
(gam CO
2
/cm
3
) ch
D
1-2
l s nghch o ca h s khng khuch tn r
1-2
Quan h gia chng nh sau:
= =
2
1
z
z
2 1
2 1
) z ( K
dz
1
r
1
D
(41)
K l h s khuch tn dng xoy (cm
2
/s). T cng thc (40) v (41) c th thy,
nu
bit mt s no trong ba s: h s khuch tn dng xoy, h s khng
khuch tn v tc trao i, th c th da vo lng chnh lch nng vt cht
trong tng khng kh gn mt t (CO
2
chng hn) tm ra lng khuch tn dng
xoy. ng dng cng thc phn b tc gi (30) ni trn, th ng lc ma st ca
khng kh - lng khuch tn dng xoy ca lng vt cht vn ng tnh bng cng
thc sau:
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
d z
d z
ln
) u u ( K
=
(42)
Cn c vo cng thc (41) v (42), tnh tc trao i ca lng vt cht vn ng
nh sau:
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
d z
d z
ln
) u u ( K
=
(43)
Thay cng thc (43) vo cng thc (40) c th tm ra thng lng CO
2
(lc ny gi
thit trong s lu chuyn lng vt cht vn ng v lu chuyn CO
2
c h s khuch
tn dng xoy bng nhau). Phng php da vo vic xc nh phn b tc gi
tm h s khuch tn dng xoy, ri mi tm thng lng CO
2
nh vy, l phng php
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33
, dng cng thc
(43)
do Thornthwaite v Holzman xut trc tin (1941) tm thng lng hi nc,
sau mi c gi l phng php ca ng lc hc khng kh.
Hnh 30.2 cho thy: da vo tr s Uchijima o c trn ng c
tm c tc trao i, bin i trong ngy ca h s khuch tn dng xoy, tc
gi tng ng (U
200
) v tc ma st. Bui sng gi to, tc ma st, tc trao
i v h s khuch tn dng xoy u tng ln, trong tc trao i theo st nht
vi s bin i ca tc gi. Trong tit ni v s phn b tc gi nu ln, gi l
nh lut logarit, ni mt cch cht ch th ch khi tng khng kh gn mt t l trung
lp (tc l khi khng c s phn b nhit) mi c xc lp. Do , cng thc (42)
v (43) rt ra t cng thc (30) rt ra t cng thc (30) s khng dng c khi tc
gi nh, trong tng khng kh c s phn b nhit r rt (nh ma ma h...). Xt n
c s phn b nhit th tc trao i c th biu th nh sau:
2
1
2
1 2
2
) 2 1 (
d z
d z
ln
) u u ( K
) i R . 1 ( D
(44)
y i R gi l s Richardson bnh qun, biu th nh cng thc sau:
0 0 1
0 5
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2
0-200
/s)
K
2
0
0
D
U
2
0
0
Tc gi U
200
(cm/s)
Tc trao i D (cm
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0 2 3 4 5
4
8
1
2
2
0
6
2
4
4
V
*
Tc ma s V
H x
0
0
3
N
g
o
:
1
3
-
1
4
/
8
/
1
9
5
3
(x1 tn oy
cm
2
/s)
K
20
khuch s
*(cm/s) t
1
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34
2
2 1
i
T g
R
=
u
T
T
l hng s kinh nghim, g l
gia t
, (44)
cn
d v
ca nhit v hi nc (K
H
, K
W
) trong tng
khn v z
R -B
D
1 - 2
=
I (
(45)
Khu trng dy
420
Khu trng tha
cao cy trng
360
c trng trng (cm/s
2
), T
1
v T
2
l nhit khng kh cao z
1
v z
2
v tr s bnh qun ca chng (dng
nhit tuyt i
0
K); z = z
1
+ 0,5 (z
2
- z
1
); u biu th tc gi ca z.
Khi s dng cng thc (43)
mt vn l xc nh d. Nh
ni trn, d bin i theo tc gi,
nn trc ht dng cng thc phn b
tc gi khi trung lp (tc l khng
c phn b nhit) lm r quan h ca
Phng php cn bng lng nhit
300
240
180
120
60
0
c
a
o
(
c
m
)
5 1x10
4
5 1x10
5
5 1x10
6
5 1x10
7
5
2
/mi
Hnh 3 xoy
tr
K - h s khuch tn (cm n)
1.2. h s khuch tn dng
ong v ngoi qun th cy ng (cm
2
/min)
tc gi.
Gi thit h s khuch tn dng xoy
g kh gn mt t l bng nhau, th tc trao i gia cao z
1 2
biu th nh
sau:
1+ )
Trong cng thc ny,
a
= nh lch m tuyt i (g H
2
O/cm
3
) ca z
1
v z
it rt mnh,
ln
Rz - B
d 1 dq
a
1
- a
2
l ch
2
. Cng thc (45) ly cng thc cn bng lng nhit (2a) lm c s, dng t s
Bowen, H = . IE, lp ra. Do , phng php ny c gi l phng php cn
bng lng nhit. Khi tm tc trao i bng phng php ny, do mt tri lc hin
lc n bc x thun gn nh bng khng, sai s c th ln, nn phi ch .
Bn cnh qun th, hot ng hp thu v to ra hin nhit v tim nh
g bc x thun cng bin i nhanh, cho nn cng khng th dng cng thc (45).
Uchijima da vo cng thc cn bng lng nhit biu th h s khuch tn dng
xoy cao no trong qun lc (K
z
) nh sau:
Kz =
- Cp (
C
)
(46)
dz
+
p dz
Hnh 31.2 biu th u ch tn dng xoy trong v ngoi qun th ng do
Lemon (1970) tm c theo s liu ca hnh 26.2. Khu trng tha trong qun th v
khu trng dy trong tng khng kh gn mt t biu hin tr s tng i ln.
h s kh
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968).
th c
khu vc rung thong. Ni n gi nguyn trng thi, pha trn hng
gi c
it - m k kiu thng gi, b
phn
Trong cc phng php nh gi h s khuch tn dng xoy, ngoi phng php
c hc khng kh v phng php cn bng lng nhit nu, cn c phng php
cn bng lng vn ng v phng php hm s cu to ca dng xoy (Inoue, 1
Cch quan trc ca phng php kh ng lc hc v phng php cn bng
lng nhit
Khi tin hnh o bng phng php trn cn ch : tng kh trong v ngoi qun
y trng phi gi c nguyn trng thi ca ng rung c quan trc, tin hnh
quan trc trn
n t nht c khong cch 50 - 100 ln o cao o, ni c iu kin tng i
tt cn c din tch khong 1 hecta. Hnh 32.2, l mt v d dng c o lng khi xc
nh thng lng CO
2
bng phng php cn bng lng nhit.
Bc x thun: o bc x thun trn qun th dng bc x k thun Beckmann, o
bc x thun bn trong qun lc dng 4 chic bc x k thun Fank, treo trn dy thp,
di ng qua li trong khong 7 m ly s bnh qun.
Ly mu CO
2
: c cc l ly mu trn thp ly mu khng kh cao 4m, dng bm
ht ly.
nhit, m: l ly mu khng kh c lp nh
cm ng l cp nhit in, dng minivon k ghi.
35
Hnh 32.2. B tr thit b xc nh h s khuch tn bng phng php cn bng nhit
1.B c x thun Becman; 2. My o chiu sng; 3. My o phn x; 4. Thp ly mu kh; 5. L ly
m kh; 6. Dy thp di ng bc x k; 7. Bc x k thun Frank; 8. My o tc gi dy
nhi t; 9. My phn tch kh; 10. Milivon k biu bng in t; 11. Tm truyn nhit; 12. My o
chiu sng kiu ng; 13. Bm chn khng kiu cnh qut; 14. Milivon k kiu bm nt; 15. Milivon
k kiu t ghi; 16. Bn v mt ct ca thp ly mu khng kh gn l ly mu khng kh 5 c lp b
phn cm ng nhit ca nhit k kiu cp nhit in.
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Nhit truyn dn trong t: su khong 1 cm c lp tm truyn nhit, dng
minivon k ghi.
aeki (1953) xut m hnh ton hc quang
hp in cu sinh thi sn xut vt cht ca
qun
nhn
Chiu sng v phn x: Chiu sng trn qun th dng my o chiu sng
Consinke, bn trong qun lc dng my chiu sng kiu ng, v sut phn x dng my
o phn x.
Khi quan trc bng phng php kh ng hc, pha trn qun lc cn t nht 5 - 6
ci ng h o tc gi, c kh nng th tt nht nn dng 7 - 8 ci, lp ln lt theo
bi s cao t di ln trn, 4 ci thnh mt nhm, chun b 2 nhm.
6. Quang hp ca qun th cy trng
M hnh quang hp ca qun th cy trng
M hnh nh sng: T khi Monsi v S
ca qun th thc vt cho n nay, vic ngh
th thc vt ly quang hp ca qun th lm trung tm, c nhng pht trin rt
ln. Cn c ca nhng nghin cu ny l s chiu lt ca nh sng trong qun th v
ng cong quang hp ca phin l, do c th gi l m hnh nh sng v quang hp
ca qun th. V m hnh nh sng s trnh by thm phn sau.
M hnh hiu sut nhn nh sng: Mt s nh nghin cu cy trng nh Murata,
Takeda ly vic nghin cu quang hp ca la nc lm trung tm, nghin cu
quang hp v sn xut vt cht ca nhiu loi cy trng. Nghin cu ca h ch yu
bng phng php phng th nghim. V quang hp qun th P, c th biu th nh sau:
P = Afp
0
= Ap
0
e
-bA
(47)
Trong : p
0
l cng quang hp ca mt phin l: A - din tch l; f - hiu sut
nh sng, b - hng s thc nghim.
Mt s nh khoa hc xut khi nim hiu sut nhn nh sng do tch ca
quang hp l n v din tch l quyt nh. Nh cng thc (47) cho thy, hiu sut nh
sng gim vi hm s m ngc theo s tng ln ca din tch l, tuy tng i gn st
vi mc lt nh sng ca qun th, nhng do khi nim c phn cha r, nn cha
lm cn c cho l lun. Ta nh l mt m hnh ca nh sng, k thc vn l m hnh
hiu sut nhn nh sng.
M hnh khuch tn: c mt s nh kh tng hc nng nghip nghin cu vt l
tng khng kh gn mt t ng dng phng php c hc khng kh vo vic
nghin cu s quang hp ca qun th. Cng c ngi thng qua vic nghin cu thng
lng (khuch tn) CO
2
trong tng khng kh gn mt t, m y mnh vic nghin
cu s quang hp qun th.
Nhng suy ngh c bn v m hnh ny s ni sau y: Gi thit trn mt cnh
ng rng, cy trng tin hnh quang hp mnh. Quang hp cng mnh th tiu dng
cng nhiu CO
2
gn mt l cy trng, nng CO
2
s cng h thp. b p vo s
h thp , s cn vn chuyn CO
2
t trong khng kh bn trn qun th v t trong t
v mt l. Lc ny do din tch ng rung rng, nn khng phi xt n s lu ng
theo phng nm ngang ca CO
2
. Bi v phn bt k ca dng kh CO
2
, n v thi
36
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37
s chng khuch tn t l nghch vi nhau:
gian, n v din tch mt ct ca thng lng ca n cng u bng nhau. Do , s
lu ng nh vy ca CO
2
c th hiu l cung cp cho s quang hp ca qun th s
dng. Cch nhn nhn nh vy l khc vi m hnh ca nh sng, c th gi l m hnh
khuch tn.
M hnh chng khuch tn: M hnh chng khuch tn c th coi l bin th ca
m hnh khuch tn, ch yu do cc hc gi chu u xng, cho rng quang hp
qun th P v
[CO
2
] air - [CO
2
] cl
P =
[r
a
+ r
s
+ r
mc
] CO
2
(48)
[CO
2
] air v [CO
2
] ch g CO
2
trong khng kh v trong
dip lc t, r
a
, r
s
, r
mc
t n ng khuch tn i vi CO
2
ca k gia
khng kh xung quanh v mt l, kh kh t l. Quan h gia s chng khuch
tn v
nhit, h s khuch tn, ... trong v ngoi
qun
; K l h s
thiu
t l
ng
ng tng ng l nn
g l s ch
ng, m th
hong
h s khuch tn nh cng thc (41).
M hnh quang hp qun th cy trng: S quang hp ca qun th c quyt
nh bi hm s quang hp, h hp ca l n (nh sng, nhit, nc), cu trc qun
th v tnh trng phn b CO , nh sng,
2
th. Do , mt s m hnh nu ra y l khng ton din.
S phn b nh sng trong qun th cy trng:
Monsi v Saeki (1953) dng cng thc sau y biu th s lt nh sng vo
trong qun th thc vt ( y l qun th cy trng).
-HF
I = I
o
e (49)
Trong : I
0
l chiu sng nm ngang ca mt trn qun th; I l chiu sng
nm ngang c ng mt qun th a tng F din tch l tnh ton t tiu tn nh sng.
Cn ch : S gim yu ca nh sng l tr s o ca nh sng tn x. Sau ,
Kuroiwa v mt s ngi khc chia nh sng mt tri lm nh sng trc x v nh sng
tn x, ra mt cng thc c xt n cu trc hnh hc ca qun th. y ch gii
nghin cu ca Ross (1970).
V vn gim yu nh sng trc x, Ross v Nilson (1965) ra mt cng
thc c xt n cu trc ca qun th:
L o L
2
L L 0 s 0
d L r r cos ) r , w ( g
1
) w ( U
1
sin ) w ( U
w
cos
r r r
(50)
2
Trong cng thc:
0
- gc thin nh ca mt tri; - t l din tch ca phn
hng v mt tri; w- su t tng mt qun th tr xung; U
g
, U
L
- mt ch
b mt ca thn, l; g
L
(w,
din t
L r ) l hm s sp xp ca l - cng thc (17).
cos
L o
r r
= cos
0
sin
L
+ sin
0
sin
L
+ cos (
0
-
L
) (51)
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Trong : ) , ( r ), , ( r
L L L 0 0 0
biu th hng ca bc x mt tri v php
tuyn trn mt l. Da vo cng thc (50) v (51) c th tm ra t l din tch l phn
hng v mt tri tng t k trong qun th (t l din tch m nh s b ng trc x c
th c
L
r
) o thc qun th u tng, tr s tn hiu vo). Hnh (71) biu th g
L
(w, h
c bng cng thc (50) v t l lt vo ca nh sng trc x o c bng cc o
din v mt tri. V nh s tch hng ng tn x, c cng thc kinh nghim nh sau
(Ross v Bichele, 1968):
D (L, h
0
,
L
r
) = D
0
(h
0
) [1 - V (L) sin
2
L
]e
- kdL
(52)
Trong cng thc, D
0
(h
0
) l bc x tn khng gian pha trn qun th, kdL, V(L) l
hng s kinh nghim.
Quang hp qun th biu th bng m hnh nh sng
Quang hp thun A ca phin l n bng tng quang hp p tr i h hp r, gia
quan nghi c trnh
biu
bI
A = - r (53)
g hp qun th v cng nh sng I, thng qua thc m phng
din quan h nh sau:
1 + aI
Trong a v b l hng s thc nghim.
38
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
13 thng 8
Kitamoto
14 thng 8
Seigen
0,8
1,0
0
0,2
0,6
0,4
1,0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
26 thng 8
Kitamoto
15 thng 8
Seigen
S thc (
nh 33.2 l lt vo ca nh sng trc x c trong qun th u tng
c theo cu trc hnh hc (Ito v Uagawa, 1971)
S
n
h
t
o
(
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
)
0
)
o H . T
v tnh
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39
y I trn mt l su F tm c hng s cng thc (49) thay vo cng thc
(53), th:
b (KI
0
e - KF)
A =
1 + a (KI
0
e - KF)
- r (54)
L
Quang hp thun ca ton b cc tng ca qun th tm c bng cch ly tch
phn t F = 0 n F i vi cng thc (55):
b
0
P =
Ka
0
)- rF
1 + aKI
ln(
1 + a KI e - KF
(55)
chnh l m hnh ton hc m Monsi v Saeki ni ti. Ross v Bichele cng
vi phng php ging nh vy tm ra tng quang hp K
0
ca n v din tch
phn hng v mt t a din tc ri c h l su L:
1
g (
L
r ) d
K =
0
2
2
1 1
m
+
a [S | cos
L
r r
0
| + D (L, h
0
,
L
)]
(56)
Trong cng thc: a v m l thng s ca ng cong nh sng - quang hp; D (L,
h
0
,
L
) l c .
Mt khc na, quang hp n v din tch l phn rm l:
ng nh sng tn x
K
s ca
1
g (
L
r ) d
K
s =
2
2
1 1
+
(57)
m a D (L, h
0
,
L
)
su L biu hin bng din tch l tnh ton ca b mt qun th, t l din tch
l phn hng v mt tri y l :
s
s
(L,
0
r
) = [ - exp LG (
0
r ) c ec os
Trong cng thc, G bi h c a din tch l hng v
hn
h
0
] (58)
u t l ng h nh hiu hu hiu c
g
0
r . Do , su L, lng quang hp tnh ton l
K
trong tng n v dy
c th biu th nh sau:
0
K
(L, h
0
0
) =
K
(L, h
0
) d L (60)
c (60) v th
quan
) = s K + (1 - s)
K
s (59)
Tnh tch phn i vi cng thc (59) l tm c lng quang hp ca ton th
qun th.
(L
0
, h
Hnh 34.2 cho thy kt qu tnh ton bng cng th i gi it cng
g hp ca l n l nht nh: (1) qun th cu thnh do l thng ng; (2) qun th
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40
cu hnh o l n ngan v (4 m
l n
i gn 1,5, sau gim xung rt nhanh; t 1,0 ly/min
tr x
h tr quan h
ca
n
s p
y tin hnh trn din tch ng khong 1
ha v
n th tnh t m
ele, 1968)
bc x mt tri, LAI = 6
( 0
0
1. Qun th l thng ng; 2. Q n th l nm ngang; 4. Qun th l
nm ngan
th nh do l phn b u; (3) qun th cu t d m g ) qun th
m ngang chim u th.
T trong hnh (a) c th thy, ng cong ca qun th l nm ngang tng t vi
l n, qun th l phn b t 0,2 ly/min tr ln th gn thnh ng thng. Qun th l
thng ng t tr s ln nht kh
ung th qun th l nm ngang t quang hp cao nht. T hnh (b) cho thy: quan
h ca tng quang hp vi din tch l, trong qun th l tng i tha (ch s din tch
l < 2), quang hp qun th tng rt nhanh theo s tng ln ca ch s din tch l, nh
hng ca cu trc qun th nh hn v quang hp ca loi hnh l nm ngang cao. Khi
ch s din tch l = 2, quang hp ca qun th khng c quan h cu trc hnh hc ca
qun th. qun th c ch s din tch l ln, nh hng ca cu trc hnh hc ln,
quang hp ca loi hnh l thng ng cao nht.
N n cho thy, c im ca m hnh nh sng l ch c th nu r
quang hp qun th vi cc iu kin chiu sng, vi cu trc qun th, c bit l
cu trc hnh hc. Ngoi ra, cn thit phi ch ra rng: dng m hnh ny cha xt
hn b phng nm ngang ca nh sng bn trong qun th (cch gii quyt xt
n s phn b hng nm ngang ca nh sng, ngh tham kho sch sinh thi hc
rng trong ton tp nghin cu sinh thi hc).
Dng m hnh khuch tn nghin cu quang hp ca qun th: Inoue v ctv.
(1968) dng phng php cn bng lng nhit tin hnh phn tch quang hp qun
th, i vi qun th ng. Nhng nghin cu n
theo cc thi k sinh trng pht trin khc nhau ca cy ng. Vic b tr cc
dng c quang trc nh hnh 32.2 ni r.
Hnh 34.2. Quang hp ca qu heo hnh nh sng
(Ross v Bich
(a) Quan h ca quang hp qun th v
b) Quan h ca quang hp qun th v ch s din tch l, cao mt tri 5
un th l phn b u; 3. Qu
g chim u th; 5. ng cong nh sng - Quang hp ca l n
0 0,5 1,0 1,5 Q
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 h
o
Bc x mt tri (Q
0
), cao mt tri h
o
a
q
u
n
t
h
2
90
C
n
g
q
u
a
n
g
h
p
c
m
g
C
O
/
d
m
2
/
g
i
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ch s din tch l
a
q
u
2
i
n
t
h
n
g
q
u
a
n
g
h
p
c
m
g
C
O
/
d
m
2
/
g
1
3
4
5
3
4
2
1
2
100
40
80
80
120
a) b)
60
40
20
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ung, tc gi rt thp. Nhng ngy 20,
tc
Bin i trong ngy ca quang hp qun th: Da vo kt qu bit, chng ta
hy xem lng CO
2
v tc trao i (hnh 35.2). Ngy 8 thng 8 t bui sng n
khong 1 gi chiu, tc gi 30 cm/s tr x
gi bui sng l 200 cm/s tr ln, sau gim nh dn, nhng vn cao hn 100
cm/s. Chiu sng ca hai ngy u rt cao, tr s cao nht chng l 1,2 ly/min. Bin
i trong ngy v tc trao i trong ngy v tc gi c xu th gn ging nhau.
7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Gi (ngy 8 thng 8)
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Gi (ngy 20 thng 8)
0,5
1,0
I
H
U
245
D
225-255
P
h
Pa
i
0
20
30
10
I
H
L
y
/
m
i
n
0
U
200
D
250-300
h
Pa
41
5
100
0
0
2
4
0
0
-1
-2
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
m
/
s
C
m
/
s
P
C
O
2
/
c
m
.
S
2
%
1
0
3
g
T
Hnh 35.2. K t qu quang hp o c ca qun th ng bng phng php cn bng
- Chiu sng: U
2
245cm
Hnh 36.2. CO
2
thi t t ra
(Inoue v ctv., 1968)
1 - P
0
= 0.11 x 10
-8
x 3.0
T/10
u
tn
t
t
h
o
t
r
a
2
2
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42
goi ra, bin i trong ngy v thng lng CO
2
t tng khng kh gn mt t
ln qun th (P
h
), tr on sau bui chiu ra, cng rt ging vi s bin i trong ngy
ca t
onteich (1964)
tm
- nhit t, Q - hng
s th c
ng, c th tm c bng cng thc sau y:
nh
biu
phn b
tn
N
c trao i. Nh trc ni, trong qun th cy trng v c CO
2
to ra t t
ra, nn nng CO
2
gn mt t tng i cao (hnh 36.2). Ging vi trng hp ca
tng khng kh gn mt t, cn c vo tc trao i trong qun th v chnh lch
nng CO
2
c th tm c thng lng CO
2
t mt t i ln qun th cy trng.
Thng lng CO
2
(P
S
) tm c biu th nh hnh 36.2. Trong t sut ngy u thi
ra CO
2
, nhng bui tra cao hn so vi sng, P
S
trc v sau bui tra bng khong
20% ca P
h
CO
2
t t thi ra (h hp t) c quan h cht ch vi s h hp ca vi sinh
vt t v r, y da vo nhng ti liu quan trc c, biu th mi quan h gia
lng thi CO
2
v nhit t lin quan cht ch vi n nh hnh 36.2.
nhit t trong hnh l tr s nhit b mt t. Khi nhit mt t t 25
0
C
ln 34
0
C, P
s
ln khong 4 ln. ng cong trong hnh l quan h m M
0
c trong phm vi nhit 3 - 15 C, o thc t tm ra:
P
S
= P
SO
Q
T/10
(61)
Trong cng thc: P
SO
l thng lng CO
2
khi T
S
= 0
0
C , T
nghim.
Dng phng php cn bng lng nhit nh gi P
S
c th ni l tng i
tho ng.
Quan h ca quang hp qun th vi chiu sng v tc gi: Quang hp thun
ca qun th
P
N
= P
H
- P
S
(62)
Quan h ca P
N
tm c
vy chiu sng c
th nh hnh 37.2.
Mt s im trong hnh kh
phn tn, nhng vn
g i u hai bn ng
cong. ng cong v theo tnh
ton ca cng thc Monsi v
Saeki ni r kt qu ca cng
thc m hnh nh sng v
phng php cn bng nhit l
nht tr vi nhau v i th. Tr
s quan trc v trn hnh s d
F = 4,2
p
t
h
u
1
n
40
C
n
g
q
u
a
n
g
h
1
0
3
C
O
2
/
c
m
2
.
S
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,6
Bc x mt tri ly/min
1,4
30
20
10
0
1966
8/8
9/8
19/8
20/8
Hnh
th ng tm
37.2. Quan h gia quang hp thun ca qun
c bn bng lng g phng php cn
nhit vi bc x mt tri (Inoue v ctv., 1968)
ng cong trong hnh l v tr s tnh ton theo cng thc m
hnh nh sng. 1,0 x 10
-8
g CO
2
/cm
2
.S = 3,6mg CO
2
/dm
2
.h
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kh phn tn, mt l do nhng sai khc v ngy thng o gy nn, hai l cng c nh
hng ca s bin i tc gi. Hnh 38.2 (Yabuki v Hamotani, 1971) biu th thng
lng CO
2
o bng phng php kh ng hc, c th thy r rng l cng quang
hp thun tng theo tc gi tng. l mt im c li ca phng php kh ng
hc.
Cn bng CO
2
ca qun th ng nh hnh 35.2 v tr s ca cc ngy o khc trong
cng thi gian c chnh l li nh bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Cn bng CO
2
ca qun th ng ban ngy (6 gi n 18 gi)
(Inoue v ctv., 1968)
P
h
P
s
(P
h
- P
s
) P
s Ngy
thng
Lng chiu sng
(ly/ngy)
mg/cm
2
. ngy (P
h
- P
s
)
I
T
26/7 407,5 - 4,13 + 0,85 - 4,98 0,171 0,031 51,2
27/7 455,1 - 4,88 + 0,92 - 5,80 0,159 0,033 70,0
8/8 528,5 - 5,73 + 1,56 - 7,28 0,214 0,035 92,6
9/8 208,8 - 5,45 + 0,64 - 6,09 0,105 0,074 42,1
19/8 276,5 - 6,06 + 0,82 - 6,88 0,119 0,063 49,7
20/8 450,7 - 7,07 + 1,83 - 8,90 0,205 0,050 47,4
P
h
P
s
tng ng l thng lng CO
2
ca ng rung canh tc v t t thi ra;
I
- hiu sut li dng nng lng ;
T
- h s thot hi nc.
Bng ny ch gii hn ban ngy, trong thi gian ny lng CO
2
t khng kh
chuyn xung qun th l 4,13 - 7.07 mg CO
2
/cm
2
, lng CO
2
t mt t chuyn ln
qun th trong khong 0,64 -1,83 mg CO
2
/cm
2
. Nh vy, s lng t mt t cung
cp chim 10 - 20% tng lng CO
2
m qun th ht. Tr s ny c bn ging vi tr s
do Monteith (1964) tm c.
Hiu sut s dng nng lng v h s thot hi nc: Hiu sut s dng nng
lng bc x mt tri
I
trong quang
hp thun ca qun th tm c nh
vy ghi trong bng 3.2 v hnh 35.2.
Ngy 8/8 tc gi nh, nng
CO
2
thp,
I
l 2 - 4%; ngy 20 tc
gi mnh hn
I
l 4 - 5 %. Nhng tr
s o vo cc ngy khc cng c tr
s cao n 7%, nh vy nu so vi
hiu sut li dng nng lng tnh
theo lng tng khi lng cht kh
th hi cao hn mt cht, c th l do
cha bao gm lng h hp ban m.
43
Mg CO
2
/dm
2
hr
10
20
30
40
12/8/1970
0 100 200
Tc gi U
140
(cm/s)
Hnh 38.2. Quan h ca cng quang hp
thun do bng phng php kh ng hc
vi tc gi (Yabuki, Hamotani, 1971).
Lng chiu sng 1,2 ly/min
0
C
n
g
q
u
a
n
g
h
p
t
h
u
n
1
0
3
C
O
2
/
c
m
2
.
S
Hnh 35.2 v bng 3.2 cn cho
thy r h s thot hi nc (lng
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44
nc cn) tnh ra bng cng thc sau y:
E
T
T
=
(P
h
- P
s
)
(63)
Trong cng thc:
T
l h s thot hi nc, E
T
l lng bc - thot hi nc tm
c bng phng php cn bng lng nhit, = C
6
H
12
O
6
/6CO
2
= 0,66.
Tr s E
T
tm ra theo s lng ban ngy trong khong 42 93; tr s bin i
trong ngy trong khong 50 150. Tr s ny nh hn nhiu so vi tr s bit (270
- 380). Bi v thi gian tin hnh tnh bnh qun, phng php o v mi trng o u
khc nhau, s liu trc y phn ln ly t th nghim trong chu, ng nhin khc
vi tr s tm c din tch ln hin nay, hn na s sai khc ny c th c lin quan
ti s nh hng ca nhit di ng.
Quang hp ca cc tng khc nhau trong qun th: thng lng CO
2
, P
z
tin hnh
vi phn cao z c cng thc sau y:
dP
z
d dC
Qp(z) =
dz
= -
dz
(Kz
dz
) (64)
Trong cng thc: Qp(z) l
cng ngun ht CO
2
; Kz l h
s khuch tn dng xoy, C l nng
CO
2
. Qp (z) tng ng vi
cng quang hp thun cc
tng ca qun th. Nu khng dng
Qp (z) m thay vo l thng
lng CO
2
ca cc tng, ly tr s
ny chia cho tng lng quang hp
s tm c tr s ca cc tng so
vi tng quang hp ca qun th.
Hnh 39.2 nu ln mt th d v
o cng quang hp. Hnh ny
cho thy din tch l ca cc tng
(F/Ft) v cng quang hp ca
n v din tch l.
Ngy 26 thng 7, hnh dng ca
F/Ft v P/Pt rt ging nhau, cn
ngy 8 thng 8 th c sai khc tng
i, ni r P/Pt tng di qun
th hu nh khng c quang hp. S
sai khc gia hai ngy c phn
0
1.0
0 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,4 0 1,0
0
0
0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0 1,0
Ft
F
Pt
P
Ft
F
Pt
P
0600-1700
Pt . F
Ft . P
29/7
0600-1700
Pt . F
Ft . P
8/8
1,0
C
h
i
u
c
a
o
t
n
g
i
(
Z
/
H
)
0,5
C
h
i
u
c
a
o
t
n
g
i
(
Z
/
H
)
0,5
Hnh 39.2. Quan h gia cng quang hp
ca cc tng trong qun th ng vi cng
quang hp ca n v din tch l (Inoue, 1968)
F/Ft - din tch l tng i
P/Pt - cng quang hp (ht CO
2
) theo tng
(tr s tng i)
P. Ft/F. Pt = (P/Pt) (F/Ft) - cng quang hp
ca n v din tch l (tr s tng i).
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nh rt r rng cng quang hp ca n v din tch l.
7. S sinh trng ca qun th cy trng
Sut sinh trng tng i v sut quang hp thun
V mt nh lng ca qun th cy trng, c th biu th bng kch thc ca cy
trng (kch thc hnh hc), cng c th biu th bng khi lng. S sinh trng ca
qun th cy trng th hin chc nng ca h sinh thi ng rung, cho nn dng khi
lng cht kh lm ch tiu l tt nhin. Ni chung, s sinh trng ca sinh vt c dng
hm s m. Blacman l ngi u tin dng quan h phn tch s sinh trng ca
thc vt v ng nu ra cng thc sau y:
1
dW
r =
W
dt
(65)
Trong : r l sut sinh trng (sut sinh trng tng i - vit tt l RGR), tc l
lng tng ca khi lng cht kh W t l vi khi lng cht kh lc . Tnh tch
phn cng thc (65) c:
W = W
0
e
rt
(66)
Trong cng thc, W
0
l khi lng cht kh khi t = 0. Ly logarit hai v, cng thc
(66), thnh cng thc sau:
lnW = l
n
W
0
+ rt (67)
lnW tin hnh t hp theo t s tm c dc r. chnh l nh lut Fourier v
sinh trng thc vt ca Blackman (1919). Kira (1953) theo di s bin i ca tr s r
theo s sinh trng, khng dng cng thc (65) v (66), ng a ra cng thc:
1
dW
W
dt
= r (t) (65a)
W = W
0
exp [
t
0
r (t) dt ] (66 a)
l nh lut Fourier pht trin, dng thch hp cho mi ng cong sinh
trng bt k. tm r bnh qun trong khong t
1
v t
2
, c th dng cng thc sau:
1
dW dlnW lnW lnW
2
- lnW
1
r =
W
dt
=
dt
t
=
t
2
- t
1
(68)
n v ca r l ngy
- 1
, tun
-1
.
Trn thc t sut sinh trng r ca cy trng thng c tr s ln thi k u sinh
trng, sau thp dn. Nh th, do r lin quan vi qu nhiu nhn t nn khng th
tin hnh gii tch. Ngi ta thng dng c quan sn xut ra cht kh, tc l n v
din tch l biu th s tng ca khi lng cht kh v ly lm thc o ca hiu
sut quang hp, gi l sut ng ho NAR, NAR tnh theo cng thc sau:
NAR = 1
dW (69)
45
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u dt
Trong : u l din tch l. Khi tnh NAR theo tr s o thc c th dng cng
thc sau:
1
dW dlnu dW lnu
NAR =
W
dt
=
du
dt
u
=
lnu
2
- lnu
1
W
2
- W
1
=
u
2
- u
1
t
2
- t
1
(70)
Theo khi nim cu NAR th:
1
dW u 1 dW
r =
W
dt
=
W
u
dt
= LAR LAR (71)
Nh vy, RGR b chia ct thnh NAR v LAR (sut din tch l). LAR l din tch
l ca n v trng lng ca cy trng, theo cng thc (70) cng c th tm c:
u lnW
2
- lnW
1
u
2
- u
1
LAR =
W
=
W
2
- W
1
lnu
2
- lnu
1
(72)
ng thi dng NAR v LAR gii tch s sinh trng ca thc vt s cng t m
hn vi dng ring RGR gii thch.
V s sinh trng ca qun th cy trng, c th biu th khi lng cht kh theo
n v din tch t ai, lng tng ca n gi l sut sinh trng cy trng CGR.
dy 1
dW
CGR =
dt
=
W
dt
F = NAR LAI (73)
Trong , F l din tch l ca n v din tch t ai, gi l ch s din tch l
LAI.
H phng trnh sinh trng:
V m hnh sinh trng cy trng, y xin gii thiu h phng trnh sinh trng
do Rot (1967) xut. Munekata (1967) khi tho lun m hnh chc nng ca nng sut
la nc, nu ln kh nng dng h phng trnh vi phn biu th v mt nh
lng s sinh trng ca cy trng. M hnh ca Rot (1967) ly quan im sau y lm
c s: 1) sinh trng ca cy trng khng phi dng tng trng lng kh ca c th
biu th, m phi ln lt xt theo s sinh trng ca cc c quan; 2) sinh trng ca
cc c quan li chia ra sn phm quang hp mi sn xut lc v sn phm quang hp
c tch tr. Theo quan im th nht, thc vt c chia ra l (1), thn v cnh (2), r
(3) v c quan d tr sinh thc (4). Trng lng cht kh ca cc c quan ny l mf(t).
Theo quan im th hai, gia l v thn va c sn phm quang hp to thnh vi hnh
thc (A
21
- A
12
) v (B
21
- B
12
), ng thi sn phm quang hp c tch tr cng tin
hnh trao i. Ch s vit trong ngoc n 21 l ch s vn chuyn t c quan 2 (thn)
n c quan 1 (l). Cn s vn chuyn quang hp mi t c quan i n c quan j th
biu th bng cng thc sau y:
46
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47
1 ij
4
1 j
=
=
A
ij
= K
p
P
i
ij
(74)
Trong ,
ij
l t sut vn chuyn sn phm quang hp sn xut ra trong c quan
th i (K
p
P
i
) n trong c quan th j; K
p
l h s tnh i t CO
2
thnh cht kh. Vy c
cng thc sau y:
(75)
V s trao i ca sn phm quang hp c tch tr, n t l vi tng khi lng
cht kh ca cy trng, tc l:
B
IJ
B
JI
=
IJ
. M (76)
Trong ,
=
=
4
mj M
1 j
;
ij
biu th bng hnh thc t s i vi 1 gam tng khi
lng cht kh ca cy trng, l lng trao i sn phm quang hp tch tr gia c
quan th i v th j, do c quan h nh sau:
0 mj
4
1 j , i
=
(77)
ij
= -
ji
(78)
Cn c vo cng thc (74), (75), (76), c th c phng trnh sau y:
= =
+ =
4
1 i
ij j j r
4
1 i
i ij p
M V R K P K
dt
dmj
(79)
Rj trng lng h hp ca c quan th j ; Vj l lng cht kh tng ng, Kp
KR.
ij (t) v ij (t) gi ln lt l ma trn ca sinh trng dinh dng v sinh trng
sinh thc. Nu tm ra ij v ij th vic gii thch sinh trng cy trng s cng c
tin trin hn.
Di y khng dng ij (t), m thay n bng hm s vect bnh qun ca sinh
trng dinh dng
) t ( a
, tc l:
=
=
=
4
1 j
j j R j P
4
1 i
i i R i ij p
) V R K P K (
V R K P K
) t ( a
(80)
Cng hon ton ging nh trn, c th dng cng thc sau y thay ma trn sinh
trng sinh thc bng hm s bnh qun ) t ( b .
=
=
4
1 i
ji
) t ( bj (81)
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48
Theo cng thc (80) v (81) th cng thc (79) c th bin dng nh sau:
dmj dM
dt
= aj (t)
dt
+ bj (t) M (82)
aj (t) trong cng thc (82) c bit theo cng thc (80) l t sut phn phi cht
kh sn xut trong thi gian t v c quan th j. Trong thi gian sinh trng dinh dng,
bj (t) = 0 cho nn:
dmj
aj (t) =
dM
(83)
Trong thi gian sinh trng sinh thc:
dmj
dt
bj (t) =
M
(84)
Hnh 40.2 biu th hai hm s sinh
trng aj v bj ca cc c quan khc nhau
ca i mch o c nc Cng ho
Extnia. Sau khi va mi ny mm, sn
phm quang hp c dng vo sinh
trng ca l v r, t sut ca chng c
chng l 2 :1. Sau khi phn phi xong
vo l v r, s phn phi vo thn cng
bt u tng ln, khi cao nht cn tiu dng
70%, cui cng mi phn phi cho bng.
0ngy 20 40 60 80 160
-8
-4
1964
1965
4
1
2
3
0
4
8
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
B
j
x
1
0
3
0,2
0
Thng 5 Thng 6 Thng 7 Thng 8
nh lut phn phi cht kh:
Moritani (1970) tm ra kt qu v
phn phi cht kh sn xut ca nhiu loi
cy trng, nh gia tng khi lng cht kh, khi lng b phn ca la nc v u
tng c quan h nh sau:
Hnh 40.2. Hm s sinh trng ti
cc c quan ca i mch (Rot, 1967)
1. L; 2. R; 3. Thn, 4. Bng
F = W - W
2
(85)
C = (1 - ) W + W
2
(86)
Trong cng thc: F v C tng ng l khi lng ca b phn phin l v khng
phi phin l; W - khi lng ton b; v l hng s kinh nghim.
Cng nh trn, i vi ng v c ci ng tm ra cng thc bc 3 sau y:
F = W - W
2
+ W
3
(85)
C = (1 - ) W + W
2
- W
3
(86)
Cng nh vy, quan h gia khi lng phn trn mt t v r cng c th biu th
bng cng thc bc 3. Trn thc t khi nghin cu vn sinh trng, ni v t sut cu
thnh cc c quan ca cc cy trng khng quan trng bng ni v s phn phi
nhng cht sn xut. Monsi c mt cng thc v sn xut l:
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W = (p - r) F - r C (87)
Trong : p l lng quang hp; r v r l lng h hp ca F v C. em cng thc
(85) v (86) thay vo cng thc (87):
W = a W - b W
2
(88)
Tin hnh phn tch i vi cng thc (88) (coi a, b l hng s) s c phng
trnh sinh trng sau y:
a/b
W =
1 + Ke
-at
(89)
Trong cng thc: a = (p - r + r); b = (p - r + r); K l hng s tch phn (trn thc
t a, b khng phi l hng s, nn cng thc (89) khng th thnh lp c).
Hon ton ging nh vy, c th t cng thc (85a) v (86a) tm ra:
W = aW - bW
2
+ cW
3
(88a)
KcW
2
2b 2cWb
ln =
cW
2
- bW + a
+
tg
-1
= t (89a)
Trong cng thc, c = (p - r + r)
2
= 4ac - b
2
Cng thc (89) c th l mt ng cong lgarit dng ch S. Moritani (1970)
nghin cu quan h ca v vi nng sut: khi to v nh, th F
max
= (
2
/4), khi
lng kh khi khi lng l t n ln nht (/2) cng ln, trng lng thc thun
ca la nc cng cng ln. Vi u tng, quan h ca nng sut vi , cn cha r.
Ng v ci ng trong trng hp nh v / ln th nng sut cao hn. thi k
u sinh trng, nhn vo quan h:
F W (90)
Trng lng l t l vi tng khi lng cy, cn i vi , v sau ny vn cn
thit phi nghin cu k thm.
8. S cnh tranh ca h sinh thi ng rung
Gia cc thnh phn sinh vt cu thnh h sinh thi c s tc ng ln nhau, l
im cn bn cu thnh h thng. Nhng tc ng ln nhau ny chia ra quan h trong
loi v quan h gia cc loi, chia nh hn th c quan h cnh tranh v quan h h tr.
Quan h gia cc loi coi l cnh tranh th ngoi cnh tranh ra, cn c bt n v sng
gi (k sinh). y ch tho lun vn cnh tranh gia cc loi. Hn na, trong loi
cng c cnh tranh, nu mt qun th tng ln, c th xut hin hin tng gi l
cnh tranh ca hiu qu mt . Di y s ni n vn quan trng nht trong h
sinh thi ng rung l vn cnh tranh gia cc loi, gia cy trng v c di...
C di
C di vn l t dng ch nhng thc vt thn tho nh m con ngi khng
cn, khng ch gii hn ng rung, c nhng thc vt thn tho nh khng c
hoan nghnh trong i sng loi ngi pht sinh trn ng ci, vn hoa, trong rng,
49
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50
trn thm c u l c di. C di ng rung nng nghip gi l c di ng rung
d phn bit. C di ng rung v th c th hiu l loi t sinh trn t ng rung nh
rung nc, t cn, b rung v t ln cn ngoi cy trng, c nguy hi trc tip hoc
gin tip i vi cy trng. Qun th c di trong ng rung l mt giai on ca din
th. Nu khng c x l ca con ngi th c di mc rm rp, din th v pha thin
nhin pht sinh bin i nhanh chng v hng qun th che ph t cao nht trc y.
Nhng v c canh tc (mt loi hot ng ca con ngi), mi lm cho hng din th
ca qun th c di t hng t nhin quay ngc tr li, dng khi im.
Loi v loi hnh c di ng rung
Phm Hong H (1993) m t 10.500 loi c di Vit Nam bao gm cc loi c
di trn cn v di nc. Nguyn Hng Sn (2000) pht hin 60 loi c di xut
hin trn rung la vng ng bng sng Hng. Theo mc pht sinh, nguy hi ca
c di v phng tr kh d th c th chia ra ba loi: c hi nghim trng, c hi thng
thng v c hi nh. C di nghim trng trn t la c 29 h vi 82 loi c di
(Nguyn Mnh Chnh v Mai Thnh Phng, 2004).
Ni chung thng dng kiu sng lm c trng ca qun th thc vt tin hnh
phn loi. Nh vy, i vi qun th c di cng c th dng kiu sng hay kiu nhn
ging ca chng tin hnh phn loi. Hnh 41.2 biu th s sai khc v s loi theo
kiu sng ca c di cc loi t khc nhau.
C th thy l so vi b ca rung nc v t cn, ni chung thc vt mm mt
t v thc vt mm di t ca ng rung xut hin t hn. t mi khai khn cng
thuc th c di sng lu nm pht sinh cng t. T s thc ca hai mt so snh gia
hai b v trong rung, ngi
chm nom t hn, gn hn vi
trng thi ng c t nhin, cho
nn s loi sng lu nm nhiu.
Th H He G Hy
C di sng
u ma h
C di sng
cui ma h
C di sng
ma ng
R
u
n
g
n
c
B
r
u
n
g
n
t
c
n
B
t
c
n
R
u
n
g
n
c
B
r
u
n
g
n
t
c
n
B
t
c
n
R
u
n
g
n
c
B
r
u
n
g
n
t
c
n
B
t
c
n
0
20
40
60
80
100
%
Arai v ctv. (1951b) xut
pht t lp trng nghin cu
c di ng rung, ra
cch phn loi theo thi k pht
sinh ca c di v theo tnh
thch ng ca chng vi lng
nc trong t (bng 4.2).
T
l
o
i
S pht sinh c di v
lng c di
Hy ly rung nc c
trng v ng lm th d, Arai
v ctv (1951) ch ra mt s
quan h nh hnh 42.2. Qua
quan st pht hin tnh khu vc
Hnh 41.2. Phn loi kiu sng c di ng rung
cc loi t khc nhau v s sai khc v s loi
ca chng (Arai, Yokomori, 1951 b)
Th - thc vt sng 1 nm , H - thc vt mm mt t,
G - thc vt mm di t, He - thc vt sng ng ly,
Hy - thc vt sng nc
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v thnh phn v lng c di ca qun th c di, c quan h cht ch vi s pht sinh
ca c di, nht l nhng c di ch yu ca rung nc trng v ng.
Nu thi gian t khi rt nc cho la n thi k gieo trng cy v ng ko di,
s lng ht ging A.fulvus [c di sng ma ng (thu)] gim i, s lng ht ging
Stellaria uliginosa [c di sng ma ng (xun)] t b thay i v th m tng ln mt
cch tng i, thm ch dn n bin i thnh phn hp thnh ca qun lc c di (di
ng v pha bn phi theo trc honh ca hnh 42.2). Nu nhit khng kh thi k
gieo trng m mch m thp n di nhit thch hp cho ht c di ny mm th so
snh vi s lng ht ging, t l cy mc mm thp, s lng ht c di cng gim.
Bng 4.2. Phn loi c di ng rung theo thi k pht sinh v
theo tnh thch ng vi lng nc trong t (Arai v ctv. 1951b)
Phn loi theo thi k pht sinh
Phn loi theo tnh thch ng
vi lng nc trong t
C di ma h
Pht sinh t ma xun n
thu
C di a nc
Sng ma h (sm) Pht sinh r thng 4 - 5 a nc (nc )
Sng ma h
(sm, va)
Nh trn, nhng sau
cng nhiu
a nc (m)
Sng ma h (va) Pht sinh r thng 5 - 6 C di a m
Sng ma h
(va, mun)
Pht sinh r thng 5 - 6,
9 - 10
a m (nc, kh)
Sng ma h (mun) Pht sinh r thng 7 - 8 a m (m)
C di ma ng Pht sinh ma thu v xun a m (kh)
Sng ma ng (thu) Pht sinh r thng 9 - 10 C di a hn
Sng ma ng (xun)
Nh trn, nhng ma
xun cng nhiu
a hn (m)
a hn (kh)
Mt khc, trng tip v ng trn rung nc, trc v trng m mch vo ma thu
cng nh trc v cy la nc vo ma xun u phi cy lt t. Nh th cng c th
lm thay i s lng cy ca c di (hnh 42.2). Phn na trn ca hnh l s lng
Alopecurus Fulvus, phn na di l s lng ca Stellaria uliginosa. Cy ma xun
lm ht ging b vi vo trong t, do cch cy khc nhau m s phn b ca ht ging
c cng c khc nhau; nu cy xi nng th ht ging tng mt nhiu, trc khi cy
ma thu, s pht sinh ca hai loi c di u tng.
51
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52
Alopecurus fulvus trong thi
gian rt nc, s ht ging sng
gim i, khi cy ma thu nu cy
su, t c o lt nhiu, th s
phn b ht ging tng trn tng
ln, s cy ny mm tng ln nhiu.
Trong trng hp cy xi nng, do
ch o t tng mt tng i t
ht ging, cho nn pht sinh c di
li t. Tri li, s phn b ht ging
c Stellaria uliginosa v s cy c
th ny mm nhiu hay t, do
phng thc cy ma xun quyt
nh, sau khi cy ma xun gi
nguyn khng ng n, n khi
cy cng nhiu. Ngc li nu ma
thu tin hnh cy lt su th s cy
mc t hn. Tm li, lng pht
sinh hai loi c ny, do p dng t
hp phng php cy t m c phn ng khc nhau, thnh phn hp thnh qun lc cng
khc nhau. Trong h thng cy lt su ma thu, c Alopecurus fulvus tng ln; cn h
thng cy xi nng ma thu, th t l c Stellaria uliginosa tng ln.
T
h
p
C di ma
ng (thu)
C di
sng cn
C di ma
ng (thu)
C di
sng m
C di ma ng (nc)
C di ma h (c ) n
C di sng cn
C di ma ng (xun)
C di ma h (cn)
C di sng m
S ngy t lc gieo
la n lc gieo mch
Ngn Di
n
h
i
t
k
h
n
g
k
h
c
g
i
e
o
m
c
h
C
a
o
Hnh 42.2. M hnh cu trc c tnh khu vc v
lng c di hnh thnh v thnh phn hp thnh
qun lc c di ca rung nc, c trng tip
v m mch
S cnh tranh gia cy trng v c di
C di cnh tranh nh sng, cht dinh dng, nc vi cy trng ng thi l
ngun truyn bnh v su hi cho cy trng (Trn c Vin, 1998). C di xut hin
trn ng rung s che bt nh sng ca cy, ng thi ht mt phn cht dinh dng
v nc lm gim ph ca t v nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy
trng. Trong thc tin sn xut, c di cnh tranh mnh m nht vi la cn vo thi k
28 - 42 ngy sau gieo (Nguyn Mnh Chnh v Mai Thnh Phng, 2004).
Nhiu loi su bnh hi cy trng sinh sng v pht trin c trn c di v n ly
c di lm k ch trung gian t truyn bnh sang cy trng. Theo Nguyn Mnh
Chnh v Mai Thnh Phng (2004), cc loi nm bnh o n, kh vn, su cun l la,
b xt sinh sng c trn nhiu loi c ha bn nh c lng vc, ui phng, c ch.
Kozaka (1965) thng bo c ti 188 loi cy thuc 32 h thc vt l k ch ca nm
trn la v nm tch ra t nhiu cy khc u c kh nng gy bnh cho la Nht Bn.
Vit Nam, bo lc bnh l ni truyn bnh nm bnh kh vn.
V s cnh tranh gia cy trng v c di, ngi ta cn ly cht tit ra ca r lm
mi gii gi l hng nghin cu t gc tc dng ln nhau v hng ho gia thc
vt. Nu kho lo li dng c quan h cnh tranh nh vy gia cy trng v c di, s
c kh nng tr thnh phng php phng tr c di va l tng va chnh xc.
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Ngi ta cho rng c hai phng hng phng tr c di. Mt l, nh k thut
canh tc lm bin i mi trng ng rung, to ra iu kin mi trng khng c li
cho s ny mm, n hoa v kt ht ca c di, do m c ch s nhn ging v t
hiu qu phng tr c di. chnh l phng php phng tr bng sinh thi. Hng
th hai l tm cch tr tit c di pht sinh v ang pht sinh, c th gi l phng
php dit tr c di. D phng php no cng u phi nghin cu y sinh l v
sinh thi ca c di, l tng nht l li dng quan h cnh tranh gia cy trng v c
di tin hnh phng tr.
Cnh tranh gia cy trng
Kiu cnh tranh khc loi v cng loi cy trng xy ra rt ph bin trn rung
trng xen, trng gi, rung trng mt loi cy trng. Cnh tranh cng loi l mt nhn
t quan trng to dng ng ca cy v mt cy trng. tng nng sut v hn
ch s cnh tranh cng loi, cc ging cy trng c to ra c l to vi thn thnh gc
nh. hn ch cnh tranh khc loi, ngi ta la chn cc loi cy a sng v a bng
trng xen vi nhau hoc cc cy trng c cc chu k sinh trng hoc kch thc khc
nhau nh xanh trng gi vi ng ng.
Mt khc, cy trng cng nh c di u c kh nng tit ra cc hot cht sinh l
c kh nng km hm s pht trin ca cc loi khc nh mt s loi cy c kh nng
tit ra tinh du.
9. Nng sut ca h sinh thi ng rung
Khi nim v nng sut
Sn xut, vn l thut ng ca kinh t hc, l khi nim ngc li vi tiu dng.
Trn ngha , sn xut trong nng nghip tc l s tc ng vo t nhin v cy
trng thu c nhng vt cht cn thit. V th, ng nhin khng phi ch tt c
cc b phn ca cy trng, m ch l nhng phn cn thit. ng thi cng sinh ra mt
khi nim ngc li vi n, tc l sn xut sinh hc. Gi l sn lng sinh hc trong
mt thi gian nht nh ca mt qun th sinh vt no tc l tng lng cht hu c
m qun th sinh vt sn xut ra trong thi gian . i vi sn lng ca n v
din tch trong thi gian nht nh c gi ring l nng sut. Tng lng nng sut
ca thc vt xanh lc (lng quang hp) gi l sn lng th, sau khi khu tr lng
tiu hao do h hp, phn cn li gi l sn lng thun. trnh ln ln khi nim v
nng sut ca h sinh thi ng rung, cng cn c s phn bit. Khi nu ring sn
lng hoc nng sut, l ch vt cht thu hoch cui cng ca cy trng (tc sn lng),
cn tng sn lng (tc tng sn phm quang hp) th gi l sn lng sinh hc. Ngoi
ra, nng sut quang hp (sn lng quang hp) cn gi l nng sut s cp.
Phng php tnh nng sut sinh hc
Thng thng c hai phng php tnh nng sut sinh hc: (i) cn c vo lng
sinh vt tn ti trn din tch nht nh tc l lng hin cn; (ii) cn c vo s trao i
vt cht. Phng php u li chia ra: 1/ Phng php cn c vo lng hin cn cui
cng hay cao nht c tnh (hiu chnh lng cht kh m ng vt n mt l c th
53
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tm ra sn lng thun); 2/ Phng php tin hnh tnh lin tc lng hin cn (tin
hnh tnh lp i lp li lng hin cn, tm c nng sut t lng sinh trng gia
cc ln tnh); 3/ Phng php c tnh cn c vo lng hin cn, lng quang hp v
lng h hp (cn c vo lng quang hp v h hp ca n v sinh khi c tnh,
ri xt n lng hin cn cc thi gian tm ra sn lng sinh hc).
Phng php sau l phng php khng ly lng hin cn lm cn c, tc l trc
tip do s trao i ca O
2
v CO
2
v t tm ra s liu, phng php ny c ng
dng rng ri vo vic nghin cu sinh vt ph du, gn y cng bt u ng dng
vo vic nghin cu cy trng.
Nng sut sinh hc ca qun th cy trng
Nng sut sinh hc ca qun th cy trng do s quang hp v h hp ca qun th
quyt nh, nh phn trc nu, c quan h vi s quang hp v h hp ca l n
v cu trc ca qun th. Cng cn phi xt n s h hp ca cc c quan ngoi l. Cc
c im li c tnh di truyn, phng php trng trt v iu kin mi trng ca
cy trng quyt nh. Nng sut sinh hc ln nht mt ngy ca cc cy trng khc
nhau c nu r trong bng 5.2, ln nht l hng dng v ng:0,79 v 0,52 tn/ha
tng i nh l la nc v ci ng: 0,3 tn/ha. Nu i thnh tr s ca mt ngy,
c th dng tr s bnh qun ca thi gian sinh trng biu th: 0,05 - 0,15. Cc tr s
ny so vi cc iu kin trng trt khc, th d nui trong dung dch, th tr s trong
thi gian rt ngn l 1,22. iu kin ca h sinh thi t nhin th gn vi cy trng,
hoc hi thp hn.
Hy ly sn lng thun v tng sn lng trong c thi gian sinh trng hoc mt
nm (cy lu nm) ca cc loi cy trng so snh vi h sinh thi t nhin.
Bng 5.2. Nng sut sinh hc ca cc cy trng khc nhau (Willson, 1968)
Nng sut sinh hc mt ngy (tr s ln nht) tn/ha. ngy
Hng dng 0,79
Ng 0,52
C xu ng 0,51
Ma 0,38
Ci c 0,34
La nc 0,33
Ci ng 0,31
Nui cy nhn to n bo 1,22
To 0,86
Tr s bnh qun ca cy trng trong thi gian sinh trng 0,05 - 0,15
H sinh thi t nhin
Hng b Typha latifolia 0,53
Sa tho Scirpus lacustris 0,28
Pteridium aquilimum 0,20
54
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Bng 5.2 cho thy, trong s cc cy trng, tr ma v ng ra, sn lng thun u
l kt qu tch cc trng trt vi mc tiu l nng sut cao, t n con s rt cao. So
vi tnh hnh , tr s ca h sinh thi rng v ng c l gn ging nhau, thng u
thp hn cy trng. Cn v tng sn lng, h sinh thi rng th hin r tr s rt cao,
trong h sinh thi ng rung, th d la nc, i mch gn bng hoc hi cao hn
rng. Mt khc, cc thi gian sinh trng khc nhau, nu dng tr s mt ngy biu
th, th sn lng thun hay tng sn lng ca h sinh thi ng rung u biu th tr
s kh cao, nhng ng c ch l rng cy Zelcova serrata (Mark), loi rng l
rng rng l cng c tr s gn ging nh th.
Nng sut v sn lng sinh hc
Ni chung, cy trng ly ht v cy trng ly thn l, c cu trc quyt nh sn
lng rt khng ging nhau. V cy trng ly ht phi tri qua hai qu trnh: qu trnh
hnh thnh c quan vt cht thu hoch v qu trnh tch lu sn phm quang hp vo
trong c quan . Vi cy trng ly thn l th ch yu l qu trnh hnh thnh c quan.
Th d la nc, quan h gia sn lng sinh hc (nng sut cht kh) v sn
lng, c th ly thi k tr bng lm ranh gii, trong khong thi gian mt thng trc
v sau tr bng l khng ging nhau. Nng sut cht kh trc khi tr nhiu hay t c
quan h cht ch vi s ht th tinh (s hoa) nhiu hay t, ch cn nh c s hoa, mc
d nng sut cht kh sau khi tr vn tng nhiu ln, nhng sau khi sn lng t n
mc nht nh th khng tng tng ng na. Ngoi ra, gia nng sut cht kh sau
khi tr v khi lng ht chc cng c tng quan cht ch, tc l nng sut cht kh
cng cao, khi lng nghn ht cng cng ln. Tm li nng sut cht kh v hai qu
trnh quyt nh sn lng c mi lin h ring bit, nn mi hnh thnh kt qu ni
trn. C th thy quan h gia nng sut v sn lng sinh hc kh phc tp.
Tnh khu vc ca nng sut
Nng sut la nc ca Vit Nam, theo s liu ca Tng cc Thng k (2004) v
B Nng nghip v PTNT, bnh qun cc nm 2000-2003 dao ng t 4,24-4,63 tn/ha,
tnh Thi Bnh t nng sut cao nht 6,3 tn/ha; tnh Lai Chu thp nht vi 2,54 tn/ha
(2002).
Ngi ta cho rng c th dng hm s lng chiu sng mt tri (thi gian chiu
sng ca mt tri) v nhit khng kh ca thi k chn biu th s sai khc v khu
vc. Murata gi l s ch nng sut kh tng, thu c bng cng thc sau y:
Sf(t) = S [1,20 - 0,021 (t - 21,5)
2
] (93)
Trong : S l lng chiu sng bnh qun ngy t trc khi tr 10 ngy n sau
khi tr 30 ngy, t nhit khng kh bnh qun ngy trong thi gian trn, Sf (t) l s ch
nng sut kh tng, f(t) l ch s nng sut nhit. f(t) trong cng thc (93) tm c
bng phng trnh bc 2, c ngha l c tn ti nhit ti thch. Habu ch ra rng:
YR = S [4,14 - 0,13 (21,4 - R)
2
] (94)
Trong : YR l s ch lng chn kh hu, S l tng s gi chiu sng trong 40
ngy sau khi tr, R l nhit khng kh bnh qun trong thi gian ni trn.
55
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T tm ra thi k tr bng cho tr s YR tr thnh cc i ca cc khu vc,
nh vy nu r quan h phn b a l ca tr s cc i ca YR. Nhng kt qu ny
ni rt r tnh khu vc ca nng sut la nc, ng nhin cn phi xt n quan h
v s sai khc ca nng sut ca t vi s hnh thnh tnh khu vc ca nng sut tc
ng. Hn na, trong s hng f(t) ca cng thc (93) cng phi xt c n tc ng ca
con ngi nh k thut trng trt.
Bng 6.2. Sn lng thun v tng sn lng ca cc h sinh thi
Trong sut thi gian
sinh trng
P
n
P
n
ngy
P
g
ngy
Cy trng
hoc thc
vt u th
ca h sinh
thi
a im
Sn
lng
thun
P
n
Tng
sn
lng
P
g
Lng
h hp
R
P
g
tn/ha/ngy
Nng
sut
tn/ha
ng rung
Ma 33,0 0,10
La m Chiba 29,0* 52,7* 32,7* 0,55 0,13 0,24 10,01
La nc Akita 27,8* 52,5* 24,7* 0,53 0,19 0,37 10,51
Ng Nagano 26,5 0,21
u tng Miyagi 20,9* 29,2* 18,3* 0,53 0,17 0,32 7,85
Ci ng Hokaio 17,1 0,10 11,40
La nc Nagatama 16,3 30,8* 14,5* 0,53 0,14 0,26 6,24
i mch Kitama 15,3 26,4* 11,1* 0,58 0,08 0,13 5,20
u tng Iwate 8,0 15,0* 7,0* 0,53 0,07 0,13 2,96
Rng
Rng ma
nhit i
Thi Lan 28,6 123,2 94,6 0,23 0,08 0,34
Rng trng
chu u
an Mch 13,5 23,5 10,0 0,57 0,07 0,12
Rng trng
samu
Kumamoto *** 84,1 55,0 0,35 0,09 0,25
- nt - Oita *** 52,6 36,4 0,31 0,07 0,22
ng c lu
nm
Omuri
28,6
**
Csium
Nipponirum
Gunma
20,6
**
** Tr s ln nht ca lng hin cn
56
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57
10. M hnh ho h thng h sinh thi ng rung
Gn y, phng php k thut hc h thng nu r chc nng h sinh thi ng
rung, ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc sinh thi hc. Chi tit s c
ni n chng sau. y ch thuyt minh m hnh ho ca cc h thng ph
(subsystem) cu thnh h sinh thi ng rung.
M hnh ho mi trng CO
2
trong qun th cy trng
iu kin CO
2
trong v ngoi qun th cy trng c quan h cht ch vi quang
hp ca bn thn cy trng, iu kin khuch tn dng xoy ca tng kh chung quanh,
lng h hp ca t... Do , nu r iu kin mi trng CO
2
s gip ta tm hiu
quang hp ca qun th cy trng.
M hnh khuch tn: Trong qun th cy trng, khuch tn CO
2
vi mc bt k
c biu hin bng cng thc sau:
d dC
-
dz
(K
dz
) = - f
L
(z) p (z) + f
L
(z) r
p
(95)
Trong : C l nng CO
2
(mgCO
2
/cm
3
), K: h s khuch tn dng xoy (cm
2
/s),
f
L
(z): mt din tch l (cm
2
/cm
3
), p (z): cng ht CO
2
(quang hp) ca n v
din tch l (g CO
2
/cm
2
.s), r
p
: cng thi CO
2
(h hp) ca n v din tch l (g
CO
2
/cm
2
.s).
Bit c s bin i trong qun th cy trng ca h s khuch tn, mt din
tch l, cng quang hp v h hp, tnh tch phn i vi cng thc (95) l c th
tm c s bin i theo chiu cao ca thng lng CO
2
v phn b CO
2
trong qun
th. V cng quang hp, cng h hp, h s khuch tn v mc lt qua ca
nh sng c th dng cc cng thc sau:
Q
P = D
c
max C
a + Q
(96)
r
p
= hng s = p
(97)
K = K
H
- (H - z) (98)
=
H
z
L H
' dz ) ' z ( f k exp Q
1
K
Q
(99)
Trong cng thc trn, D
c
max l tc trao i iu kin bo ho nh sng, Q:
cng bc x mt tri, P
= D
c
, max. C
a
cng quang hp iu kin bo ho nh
sng, H: cao ca qun th, v l hng s, k l h s tiu tn, l mc (t l) nh
sng lt qua ca l.
By gi chng ta hy thng qua K ni r cu trc hnh hc ca qun th. Tnh
tch phn theo z i vi cng thc (95) bin i ca cc s lng c lin quan l thnh
ng thng th lp mng h kp gia hai cao gn nhau c quan h gn ng nh sau:
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58
(C
j
+ 1 + C
j
) p
j
1 j , j C +
=
2
1 j , j C + -
K
j
. h (100)
1
P
j +1
(r
p
. F + p
j
) - D
c, max
, F
a + Q
1 j , j C + (101)
P
j
v K
j
l thng lng CO
2
v h s khuch tn mc j; F: s gia din tch l trong
tng, Q: tr s bnh qun cng nh sng mt l trong mc j v j + 1. Cc thng s ly
cc tr s sau y: D
c,max
= 0,41; a = 0,73; H = 200 cm; = 0,063; = 0,1; h = 10 cm; K
H
=
125, 250; 500; 1000; 2000; 3000 cm
2
/s; k = 0,3; 0,5; 0,75; 1,0; F
t
= 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 8,0;
10,0; Q
H
: 0,0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 1,0; 1,5 ly/min; P
S
: 0,0; 2,0; 4,0; (10
-8
g CO
2
/cm
2
.s)
Ft l ch s din tch, P
S
l cng thi CO
2
ca mt t. Theo cc t hp ny,
tnh ton khong 25000 th d, nghin cu s bin i theo chiu cao ca thng lng
v phn b CO
2
trong qun th m hnh, mt phn kt qu th hin hnh 43.2 v 44.2.
Quan h cu trc hnh hc ca qun th cy trng v s phn b nng CO
2
:
Mt ct phn b ca CO
2
c quan h cht ch vi rm rp ca qun th, nng CO
2
h thp theo mt din tch l tng ln, cui cng hnh thnh mt ct phn b m nng
gia qun th l thp nht (hnh 43.2). im ny ni r c s b sung CO
2
t mt
t v tng khng kh gn mt t. Trong qun th m h s tiu tn tng i ln (tc
loi hnh l nm ngang), xu th ny rt r rng. Trong trng hp h s khuch tn ln
(tc gi ln), nng CO
2
chnh lch nh. Nu mt din tch l ln, th s chnh
lch nng CO
2
do h s khuch tn ln hay nh gy ra, tng trn v tng di ca
qun th s l ngc li.
Hnh 43.2. Quan h ca nng CO
2
vi din tch l, h s tiu tn, h s khuch tn,
trong qun th m hnh (Uchijima v Inuoe, 1970).
Ghi ch: ng lin biu th trng hp t c CO
2
thi ra, ng chm chm biu th khng c
CO
2
thi ra Lng chiu sng 1,0 ly/min.
H s khuch tn c 5 on bin i, h s tiu tn c 4 on bin i
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59
Trng hp mt t khng thi ra CO
2
(hnh 43.2, ng chm chm), ch s din
tch l 2 tr xung, khng c quan h vi k, nng CO
2
gim xung theo su. Khi
ch s din tch l t 8 tr ln, nu k ln, th xut hin mt ct phn b CO
2
r rt. l
v l tng di do nh sng lt qua khng tt, do tng ln h hp thi ra CO
2
. Mt
khc, nng CO
2
bnh qun trong qun th gim xung theo s tng ln ca ch s
din tch l, khi n mt ch s no th tr nn thp nht, nu vt qu ch s , nh
thy r trong hnh, th li tng ln. Khi k = 0,3; 0,5; Ft = 4,0; khi k = 0,7; 1,0; Ft = 2,0.
Hnh 44.2. S bin i thng lng CO
2
trong qun th m hnh do mt din tch l,
h s tiu tn v lng chiu sng gy ra (Uchijima v Inoue, 1970)
H s khuch tn dng xoy tnh ton theo K
H
= 2.000cm
2
/s, Ps = 2 x 10
-8
gCO
2
/cm
2
.s
10
20
30
0 4 8 12
Ch s din tch l
0
Q
H
=1,5 ly/min K
H
= 3000
cm
2
/s
k
0,75
1,0
0,3
0,5
Q
u
a
n
g
h
p
t
h
u
n
c
a
q
u
n
t
h
k
=
1
0
3
g
C
O
2
/
c
m
3
.
S
0,3
0,5
0,75
1,0
k
K
H
= 125
cm
2
/s
20
10
0
0 4 8 12
Ch s din tch l
Q
H
=1,5 ly/min
Hnh 45.2. Quan h ca ch s din tch l vi cng quang hp thun
(Uchijima v Inoue, 1970)
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60
Thng lng CO
2
v cu trc hnh hc ca qun th: Thng lng CO
2
trong
trng hp l nm ngang (k = 1,0) v l thng ng (k = 0,3) nu r nh hnh 44.2.
ng cong ca thng lng v theo 2,0 x 10
-8
CO
2
/cm
2
s di ng v bn phi. Loi
hnh l thng ng (k = 0,3), khi Ft = 1,0, thng lng bin i chm, nu Ft tng ln
ln, th thng lng CO
2
h thp rt nhanh, khi n mt su no , dng kh t
hng i xung quay li thnh hng i ln (phn v ng ngang trong hnh). su
lm cho dng kh i hng ngc li l ng thun vi tng nng thp nht ca
hnh 44.2. Ngoi ra, Ft nu t n mt mc no tr ln th s xut hin tng ln
nht dng kh hng ln trn. Cng chiu sng ca tng ny gi l im b sng.
T tng ny tr ln, tc l tng nng CO
2
thp nht tr xung, CO
2
ht trong tng
ny l do mt t v tng di h hp thi ra. Hnh 45.2 cn ni r mt im quan trng
l: c mt ch s din tch l m y cng quang hp thun ca qun th ln nht.
gi l din tch l tt nht, tr s ny l 8 khi k = 0,3 v l 4 khi k = 1,0, m sut
quang hp thun li gn nh khng i. Trong trng hp K
H
= 3.000, k = 0,3, cng
quang hp thun ln nht ca qun th l 22,1, khi k = 0,5 l 22,2; khi k = 0,75 l
21,3; khi k = 1,0 l 19,9 (u 10
-8
g CO
2
/cm
2
.s).
Nu K
H
= 125, tc l trong trng hp tc gi ht sc yu, K = 0,3, sut quang
hp thun ln nht ca qun th l 14,7; khi k = 0,5 l 15,0; khi k = 0,75 l 14,7; khi k =
1,0 l 14,1; ngha l gim kh nhiu so vi trng hp K
H
= 3.000. C th thy r l
quang hp chu nh hng ca h s khuch tn, tc l ch gi. Do , iu
kin chiu sng mnh, h s khuch tn c nh hng rt mnh ti thng lng CO
2
(quang hp ca qun th), nhng trng hp chiu sng yu, tc l Q
H
0,4 erg/min, th
hu nh khng c s khc bit.
WST
WLV
RES
WRT C
PHR
PGRW RGRR
GRW
GLW
(TS)
RSP
GST
T nhng iu nu trn
cho thy mt ct phn b nng
CO
2
trong qun th chu nh
hng rt mnh ca s thi CO
2
t mt t, chiu sng, lt
qua ca nh sng v h s
khuch tn, ng nhin cu
trc ca qun th cng c nh
hng mc nht nh.
M hnh ho sinh trng
ca qun th cy trng: Wit
lp m hnh c bn ca s sinh
trng cy trng (gi l
Elementary Crop growth
Simulator - ELCROS). u tin
l kho tn tr sn phm quang
hp (RES). Hp cht gluxit ca
Hnh 46.2. Kiu m hnh c bn ca s sinh trng
ca qun th cy trng (Wit, Brower, De Vries 1
PHR- qu
970)
ang hp, RSP- h hp, RES- kho d tr, GST- sinh
n
trng khi lng thn, GLW- sinh trng khi lng l,
GRW- sinh trng khi lng r, WRT- khi lng c quan
r, WST- Khi lng c quan thn, WLV- Khi lng c qua
l, PGRW- Lng sinh trng c kh nng ca khi lng r,
RGRR- Sut sinh trng tng i ca r, TS- nhit t
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sn phm quang hp, ng thi do h hp, dng mt mt s hp cht gluxit. Hp
cht gluxit tiu dng cho s tng thm trng lng ca r, l v thn, cng t kho tn
tr m ra. l WRT, WLV v WST biu th 4 gc ca hnh 46.2. S sinh trng ca
r tin hnh theo phng thc nu pha di hnh. Nu cho trc nhit t, , th c
th cn c vo ng cong pha di bn phi hnh tm ra sut sinh trng tng i
ca r (RGRR). ng cong ny khc nhau do loi cy trng, RGRR v s sinh trng
khng c quan h trc tip, nhng tch ca RGRR v khi lng m non C lin quan ti
s sinh trng trong khi lng c quan r, tc l lng sinh trng c kh nng ca r
PGRW pht sinh quan h vi s sinh trng. Trong kho d tr cn di do, PGRW s
tr thnh lng sinh trng khi lng ca r thc t (GRW). ng v lin trong hnh
biu th s lu chuyn ca cht hu c (kg CH
2
O/ha. ngy), ng chm chm biu th
s lu chuyn thng tin.
Trong tnh ton thc t, theo thi gian tnh ton tr s bnh qun ca 1 gi. By
gi ly cy ng lm i tng gi thit lp m hnh theo trnh t nh hnh 46.2.
Khi tnh ton cng quang hp, c th khng xt tui nm ca l, ly hm s sin
ca din tch l v cao mt tri lp bng, n l s liu trong trnh t. nhit l
gi thit ging nh nhit khng kh (cch mt t 10 cm tr ln), nhit khng kh
2 gi, bin dao ng nh l 0,45 ln.
Sinh trng ca l tm c theo phng thc sau y. Khi nh mm l 0, thi k
hoa c xut hin l 1 DVS bc pht trin (development stage) cn c vo tui mi
ngy (quyt nh nhit v di chiu sng) tm ra sut pht trin (development
rate - DVR). Li cn c vo s phn b DVS ca l quyt nh s phn b ca tui
(age). Lng sinh trng ca l (GLG) l tch ca sut sinh trng tng i c
quyt nh do nhit khng kh v lng sinh trng c kh nng ca l (WLVC) tm
c t phn b tui, cng tc l cn c vo lng sinh trng c kh nng ca l
(PGLV) v t sut tn tr (RPR) tm ra. Ngoi ra, t sut sinh trng ca trng
lng l (GLW) c th tm ra lng sinh trng ca din tch l (GLA).
H hp c th chia ra lm h hp tiu dng cho sinh trng v h hp tiu dng
cho duy tr c th thc vt. H hp cho sinh trng tm c bng cch ly lng sinh
trng ca r thn l nhn vi 0,33. H hp cho duy tr tm c bng cch ly tng s
khi lng kh ca l cc tui khc nhau c xt n c hm lng m protein vi h
s 0,08.
Ly mt th d c th biu th nh hnh 47.2, nu r s bin i trong ngy. Ban
m, t sut tn tr (RPR) thp xung, ban ngy li tng ln. Tng ng nh th, l v
r cng c sinh trng. n trc lc mt tri ln th xut hin nh cao sinh trng,
l do s khi phc p lc gin n c lin quan ti s gim thp bc hi m c. Sau khi
mt tri ln, sinh trng lp tc gim xung. Mt khc, phn lin h gia h hp vi
lng sinh trng cng rt ln, s tng ln ca h hp bt u chm hn so vi quang
hp. Hot ng quang hp c tng ln cht t vo bui tra, l do din tch l tng
ln m c.
61
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62
thun.
0
300
200
100
29-1-1969
4
2
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 gi
LEAF AREA
= 1,3 ha/ha
Lng sinh trng ca r
Lng sinh trng ca l
kg
ha ngy
Tng khi lng =1146 kg/ha
Quang hp
H hp
Ng 18 ngy
Quang hp 1 ngy = 272kg/ha
H hp 1 ngy = 35kg/ha
kg CH
2
0
Ngy
300
200
100
400
Cal
cm
3
gi
3
2
0
mm
Ngy
Quang
H hp
TA = 20
0
C
TS = 20
0
C
REL.HUM = 65%
Hnh 47.2. M hnh ho s sinh trng ca ng
( Wit v ctv, 1970)
kg mm
ha
15.000
5.000
10.000
Tr s o c
Tr s tnh ton
0 20 50 75 100
S ngy ny mm
Hnh 48.2. i chiu o thc v m hnh
sinh trng ca ng ( Wit v ctv, 1970)
3
3
1
1: California
2: Iowa
3: H Lan
2
2
1
Hnh 48.2 l s i chiu gia kt
qu ca m hnh ho v tr s o thc.
l s so snh tr s tnh ton da
vo v ngy ny mm v s hiu kh
tng cc a im thuc California,
Iowa, H Lan vi tr s o thc cy
ng. ng lin v ng chm chm
trong hnh tng ng biu th tr s o
thc v tr s tnh ton, ta thy c hai
tr s khc nhau rt ln. Nhng nu
cn c vo dc ca ng cong
trong hnh tm ra sut sinh trng
ca cy trng CGR (crop growth rate)
th d im no, hai tr s u rt ng
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Wit v ctv (1970) cho rng iu ny ni ln kh nng d bo ca m hnh
ELC
n th, t v khng kh khng c trao i nhit
v n
i dng lng chy vo lng r.
o vch mng ca l,
t bo khuch tn ln b mt l.
ng kh gn .
ROS l ng tin cy. ng nhin, vi mc nh vy l rt khng y . S tm
ti bn thn m hnh c nhin l quan trng, vic nghin cu cc thng s trong trnh t
cng rt quan trng. V vy, khng nhng cn nghin cu li cc s liu c m nht
nh cn cn tin hnh thc nghim ph hp vi mc ch.
M hnh ho s thot hi nc
Trc ht gi thit gia t v qu
c. i vi qun th pht trin y th gi thit ny l gn ng. C th chia s
thot hi nc thnh 4 qu trnh:
1. Qu trnh nc trong t v
2. Qu trnh nc dng lng t b mt lng r chy v t b
b mt ny bin thnh hi nc.
3. Qu trnh hi nc thng qua khe
4. Qu trnh trao i hi nc gia khng kh tip xc b mt l vi kh
Di y s ln lt nghin cu cc qu trnh
S vn ng nc t t ln lng r
Trong h thng ph t t ln lng r ny, gi thit s vn ng ca nc trng
thi
Q
1
= 2 l
2
*
k (102)
nht nh, c th biu th nh sau:
dW
dl
Trong cng thc trn, phn h ca lng r l khi bn cu bn knh l
o
, gi thit
mt
(103)
ch b
mt
g t h g v lng r ong
n
p th
nc ng mc trong t l khi bn cu bn knh l, lng nc chy vo trong
bn cu l Q
1
,
*
l mt (trng khi) ca nc, W l biu th nc trong t, tin
hnh tch phn cng thc (102), cho l ln hn nhiu so vi l
0
, th:
Q
1
= 2
*
kl
0
(W - W
R
)
W v W
R
tng ng l nc trong t cch lng r kh xa v ngay
lng r. W c th coi l bng nc bnh qun ca t, ly s lng r j (1/cm
3
)
trong dung tch t tu nhn vi hai v ca cng thc trn, ta c cng thc sau:
Q
*
= j
Q
1
= 2 j
*
kl
0
(w - w
R
) (104)
Q
*
biu th thng lng nc bnh qun tron n phn b tr
v dung tch t W. Cho nn ly dy tng t vng r zk nhn vi hai v ca
cng thc (104) l c th tm c tng thng lng nc i vi ton b lng r trn
n v din tch ng rung trong n v thi gian.
Q
R
= ks (W - W
R
)
63
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Trong : Q
R
= Q
*
z
K
(g/cm
2
.s) (105)
bo nhu m l
ks = 2 j
*
l
0
kz
k
S vn ng nc t lng r n t
ra, biu th nh cng thc sau: S vn ng nc y ch yu do lc hp dn gy
P
S
Q = (106)
g
z
Trong vt thi ra (g/cm
2
.s), l h s truyn d a
cc
(107)
, Q l n c thc n nc c
m khc nhau ca thc vt, g l gia tc trng trng, P
S
/
z
l dc ca sc ht
(bar/cm). Do s vn ng ca nc trong c th thc vt khng phi l nht nh, nn
i vi mt n v din tch ng rung, cng thc (106) phi i thnh:
Q V
=
*
z t
Trong cng th n, thi gian, V - hm lng nc trong n v dung tch ca
c th
(108)
c tr t l
thc vt, t tm ra c cng thc sau:
P
S
V
( . ) =
*
z g z
t
Trong , n v u, a sc ht P
S
, p sut thm thu lc
dn
(109)
P
1
V ( +
1
) v
P
S
v V c li h i nha gi P
0
, p
n P
T
c quan h nh sau:
P
S
= P
0
- P
T
(110) P
S
= 2P
00
+
0
V
0
Trong k u phn ly cht nguyn sinh, V
ban
(111)
, P
V
= - ( -
1
)
z
V
0 t
Ly cng c (108) thay vo cng thc (111):
P
S
P
V
0
) (112)
th
P
S
V
0
( ) = -
*
(
z g
z
+
1
t
s , l hm ca
n, nh P
S
/t = 0, gi thit n l mt trng thi
nht
h s z.
cng thc (112) n gin h
nh. Tin hnh tch phn t z = 0 n z = z
H
s c cng thc sau:
( )
R . S 1 . S
H
O
P
P P
dz
g
1
Q
(113)
64
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Trong : P
S.1
l lc hp dn ca l, P
S.R
l lc hp dn ca r, t phn trc du
ngoc v phi ca cng thc (113) l , th:
Q
F
= (P
S.1
- P
S.R
) (114)
cng thc (105) v (114) vi nhau s c
cng l l.
c
l tc trao i (cm/s)
trng thi nht nh nh vy, kt hp
thc biu th s vn ng nc t t n
S vn ng n t t ln l
Gia p lc ca nc trong t v nc trong t c quan h nh sau:
2
Q
G.R
= P
G.O
(
W
R
+
2
) (115)
n
Trong : Q
G.R
v P
G.O
tng ng l p lc ca nc trong t khi nc trong t
l W
R
v W
R
= 0;
2
v n l l ng s kinh nghim.
Kh W
R
t th t c
h
cng thc (105) v (115) m cng thc sau:
P
R . G
= 1
P
W k Q
n
1
O . G
2 S
R
(116)
b mt lng r P
G.O
= P
S.R
, do quan h ca thng lng dng nc trong n
v din tch ng rung chy v t bo nhu m c l vi nc trong t t
r, sc ht ca l nh sau:
a ng t b
QP P
1 Q
P
P
S.L
=
+ (117)
[
2
(W -
K
S
) + 1] n
Q
P
v Q
R
rng thi nht nh l bng nhau. Theo kt qu thc nghim n = 3, P
=
25 bar, = 0,063; nh vy tm ra quan h Q
P
= f(P
S.L
,W) biu th nh ng
t nu nc trong t g ln, t v tr h ng thng.
t
hnh 49.2, ch
tn h Q
P
P
S.L
thnh quan
S vn ng nc t t bo nhu m l n b mt l
Nc t dng lng bin thnh dng hi, thng pht sinh b mt l, nhng cng
c th b mt t bo nhu m. S trao i nc gia l v b mt l ch yu l thng
qua t hi nc) gi l thot hi
cutin, phn ny ch c 5 - 10% tng lng thot hi, nu b qua khng tnh th c
cng
z
kh khng. Nc t ngoi khe kh khng thi ra (tho
thc sau y:
Am
E
T
=
a
(q
o
- q
s
) (118)
65
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66
t hi nc (g/cm
2
.s),
a
- mt khng kh, A
m
khuch tn phn t, on cc
t b mt t bo nhu m n b t l,
q
o
v t l m tng i ca
khn
nh ca D
I
.
Trong :
E
T
- lng tho
- h s
z l kh g
m
h
q
s
ln l
g kh b mt t bo nhu m ca l
v b mt l.
t D
I
= A
m
/z th A
m
= 0,26 cm
2
/s,
z - ln lt l dy ca l v mt na
ca khong cch gia kh khng tc l
bng 60 - 600 . Vy D
I
= 13 - 48 cm/s,
l tr s c t
Vn ng nc t b mt l n
khng kh
Trao i nc gia b mt l vi khn
E = D
1
3
4 5 6
7
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
P
SL
bar
. Quan h ca nc vn chuyn
l bo nhu m ca l v sc ht ca l,
nc trong t hu hiu
W - Nc trong t h % trung bnh)
0,8
Q
P
m
m
/
g
i
8 14
1,0
0,6
2
0,4
0,2
Hnh 49.2
0
n t
Q
P
- Lng dng nc, P
S.L
- Sc ht ca l
u hiu (s
g
a S 2
ng
m
118) v (119) th:
(q
o
q
kh l:
(119)
T a
( Q - q )
Trong cng thc, D
a
- tc trao i gi
ng l m tng i ca khng kh b
cng thc (
a b mt l vi khng kh, q
S
v q
2
t
t l v ch cao 2cm. Kh mt q
S
t
D D
1 a
E
T
=
a
D
1
+ D
a
a
) (120)
Coi m tng i ca khng kh b mt t bo nhu m l bng m tng
i bo ho ca nhit l, khai trin cng thc Taylo i vi q
O
, c cng thc sau:
C
p
D
a
E
T
=
1
+
+ ( D
a
d +
C
P
R)
D
C
p
C
p
+ L
a
(121)
Trong cng thc, C
P
l t nhit ca khng kh, L - tim nhit ho kh, - vi h s
ca ng cong m bo ho nhit.
By gi it: gi th
C
p
P
a
b
1
=
C
p
+ L
b
2
=
Cp + L
D
a
C
p
b
3
=
Cp + L
(122)
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67
Cng thc (121) c th tr :
1
E
T
=
b
thnh
3
1 +
D
(b D
a
d + b
2
R) (123)
1
L
Nng lng bc hi nc:
b
1
D
a
d + R
Do c cng th u:
3
E
p
= b
2
(124)
c sa
E
T
1
=
E
P
b
D
L
(125)
1 +
Khi D
L
nh, nu b
3
ln, th E
T
/ E
P
= 0,96. Nu b
3
, D
L
l tr s trung gian, th E
T
/ E
P
= 0,99, rt gn v 1. D c quyt nh m ca kh khng, cho nn:
D
L
= f ( P
T
(126)
Theo cng thc (100) tm c:
L
P
OO
+
1
V
O
(127)
i
L
)
1
V
O
( P
OO
- P
S. L
)
D = f
=
3 T
OO T
OO 3
T P
T 3
)] 1
k
E
W (
1
[
P E
' P f
E E
E b
S 2
Hnh 50.2 biu th E
T
= f (W, P
S.L
) v E
T
= f (E
P
, P
S.L
) . Tung ca giao im bt
k ca ng cong hm s sau v ng cong hm s trc khi W = hng s, biu th
lng bc hi vi tr s nng lng bc hi khc nhau.
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S thot hi nc v nng lng bc hi nc
i dng kt qu P
.L.S
= f(E
P
), ng thi cn
nu r E
T
= f (W) khi E
P
= const v W). Nh vy tm ra quan h
ca ng lng bc hi nc trong t v thot hi nc (hnh 50.2) khi tr s W nh,
E
T
= f (W) m
a qun
tnh ton theo s liu kh tng l bng nhau,
tc l:
1
2
5
6 7 8
14
3
4
L ni trn, dn quan h E
T
= f (E
P
) v
c quan h P
S.L
= f (
n
tr thnh ng thng, khi tr s W ln th E
T
/ E
P
bng 1. im
ng thng pht sinh cong tc l hm lng nc trong t ti hn (W
O
).
T rt ra kt lun nh sau: t m t y , lng thot hi nc c
th rm rp v nng lng bc hi nc
E
T
= E
P
(129)
Quan h ny c thnh lp trong iu kin W > W
C
, W
C
biu th nh sau:
W
C
= W
C.min
+
5
E
P
(130)
Trong :
E
T
2
(P
O O
)
1/3
B
=
k
S
3(P
S.L
)
4/3
W
C.min
l hm lng nc trong t ti hn khi E
P
= 0, biu th nh sau:
P
O O
)
1/3
W = [(
C.min 2
P
O O
- P
T
-1] (131)
0 4 8 2 24
Sc ht n ca l (P
L
)
1 16 20
c
10
E
T
=f(W
T
.P
L
)
E
T
=f(E
P
.P
L
)
0
1,0
1,2
n
g
c
(
m
m
/
g
i
)
Hnh 50. u ca cng bc hi v c ht nc ca l
t Q ( ); E
T
= f(E
P
,P
L
), tin hnh tnh ton theo Qp = E
T
,
ch s ng v lin l % nc trong t, trn ng chm chm
biu th n ng bc hi
0,6
0,8
c
h
i
n
0,4
b
0,2
C
2. Q an h s
P
= f
trn
n
w,P
L
g l
68
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69
c c,
nc tc trao i v nhit khng kh. Quan h ny im ho tr
xung mi c thnh lp. Nu n t thiu hn na, th cn phi nghin cu
ring.
c
cng thc m hnh ca s thot hi nc ni trn, nu bit E
P
, l c th tm
ra l i.
Ngo ra, c,
chng hn n c. Mt
khc, gy ot hi nc, chng hn nh bin php
hn ch chi
hi cn c vo m hnh qu trnh sinh l ca hot ng thot hi nc c ch
hot vn vn cn phi ch i nhng nghin cu
nh
Khi W < W
C
th lng thot hi n c quan h vi nng lng bc hi n
trong t,
c trong
14
iu khin s thot hi n
T
ng nc cn thit duy tr E
T
. Cn c vo lng nc ny tnh ra lng t
i p dng bin php i vi cc qu trnh khc nhau ca s thot hi n
h ph mng mng h thp D
1
s c th c ch s thot hi n
nh hng i vi E
P
h thp s th
u nng, l c th c.
K
ng thot hi nc, c mt s
ra cc thng s. Trn thc t, quyt nh vic ti phi xt n c s bc hi nc
mt t, ngha l do lng bc - thot hi quyt nh.
0,5
0
0,2
0 5 10 15 0 0,5 1,0
W, % E
P
mm/gi
0,6
a
1,0
1,0
) b)
10
6
2
0
10
0,5
1,0
0 4 8 12 16
W, %
c)
Quan h nng lng c hi n c trong t v thot hi nc
a) Quan h nc trong t v s tho hi nc (ch s l nng lng bc hi nc);
b) Quan h ca b i nc v tho i n s l lng nc trong t);
c) Quan h ca t s bc hi nc (E
P
/E
T
)
V theo hnh .2; 2- Gii gn ng)
P
E
T
/
E
Hnh 51.2. ca b
t
t h c h c (ch
(1- 45
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TM TT
Chng ny trnh by tng i t m v cu trc v chc nng ca h sinh
thi ng rung. Vn cn a ra tho lun l cc dng nng lng dng
nhit v nc, nh sng c quyt nh quan trng n cu trc ca h thng.
Bn cnh t, qun th sinh vt cy trng cng nh dch hi u c t chc
v cu trc c trng cho tng qun x. Mi trng khng kh cng c tc
dng ng k n s pht trin ca qun th cy trng v kh nng hp th
nng lng bc x ca mt tri.
quan st v nh gi cu tr ng ca h sinh thi ng rung c v chc n
hng lot m hnh v phng trnh ton hc c xy dng v m phng
theo cc tnh cht ca chng. M hnh thot hi nc v cn bng nc c
s dng lm v d cho cc qu trnh m phng .
CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by khi nim v cn bng lng nhit ca ng rung?
2. S khc nhau gia bc x mt tri v bc x dng trong quang hp?
3. Trnh by mt cch khi qut v s phn b a l v cn bng lng nhit?
4. Trnh by phng trnh cn bng nc trn ng rung?
5. t gm nhng thnh phn g?
6. Trnh by ngun gc x ng v sinh vt gy bnh trong
t?
rng?
ng?
quan trc ca phng php kh ng lc hc
12. rnh by cc m hnh ca qun th cy trng?
n cu quang hp ca
ut hin ca cc cn tr
7. Hy trnh by cu trc sinh hc ca qun th cy trng?
8. Hy nu c im ca h thng l v h thng thn ca qun th cy t
9. Hy nu c im vt l ca tng khng kh gn mt t?
10. Hy nu c im phn b kh hu trong v ngoi qun th cy tr
11. Hy trnh by c th ca cch
v phng php cn bng lng nhit?
Hy t
13. Ti sao ngi ta li s dng m hnh khuch tn nghi
qun th?
14. Hy m t s bin i trong ngy ca quang hp qun th?
15. Hy nu mi quan h ca quang hp qun th vi chiu sng v tc gi?
70
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16. Hy m t hiu sut s dng nng lng v h s thot hi nc?
Hy m t kh nng quang hp cc tng khc nhau trong qu 17. n th?
hp thun?
20. nh lut phn phi cht kh?
ng rung? Phng php tnh nng
trng?
28. ng ca qun th cy trng?
, thn, l ?
a nc?
i v Munekate Ken, 1972
Bn dch ca
Ni. 1998.
n l ti nguyn
v ci thin cuc sng ca ngi dn trung du min ni Vit Nam. NXB
Chnh tr Quc gia.
5. Vn Chnh, Nguyn Hi, Hong Vn Ma, Phm
p,
18. Th no l sut sinh trng tng i v sut quang
19. Vai tr ca h phng trnh sinh trng?
Hy nu
21. Hy lit k mt s loi c di trn ng rung Vit Nam?
22. Hy m t qu trnh pht sinh c di v s lng c di trn cc loi t khc
nhau nh th no ?
23. Hy m t s cnh tranh gia cy trng v c di?
24. Hy m t s cnh tranh gia cy trng v cy trng?
25. Th no l nng sut ca h sinh thi
sut sinh hc?
26. Hy trnh by tnh khu vc ca nng sut sinh hc ca cy
27. M hnh ha mi trng CO
2
trong qun th cy trng?
M hnh ha sinh tr
29. Hy m t qu trnh vn ng ca nc t t qua r
30. Th no l s thot hi nc v nng lng bc hi c
31. Hy trnh by cc qu trnh iu khin s bc hi ca nc?
TI LIU C THM
1. Ota Keizaburo, Tanaka Ichir, Udagawa Taketosh
Sinh thi hc ng rung. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni 1981 (
on Minh Khang).
2. Trn c Vin. Sinh thi hc nng nghip. NXB Gio dc. H
3. Trn c Vin (Ch bin). Thnh tu v thch thc trong qu
H Ni, 2001.
4. Masae Shiyomi and Hiroshi Koizumi. Structure and Function in
Agroecosystem design and management. CRC Press. New York. 2001.
Nguyn Mi, Trn
Thanh Nga, o Chu Thu. Gio trnh th nhng hc. NXB Nng nghi
H Ni. 2000.
71
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Tai lieu chia se tai: wWw.SinhHoc.edu.vn
6. Nguyn Tt Cnh. Nghin cu m hnh m phng ng thi m t v
chn on nhu cu ti cho ng v u tng trn t bc mu ng Anh v
ph sa sng Hng, Gia Lm. Lun n Tin s Nng nghip. HNNI, H Ni.
7. bin
8.
10.
2000.
Nguyn Mnh Chnh v Mai Thnh Phng. C di trong rung la v
php phng tr. NXB Nng nghip. 2004.
H Th Hin. Cc bin php phng tr su bnh, c di. NXB Vn ha dn
tc. 2003.
9. Phm Hong H. Cy c Vit Nam. Montreal, Php. 1993.
Nguyn Hng Sn. Mt s nghin cu v c di trn rung la cy v bin
php phng tr ng bng sng Hng. Lun vn Tin s Nng nghip.
2000.
72
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85
Chng III
S VN NG CA H SINH THI NG RUNG
Ni dung
Trng trt bt u t vic tr c trn ng rung, thc y v c ho cc cht hu
c trong t. Nh th c ngha l ng rung lun lun gi giai on ban u ca hng
lot din bin thin nhin, ng thi, cht hu c m thm thc vt thin nhin tch lu
hng chc nm, hng trm nm ang trong qu trnh b tiu hao. Chng ny s bn v
c trng ca din bin ng rung, nhng thay i hnh thc sn xut duy tr kh
nng sn xut ca ng rung v quan h gia nng sut cy trng vi vng thch ng
sinh thi.
Cc ni dung sau y s c cp trong chng ny:
1. Din bin ca ng rung.
2. S bin i hnh thc sn xut nng nghip v ngha sinh thi ca n.
3. Trng cy thch hp vi vng t trng.
a. Nghin cu ng np lai
v thu ng 2004
b. Nghin cu ci tin
ging u tng
c. Sinh vin lm th nghim
trong nh li
nh 1.3. Mt s nghin cu v ci tin ging cy trng
ca khoa Nng hc, trng i hc Nng nghip I
(Ngun: http://www.hau1.edu.vn/khoa/nonghoc/images/khoa_hoc)
Mc tiu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, sinh vin cn:
1. Hiu c s din bin trn ng rung v dinh dng t, thnh phn cy
trng v c di.
2. Nm c s thch ng ca cy trng vi vng t trng.
3. Nm c mt s phng php iu khin dinh dng, thnh phn cy trng
v c di trn ng rung.
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86
1. Din bin ca ng rung
1.1. S bin i m tng s ca t ng rung v s cn bng vi sinh vt
Cng vi nhng din th sinh thi ca thm thc vt t nhin, lng m tng s
trong t dn dn tng ln. Ngi ta thy rng, t tr nn mu m r rt khi din th
thm thc vt t nhin trn nhng cht phun ra t ni la, t t trng n qun th
thc vt n nh nht (climax), rng l rng thng xanh. Trong qun th rng n nh
nht c th tch lu m nhiu n 1 kg/m
2
. Do khai khn rng v ng c lm cho
trng thi cn bng gia thm thc vt thin nhin v t b ph v, din bin ca t
theo chiu ngc li, dn n phn gii v tiu hao cht hu c, trong iu kin tc
ng ca con ngi s chuyn sang trng thi cn bng mi. Hnh 1.3 cho thy s bin
i hm lng m trong t ca nhng ng c khc nhau sau khi khai khn v qua
canh tc nh nhau. Lng m tng s trong t gim xung rt nhanh t khi bt u
canh tc n nm th 10, sau c xu th chm dn v sau 40 nm th n trng thi n
nh.
t m thp qua ci to bin thnh t cn cng
c xu th bin i ging nh vy. t la nc sau
khi thot nc, lng m tng s, hiu qu phn
gii cht hu c t cn v t l amn ho cng
gim dn tng nm, qua 7 - 10 nm s gn bng cc
tr s ca t cn. Thi gian u rung nc ci to
thnh t cn, nhiu cht hu c d phn gii c
tch lu khi t t s phn gii thnh cc cht v
c m hiu qu m i vi la ht sc r rng
(Harada, 1963). T t hoang bin thnh ng
rung, hay trong qu trnh t t t bin thnh t
cn, cht hu c trong t gim i l c trng ca
din bin ng rung, nhng trong iu kin bn
phn vn khng th ni nht nh s dn n gim
ngay nng sut. Trong t t c kh nhiu cht
hu c cha mc nt, gp nhit cao s phn gii rt nhanh, v s kh oxi ca t
thng thng gy nn mc r v to thnh nhiu NH
3
- N, cy ht cht dinh dng
khng cn i v b . Sau khi ci to thnh t cn, cht hu c d phn gii gim i,
tnh trng dao ng nng sut do thi tit tht thng cng gim tng ng, v ri nng
sut n nh. Nhng s gim cht hu c trong t vt qu mt gii hn nht nh,
thng dn n gim nng sut, v cht hu c trong t l ngun cung cp cc loi cht
dinh dng v c cn thit cho cy trng sinh trng; trong iu kin thng thong kh,
chua v lng nc ph hp th hiu qu phn c bit r rt. Mt khc, thy canh
cng thu c nng sut cao, nn c nhng s nhn nhn khc nhau v ngha ca cht
hu c t. Tp on sinh vt t gm v s vi khun, si nm v ng vt nguyn sinh.
Ngun dinh dng v nng lng ca nhng vi sinh vt ny l cht hu c ca t, do
0,25
Colby
Garden City
Hays
50 40 30 20 10
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,03
0
S nm canh tc
Hnh 1.3. Bin i N trong
ng rung qua nhiu nm
G y hi ch: Hays, Colby, Graden, Cit
l a danh ca bang Kanzat
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cht lng ca cht hu c trong t lm thay i vi sinh vt. S gim nhanh
cht hu c do din bin ng rung v vic b p li bng cch s dng qu nhiu
phn ho hc u c th ph v nhng loi cn bng no gia nhng vi sinh vt,
khin cho su, bnh ly lan trong t c xu th tng ln.
Trong t c rt nhiu tuyn trng v nm bnh lan truyn, nhng cng c nhiu loi
vi sinh vt chng li chng. Nhng loi trc tip k sinh trong nm gy bnh v dit cht
chng, bit c c: Coniothyrium minitan i vi Slerotinia, Trichoderma lignorum,
Papulospora; Penicillium vetmiculatum i vi Rhizctnia solani; Trichoderma i vi
Armillaria mellea, mt loi nm dng tuyn i vi tuyn trng... Khi trng mt loi cy
lin tc th nng sut gim r rt, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh l s ph hi ca
tuyn trng v nm bnh lan truyn trong t. Th d, khi trng la cn lin tc c mt
loi tuyn trng ph hoi, qua lun canh c th trnh c s ph hi . Nhng cng c
ni c th trng lin tc mt loi cy. t ca vng quen trng lin tc tng c tng
dy, hn na phn nhiu c hm lng nc kh cao; cht hu c t, k c phn chung
bn vo c tc dng trnh hoc lm gim nh tc hi ca vic trng lin tc. Hiu qu
y l c th cung cp dinh dng v c n nh cho cy trng, ngoi ra l tc dng ca
sinh vt - pht trin nhng loi vi sinh vt v ng vt nh no c tc dng tiu dit
hoc hn ch s pht trin ca tuyn trng.
Ngoi ra, bn phn hu c cn c th phng tr c hiu qu i vi Rhizoctonia
solani, pht trin c khun Fumarium c th lm tan cht v cng trn Fusarium
oxisporum (nm bnh ho r vng), do m c tc dng c ch nm bnh. Cc vn
ni trn u l s li dng tc dng khng sinh v cnh tranh ln nhau ca vi sinh vt
ly cht hu c lm mi gii. T cho thy, ngha ca cht hu c ca t ng
rung khng ch ch l ngun dinh dng trc tip ca cy trng, ng v quan im
cn bng sinh vt, cn cn c nghin cu nhiu hn na.
1.2. Din bin ca cy trng
Nh trn ni, m tng s ca t bin thin theo thi gian - din bin ca t,
cng biu hin v mt din bin cy trng. Trong trng hp ny, din bin ca cy
trng do s la chn ca con ngi to nn. Din bin ca cy trng dn n din bin
t. Trong qu trnh bin t hoang thnh t thuc, tnh cht l ho hc ca t pht
sinh bin i, t dn n din bin cy trng. t khai hoang thi gian u mi khai
khn nhiu cht hu c v c v c ho do hiu ng t cn, d dn n t thiu xi,
nn trc ht trng la cn, khoai s v mch en l nhng cy chu c tnh trng
thiu oxi; i t thuc dn, s phn gii cht hu c gim i, mi trng cc cy cn
tng i nhiu oxi hn nh ng, i mch, c ba l v khoai ty. Nu thi gian u
mi khai khn bn nhiu phn chung v phn ln, tin hnh ci to t, th s bin i
ca cy trng s quyt nh ch yu s thay i qua cc nm v v c ho cht hu c
t. Bng 1.3 l tnh hnh bin i nng sut cy trng sau khi dng nhiu phn ln v
phn chung trn t xm ni la trung tnh. Th d, nm u sau khi khai khn t
87
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88
thi k m phn gii ra tng i t th cy trng thch ng l khoai ty. Thi k cht
hu c ca t v c ho dn dn tng ln th cy trng thch hp l u tng. Thi k
cung cp cht dinh dng tt nht th trng ng v cy ny c tnh chng kho.
Bng 1.3. Quan h gia nng sut cy trng (kg/a) v s thun thc ca t qua cc nm
u tng Khoai ty Ng
Cy trng
Nm
Phn bn
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Phn tiu chun 17,1 26,7 25,1 27,0 82,5 63,3 70,3 86,0 56,6 50,1 58,1 69,0
Phn tiu chun
+ Phn chung
23,6 31,8 30,1 27,0 96,7 81,3 65,8 84,0 61,7 61,8 65,8 69,0
Phn ln 3 ln 26,9 29,4 28,5 28,0 106,1 85,5 75,1 86,0 56,7 58,0 67,7 70,0
Phn ln 3 ln
+ Phn chung
32,2 29,0 31,7 32,0 109,3 74,5 68,8 89,0 62,2 64,0 71,6 70,0
Tnh trng cht dinh dng t thay i rt ln do lng phn bn, dn n thay
i ging cy trng tng ng. Lng phn bn, nht l phn ho hc qua tng nm,
tng ln r rt. Nh lng phn ho hc dng Nht Bn, phn m nm 1928 l 36,2
kg/ha, n nm 1975 tng ln ti 124,6 kg/ha. Hin nay vn tip tc tng ln. Tnh hnh
ny Vit Nam cng tng t. Thch ng vi lng phn cao nh vy, mt s ging
chu phn, chng v chng bnh kho c to ra. Qua cc thi k, khuynh hng
chn v bi dc ging la nc l t l thc/rm r v h s kinh t cao (hnh 2.3).
ng ch l trng lng thc tng ln qua cc nm, cn trng lng rm r th hu
nh khng thay i. Phn liu cao lm tng din tch l v cng quang hp, do
nng cao nng sut cht kh, nhng mt khc cng d lp . khc phc mu
thun sinh ra do phn liu cao, ngi ta tin hnh ci tin ging, kt qu xut hin
mt s ging c t l thc/rm r ln, chng lp v chng tt hn.
V IV III II
100
110
120
130
140
90
%
I
Khi lng ring thc
V III IV I II
90
140
%
130
120
110
100
Khi lng rm r
V III IV II I
140
%
130
120
110
100
T l thc / rm r
90
Thi k Thi k Thi k
Hnh 2.3. S bin i tnh cht ging cy trng qua cc thi k
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89
Ngoi ra, nhng cht tit ra t r cy trng, cht phn gii ca xc hu c hoc su
bnh ly lan trong t... cng c th gy ra din bin cy trng. y s ni thm v tc
dung tng h ho hc (allelopathy). Tc dng tng h ho hc tc l nhng cht sinh
ra trong qu trnh trao i cht ca thc vt ny c nh hng ti s ny mm hay sinh
trng pht trin ca thc vt khc, quan h tng h gia thc vt vi nhau nh vy
gi l Allelopathy. l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n din bin cy trng.
Th d in hnh l i mch.
Overland (1966) trng ln i
mch v Stellaria media, pht hin cht
tit ra t b r i mch c tc dng c
ch r rt i vi s sinh trng ca
Stellaria media (hnh 3.3). Tc dng
ca cht ny khc nhau i vi tng
loi cy. Nh c ch r rt i vi
Stellaria media, c ch rt nh i vi
thuc l, hon ton khng nh hng
i vi la m. Cht ly c t cy
sng v r sng c hiu qu c ch ln
hn ly t cy cht.
Theo mt s ti liu, cht ny l t
r hay thn b cht ca c mo g
(Agropyrum repens) khi nng cao,
c th c ch ny mm ca ci du v yn mch, nhng nng thp li c tc dng
kch thch (Numada, 1971).
2 6 10 14
18
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ngy
S.media + i mch
Thuc l + i mch
Thuc l
S.media
Stellaria midia
Thuc l
Stellaria midia + Cht ly c t r i mch
Thuc l + Cht ly c t r i mch
Hnh 3.3. nh hng ca cht ly c t r
i mch i vi s ny mm ca cy thuc l
v Stellaria media (Overland, 1966)
Nhng th d trn cho thy, din bin thm cy ca ng rung ngoi din bin ca
t ra, cn c tc dng sinh hc ca bn thn cy trng.
1.3 Din bin ca c di
gi ng rung trng thi ban u, hng nm cn tin hnh cy t, xi t,
lm c ngn chn din bin t nhin. nh hng ca nhng hot ng nh vy c
phn nh trn s din bin c di trn ng rung. Trn t mi khai khn, thc vt
di rng nh loi cy thn r, thn ngm, cy dy leo, hoc cc loi cy c lu nm
ca t hoang chim u th. t cng thuc dn th cc loi c hng nm cng tr thnh
s nhiu.
Trong ch lun canh rung nc - rung cn, iu kin trng trt m lng
nc trong t thay i c tnh chu k, din bin ca c di rt r. Bin rung nc
thnh t cn, ri sau mt thi gian nht nh li i thnh rung nc, cch trng trt
ny kh ph bin min Bc Vit Nam trong v ng. M, Italia v Nht Bn, vng
trng rau v nui tng i nhiu b sa cng c phng thc lun canh ny.
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Bng 2.3. Din bin c di trn rung nc lun canh
Thi gian trng la Thi gian trng mu
X l
Loi
c di
1 nm
quay
li
(cy)
2 nm
quay
li
(cy)
3 nm
quay
li
(cy)
Loi c
di
1 nm
quay
li
(cy)
2 nm
quay
li
(cy)
3 nm
quay
li
(cy)
Rung nc
lin tc
a nc
a m
1.166
194
1.571
169
2.237
166
a cn
a m
83
486
239
8.580
471
7.532
Rung nc
lun canh I
a nc
a m
261
71
641
138
1.680
200
a cn
a m
15
23
49
405
177
3.864
Rung nc
lun canh II
a nc
a m
581
101
1.488
144
1.727
257
a cn
a m
36
59
260
1.335
470
7.868
Bng 2.3 cho thy, khi t cn quay li thnh rung nc, so snh vi rung nc
lin tc, s lng c di pht sinh rung nc lun canh c trong thi gian trng la
v ma ng u t v sau 1 nm th dn dn gn st vi rung nc lin tc, n nm
th ba th hu nh khng cn sai khc. Loi c di ca rung nc lun canh cng thay
i qua cc nm, t l c di a m trong thi gian trng la v t l c di a cn trong
thi gian ma ng u gim v dn dn gn vi rung nc lin tc.
Khi bin rung nc thnh t cn lun canh, cng c xu th ging nh vy.
Lun canh rung nc - t cn c tc dng c ch i vi c di, ch yu do c nh
hng rt ln n ng lan truyn ht ging c di. Nht l t rung ti bng nc
ao, h, c di mc tng i t trong thi gian di. Cn t rung ti bng nc sng,
ht ging c di chy theo nc vo rung nhiu hn. Thay i phng php tr c v
phng php trng trt cng dn n din bin c di khc nhau. Trong rung nc gn
y, mt s loi c tng ln, ngi ta cho rng do b vic sc bn, dng ph bin thuc
tr c phng tr c di mt nm v do gim trng xen.
2. S bin i hnh thc sn xut nng nghip v ngha sinh thi ca n
Ly nhng bin i v phng php ti nc trng la lm th d
Rng v ng c sau khi khai khn thnh ng rung, cht hu c ca t m thm
thc vt thin nhin tch lu b tiu hao dn qua nhiu nm trng trt, mu m ca
t v th m gim i. Nng nghip, trong qu trnh lu di nh sng to ra mt s hnh
thc sn xut va trnh c thoi ho t va gi c nng sut cao, m c pht
trin. Trong , ti ngp nc trng la v ch lun canh t cn c tc dng v
cng quan trng i vi vic gi nng sut cao cho cy trng v s ti sn xut. Nng
nghip hin i ang ly lm c s pht trin. Ti ngp nc v ch lun
canh c hiu qu cao trong vic gi mu m ca t, ng thi c th gim nh v
90
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trnh c nhng nguy hi do c di v trng lin tc, c tc dng ln v mt n nh
nng sut cy trng.
Trong nng nghip hin i, cy trng c nng sut tng r rt trong iu kin
nhiu phn do cc cht dinh dng v c cn thit cho cy trng c cung cp y .
Nhng cng v th m dn n cy tha dinh dng, to nn nguy c lp v su
bnh ph hi.
Nguy hi ca ng rung qu mu m thng pht sinh cng vi nhng nm c
thay i tht thng v iu kin kh tng nh chiu sng, nhit . Do hnh thc
sn xut hin i phi thch ng vi bin ng kh tng v ch nghin cu khng ch
hiu lc mu m nh th no, nhm hiu r hn s cn bng ng thi gia cy
trng v mi trng trn trnh thm canh cao t nng sut cao.
Phng php trng la v tnh hai mt ca cch ti nc ngp
Ngi ta cho rng c cc phng thc trng la sau y: (1) trng la s dng nc
tri; (2) trng la ti chu k, khng lin tc; (3) trng la ti ngp nc lin tc; (4)
cui cng pht trin thnh trng la cy (m) ngp nc lin tc. Nguyn nhn bin i
ca cc phng thc trng la khc nhau l thin tai, hn hn, c di v cy mc
khng u. Phng thc sn xut trng la cc ni trn th gii hin nay c khc nhau
r rt do tnh hnh x hi v iu kin t nhin. Vng ng nh Nht Bn, Trung
Quc, Triu Tin... trng la phn ln l cy ngp nc. ng Nam , n ,
SriLanca, Italia... c cy la, cng c gieo thng ngp nc. Khc vi cc nc trn,
M, xtrylia, Xurinam u trng la c gii ho din tch ln, pht trin thnh loi hnh
gieo thng ngp nc. Coxta Rica, Panama (Trung M) li dng ma nhiu (300
mm/thng tr ln) trong thi gian lm la, p dng rng ri gieo thng khng ti. Trng
la Nht Bn 99% l cy ngp nc, mt s t vng nh Kigyoku, Okayama, Saga,
Kumamoto c gieo thng rung kh (sau ny mm 30 ngy gi trng thi rung kh, sau
mi ngp nc), cng c gieo thng ngp nc (c nc ngay khi gieo). Nh vy,
phng thc trng la, t l gieo thng v cy c s khc nhau theo vng. Ni chung, tr
vng c bit ra, u tin hnh trng la trng thi nc ngp rung, l do nh sau:
(1) Ngp nc c th thc y to xanh v vi sinh vt c nh m v tng ln d
tiu trong t. S phn gii cht hu c t b c ch, mu m t tiu hao t.
(2) Trong nc ti c cc th keo hu c v cc loi mui v c N, K, Ca, Si,
Mg... v th trng thi t ngp nc, lng cung cp cao hn trng thi t cn.
Ti nc c khi dn n hin tng qu mu m, nhng c khc nhau do tnh cht
nc ti, c tnh vt l ca t v su nc ngm. Nu t khng c tng cy
th li tiu hao mt dinh dng khi trng thi ngp nc.
(3) T nhit ca nc cao, ti nc su (15 cm hoc hn) vo ma lnh c th
bo v la trnh tc hi ca nhit thp.
(4) Ngp nc c th c ch r rt c di mc, nht l loi Panicum sp. cnh tranh
kch lit vi la, ngp nc khong 15 cm hu nh phng tr c.
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(5) La nc trng ngm nc d c trng lin tc my chc nm cng khng b
hi nh cy trng cn b hi do trng lin tc. La nc trng trn cn lin 2-3 nm th
nng sut thp i r rt, do mt loi tuyn trng ph hi (tuyn trng Heterodera hi
la).
Mt khc, ngp nc thng khng li cho c nng sinh l ca r la, tuy rng cy
la nc c m thng kh vn chuyn oxi t l xung r, c th nh oxi tit ra t r
thch ng vi trng thi kh oxi, nhng cng vi nhit tng ln, s kh oxi ca t
tng mnh v tch lu cng nhiu cc loi cht b kh nh metan, axit hu c, H
2
S, cui
cng lm cho la khng thch ng c v b thi r. Kt qu lm suy gim s ht cht
dinh dng ca cy la, thm ch gy ra cc bnh sinh l nh bnh la c (Straight
head), bnh kh , bnh kh m l v bnh ng thau (Bronzing).
trng thi ngp nc, xi ho ln trn mt rung nc nh khuch tn v thm
thu m b sung vo t. Oxi ho ln trn mt rung nc, do quang hp ca cc loi
to m thay i tng ngy, trong iu kin chiu sng c th t 12 -14 mg/lt Oxi ny
thm thu xung t nh nc (tc thm thu tng ng s milimet su nc
gim mt ngy). Nhng trn 95% oxi ho ln trn mt rung nc tiu dng cho vi sinh
vt sng lp 2 cm b mt, v th oxi nh thm thu qua nc cung cp cho vng r b
hn ch rt ln (bng 3.3). T cho thy, ngp nc i vi s sinh trng pht trin
ca la nc c tnh hai mt hon ton i lp nhau.
Bng 3.3. Lng oxi ho ln (mg/l) vo trong nc trong t nh thm thu qua nc
(Tanaka, 1970)
X l
Ngy gi ly mu
V tr ly mu
Ngy
19/8
13
gi
Ngy
20/8
14
gi
Ngy
21/8
6 gi
Ngy
22/8
13 gi
20 pht
Ngy
31/8
13
gi
Ngy
9/9
13
gi
Ngy
13/9
13
gi
i chng
Nc trn t
Nc trong t
(2cm)
Nc trong t
(12cm)
9,4
0,4
0,4
9,0
0,4
0,7
3,0
0,4
0,6
9,1
0,2
0,5
6,4
0,3
0,3
14,1
0,4
0,5
13,1
0,6
0,4
Nc
thm thu
Nc trn t
Nc trong t
(2cm)
Nc trong t
(12cm)
11,4
0,3
0,3
12,2
0,6
0,6
4,4
0,5
0,6
12,2
0,5
0,7
9,0
0,4
0,3
13,3
0,3
0,2
10,3
0,3
0,3
gii quyt mu thun trong cch ti ngp nc nh vy, t trc n nay
c bin php tho nc tm thi, phi rung gia v phng thi r. Thi k phi
rung gia v tng ng vo thi k sau nhnh khi tc dng kh oxi ca t rt
mnh, trc khi sp pht sinh thi r nhiu. Lc ny, ng l thi k cy la c tnh
chng chu vi s thiu nc mnh nht trong c thi gian sinh trng ca n, qua mt
92
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s ngy rt nc ngm trong t s c th phng trnh thi r. vng m p, do tc
dng kh oxi ca t rt mnh, nn p dng rng ri bin php phi rung gia v. i
vi t m t hoc dng qu nhiu phn xanh v qu mu m dn ti chm chn, bin
php ny cng c hiu qu. Trong khi ti ngp nc, xen vo mt thi gian phi kh
rung gia v, c th khc phc phn ln mu thun do ti ngp nc gy ra, lm cho
sn xut la pht trin ln trnh cao hn.
Hai vn mi ca cch ti ngp nc
Sn xut la nc qua qu trnh pht trin: khng ti - ti gin on - ti ngp nc
- ti ngp nc + phi rung gia v, chnh l khc phc hn hn, gim nh tc hi ca
c di, duy tr mu m ca t v trnh c tc hi do trng lin tc. Nhng ngh trng
la ti ngp nc hin nay ng trc vn lm th no iu tit hiu lc phn m v tit
kim nc. Vit Nam v nhiu nuc trng la khc, thu c nng sut la cao trn din
tch t ai c hn, s dng ngy cng nhiu phn bn, nht l phn m. Trong iu kin
lng phn cao, khi iu kin kh tng (chiu sng, nhit ...) bin i tht thng, s ht
m ca la nc thng hay trng thi qu tha, do dn n lp v . nng cao
kh nng lm du i vi nhng bin i kh tng, bin php thng p dng trc y l
dng ging chu phn chng , phng tr su bnh, bn phn nhiu ln... Nhng quan trng
nht l iu tit s ht m tng ng vi bin i iu kin kh tng. Vn th hai l li
dng hp l nc. Lng nc tiu dng cho trng la l 10.000 - 14.000 m
3
/ha, dn n
mu thun ngy cng ln vi nc dng cho cng nghip v thnh ph. Do , h thng qun
l nc hp l cn c nghin cu.
Quan h gia lng nc trong t v s sinh trng pht trin ca la
Vi iu kin nc trong t nh th no th la nc mi c th sinh trng v cho
nng sut tt nht l ti quan trng ni r s din bin h thng sinh thi la nc. V
quan h gia lng nc trong t vi s sinh trng pht trin v nng sut ca la nc
c nhiu nghin cu ch r: nng sut la nc ngy cng tng theo lng nc trong
t, t ngp nc thng c th c nng sut cao nht, la thiu nc th nng sut gim,
nht l t thi k lm ng n khi tr m gp hn th gim nng sut cng r. Lng nc
cn ca la nc l 280 -310 gam, bng hoc hi nhiu hn cc cy trng cn. V s tiu
dng nc sinh l, la nc khng nht thit c bit cn ngp nc, n ch cn nc cung
cp cho tiu hao bc thot hi nc l c. Bng 4.3 ch r s bin i nng sut ca la
nc v la cn trng trng thi t ngp nc, m t v kh. iu kin nc y l
khu ngp nc c mc nc su 5 cm, khu m t c mc nc ngm -5 cm, khng ngp
nc; khu t cn iu tit nc trong trng thi c lng cha nc ng rung bnh
thng (lng cha nc ln nht) hoc gn nh th. Bng 4.3 cho thy nng sut trong
iu kin t cn hu nh hn hn so vi iu kin ngp nc. t cn, s d tng nng
sut l do gim nh hin tng thi r, thc y phn gii cht hu c t, tng s ht
m ln mt cch tng ng. iu ni r iu kin cung cp nc v dinh dng v c
c quan h ti nng sut, ngp nc khng nht thit l iu kin khng th thiu c i
vi s sinh trng, pht trin ca la nc.
93
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94
hi nc ca la nc tng ln theo s sinh trng, pht trin t thi
k l
t v t cn
Ging iu kin nng sut
nh khi Trng lng bng
R ca la nc phn b
nng hn so vi cc cy trng
t cn. Trn 90% s r v trng
lng r la nc iu kin
t cn c phn b trong lp
t 20cm di mt t, cho nn
phm vi ht nc v dinh dng
v c tht nh hp. T hnh 4.3
c th thy: la nc trng t
cn, lng tiu dng nc
tng t mt rt ln, d vo cui
i r n rt su, mc tiu
dng nc tng mt t (0-
20cm) vn chim 80%. La cn
th ngc li, tiu dng nc
tng t su nhiu, tnh chng
hn kho. Khi lng nc trong t tng ng vi 75-100 % lng cha nc ln
nht, quang hp ca la nc s khng bin ng v nc, nhng nu thp hn 75%
th gim thp nhanh chng. iu kin nc trong t dn ti s gim thp quang hp th
la nc cao hn u tng v lc. T cho thy, la nc l mt loi cy trng d b
gim nng sut cht kh khi s ht nc v thot hi nc trng thi khng cn bng.
Lng thot
19 - 23 / 7
0,8 0
55%
28
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
58%
35
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
16 - 20 / 8
0.8 0
Hnh 4.3. Tiu dng nc cc lp t khc nhau
ca la cn v la nc trng cn (trch dn t
"trng la nc trn t cn" ca Hasegawa)
La nc
La cn
52%
20
7
32%
28
15
13
12
m ng t din tch l ln nht n thi k tr bng, mt ngy c th n 7-8mm.
La nc trng thng xuyn trng thi t cn th gim nng sut.
Bng 4.3. Nng sut la nc iu kin t ngp nc, m
(Tanaka, 1970)
Si
(g/m
2
) (g/m
2
)
Manryo
1.755
Ngp nc
m t
t cn
1.100
956
521
437
666
Kusabue
c Ngp n
m t
t cn
1.033
1.015
1.622
470
446
465
Tachiminoru
c
1.142
Ngp n
m t
t cn
945
1.724
472
534
811
La np Norin - 1
c
1.039
Ngp n
m t
t cn
960
1.634
500
498
728
Ghi ch: Manryo e l ging la nc;
Tachiminoru v la np Norin - 1 l ging la cn.
v Kusabu
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95
t ngp nc trn di 10
ng c th thu c nng sut
bng
i i vi c nng sinh l ca la nc, m l do
la n
ng sut l do tng s ht m.
Nhng ph t (NO - N) nu gp ma tht
th
Nhng nu ly thi k lm ng lm trung tm, cho
ngy, cn cc thi k cn li d vn trng thi t cn, c
nh thng xuyn ngp nc.
T cho thy, la nc s d thng tin hnh trng trt trng thi ngp nc
khng phi v khng ngp nc bt l
c l cy r nng, trng thi khng ngp nc h gp ma tht thng d b
thiu nc, nht l trc v sau thi k lm ng, thiu nc khi lng thot hi nc
ln nht s nh hng xu n nng sut la.
Quan h ca s vn ng nc vi m trong t
Nh trn nu, la nc khu t cn tng n
n ln m y l m dng v c trong
3
ng hoc bin ng mc nc ngm, d b ra tri v mt m, do m khng n
nh. Di y s cp n vn mc nc ngm cao thp nh hng n s vn
ng nc t cn, quan h ca s bin i chu k v lng thm thu ca n vi hm
lng m dng v c trong t.
0
100
200
300
400
500
NH
3
-N
3
n
g
mg N/100g
NO
3
-N
NH
3
-NO
N
c
m
t
r
u
L
p
t
r
n
L
p
g
i
a
L
p
d
i
C
n
g
L
p
t
r
n
L
p
g
i
a
L
p
d
i
C
n
g
Mc n m c ngm + 7c 0 cm
L
p
t
r
n
L
p
g
i
a
L
p
C
i
n
g
L
p
t
r
n
L
p
g
i
a
L
p
d
i
C
n
g
L
p
t
r
n
L
p
g
i
a
L
p
C
i
n
g
-10 cm
-20 cm -30 cm
Hnh 5.3. Quan h c gm n
trong t (Tanaka, 1970)
Lp gi
gia m nc n v m d g v c
Ghi ch: Lp trn: 0 - 10 cm
a: 10 - 20 cm
Lp di: 20 - 30 cm
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96
nh 5.3 ni r hm lng m dng v c (NH
3
- N v NO
3
- N) ca t tng ln
r r
o nhanh chng, nu khng
bn
ng do ma, ti v
chy
c t
cn,
hm
goi
c
y
n
H
t khi mc nc ngm h thp n 20cm cch mt t. Lm h thp mc nc
ngm, tr thnh trng thi t cn, ni chung c th thc y hot ng ca vi khun
ho kh, gim bt s mt m, dn ti tng thm m dng v c trong t. Nhng phn
ln m dng v c ca khu t cn l m dng nitrat, trc khi c la nc ht,
nu gp bin ng mc nc ngm hay ma, d b mt mt.
Ngoi ra, iu kin t cn, cht hu c ca t tiu ha
phn chung hay phn rc th lng m v c s t hn khu ngp nc. y l
mt vn cn quan tm ca vic trng trt c ti nc t cn.
Trn thc t, mc nc ngm ca rung i tr thng bin
ngm, lm cho t trng thi lc t lc kh. Hnh 6.3 cho thy nh hng lp i
lp li trng thi t cn v t t (trng thi bo ho nc) do bin i chu k mc
nc ngm, tr s trong hnh l sau 30 ngy bt u lm th nghim.
C th thy m dng v mg/100 gam t kh
rong t gim r rt do
bin ng mc nc ngm.
Loi m ny b mt mt
nhiu ch yu do mc nc
ngm bin ng lm cho qu
trnh oxi ho v kh oxi trong
t xen nhau lin tip, do
dn ti mt m. V vy,
gi c hm lng m
dng v c cao hn trong t,
phi n nh mc nc ngm,
lm cho t gi c trng
thi oxi ho hay kh oxi.
Ngc li, nh ti gin on
cho thy, khi t trng thi
oxi ho v kh oxi c tnh
cht chu k lp i lp li th
s mt m s tng ln.
trng thi t
lng m v c ca t
gim xung gn thnh ng
thng theo lng thm nc, n
dng nitrat ca tng t mt di ng xung tng su v ch nng oxi thp hn, s
lng ny khng nh. Ngi ta dng
s mt mt nh trn ra, cn lng m mt do m
15
N tin hnh th nghim, khi nng oxi l
19%, bn m dng nitrat b mt i 16% do mt m, khi nng oxi l 4,2%, m bn
b mt i 52%, iu ni r kh nng pht sinh mt m tng do oxi gim.
t
n
g
p
n
t
h
n
g
x
u
m
8
1
0
n
g
n
2
n
g
y
y
m
t
h
x
u
y
n
g
t
5
n
g
n
5
n
g
y
v
y
(A)
t
2
n
g
n
8
n
g
y
v
t
c
n
t
h
x
u
y
n
g
18
amonsunfat
canxi nitrat
16
m
d
n
g
v
Hnh 6 nh ng s hu
m t
Ghi ch: m
3
- N,
(B) ) ) (F) (E (C) (D
2
0
6
4
10
8
12
14
.3. h ca bin ng c k
c nc ngm i vi m dng v c trong
(Tanaka - 1970)
dng v c l NH
3
- N + NO
lng phn bn l 7,3 mg N/100 g t kh
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97
thi ngp
nc
mc
nc p nc khng phi l khng th thiu i vi s
sinh
i
trong t c m -
n khu ngp nc; v khi -20 cm tr ln th khng thy sai
khc
ng ngc li vi lng ht m;
ln
v gim nng sut; loi m t va v loi m t cn th khong gia.
Hm lng m dng v c trong t trng thi khng ngp nc chu nh hng
ca lng ma nhiu t v mc nc ngm cao thp, nu so snh vi trng
th t trng thi dng tc trng thi c li tr thnh trng thi m, bt li.
Ti gin on v ti mun
Nh trn nu, hm lng m dng v c ca t c th c iu tit nh
ngm cao thp v vic ti ng
trng pht trin ca la nc. Phn ny vi mt phng php thc dng iu tit
hiu lc phn, tc l ti nc tng t lm xut hin lp i lp li chu k trng thi
ngp nc v khng ngp nc, vi cch ti gin on nh vy em so snh vi cch
ti mun khng ngp nc trong thi k nhnh, bt u ngp nc t thi k hnh
thnh ng v cch ti sm ngp nc t thi k nhnh n thi k chn, ni r
nhng c trng v hiu qu ca cc cch ti khc nhau.
Hnh 7.3 cho thy hiu qu
ca ti gin on v ti mun
vi s ht dinh dng v
nng sut, tc l mc nc ngm
v lng ma lin h vi cch
ti khc nhau thi k
nhnh (tng ng vi thi k
khng ngp nc v ca cch
ti mun), chia lm bn loi sau
y: loi m t mc nc ngm
cao, ma nhiu; loi m t va
mc nc ngm cao, ma t; loi
t cn mc nc ngm thp,
ma nhiu v loi kh cn mc
nc ngm thp, ma t.
Phn loi nh vy, m v c
20cm tr xung, nhiu h
n, nh hnh 23, khi mc nc ng
c ngha. Ngoi ra, lng thot hi nc ca thi k nhnh l t 4-6
mm/ngy. Ni mc nc ngm cao l mc nc bnh qun trong khong t -7 cm n
-18 cm; ni thp l trong khong t -25 cm n -35 cm; ma nhiu th bnh qun l 5,0-
5,3 mm/ngy, ma t th bnh qun l 3,0 mm/ngy.
Hnh 7.3 cho thy, lng ht m ca loi t m t gim, loi t cn v loi kh
cn th c tng ln. Nhng lng ht Mn c chiu h
g ht ln v silic u gim tt c cc loi, r nht l loi kh cn. V nng sut,
hnh 8.3 cho thy, khng ch c quan h vi iu kin nc m cn c quan h vi
lng m bn. loi m t, th t phn: gim nng sut, nhiu phn: khng sai khc,
rt nhiu phn: tng nng sut; loi kh cn th t phn: khng sai khc, nhiu phn: b
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
N P K Si Mn N P K Si Mn N P K Si Mn N P K Si Mn
t phn
Nhiu phn
t phn
hn
Ti mun
Nhiu p
Ti gin on
Mc nc m: Cao Cao Thp Thp
Lng m Nhiu t Nhiu t
Hnh h
ng
a:
7.3. nh ng ca ti mun v
ti gin on i vi s ht dinh dng v c
ca la nc (Tanaka, 1970)
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98
h trn ti, gia nhng
thay i ny v nng quan h biu hin bng
ph c hai sau y:
2
Da vo cng th
2
Ngha l hiu qu ng
m cy la thay ng m tt nht. D on l tr s tt
nht un l nc
cng
c cho la
t v
ln a, mt kiu kh hu thch hp
cho
xut la nc v mi trng ca n pht trin trng thi n nh hn (hnh 9.3).
1,8kg/a-N
1,2kg/a-N
0,6kg/a-N
0,3kg/a-N
Ti
mun
N nu, s ht m ca cy la nc c thay i do cch
sut trong iu kin kh tng nht nh c
ng trnh b
Y = 14,42 + 6,79 X - 0,33 X
2
(1)
Y: l khi lng go lt (kg/a)
X: l hm lng m ca cy la nc thi k lm ng (g/m ).
R = 0,901 (h s tng quan)
c ny, tm ra hm lng m tt nht l 10,35 g/m .
nh mc st gn ca hm l ca cc cch ti quyt
i do cch ti so vi hm l
ny cn c quan h vi lng chiu sng nhiu hay t; ng nhin, q
l mt trong nhng con ng quan trng t n tr s tt nht ny.
S bin i cch ti v ngha sinh thi ca n
Phn ny s i n kt lun nh v ngha sinh thi ca cc cch ti n
trng ni trn. Trng la Vit Nam v c bn chu nh hng ca nhi
g ma. Kh hu Vit Nam l kh hu nhit i gi m
la nc sinh trng pht trin. Nhng nhit v lng ma khc nhau tu theo
vng v bin ng r rt theo nm. lm du nhng nguy hi do bin ng ca iu
kin t nhin - kh hn v gi rt, nh vn thng ni, ti ngp nc c tc dng quan
trng. Khng ch nh vy, ti ngp nc cn c ch s tiu hao mu m ca t,
gim c di, trnh tc hi do trng lin tc, hon thnh v sn xut nm ny li m bo
chc chn iu kin ti sn xut nm sau. V th, trng thi ny c th lm cho sn
Ti
g n
M c ngm: Cao Cao Thp Th
L a: Nhiu t Nhiu t
Hnh 8.3. nh hng ca ti mun v ti gin on
a, 1970)
110
100
90
1,8kg/a-N
1,2kg/a-N
0,6kg/a-N
0,3kg/a-N
80
in o
70
60
c n p
ng m
i vi khi lng go lt (Tanak
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99
Th
nhiu trng thi qu tha m, hin ti
s m o
nng cao iu kin
m qu tha, nhng do cch ti ny c tc dng
n mc
no.
Hnh 9
Trng la kt hp ti ngp
nc c nhin c th lm cho sn
xut n nh, nhng cng em li
mt s tc hi nh sinh ra thi r.
Ti t cn
Tit kim nc
i r xy ra nhiu vng m p,
t m thp giu cht hu c hoc
trong rung nc c hm lng st
thp, l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn ch yu cn tr sn
xut la. V th, thc hin phi
rung gia v (lm thot nc
ngm) phng chn thi r c tc
dng quan trng khc phc mu
thun do ti ngp nc. Kt hp
ti ngp nc v phi rung gia
v c th lm cho nng sut la
nc tng ln ch yu da vo
cung cp nc n nh v bn
nhiu phn. Da vo bn nhiu
phn c nng sut cao ch yu
b iu kin kh tng, chiu
sng v nhit hn ch. Nht l
tnh trng chiu sng v nhit
thay i khc thng theo tng
nm, thng lm cho la nc bn
ngoi cch ti gin on thc y
khc. Ti gin on c nhin c th
kh tng, do c ch lp do ht
c ch ht m tng i ln, v vy v nguyn tc ch thch hp vi iu kin trng
trt nhiu phn. Then cht ca vic tng nng sut la nc l lm th no trong iu
kin thi tit c th, n gn vi lng ht m tt nht v loi tr nhng cht c hi
sinh ra trong t. Nhiu phn kt hp vi ti gin on c th lm cho nng sut la
nc tin ti n nh v tng bc tin st gn ti trng thi n nh ca n.
Ti mun v ti t cn c th hiu l phng hng pht trin ca ti gin
on. Thot nc c th gim bt thi r, nhng s cung cp nc v cht dinh dng
v c li tr nn khng do thiu n nh. Hiu qu ca cc cch ti ny nh th
no, ch yu nht l xem s cung cp nc v cht v c c th n nh
Ti mun
phn vo
t m, vn cha c bin php thch ng n
tnh thch ng vi s thay i
Tin hnh trng la nc trng thi t cn, nu lng nc trong t gi c
trng thi lng cha nc ng rung ln nht hoc gn nh th, th c th thu c
.3. S bin i cch ti la nc v
cc nhn t lin quan vi n
Tit kim nc
T in on
Nhiu phn dn ti tha m
i g
Ng ng gia chng p nc + phi ru
Thi r
Ti
trng lin tc
i
Cung cp dinh dng khng n nh
n
ngp nc
Tc hi rt
Tc hi
Tc hi c d
Tc hi h
Khng ti
X
X
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nng sut bng hoc thm ch cao hn trng trt ngp nc. Nhng ti t cn kh m
thch ng c vi s thay i nhit v ma, nht l cht dinh dng chy mt khi
ma nhiu, kh bo m cung cp nc khi ma. B r la tng i nng, li dng
c t cht dinh dng v nc lp t su, nht l thi k t hnh thnh ng n
tr bng vi lng thot hi nc ln, nng sut cht kh d b gim do thiu nc. S
thay i lng nc trong t tt nhin lin quan ti s ht cht dinh dng v c, nht
l ln v silic tr ln khng n nh. Ngoi ra, mi trng sinh hc ca la nc - c
di, bnh truyn nhim trong t.... do trng thi khng ngp nc (ti t cn hoc
ti mun) lu di s tr nn phc tp hn so vi trng thi ngp nc.
Ti ngp nc s d c s dng rng ri v c th c ch r rt c di v d lm
c bng tay hoc bng my. M v Italia, nh ti nc su v lun canh rung nc
- t cn phng tr c di, c hiu qu tit kim sc lao ng lm c r rt. im ny
d k thut tr c c pht trin nhy vt nh ngy nay cng khng cho php coi thng.
Cn
thut hin nay. Do cn
pht
t s loi n nh nht thch hp vi iu kin thch ng ca n - ch yu
l iu kin kh hu (nhit , ma) v t ai. Cn s phn b v nng sut ca cy
yt nh m cn chu nh hng ca lch
s c
ni v su bnh hi lan truyn trong t, m bo iu kin ti sn xut ca la
nc, tc hi do trng lin tc l mt vn . La nc trng lin tc lu di hu nh
khng dn ti tc hi nh cy trng cn. Ngi ta thy rng, iu kin ti t cn,
hi do trng lin tc ca la cn tuyt nhin khng nh i. Trong iu kin ti mun
cho ngp nc t thi k hnh thnh ng, th khng thy hi do trng lin tc. Cn khi
gieo thng rung kh (thi k u nhnh trng thi t cn) thy c tc hi ca
mt loi tuyn trng. Tc hi trng lin tc khc nhau do cc iu kin nh loi cy
trng, s nm trng lin tc, iu kin kh tng, t ai... quyt nh; khi tin hnh lu
di ti mun trng thi t cn th d c kh nng b hi.
Tm li, t ti gin on n ti mun v pht trin cho n ti t cn, tt
nhin lin quan ti nhiu vn gp phi trong qu trnh khng ti nc n ti
ngp nc nh khng n nh cung cp nc v cht dinh dng, tc hi ca c di...
Nhng vn ny cn ang kh gii quyt vi trnh k
trin thnh mt lot phng thc ti ph hp, t ti gin on n ti mun v
ti t cn.
3. Trng cy thch hp vi vng t trng
Thm cy thin thin tri qua din th t nhin, a s tr thnh qun x n nh
(climax) vi m
trng khng hon ton do iu kin t nhin qu
i tin phng php to ging, phng php trng trt v nh hng ca hot ng
x hi. C th ly vic trng la Vit Nam lm th d ni r s ci bin cy trng
ng vng t theo s pht trin ca k thut. Ng ca nc M cng l mt th d v
trng cy ng vng t trng. Mc ny s bn v nhng quan h gia nng sut cy
trng v vng sinh thi thch hp.
100
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Bin i theo vng v nng sut la ca Vit Nam
Bng 5.3. Nng sut la h thu v ng xun ti cc vng khc nhau t nm 1995-2003
Nng sut la h thu (tn/ha)
Khu vc
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003
ng bng sng Hng 4,17 5,09 4,89 5,30 4,83
ng Bc 2,80 4,03 3,62 3,77 3,96
Ty Bc 2,17 2,45 2,69 2,76 2,91
Bc Trung B 2,48 2,87 3,24 3,46 3,65
Duyn hi Nam Trung B 2,54 3,05 3,22 3,19 3,45
Ty Nguyn 2,14 2,80 3,05 2,84 3,39
ng Nam B 2,48 2,69 2,98 3,18 3,25
ng bng sng Cu Long 2,89 3,12 3,39 3,41 3,67
Nng su t la n/ha) ng xun (t
ng bng sng Hng 4,71 5,97 5,79 5,99 6,13
ng Bc 2,95 4,56 4,47 4,65 4,87
Ty Bc 3,50 4,74 4,77 4,94 5,18
Bc Trung B 3,65 4,91 4,95 5,32 5,44
Duyn hi Nam Trung B 3,52 4,36 4,49 5,07 5,13
Ty Nguyn 3,85 4,98 4,96 4,28 4,72
ng Nam B 3,52 3,95 3,94 4,15 4,23
ng bng sng Cu Long 5,16 5,26 5,04 5,70 5,66
Ngun: Tng cc thng k (2004)
mng thng Tm (1945 nay su c c ta n
k nhau gia cc vng v su t k au i
k v gia cc vng sinh thi. Bng 5.3 cho thy nng sut la bnh qun ng bng
sng ong lun cao hn cc vng khc, ph hp vi iu
kin
T sau Cch ) n , nng t la a n tng l
hng ngng, nhng s khc nng t li r hc nh theo th
Hng v ng bng sng Cu L
a hnh v t ph sa rt thun li cho sn xut la hai vng ny. Mt khc, nng
sut la v ng xun c xu hng cao hn v h thu ti nhiu vng ca c nc.
101
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102
Nng sut la nc, trn mt hnh thi c th biu th l: s bng/m
2
t l chn
khi lng nghn ht. Munekata xt n c trng hnh thi la nc thi k tr bng,
nhit khng kh v chiu sng thi k chn, ra cng thc tnh nng sut sau y:
N S
Y = . a
v
.
N + 50.000
.
S + 500
f
.
(LB,T) (1)
Trong :
N: s bng/ Y: khi lng go lt; S: lng chiu sng bnh qun ngy
30 ngy sau khi u; T: n ng kh bnh qun ng C)
trong 3 hi tr : khi lng phin l/m
2
; F (LB,T): ch
iu ng tng hp ca LB v T so vi nng sut (tnh c bng th
dng ngc li i vi nng sut. V nh hng ca
n
ng nh nhit thp
u
go g
khc nhau theo iu kin kh tng thi k ch
m
2
;
trong tr hit kh y (
0
0 ngy sau k u; LB
s h
tnh ton); a
v
: h s ging; : ch s hiu ng ca nhng nhn t cha bit
ngoi N, LB, S, T, a
v
.
Ni chung, nng sut tnh ra bng cng thc ny tng ln theo s bng/m
2
v lng
chiu sng tng ln, trn mt a im no th gn nh l nht nh. Nhng thi k
chn, khi nhit khng kh cao (27
0
C tr ln) nu lng chiu sng mt tri iu
kin 450cal/cm
2
/ngy, th li c tc
hit thi k chn, nh hnh 10.3 cho thy, ch s nng sut ca bt k ging no
cng u thnh ng cong ti thch m im nh ng vi 20 - 22
0
C, hn na, ng
cong v pha nhit thp th h thp rt
nhanh, v pha nhit cao th h thp chm
hn. Matsusima nghin cu nh hng ca
chnh lch nhit ngy m trong thi k
chn i vi t l chn ca la nc. Kt qu
chng minh: t l chn cao xut hin tnh
hnh nhit ngy 26
0
C, m 16
0
C ( nhit
bnh qun 21
0
C), nu nhit / ngy v nhit
/m qu cao hoc qu thp, t l chn u
gim thp. Ngoi ra, nhit thch hp li
chu nh hng ca iu kin chiu sng,
chiu sng mnh thm, nhit thch hp
cng cao ln tng ng.
Nh trn ni, nhit tt nht, trong
thi k chn quyt nh nng sut cui cng
ca la nc l tng i thp, do iu
kin nhit qu cao c
nhit khng kh bnh qun
trong 30 ngy sau khi tr u
Hnh 10.3. Quan h ca nhit
khng kh bnh qun trong 30 ngy
sau tr u v ch s hiu chnh ng
su au
(a
a
u qu
n
t ca cc ging la khc nh
gi c quan h vi vic tr hi l s
chiu sng thi k chn)
(Munekata, 1967)
c tc dng ngc i vi nng sut.
Hnh 11.3 cho thy quan h ca nng sut lt vi thi k tr u ca cc vn
n, ni r nng sut la Okayama,
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l thp hn Akaisi thuc vng
cao
g sinh thi t
kin kh tng v rng sng
owa lm trung tm, l
vng
tch
103
Maehasi nm vng ng bng m p,
nhn vo thi k tr u thch hp nht,
r rng
rt hay Morioka ng Bc. iu
c ngha l nguyn nhn tng nng
sut vi mc cao ca vng gi rt
nh ng Bc l vic s dng rung
m bo v lm cho la tr sm ln
nhiu, lm cho thi k chn kt hp
c vi iu kin chiu sng mnh
ca thng 8, hn na nhit thi k
ny ng gn vi nhit thch hp
(21
0
C). T cho thy, vng thch hp
ca cy trng khng phi l khng thay
i, m thay i do ci cch phng
php trng trt.
Nng sut ng ca nc M v vn
nc M, ngi ta da vo iu
khc nhau, tng ng chia ra: vnh ai ng, vnh ai la m ng, vnh ai la m xun,
vnh ai bng v vnh ai cy nhit i. T vng rng n vng ng c cao u c
th trng ng mt cch rng ri, nht l vng ly min trung I
hch hp
t ai ca mi t
sn xut ng chnh. Ngi ta phn
hm lng m trong t ca cc vng
trng ng ca bang Mixixipi, v nghin
cu quan h gia N% trong t, nhit vi
nng sut ng (hnh 12.3), v thy hm lng
m trong t rng v t ng c h thp
hm s m theo nhit tng ln. Nng sut
ng bang Iowa vi bnh qun nm 10
0
C
(50
0
F) l cao nht, nhng nhit tng ln
na th nng sut li thp xung v gn thnh
t l vi s gim N% trong t. l mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn khin nng sut
ng thp hn vng nhit cao hn, iu
ni r l do nhit cao, cht hu c t
b tiu hao, tt nhin gim dinh dng cho
cy trng.
Mt khc, khi nhit bnh qun nm
trn 10
0
C, d N% trong t rt cao, nng sut
ng vn thp, chng t nhit tr thnh
10
20
0,1
30
40
0,2
0,3
32
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
70
n
g
s
u
(
b
u
s
)
it bnh qun nm
0
F
0
N
t
b
n
h
q
u
n
n
h
e
l
/
a
c
r
a
)
m
t
r
o
n
g
t
(
%
H
m
l
n
g
Nh
Hnh 12.3. Quan h nng s
i m ca t v nhit
(Jenny, 1990)
Ghi ch
N ca t ng c
ut ng
v
:
Nng sut ng
N ca tng mt t rng
N ca tng di t rng
Merioka
Maehasi
Okayama (t bng
ca Chuzoku
Akaisi (vng ni ca Chuzoku)
N: 30,000
LB: 200
400
500
65
700
(kg)
0
600
550
450
Thng 7 Thng 8 Thng 9
Hnh 11.3. ng sut
v c nhau
1 2030 10 20 30 10 2030 10
Thi k tr u
Quan h gia n
thi k tr kh
(Munekata, 1967)
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104
nh ai bng (vng nhit cao
pha
Khai khn rng v ng c m ra a bn c iu kin chiu sng tt hn cho
oi ngi trong thc tin sn
xut
nng
ng nh theo v
p hn, kho
nhn t hn ch. Wallace v Brassama cng cho rng v
Nam) nu t mu m cng c th tr thnh vng ng mnh. H cn c vo cc
im nng sut cao dng nhiu phn trng dy t 200 bushel/acr tr ln hu nh u
cc vng pha Nam. Do c ngi cho rng vng nhit cao, nng sut ng thp
c lin quan vi tnh hnh su bnh hi nhiu, nc thiu do ma phn b khng ng
u. T cho thy, vnh ai ng ca nc M trn mc rt ln l b mu m
ca t hn ch chu nh hng ca nhit, m. Klages (1949) cho rng, mt cy
trng no thch ng vi vng t no thng biu hin l nng sut cao ng u
v tng i t thay i qua cc nm. Nng sut ng ca cc vnh ai ng nc M cao
hn so vi cc vng khc v t bin ng, cng tc l ng ca vanh ai ng, ng nh
qun th n nh ca thm cy thin nhin climax, gi c trng thi tng i n
nh vi mi trng.
4. S cn bng nng lng ca qun th cy trng
cy trng, tc l sn xut nng nghip hnh thnh. L
nng nghip chn ra mt s ging cy trng c kh nng li dng bc x mt
tri cao hn, ng thi nh iu tit s cung cp nc v dinh dng, tm ra con
ng li dng nng lng nh sng
mt tri vi mc ngy cng cao.
S phn b nng lng nh
sng v quang hp ca thc vt
Ngun nng lng ca sinh vt,
bt ngun trc tip hay gin tip t
lng bc x mt tri. Thc vt
mu xanh lc hp th nng lng mt
tri, ng thi li dng ho nng do
CO
2
, nc v cht v c sinh ra trong
qu trnh quang hp, to thnh cc loi
cht hu c c nng lng. Nng
lng m thc vt mu xanh lc c
nh c trong h sinh thi, c
ng vt v sinh vt d dng khc
tiu dng, bin thnh nhit v to i
mt. Cng nng lng mt tri
lp trn kh quyn l khong 1,9 cal
cm
-2
pht
-1
, gi l hng s mt tri. C
. vng v cao, cao mt tri th
quyn di, cng nh sng v th gim thp. Th d lng tng bc x mt tri vo
tit xun phn c lng my u, 40
u sng n mt t khc nha
ng cch m nh sng xuyn qua kh
0
v Bc thp hn 30% so vi gn xch o.
1
4
Thng
3
Xch o
12
Hnh 13.3. Quan h ca v v lng t
x m t i (Berliand)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2
bc t r
1) Xch o; 2) 20 v Bc;
3) 40
0
v Bc; 4) 60
0
v Bc
ng
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105
c x
mt
kin
u sng
ca
hch ng vi c t
t, i cn sng li, cng vi nh hng do con ngi
Nng lng nh sng mt ngy m thc vt tip thu khng nhng c quan h vi
cng nh sng m cn chu nh hng ca thi gian chiu sng. Lng tng b
tri ca ngy nng (hnh 13.3) gn xch o c nm gn nh c nh (khong 650
cal/cm
2
/ngy). vng v cao, c thay i r rt theo ma, lng tng bc x mt tri
vo cui xun n ma h li nhiu hn gn xch o. Tc sinh trng v thi gian
sinh trng ca cy trng vng v cao, tuy b nhit hn ch r rt, nhng chiu
sng ngy di v nng lng nh sng phong ph ca ma h b li s hn ch ca
nhit thp, c tc dng quan trng i vi tnh n nh ca sn xut ng rung.
Yu t kh hu, nht l lng
my, c nh hng rt ln ti iu
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
10
30
50
60
Cng chiu sng
Hnh 14 S k nha a c i
phn ng nh s, 1963)
G
si (Querous L.) nhiu loi thc vt thn g
thch (Aceracaea) (thc vt chu rm)
chiu sng. iu kin chiu
sng vng nhit i c s khc
nhau gia ma ma v ma kh, s
gi chiu sng ca ma ma t hn
40 - 50% so vi ma kh.
Bn thn thc vt cng c th
lm thay i iu kin chi
40
20
mi trng. Cng nh sng
lt qua trong qun th cy trng
gim theo din tch l tng v cy
vn cao. Qun th la nc sinh
trng tt, thn l xanh tt, mc lt
sng gim cn 20% tr xung. C
di trong qun th cy trng cnh
tranh vi cy trng, tc pht trin
v sinh trng ca chng b s thay
i iu kin chiu sng trong qun
th cy trng chi phi rt ln.
Thc vt trong qu trnh tin
ho, khng ngng bin i t
.3. hc u gi c lo v
sng quang hp (Mos
hi ch:
Ng
C vt (c ba l , ci ng, thuc l)
Cy
Cy h
c iu kin chiu sng khc nhau trn m
qua o thi t nhin mt s lo
bi dc nh hng v mt nng hc, lm cho s la chn ca loi cng nhanh. S khc
nhau gia cc loi v cng quang hp vi cng chiu sng nh hnh 14.3, cc
cy trng nh ng, ma, c vt (Dactylis glometata)... trng iu kin ng rung
c mt tri chiu sng tt c cng quang hp cao hn mt s thc vt nh cc
cy h thch (aceraceae) sng trong hon cnh rng c s cnh tranh v chiu sng.
Ngoi ra, t vng v cao chuyn sang vng nhit i v thp, t t thp chuyn
ln ni cao, t vng tng i nhiu my sang vng tng i nhiu ngy nng cng v
, loi thc vt c cng quang hp cao hn cng nhiu.
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106
t C
3
(1[1])
gc n i nh
la m
rong rung khng nhng v
chn
trn, thc
vt t
di m
la
nc
o, t h.
Th d, cc thc vt C
4
nh ng, ma min gc nhit i trng iu kin chiu
sng mnh, cng quang hp ca chng cao hn cc thc v
, luzec hoa tm, ci ng, thuc l; hn na, phm vi thch ng nhit ca quang
hp cng cao hn. Thc vt C
4
cn c c tnh sinh l l nhu cu nc sn xut 1
gam cht kh t hn so vi thc vt C
3
. Trong thc vt ni cao thng c nhng loi c
cng quang hp cao hn, c th t 100 mgCO
2
/cm
2
h.
C di ch yu trn ng rung thng l thc vt C
4
, iu kin chiu sng
mnh, cng quang hp cao. C di s d sinh tn c t
g c tnh thch ng rng hn vi nc v nhit , thn l v r pht trin nhanh,
tc v s lng ny mm ca ht ging cao, m cn c quan h cht vi vic chng
c th li dng c y iu kin chiu sng tt ca ng rung v c cng
quang hp mnh.
Mc ht v hiu sut s dng nng lng ca qun th cy trng
Nh nu
rong qu trnh tin ho lu
t s loi thch ng c
vi iu kin chiu sng c
chn ra. Cc loi thc vt ny
trong thi gian sinh trng
tng i ngn nh m to
phin l v vn cao cy ln,
ht v c nh nng lng nh
sng vi mc ln nht.
Hnh 15.3 l s cn bng
nng lng ca qun th
trng thi sinh trng
bnh thng (ch s din tch
l ln nht l 3,5). nh sng
chiu ti trong qun th, mt
phn t tng mt qun th
phn x i, tng ng vi
17 20% ca nh sng chiu v rong sut thi gian sinh trng, chnh lch rt n
(
1[1]
) Thc vt C
3
giai on u kh CO
2
to ra PGA(C
3
) ca ng cacbon t RuDP (ribulodifofat).
Tri li, thc vt C
4
sinh ra t axit oxaloaxetic (C
4
) ca ng 4 cacbon t DEF (fotfoenola piruvat).
Thc vt C
3
c h h hp nh sng nh CO
2
di iu kin nh sng mt tri; thc vt C
4
khng c h h
hp nh sng. Trong quang hp ca thc vt C
3
c h hp nh sng xem ra l v dng, hin nay ngha
sinh hc ca hot ng vn cha r rng. V c trng gii phu hnh thi, l ca thc vt C
4
c bao
b mch c dip lc, thc vt C
3
khng c m ny. V th, vic c hay khng c bao b mch c dip lc
l mt u mi quan trng c th phn on mt cy cha bit no thuc thc vt C
3
hay C
4
. Phn
nhiu thc vt gc nhit i l thc vt C
4
nhng la nc l ngoi l, thuc thc vt C
3
.
Tr bng
Thng 8 Thng 9 Thng 10
a
1 11 21 21 1 11 1 11
20
30
%
70
60
50
40
%
n 15 hu n i cn b n lng
trong q a n ta 68)
M
c
n
n
g
l
a
t
M
c
p
h
n
x
n
g
l
n
g
(
a
)
m
c
l
t
q
u
a
(
t
)
n
g
(
o
C
)
ng ng
v ctv., 19
c (Mura
y .3. S c
un th l
h H
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107
ates v Loomis (1965), mc ht ca l vng mu xanh da
tri
ng lng (E ) v hiu
sut
E =
S
Mc ht nng lng ca qun th tng theo s sinh trng pht trin, sau khi tr bng
khong 20 ngy, t n tr s ln nht, khong 70%. Mc lt qua v mc ht i th l
c quan h nghch, khi thn l xum xu nht, mc lt qua gim nhiu, tng ng
di 20% nh sng chiu vo. S bin i v cn bng nng lng ny c quan h cht
ch vi s tng gim din tch l, tr bng v s bin i hnh dng cy tng ng.
Nhng mc ht nng lng nh sng ca l li c khc bit r rt do bc sng ca
quang ph mt tri. Theo G
(0,4 0,5 m) l 80 - 95 %, vng mu xanh lc (05 0,6 m) l 60 - 80 %, vng
mu (0,6 0,7 m) l 80 - 90% cn vng hng ngoi (0,7 1,1 m) th ch ht
5%, phn ln nng lng nh sng mt i theo phn x hoc lt qua. iu cho thy
l l c quan quang hp c c tnh ht la chn i vi nng lng ca bc sng hu
hiu (0,4 0,7 m) tin hnh cc phn ng quang ho hc.
Trong s nng lng nh sng m qun th cy trng ht th bao nhiu nng lng
c quang hp c nh? Biu th bng hiu sut chuyn i n
s dng nng lng (E) nh sau:
K.W K.W
E =
. S
K: nhit t 1 h la c l kho t trong thi gian
sinh trng hu nh khng i; W: lng tn t kh (g/m
2
); : t sut ht
nng
nng
qu
gam c t kh, n ng 3.760 cal/g, su
thay g ch
lng; S: lng chiu sng ca mt tri (cal/m
2
/ngy).
Hnh 16.3 ch r
hiu sut chuyn i
lng (E)
tng ng vi s sinh
trng pht trin ca
qun th la nc.
Trc khi tr bng c
tr s khong 4,7%,
thi k tr bng l
6,9%, l tr s ln
nht, sau gim rt
nhanh. Ni mt cch
khc, trong s nng
lng nh sng c
ht quang hp c nh
c khng qu 7%
(hiu sut s dng
nng lng l 3,7%),
phn rt ln nng
lng ht c b mt i a bc hi nhit v phng x nhit.
1
0
2
7
8
3
4
5
6
H
i
u
s
u
t
c
h
u
y
i
n
n
g
l
n
g
(
E
)
%
g/m
2
/ngy
L
n
g
t
n
g
c
h
t
k
h
W
)
40
30
20
10 Tr bng
W
E
21 1 10 21 1 11
Thng Thng Thng 10
Ngy thng
8 9
Hnh 16.3. S chuyn i hiu sut chuyn i
qun th c (Murata v ctv, 1968)
W
la n trong
nng lng
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108
l do
/ L ho gi dn n h thp cng quang hp.
sng li tng.
ng nh sng.
D
phi
ca ng rung
mt phn b tiu hao duy tr cc
hot
ng rung, lm thc n cho ngi v gia sc, trong
c m
Hnh 16.3 cho thy, hiu sut chuyn i nng lng sau khi tr thp i rt nhanh
:
1
2/ Cng quang hp ca bng thp nhng ht nh
3/ Gc m ca l nm ngang lm gim hiu sut s dng nng l
o , mt trong nhng phng php nng cao hiu sut chuyn i nng lng l
chn ging sau khi tr bng c t th thu nhn nh sng tt v bn phn hp l
nng cao cng quang hp.
5. S chuyn ho nng lng
Trong s nng lng c nh nh quang hp, c
ng sng ca thc vt, nh sinh tng hp v vn chuyn vt cht protit, lipit,
nhiu loi ng v s sinh trng, sinh sn ca bn thn thc vt. Trong , t l
lng h hp so vi tng lng quang hp c s khc nhau do t l gia phn ng ho
v phn khng ng ho ca qun th, do iu kin nhit , iu kin phn bn... theo
nghin cu qun th cy trng, hng nm l khong 30 40%. Trong s cht hu c
m cy trng sn xut ra c ti 70 90% b ly ra khi ng rung. Lng li ng
rung nh l rng, gc, r... rt t. Trong cc cy trng, t l gia lng li so vi
ton b lng cht hu c, t ln hn c l cy u tng, khong 30%; la cn, ng,
khoai,... ch khong 10 - 20%.
Cht hu c thu hoch t
t phn phn chung v phn rc tr li ng rung, cng vi lng cht hu c
cn li trn ng rung c vi sinh vt phn gii, bin thnh nhit v to vo khng
trung.
Lng bc x
553 x 10
3
3,72 x 10
3
3
ca mt tri
,72 x 10
3
0,93 x 10
3
0,24 x 10
Bng
Hnh 17.3. Lng tch tr nng lng c nh ca la nc
Thn
L
R
3
trong cc b phn (kcal/m
2
)
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Ghi ch: Hnh 17.3. cn c vo s liu ca Tri th nghim nng nghip Nagano
thc
dng nng
ln
u sut s dng nng lng
c
t
Hiu sut
s
hin theo "Chng trnh sinh hc quc t Nht Bn" (JIBP)
(2[2])
v nhm nghin
cu nng sut lc a (PP)
(3[3])
, mu ly l ging la Mantya, thi k ly mu l 27
thng 9 (la chn), tr s biu th bng kcal/m
2
. Nng lng tch tr ca cc c quan tnh
theo lng nhit to ra khi t (cal/g) lng cht kh (g/m
2
). Nhit t chy: bng =
4.040, l ti = 3.930, l kh = 3.580, thn (k c b l) = 3.400, r = 3.330.
Bng 6.3 trnh by mi quan h gia nng sut cht kh v hiu sut s
g ca cc loi cy trng khc nhau nhm phn tch quan h ca iu kin kh tng
v sn lng cy trng trong iu kin Nht Bn. Nng sut cy trng y t n
mc kh cao so vi cc nng h thng thng. Hiu sut s dng nng lng c s
khc bit tu cy trng, ng l cao nht, u tng l thp nht. Hiu sut s dng nng
lng cao nht m cc th nghim t c nh sau: La nc 1,64%, u tng
1,13%, ng 2,18%, ci ng 1,8%. Hiu sut s dng nng lng tnh theo nng sut
kinh t th ci ng l cao nht, u tng thp nht, theo ton b lng cht kh, th
tr s ny l 1/2 - 1/3 hiu sut s dng nng lng.
Bng 6.3. Quan h nng sut cht kh v hi
ca cc loi cy trng khc nhau (JIBP/PP, 1970)
Lng NAR
(4[4])
Trng lng ht
(g/m
2
din
ch l/ngy)
(trng lng c)
(tn/ha)
dng nng
lng (%)
ht kh
(tn/ha)
Hng mc
1967 1968 1967 1
Loi Nm
cy trng
1967 1968 1968 967 1968
La 15,05 14,64 11,54 15,86 6,08 6,33 1,17 1,26
u tng 7,28 9,99 7,60 8,05 2,87 2,76 0,17 0,81
Ng 18,38 16,68 16,66 13,35 9,07 7,56 1,52 1,36
Ci ng 16,37 20,01 9,67 10,28 10,17 12,27 1,16 1,18
Ghi ch: Hiu su c ut c
u trng trt thm canh vi cc cy trng th
hiu
php trng trt hin c t 5,0% tr ln s tng thm khng c bao nhiu.
t s d ng nng lng l tr s ly trong s thi gian sinh
trng. NAR l tr s ln nht.
Trong iu kin kh hu Vit Nam, n
sut s dng nng lng ca chng c th mong mun t t 2,5 n 5,0 trn t
tt (t mu m, thm canh cao) v t 1,5 n 3,5 trn t bc mu, t c thm canh
(bng 7.3). ng thi hiu sut nng lng cng khc nhau theo thi v v loi cy
trng. T cho thy, trong iu kin kh tng Vit Nam, tr s gii hn trn ca hiu
sut s dng nng lng c th t c vi tin cc ging cy trng v phng
(2[2])
JIBP (Japan International Biological Programme): Chng trnh sinh hc quc t Nht Bn.
(3[3])
PP: Nhm nghin cu nng sut lc a
(4[4])
NAR (Net Assimilation Rate): Sut ng ho thun (cn gi l hiu sut quang hp thun)
109
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Bng 7.3. Cc gi tr cc i ca h s s dng hu hiu bc x quang hp
trong iu kin ca Vit Nam
H s s dng hu hiu
bc x quang hp
Cy trng V trng
s
kinh t
Nng lng
thu c khi t
chy 1g ch
H
t mu
m, thm
t
bc mu, t
thm canh cao canh
t kh
ng xun 3,00 1,50 0,55
La
H 0,50 2,85 1,50
3.760
ng 4,50 2,50 0,30
Xun 4,50 1,50 0,30 Ng
3.660
H thu 2,50 1,50 0,25
ng xun 2,50 1,50 0,34
u tng
g
4.100
Thu n 2,50 1,50 0,34
ng xun 2,50 1,50 0,57
Lc
H thu 2,50 1,50 0,40
3.000
Khoai ty ng xun 5,00 3,50 0,71 1.000
Ngun: Tr nh v cng tc vin, 1997
ca cc an cy , k c l t kh
ca ng rung c nh c chuyn
ho
Chc nng ca h sinh thi gm ch yu cc giai on sau:
ng nh sng, sn xut cht hu c;
u c;
v dng
thch c v qu trnh
n c H
C th c n c vo trng l ng kh c qu trng ng ch
cy trng suy ra nng lng m cy trng
theo hng v mc nh th no. Nhng chnh xc hn vn phi biu th bng
nng lng. Th d, tnh ton nng lng ca cc c quan la nc (nh hnh 17.3), c
th thy trong s nng lng c c nh, 53% phn bng, 44% thn l, 2% phn
r. Phn rt ln bng v thn l lm ngun nng lng ca ngi v gia sc, b ly ra
khi ng rung, do nu khng c phn chung, phn rc tr cht hu c li ng
rung, th ngun nng lng cho vi sinh vt t rung, ni chung, ch c di 10% s
nng lng m cy trng c nh c. Do gim bt ngun nng lng cho vi sinh vt
t, dn n lm xu dn c tnh l - ho ca t lin quan ti hot ng ca vi sinh vt
t, v nh hng ti sn xut cy trng.
6. Tun hon vt cht ca ng rung
(1) thc vt mu xanh lc ht nng l
(2) ng vt v thc vt d dng tiu dng v d ho cht h
(3) di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, cht hu c b phn gii thnh cht v c
ng. Trong , qu trnh sn xut cht hu c ca thc vt xanh l
110
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phn
a, Mg...
Tron
t s dng suy cho cng l bt
ngu t trong khng kh. Nhng rt nhiu thc vt khng th trc
tip
i li tr axit amin to ra cho k
ch.
gii ca vi sinh vt l khng th thiu c i vi s duy tr chc nng ca h
sinh thi, hn na hai qu trnh phi gi c quan h cn bng ng thi.
Gia sinh vt v mi trng c n vi chc loi trao i cht, l mt s nguyn
t cn thit cho thc vt nh C, H, O, P, N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B, Mo, C
g cc nguyn t ny, thiu bt k mt nguyn t no, i sng s c th b ngng
li. Ngun C l CO
2
; ngun O O
2
, CO
2
v H
2
O; H H
2
O; N ly t cc hp cht m
ho trong t nh mui NO
3
v mui NH
4
, suy cho cng l t N
2
trong khng kh, cc
nguyn t khc u ly t cht khong trong t, tc cung cp nhng vt cht cho
thc vt chu nh hng ca lng cung cp v tnh hu hiu. Hm lng CO
2
trong
khng kh ch l 0,03% nhng do h hp ca sinh vt, hot ng ca ni la, to ra t
cc i dng, t chy than v du... m c cung cp khng ngng, do ni chung
c th cn bng c gia tiu th v cung cp cho hot ng quang hp ca thc vt.
O
2
trong khng kh ht sc phong ph, trong mi trng lc a, tr loi t km
thng kh ra, O
2
hu nh khng phi l mt nhn t hn ch. N v H
2
O mc d c
phong ph, nhng lng hu hiu trong t c th cung cp cho thc vt trc tip ht
nu khng qu t th li qu tha, d dn n gy tc hi, c nh hng rt ln i vi
chc nng ca thc vt. Lng cung cp cc nguyn t nh P, K, Zn... c s khc bit
r rt tu thuc iu kin t. mt vng nht nh, do thiu cc thnh phn dinh
dng ny m nh hng rt ln n nng sut cy trng. Nhng so snh vi N v H
2
O
th thng lng cung cp ca chng tng i n nh. Do , di y ch yu ly N
v H
2
O ni r s tun hon vt cht ca ng rung.
Tun hon ca m
C nh m t trong khng kh: m m thc v
n t m dng phn
li dng m dng phn t, ch ht m ca hp cht m ho nh mui nitrat v
mui amon. C nhng loi thc vt c th c nh m t trong khng kh, nh vi
khun nt sn cng sinh vi cy b u, to xanh, loi vi khun quang hp v vi sinh
vt d dng Azotobacter, Clostridium... Nhng sinh vt c nh c m ny c tc
dng quan trng i vi s cn bng m ca t nhin.
Khun nt sn cng sinh vi cy b u tip thu hp cht gluxit t k ch, lm
ngun nng lng cn thit kh m dng phn t, r
Lng m c nh c ca khun nt sn c s khc nhau do chng loi k ch
v dng khun. Nh hnh 18.3 cho thy, trong s nhng cy b u, luzec hoa tm, c
ba l trng c lng m c nh c tng i cao, c th vt 200 kg/ha, lc v u
tng cng c khong 50 kg/ha. Lng m c nh c ca luzec hoa tm c th
t n bng 2-3 ln lng ht ca thc vt khng phi b u ly t trong mt nm,
iu ni r vic a cy b u vo h thng lun canh c hiu qu gi mu m
ca t nh th no. Trong nhng vi sinh vt khng cng sinh, c cc vi khun d dng
c th c nh m nh Azotobacter, Clostridium, Aerobacter; cc vi khun quang hp
c nh m l Rhodospirillum, Chromotium, Chlorobium, Rhodomicrobium; to xanh
111
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112
cao
n ter v
khong 7
ng kh l do kh thi ca cc nh my v amon bc hi t mt t. Axit
nitri
ng vt v thc vt b mt s loi nm v vi khun phn gii, qua hp
cht
c nh m l Nostoc, Calothrix. Trong s cc vi sinh vt ny, lng m c nh ca
Azotobacter, Clostridium v to xanh tng i cao. To xanh thch ng c iu kin
mi trng kh rng, nht l d pht trin trong nc. To xanh c nh m c th nng
cao hm lng m ca rung nc, c nu r t nm 1943. Sau Chin tranh th
gii ln th hai, ngi ta pht hin nhiu loi to xanh vng nhit i, c nng lc c
nh m tng i cao, tin hnh th nghim cy ging nhiu ln trn ng rung.
Kt qu chng mnh rng, khi to
xanh sinh trng pht trin tt, tng
lng ht m ca la nc, nng
sut thc tng 5-15%. nhit thch
hp cho sinh trng ca to xanh l 30
- 35
0
C v cn chiu sng y cho
quang hp. Rung nc vng nhit
i ng Nam , n ... c iu
kin thch hp cho to xanh sinh trng
pht trin. Do , to xanh c tc dng
quan trng i vi s cn bng m
ca rung nc. Vi sinh vt khng
cng sinh y nh Azotobacter,
Clostridium u li dng nng lng t
do khi cht hu c oxi ho, va kh
m, va to ra hp cht cn cho cc
khun th. V th, lng m c nh
c ca cc vi khun ny d b nh
hng ca iu kin cht hu c do r
tit ra v nhng m rng ra, p
Clostridium. Theo c tnh, nng lc c
kg/ha. Nh vy, lng c nh m ca cc vi sinh vt khng cng sinh ny thp hn
khun nt sn.
Ngoi m c nh do sinh vt ra, cn c axit nitric, amon... do ma cung cp. C
amon trong kh
g cho s sinh trng ca Azotobac
nh m ca cc vi khun ny l
c c t hin tng phng in trong khng kh v kh thi ca cc nh my. Theo
nhiu ti liu th s cung cp m nc ma dao ng t 1 - 62kg/ha/nm, phn nhiu
l di 10kg/ha.
Phn gii cht hu c v qu trnh chuyn bin: Cc hp cht m trong xc v
cht bi tit ca
amn v axit amin bin thnh mui.
Protein R - NH
2
+ CO
2
+ cc cht khc
R - NH
2
+ HOH NH
3
+ R - OH
(
k
g
/
h
a
)
L
n
g
c
c
n
h
200
150
100
0
50
C
b
a
l
t
r
n
g
C
b
a
l
u
H
L
a
n
u
t
n
g
L
c
Hnh 18.3. L g c h c
ca cy b (Erdma 95
G
250
H
o
a
t
m
hi ch: Trch dn ca Tisdale v Nelson;
Dinh dng t v phn bn
n
n, 1
9)
n
u
m
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113
, trong t kh hn ch yu
l c c th vi khun c tc dng chnh.
Nh
Nhng vi sinh vt tham d cc qu trnh phn gii ny
c loi khun, cn trong t m t v ngp n
ng bin i sau khi to thnh amn l: (1) di tc dng ca vi khun nitrat ho,
qua oxi ho axit hu c thnh axit nitric, (2) trc tip cho thc vt hp thu; (3) cho vi
sinh vt d dng phn gii gluxit. Trong t thng kh tt, amn hu nh chuyn ton
b thnh nitrat. Nitrat ho chia lm hai giai on: qu trnh NH
3
NO
2
v qu trnh
NO
2
NO
3
. Cc qu trnh oxi ho ny c hon thnh nh hot ng ca vi khun d
dng. Di tc dng ca Nitrosomonas, amon bin thnh mui nitric di tc dng
ca Nitrobacter, mui nitric oxi ho thnh mui nitrat. Cc vi sinh vt ny li dng nng
lng t do khi oxi ho axit nit v amn tin hnh kh CO
2
, nn c th sinh sng
c ch bng cht v c. Trong qu trnh amn bin thnh nitrat, v c bn l cn oxi,
cho nn iu kin k kh, vi khun nitrat ho s khng hot ng. Tun hon m
iu kin k kh, amon c hnh thnh cng s ngng li. Trong t thng kh tt, tc
oxi ho t NO
2
sang NO
3
nhanh hn tc hnh thnh NH
3
sang NO
3
, hn na tc
hnh thnh NO
2
nhanh hn tc NH
3
, do NO
3
c tch ly trong t. Ni chung,
thc vt sinh trng trn t kh hn c bn mui nitrat th sinh trng tt hn so vi
bn mui amon. Ngc li, la nc rung ngp nc th bn mui amn tt hn.
iu ny c lin h cht ch vi cc hp cht m ch yu ca mi trng.
N
2
trong khng kh
P
h
n
g
n
k
h
n
g
t
r
u
n
g
P
h
n
h
o
c
V
i
s
i
n
h
v
t
k
h
n
g
c
n
g
s
i
n
h
V
i
s
i
n
h
v
t
c
n
g
s
i
n
h
T
h
c
v
t
x
a
n
h
ng vt n c
ng vt n tht
Sinh vt k sinh
Xc v cht
bi tit
Cc loi nm
v vi khun
NH
3
Ho cht m
ti thm vo
M
v gi
t i do nc
S
n
p
h
m
c
a
b
i
n
V
i
k
h
u
n
N
i
t
r
o
s
o
m
o
n
a
s
N
O
2
N
i
t
r
o
b
a
c
t
e
r
Ho tan
V
i
k
h
u
n
k
h
m
NO
3
N
2
Hnh 19.3. Qu trnh ch yu tun hon m trong t nhin ca
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114
hn ln nitrat ni trn c thc vt ht, phn cn li b mt i do ma ra tri v
tc d ng phn nitrat ho. Khi nc trong t trng thi bo ho do ma hoc ngp
nc
hn
ng
s
. u
c c
1
thc nghim, phn ra tri do ma u c tr li cho t. Nh hnh 20.3
P
n
g
l
n
t
h
c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nm th
T
r
n
g
l
n
g
c
h
u
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1
1
`N
0
N
1
N
3
N
N
6
10
20
4
N
2
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
N
0
1
N
N
2
N
3
N
4
N
5
Hnh 21.3. Bin i sut la nc do
c bng phn ho hc (Joka, 1962) bn lin t
nng
Ghi ch: No - khng bn phn, 0kg/ha,
N
1
- 45kg/ha; N
2
- 60kg/ha;
a N
4
- 90kg/ha; N5 - 105kg/h
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116
t b thoi ho,
m
gi
hu ng
tng thm
gim xung. Nh bit, mu m m ca t
ch t
t tri,
tun
ho hc: bi tnh ho ta
h c t.
T - C (%)
T - N (%)
La nc bn phn liu cao lin
tc nhiu nm lm
u m tim tng b tiu hao do
hiu lc ca phn khng tip tc duy
tr c vo thi k cui sinh trng
ca la. Rung nc thng xuyn
s dng nc bn ca thnh ph c
cha nhiu m dng amon v cht
hu c, cng c hin tng tng t
nh s tiu hao mu m m ca
t do dng qu nhiu phn ho hc.
Hnh 23.3 cho thy, sau khi ti
nc bn, lng m tng s ca t
m i. 30
0
C, ngp nc 4 tun
l lng m c phn gii thm r
rt chng t m qu tha d gy hi.
Ni khc i, m dng amn v cht
g tng thm cht mn cho t, ch
Nh trn ni, mu m m ca t tng ln do bn phn ho hc nhng khi
bn vt qu mc nht nh th
2,0
T - C (tng I)
T - N (tng I)
T - C (tng II)
T - N (tng II)
N
0
1,0
2,0
12
0
N
1 N
3
N
2
N
4
N
5
c trong nc bn hu nh chng c tc d
cht hu c d phn gii.
rong tnh hnh gii phng n nh mi c nh hng r rt n nng sut cy trng.
My nm gn y, lng phn m bn cho rung nc Vit Nam vt qu 80-
100 kg/ha/v, c ni n mc 120 kg/ha/v (Agroviet, 2002). Nhng vic bn phn
chung, phn rc li gim i r rt, hu nh u c thay bng phn ho hc. Trng
trt m dng phn liu cao lch v
phn ho hc nh vy, t b suy
thoi lu di dn n nhng hu
qu kh lng trc c.
Tun hon nc: Nc di
tc dng ca nng lng m
hon trn qu t qua cc qu
trnh bc hi, ngng ng, lu
ng. Sinh vt sng trong vng
tun hon v hn ca nc v
chim gi mt phn trong lu
chuyn ca nc. Cc c tnh l,
n, t nhit cao... ca nc c quan n i nng lng tnh di ng,
ht ch vi ton b hot ng sng ca sinh v
0
0,2
0,4
(%) T-N
1953 1962
(nc trong) (nc bn)
0
20
80
ppm
NH
1953 1962
(n c trong) (nc
4
-N
t 30
0
C
bn)
40
60
Hnh 23.3. Hm l t
k
(Tr 7)
t
r
u
n
g
b
n
h
Hnh 22.3. Bin i mu m ca t
lin tc dng phn ho hc
Gh
do
i ch: Tng I: 0 - 12cm; tng II: 12 - 17cm
S
a
i
l
c
h
t
r
n
c
h
u
n
T
r
ng m trong
trc v sau hi ti nc bn
i th nghim Nng nghip Tokyo, 196
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Ma v lng nc trong t: Tng lng nc trn qu t c tnh khong
165.000 x 10
9
acr - fut
(5[5])
, trong nc ngt chim khong 7%. Phn ln nc ngt
l n
m
c ngm v bng tuyt hai cc qu t, cng tt c nc sng ngi, ao h v
nc trong t dng c trong nng nghip ch bng khong 0,08% tng lng v ch
bng khong 0,05% lng ma hng nm (bng 8.3).
Bng 8.3. c tnh lng nc ca thu quyn qu t (Ackerman, 1959)
acr - fut So vi lng ma n
Tng lng nc
Ton lng nc ngt
hng kh
t
165.000 10
9
11.000
1850
0.14
Nc ngm
Sng v h
Nc trong k
Nc trong
Thc vt v ng vt
Lng ma nm
Lng chy ra nm
10
9
8.200 10
9
118 10
9
12 10
9
6.5 10
9
0.9 10
9
89 10
9
17 10
9
124
92
1.3
0.07
0.01
1.0
0.2
Ghi ch: Acr = 0,4047 ha; fut = 0,3048
p, tun hon n ng nht l tun hon lng nc
ma m/nm, nhng khc bit rt ln gia cc
vng
cy trng th
d d
thot hi nc trng thi khng cn bng, kh khng ng kn li.
m
V mt nng nghi c quan tr
. Lng ma Vit Nam khong 1920 m
. V d lng ma cao nht ti huyn Bc Quang (H Giang): 4.802 mm, lng
ma thp nht ti Phan R - Mi Dinh (Ninh Thun): 600 mm trong nm.
i vi sn xut cy trng, s phn b ma ma quan trng hn lng ma.
vng ma nhiu, nu phn b ma ma khng khp vi ma cn nc ca
n n hn hn. Tnh khng u ca phn b ma l mt trong nhng c trng
tun hon nc, khng th trnh khi. t, vi t cch l vt ht cha nc, c tc dng
quan trng v mt lm du tnh khng u ca tun hon nc. Nc m cy trng ht
c t t (nc hu hiu) thng biu th bng tr s ly lng gi nc ln nht ca
t tr i lng nc cy trng khng ht c (h s ho). Hnh 24.3 cho thy, nc
hu hiu khc nhau ty loi t, t tht, t tht pha st gi c nhiu nc hu hiu
hn t ct hay t st. Nhng phn ng ca cy trng i vi lng nc trong t d
trong phm vi nc hu hiu cng vn c khc nhau. Hnh 25.3 cho thy, thc vt trc
khi ho, quang hp thp xung r rt, l do lng nc trong t t i, ht nc v
(5[5])
Lng nc ngm n su 3.810 m.
117
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118
m lng n c trong t gim
(% so vi sc ch
dn n h thp quang h
khc
g, v vy mun sn xut n l
i v nhu cu nc cung cp
hn t quan trn ng ng
ng thc
trn th gii (L Vn Khoa v ctv, 1999). Nh vy vic s dng nc hiu qu trong
nng nghip s m bo an ninh lng thc ca loi ngi.
4
H
a nc ln nht)
p cng
nhau tu loi cy trng: la
57%; u tng 45%; i mch
41%; lc 33% (Inoyama v ctv.,
1961). Hnh 20 cho thy, lng nc
cn ti cng khc nhau tu loi t
canh tc.
Cn bng nc ca cc lu
vc khc nhau v lng nc dng
cho rung nc:
Ma phn b khng u v
cha chc khp vi nhu cu
nc ca cy trn nh cn c ngun nc n nh. Nht
nhiu hn, sng ngi c i nn nng nghip rung nc c
nc c lc hay khng, r rng l n
rung. Nhng nc khng ch dng cho nng nghip; thnh ph v cng nghip cng
dng khi lng nc rt ln, nn phi nm vng cn bng nc theo lu vc.
Trn th gii, din tch t c ti tng khong 36% t nm 1970 - 1990. Tng
lng nc s dng nm 1990 cho nng nghip khong 2.700 km
g nh hng n sn l
3
. Mc d din tch
c ti chim 1/6 tng din tch canh tc nhng n sn xut 1/3 sn lng l
t
c
t
t
h
t
c
t
m
t
c
t
p
h
a
t
p
h
a
c
t
m
t
t
h
t
t
h
t
c
t
m
i
n
t
t
h
t
s
t
n
h
t
t
h
t
s
t
t
h
t
s
t
n
n
g
t
s
t
Hn 4.3 ua gi t v c gi
.D ea k 1
2
1
3
0
h 2 . Q
(U.S
n h
.A. Y
a lo
rboo
i
, Agr,
s
955)
n c
20
40
60
80
100
i mch La nc
Lng nc t t (t l % so vi
lng ch c ln nht)
rong
a n
H . n h gi
K
60
80
100
40
20
nh 25 3. Qua a lng nc
trong t v quang hp
hiu l ch h s ho
20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80
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Vit Nam, nhn chung s lng nc v cht lng nc phc v cho sn xut
nng nghip. Nm 1995, Vit Nam c hn 5,6 triu ha ch ng c ti, 1,4 triu ha
ch ng tiu. Bng 9.3 cho thy nhu cu nc cho 7 vng kinh t sinh thi ca Vit
Nam khong 47 t m
3
vo nm 1990, 61 t m
3
nm 2000 v d kin nhu cu s dng
nc cho ngnh nng nghip 74 t m
3
(Nguyn Trng Sinh, 1998). Tuy nhin, hn hn
thnh thong vn xy ra nh vo u ma kh nm 2004 min Trung Nam B v Ty
Nguyn lm thit hi hng trm t ng do cy trng b kh ho v cht hng lot.
Bng 9.3. Nhu cu nc cho nng nghip Vit Nam (triu m
3
)
Vng 1990 2000* 2010*
Min ni v trung du Bc B 5.959,4 8.793,2 11.273,5
ng bng Bc B 7.283,8 7.750,0 9.067,5
Duyn hi 7.699,8 Bc Trung B 5.353,3 6.206,6
Duyn hi Nam B 4 Trung .583,8 6.618,2 7.610,9
Ty Nguyn 1.792,6 2.888,3 4.324,5
ng Nam B 3,622,5 4,951,6 6.719,3
ng bng sng Cu Long 2 18.398,6 23,774,8 7.340,1
Tng cng 46.976,6 60.928,7 74.035,6
Ngun: Nguyn Trng Sinh (1998) trch t Khoa v )
h thng 6-9; lng ma c n mm; ln a h: 150 ;
c trong chn nc (tr 10-20 m
nc ca rung l ng ca i, l
xun ng la l 4-7
mm/
i,
xem c khu vc rng ln th thy khng thnh vn . V lng
nc
L Vn ctv., (1999
Ghi ch: Ma m: 1920 g ma m 0-1700 mm
3
lng tiu dng n
* c tnh
h v rung ng la) l /ngy.
Lng tiu dng a bng t lng bc h ng thm
g t v lng chy mt trn mt. Lng nc bc hi ca ru
ngy, t sai khc gia cc vng. Mc d sau khi la tt c tc dng che ph, tr s
cng hu nh khng thay i. Nc chy trn b mt c th c tip tc dng l
xt nc dng cho
thm xung t th c khc bit rt ln, do tnh vt l ca t, mc nc ngm
di t, rung nc c cy lt hay khng, rung nc thng thay i t my
milimet n my chc milimet. V th lng tiu dng nc ca rung nc c s sai
khc rt ln, tu theo cch x l i vi lng nc thm. ng thi ca nc thm
xung t vn cn mt s im cha r rng, mt phn nc thm xung t c th tr
li thnh nc chy b mt v c dng lp li. Do nng cao mc s dng li nc,
lng tiu dng nc ca rung nc din tch ln s dn dn gn vi lng bc hi.
Nhng nc tn ti lc no, ni no v vi hnh thc no li tr thnh vn i vi
nng nghip. tho mn nhu cu nc cho sinh trng pht trin v vic trng trt
chm sc cy trng, ch yu nht l nhn t thi gian. Din tch rung nc ca nc ta
khong 4,24 triu hecta (din tch gieo trng 7,35 triu ha/2 v, 2003), khng tng nhiu
119
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tch l, cu trc l, m ca kh khng vi cc iu
kin
cc
loi h l
Ch s din tch l
nh 26.3. T s thot hi nc ca cc loi cy trng khi ch s
din tch l ln nht (Uchifuji 1969)
1. Rau dip; 2. X lch; 3. Rau cn; 4. Su ho; 5. Bp ci khng cun; 6. Su l;
7. Bp ci cun; 8. Bp ci Sn ng; 9. Khoai ty; 10. Khoai s; 11. Gng; 12. t
xanh; 13. C; 14. B g; 15. Da h ; 16. La nc (1962); 17. La c (1963);
18. La nc trng cn (1962) cn (1963); 20. Ng; 21. Da
chut (c c ng;
25. C
trong hn mt thp k qua (Tng cc Thng k, 2002; Bi Th Hng v cng tc vin,
2004). Nhn v iu kin pht sinh t, t rung c th khai khn c u khai
khn ht. Mt khc, trong qu trnh khai khn lu di, h thiu nc l b hoang, kt
qu qua v s ln sai lm nh vy, cui cng mi tm c cn bng t nhin gia din
tch rung nc v ngun nc.
Thot hi nc ca cy trng v lng nc cn: Thc vt c tc dng quan trng
trong qu trnh tun hon nc. Trong nhng cht m thc vt ly mi trng th ln
nht l nc. La nc sinh trng tt, mt ngy ht lng nc khong 70 tn/ha. S
nc ht ny, c 5% dng duy tr chc nng ca cht nguyn sinh v quang hp, phn
ln s cn li bin thnh hi nc thot ra qua kh khng. Quan h gia cc nhn t bn
trong nh s thot hi nc, din
bn ngoi nh cng chiu sng, nhit, m, gi, lng nc trong t... v
cng phc tp. Phn di s cp ti quan h nh lng gia chng, y ch nu ln
s khc bit gia cc loi cy trng v s thot hi nc iu kin c ti y .
120
Hnh 26.3 cho thy quan h gia t s thot hi nc v ch s din tch l ca
y trng iu kin gn st vi sc cha nc ng rung, khi t n din tc c
H
n u n
; 19. La nc trng
ut (b mt t); 23 c leo); 22. Da ch . u tng; 24. u t
y ngy (Rubus); 26. Nho
1,6
14
1
25
26
15
12
9
2
3
21
7
11
22
4
10
13
5
17
19
20
18
8 6
24
21
1,2
0,8
0,4
2 4 6 8
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ln nht. T s thot hi nc cn gi l lng thot hi nc tng i, l tr s tm
c do ly lng thot hi nc chia cho lng bc hi khong trng (o bng chu
o b c hi), dng phng php ny c th loi tr c nh hng ca kh tng. T
hnh 26.3 cho thy, cc cy trng c ch s din tch l t 3 tr xung, din tch l cng
ln
ho thy, tr s ny phn nhiu trong phm vi 1,0 - 1,4, khc bit gia
cc
ng Hng (bng 10.3).
=
=
Thi gian (t)
ay
Hnh 9.5. Hnh thc vi phn
v hnh thc tch phn ca m
hnh ly s tng thm s c th
gin n l v d
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151
cch mt lng vi phn. Ch c dng phng trnh trng thi (phng trnh vi phn)
lin h tc mi biu hin c trc quan r rng quy lut lin h bn cht gia cc s
vt qua thi gian (quy lut hnh ng). l l do th hai dng hnh thc vi phn
(phng trnh vi phn) biu hin trng thi quan h h thng.
trn c dng t qua thi gian, ng nhin thng s ca phng trnh bin i
theo thi gian. Nhng cu trc logic chnh th biu th bng hnh thc vi phn (nu n l
bn cht) th khng th d dng bin i theo thi gian (hnh 9.5).
Din t trng thi n
nh (phng trnh i s):
Gi l trng thi n nh tc l
trng thi cn bng t n
sau khi kt thc trng thi qu
gy nn do bin vo (hoc
thng s h thng). Trn thc
t, trng thi n nh cng c
th hiu l mt trng hp c
th trong trng thi qu .
Nu khng im ny, c
khi ch xem xt quan h
chuyn vo bin ra trng thi
n nh ca mt h thng
(hoc thnh phn hp thnh) no . Th d, ng cong cng nh sng - quang
hp (hnh 10.5, b) m chng ta tm c qua thc nghim, quan st t m nh hnh (a)
cho thy, l s hp hp thnh ca tng phn (tr s n nh) kt qu ca nhng bin
i qu . Dng ngn ng ton hc ni, gi l trng thi n nh tc l trng thi
m h s vi phn ca m hnh ng (phng trnh vi phn) bng khng (h thng khng
c trng thi n nh, chng hn nh trng hp bin vo hay thng s l bin s thi
gian... khng thuc loi ny). Ni cch khc, din t trng thi n nh ca h thng l
trong cng thc (2) vi l h phng trnh i s din t h thng.
dy
1
dy
2
dt
= 0,
dt
= 0 th
0 = f
1
(y
1
, y
2
, ... y
n
, k
1
, k
2
, ... k
m
)
0 = f
2
(y
1
, y
2
, ... y
n
, k
1
, k
2
, ... k
m
)
...
0 = f
n
(y
1
, y
2
, ... y
n
, k
1
, k
2
, ... k
m
)
(6)
Hnh 10.5. Bin i qu (a) khi bin vo tng
thnh dng bc thang. Quan h bin vo bin ra (b)
ch trng thi n nh biu th theo kt qu ca (a)
b) a)
Lng chuyn vo Thi gian
Chuyn ra
Chuyn vo
y khng gm bt k bin s thi gian no, cho nn gi l m hnh tnh. Mt s
trng hp ni n di y u c vn ca m hnh tnh. Chng hn nh mun bit
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152
quan h trc tip ca iu kin hin ti (iu kin ban u) vi trng thi tng lai m
trng thi n nh d tnh; hay nh mun bit trc c nu thuc tr c c dng nh
hin nay hoc n y chm dt, th h sinh thi ng rung 10 nm sau s tr thnh
trng thi nh th no. Ngoi ra, tc p ng ca mt h thng con no bn trong
h thng nhanh hn nhiu so vi h thng con khc hay thnh phn hp thnh khc th
li t ngay n trng thi n nh. Trong trng hp ny, ch c b phn (h thng
con c tc p ng nhanh) din t bng phng trnh i s (m hnh tnh).
Phn loi phng trnh vi phn v c tnh ca h thng: C th phn loi phng
trnh vi phn theo nhng quan im khc nhau, y s bn n nhng s phn loi
c lin h th no vi cu trc v c tnh ca h thng.
Tuyn tnh v khng tuyn tnh: Ton b nhng s hng c quan h t hm s (y)
v o hm ca n (dy/dt) u l bc nht th gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh,
ngoi ra l nhng phng trnh vi phn khng tuyn tnh. Nhng h thc trong h sinh
thi, rt nhiu l khng tuyn tnh. Nh phn sau s trnh by, phng trnh vi phn
khng tuyn tnh, tr trng hp c bit ra, u ht sc kh gii. Khng nhng th, v
mt c tnh cng khc vi loi tuyn tnh (xem trang 139).
Bin s c lp: H thng m chng ta nghin cu thng coi thi gian l bin s
c lp, cn c mt bin s c lp khc. Phng trnh nh vy gi l phng trnh vi
phn thng. Th d:
dy
1
dy
2
dt
+ y
1
dt
= f (t)
Nu c 2 bin s c lp tr ln, th d ngoi thi gian ra, vn cn cp n
khng gian, th gi l phng trnh vi phn ring. Nh:
x
y
t
+
x
= f (x,y,t)
Trong khi nghin cu cu trc nhn nh sng ca qun th bin i theo thi gian,
s di chuyn vt cht gia cc c quan cu trc khc nhau, phng trnh biu din l
phng trnh vi phn ring.
Hng ca phng trnh vi phn: s bc vi phn cao nht c trong phng trnh l
hng ca phng trnh vi phn ; vi phn bc cao nht
n
n
dt
y d
th phng trnh l
phng trnh vi phn hng n. Trong h sinh thi, ni chung dng phng trnh vi phn
hng 1 l c th din t y , hu nh khng th xut hin hng 2 tr ln nh gia
tc
2
2
dt
y d
. im ny khc vi h thng c hc. Trong qu trnh gii h n phng trnh
vi phn hng 1, dng phng php kh kh mt cc bin s ph thuc khc, c
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phng trnh vi phn ca bin s ph thuc, kt qu cng l h phng trnh hng n,
do v k thut tnh ton phi thnh thuc phng trnh vi phn hng cao.
H s c phi l hm s thi gian khng? H s khng c quan h vi thi gian
(bin s c lp), l nht nh, gi l phng trnh vi phn c h s khng i. Nu
cng bin i vi thi gian, th gi l phng trnh vi phn h s bin thin.
Khi h s l hng s th d tnh ton. Trong h sinh thi, gi tr h s phn nhiu l
bin i theo thi gian. Th d, t l phn phi sn phm trong h thng sinh trng cy
trng (h thng sn xut vt cht) c bin i rt ln theo s sinh trng, nhng c mt
s h s d c coi l bin s thi gian, mt khi lm r c ch hnh ng ca
chng, t n giai on biu hin bng thnh phn bc thp hn, s c th biu hin
tng i nhiu bng hng s khng quan h vi thi gian mi. Cng tc l mt khi
xut hin h s bin i, th cn thit phi hoi nghi: c phi l mt chng c
nhn thc khng y v cu trc logic ca h thng chng.
Bn ngoi chuyn vo c phi lm hm s thi gian khng? y l mt trng hp
c bit ca h s bin i, trong cc h s, h s ch c bn ngoi chuyn vo c
phn loi theo quan im c bin i theo thi gian hay khng. Bn ngoi chuyn vo
khng c quan h vi thi gian th gi l h thng tnm, tri li th gi l h thng
khng tnm.
dy
dt
= y (f, a) ... h thng tnm
dy
dt
= y (f, a) g (t, a) ... h thng khng tnm
Trong c th sinh vt v h sinh thi c rt nhiu hin tng chu k. Hin tng
chu k trong h thng tnm (hon cnh nht nh) gi l dao ng t kch. Hin
tng chu k ca h thng khng tnm - th d dao ng do i lng vo ca chu k
c lin h vi s t quay ca qu t - th gi l dao ng cng bc.
Ton hc ca h thng tuyn tnh
X l ton hc ca h thng khng tuyn tnh, s ni sau, kh hn nhiu so vi h
thng tuyn tnh. Nu ni vic x l ton hc (gii tch) ch pht huy c th mnh
trng hp h thng tuyn tnh, cng khng phi l qu ng. Khi cn thit phi x l
ton hc i vi h thng khng tuyn tnh, ngi ta cng thng c gng a v gn
vi h thng tuyn tnh ri mi tin hnh gii tch. Do , hng chnh ca vic gii
tch ton hc ca h thng, d sao cng phi ly ton hc ca h thng tuyn tnh (ton
hc tuyn tnh) lm ht nhn. H thng tuyn tnh c th chia ra lm hai loi: tnh v
ng. ngh xem chi tit cc sch chuyn v ton, y ch ni vn tt v h thng
tuyn tnh ng, cng tc l cch gii ca phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh.
153
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Cch tnh c in ca phng trnh vi phn: i vi h n phng trnh vi phn
hng 1, trc tin dng phng php ton (phng php thay k hiu d/dt l D tnh
ton) a v h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh tnh ton, kt qu l ch c mt bin
s ph thuc no (y
1
). Cn D c dn ti c n phng trnh i s bc n (phng
trnh vi phn hng n i vi y). Mt trong nhng phng trnh c dng chung l:
a
n
D
n
y + a
n-1
D
n-1
y + ... + a
1
Dy + a
0
y = F (t) (7)
C s ca cch tnh c in ny c xy dng trn cch tnh thng thng ca
phng trnh (7), coi l tng ca hai phn sau y tnh ton
y (t) = y
c
(t) + y
p
(t) (8)
y
c
(t) gi l nghim c bn, do c cu bn trong ca h thng quyt nh, l phn
khng c quan h vi i lng chuyn vo F (t) ca h thng. Khi t , h thng
trng thi n nh, phn ny s khng cn na, y
p
(t) gi l nghim ring, l phn c
nhiu bin i do dng hm s i lng vo (sng xung kch, sng hnh sin,...). Trong
phng trnh (7), gi thit khng c i lng chuyn vo, tc l khi F (t) = 0 v tm
nghim s tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht c th tm ra nghim c bn y
c
(t).
a
n
D
n
y + a
n-1
D
n-1
y + ... + a
1
Dy + a
0
y = 0 (9)
tnh ton (9) cn c mt phng trnh c trng (mt loi phng trnh ph) l:
a
n
r
n
+ a
n
r
n-1
+ ... a
1
r + a
0
= 0 (10)
Tm nghim r ca 10, nghim ca phng trnh l r
1
, r
2
, r
n
... th cch tnh ca
phng trnh (7) l:
(11)
t
n 1 n
t
2
t
1
r
n
t r
1 n
r
2
r
1 c
r C e C ... r C c C ) t ( y + + + + =
Nu trong cc nghim s r
1
... r
n
ni trn c my nghim s bng nhau (chng hn
trong s n nghim s c k nghim bng r
1
), i vi nhm cc nghim s bng nhau ny,
phng trnh (11) gm c cc s hng vit gp li, tr thnh dng thc sau:
(C
1
+ C
2
t+ ... + C
k
t
k-1
) e
nt
(12)
Nh trn ni, im then cht ca phng php tnh ton h thng khng n nh
tuyn tnh l vic tnh ton nh th no i vi phng trnh c trng (phng trnh
i s) bc n vi phng trnh (10). Phng trnh c trng l bc 2, th tnh ton bng
cng thc tnh nghim ca phng trnh bc 2 quen thuc. Trng hp l bc 3 th dng
cng thc Cardano, khi bc 4, vn c th tnh c bng phng php Ferrari, nhng
cng kh tn cng sc, m p n tm ra ht sc phc tp, tnh trc quan tng i
mng manh. Do m hnh ton hc c l tc dng pht hin trong nghin cu sinh
thi hc nhiu khi cng kh m thc hin. Thc t cho thy, trng hp bc 5 tr ln
khng th tnh ton c bng cng thc gii tch. Cho nn i vi h thng bc cao
phi dng phng php tnh s. Trong phng php tnh s, thng s h thng ca
phng trnh (7) khng c dng k hiu a
0
, a
1
, .... a
n
, phi dng tr s c th. V th,
quan h bnh thng gia a
0
v nghim (y) nh th no, s khng th trc tip tnh ra
154
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155
c. Vic tnh ton nhng tr s ny thng thng phi nh my tnh in t. Khi tn
hiu chuyn vo ca h thng F(t) 0 (gi l phng trnh khng thun nht), trong
tnh ton thng thng s c thm y
p
(t). i vi hnh thc F(t) bt k cng u c
phng php chung tm y
p
(t), nu i lng chuyn vo F(t) l cc dng hm s
trong bng 18 hoc tng ca chng, dng phng php thay th h s l c th gii
c d dng. Nu ly tin l F(t) ca bng 18 v y
p
(t) tng ng (lc b phn
chng minh) th trong phng trnh (7) y = y
p
(t). Ly y
p
(t) thay vo y ca (7), lm cho
h s cc s hng ca hai v tri v phi bng nhau v xc nh h s B
0
, B
1
, B
2
, ... t
m tm c nghim y
p
(t).
Di y l tnh ton ca mt th d n gin:
th d: Th gii D
2
y + aDy + by = ct. Trc tin gii phng trnh thun nht.
+
= t
2
b 4 a a
c t
2
b 4 a a
c yc
2
exp 2
2
exp 1
tm ra nghim y
p
cn tra trong bng 21 tm ra y
c
tng ng vi F(t) = ct. Tm
thy trong bng y
c
= B
0
t + B
1
, thay n vo y ca phng trnh u c:
bB
0
t + (aB
0
+ bB
1
) = ct
do tm ra:
b
c
B
0
=
B
1
= - ac
Vy cch gii chung ca u nh sau:
ac t
b
c
t
2
b 4 a a
c t
2
b 4 a a
c y
2
exp 2
2
exp 1
+
+
=
Phng php gii bin i Laplace: Nu dng phng php bin i Laplace
gii mt phng trnh vi phn hng n so vi phng php c in ni trn, cng khng
c u im g c bit. Tm li c hai phng php u khng th khng gii phng
trnh i s bc n, v im ny m ni th khng c g khc nhau. Nhng khi i tng
l h thng hp thnh bi nhiu bin s (h phng trnh vi phn) th phng php bin
i Laplace li c mt s u im. Dng phng php ny c th din t c hai phn
ca h thng, phn ton b iu kin ban u v iu kin chuyn vo, v phn c tnh
vn c bn trong h thng (hm s truyn t), din t ring tng phn. Ngi ta cho
rng, l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn thnh hnh ca phng php bin i Laplace,
phng php hm s truyn t ly lm c s v phng php biu trong cng tc
iu khin k thut v phn tch h thng.
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156
Bng 1.5. Quan h gia hm s chuyn vo h thng v dng gii ring
Hm s chuyn vo h thng F (t) Dng gii ring y
p
(t)
nh s b B
M bt
n
B
0
t
n
+ B
1
t
n-1
+ ... + B
n-1
t
+ B
n
Lu tha thc be
kt
Be
kt
Sin bsin
f
t
B
0
cos
f
t + B
1
sin
f
t
Cosin bcos
f
t B
0
cos
f
t + B
1
sin
f
t
Cch gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bng phng php bin i Laplace gm
ba bc sau:
1. Bin i phng tnh vi phn bin s thc thnh phng trnh i s bin s
phc s (bin i Laplace thun, L).
2. dng s tm nghim, tin hnh x l i s i vi phng trnh ca n (ngha
l lm thnh dng L [y] = f (s). d tin hnh qu trnh bin i nghch bc sau,
phi thay i dng ca f(s) (s dng nguyn l khai trin phn s).
3. Bin i dng thc trn thnh lnh vc thi gian thc t (t) v tm ra nghim
(bin i Laplace nghch (L
-1
). C th dng bng bin i Laplace tnh sn bin i
Laplace thun v nghch i vi nhng hm s thi gian v c tnh tiu biu thng
xut hin (chi tit bng ny cc sch gio khoa v iu khin hc, trch ra mt phn
nh bng 1.5).
Bng 2.5. Bng bin i Laplace ca hm s thi gian
Hm s thi gian f(x) Hm s F(s)
Hm s step U
-1
(t)
s
1
t
2
1
s
be
-at
a s
b
+
) 1 (
1
at
e
a
) (
1
a s s +
a b
e e
bt at
) )( (
1
b s a s + +
sin
t
2 2
+ s
cos
t
2 2
+ s
s
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157
Ngoi hm s thi gian ra, nhng bin i tnh ton vi phn cng l cn thit, lit
k nh sau:
L[y] = Y
y sY
dt
dy
L =
0
0
2
2
2
dt
dy
sy Y s
dt
y d
L
0
1 n
1 n
,... 0
2 n
0
1 n n
n
n
dt
d
dt
dy
s y s Y s
dt
y d
L
y, y = f(t), Y = f(s), ch s 0 nh bn cnh [ ] biu th iu kin ban u.
Trn y, ni nhng iu kin cn thit ti thiu ca s bin i Laplace, di
y ly mt th d ng dng phng php .
th d:
t
e y
dt
dy
= + trong t = 0 , y = 3.
Bin i Laplace thun i vi c hai v
] e [ L y
dt
dy
L
t
=
+ (13)
1 s
1
Y 3 sY
= + (14)
Tm Y t h thc (14), tin bin i Laplace, v phi khai trin phn s tr
thnh
) 1 s )( 1 s (
2 s 3
Y
+
= (15)
1 s
2 / 1
1 s
2 / 5
+
+
= (16)
Tin hnh bin i Laplace nghch theo bng 19, bin thnh hm s thi gian thc
t, tc l tm c nghim:
+
=
1 s
2 / 1
L
1 s
2 / 5
L ] Y [ L
2 1 1
(17)
Vy
t t
e
2
1
e
2
5
y + =
(18)
Ton hc cc h khng tuyn tnh
Nh trc trnh by, cho n hin nay vn cha c phng php chung tm
nghim ton hc cc h khng tuyn tnh. Nhng khng phi l khng c bin php,
chng hn nh lm cho n gn vi tuyn tnh hoc tip cn bn cnh.
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158
Trng hp kt hp tuyn tnh thng s cha bit: xc nh c phi l tuyn
tnh hay khng, thng ch yu l xt n bin s. Khi nh tr s c th o c ca
bin s suy on thng s cha bit. Th d c mt m hnh tnh khng tuyn tnh
no , biu th nh h thc sau:
...
1
0
2 3 2
2 2
1
+ + +
+
= x a y a
y x
a
z
(19)
Bin s ca h thng x, y, z c th o c; do , dng my tr s o lp i lp li
tm thng s cha bit a
1
, a
2
, a
3
... trn thc t ch l mt vn gii h phng trnh
bc nht.
Phng php xp x tuyn tnh: Phm vi bin i ca i lng vo ca h thng
hay thnh phn hp thnh ca n nh, m li trng hp ht sc tip cn vi im cn
bng hay im ng tc c bin ng, th c th lm cho h thng khng tuyn tnh
cng gn vi m hnh tuyn tnh tm nghim. Phng php gn ng tuyn tnh
thng thng l khai trin Taylor. Phng php ny c th b qua khng tnh cc s
hng bc 2 tr ln ca b phn bin i l gin n nht.
th d: Trong mt h thng mng nc, cung cp nc t trc trn v thot
nc ra t l pha di, quan h gia lu lng cung cp a v mc mt nc y ca mng
nc s nh th no? H thng nh vy cng c c ng dng vo m hnh h thng
phn ng sinh ho hc, nhng gia hai loi c im khc nhau, quan h gia tc chy
ra v t mng nc v mc mt nc y ca mng nc (tng ng vi nng cht
mi trng ca h thng sinh ho hc) khng phi l t l bc 1, m l khng tuyn tnh.
t gia tc trng trng l g, theo nh l Torixenli, tc chy ra phi l:
gv 2 v = (20)
By gii din tch l thot nc l s, din tch mt ct mng nc l A, quan h
gia mc nc y vi lng cung cp nc v lng thot nc nh sau:
gy 2 s a
dt
dy
A = (21)
Do c s hng y , nn l phng trnh vi phn khng tuyn tnh. Nu mng
nc c chiu cao cao, h thng ny ri s t n cn bng. gn im cn bng
ny, quan h gia lng bin i cc nh ca i lng vo a v bin i mc nc
y c th dng phng php sau y sau khi bin n thnh gn vi tuyn tnh ri
mi gii. t mc nc ca im cn bng l y
0
, lng cung cp nc l a
0
, th
a (t) = a(t) - a
0
y (t) = g(t) - y
0
(22)
Thay vo phng trnh (21) ta c:
a a
y
y
1 gy 2 s
dt
y d
A
0
0
+ =
+ +
(23)
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159
i vi y, tin hnh khai trin Taylor i vi b phn khng tuyn tnh, th:
...
y
y
8
1
y
y
2
1
1
y
y
1
2
0 0
a
1
0
+
+ =
+ (24)
0
y 2
y
1
+ = (25)
0
y
y
Khi nh, i vi y m ni, dng hng thc bc 1 l t c gn ng.
Vy phng trnh c (21) c tuyn tnh ho v tm ra phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh
ca b phn bin i nh sau:
a y
y 2
g
s
dt
y d
A
0
= +
(26)
Phng php nh th, trong h thng k thut hc, trng hp m i lng
chuyn vo ca n hon ton iu khin c, l c hiu qu, cn trong h sinh thi th
khng c s m bo nh vy. Ngoi ra, trong h sinh thi thc nghim khi quan st
phn ng ca chng trng hp i lng chuyn vo bin i vi phm vi ln,
phng php ny cng khng c tc dng g.
Hin tng vn c ca h thng khng tuyn tnh: Trong din bin ca h thng
khng tuyn tnh tn ti nhng hin tng c bit m h thng tuyn tnh khng c.
Vic nghin cu nhng hin tng c bit ny s gip cho vic suy on mt h thng
hay mt thnh phn hp thnh no c c ch khng tuyn tnh hay khng.
Trong phng php gii tch ca h thng, c mt phng php gi l phng
php ng p s sng chu k. Tc l i lng vo cho h thng bng i lng vo c
tnh chu k, thu c cc thng tin theo kt qu quan st chuyn ra tng ng. H thng
khng tuyn tnh lc ny: 1/ C khi trong i lng ra ca n c th gm c thnh phn
sng chu k m trong hnh sng ca i lng vo khng c; 2/ D trng hp s
sng chu k vo bin i lin tc, thu c v gc pha c khi mt im no thnh
bin i khng lin tc; 3/ Tnh n nh ca h thng trng hp tuyn tnh ch chu
s quyt nh ca kt cu bn trong h thng, cn trng hp khng tuyn tnh th
chu s nh hng ca lng to nh, hnh dng v iu kin ban u ca i lng vo;
4/ trong mt h thng dao ng khng tuyn tnh no , do s thay i ca i lng
vo, d bin v chu k dao ng c mt lc no b ri lon, nhng vn c mt s
sng c tnh cht khi phc chu k v bin c (gi l chu k gii hn). C ngi
kin ngh (Munekata, Koga, 1971), m hnh s sng chu k nh im 4/ c th coi l
m hnh ca hin tng chu k ngy ca sinh vt hay khng. Nh mi ngi u bit,
hin tng chu k ngy ca sinh vt c tnh n nh chu k tng i cao i vi mi
s bin i ca hon cnh.
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160
Ton hc ca hin tng chu k
Gii sinh vt c kiu loi hin tng chu k, th d hin tng pht sinh ln
chu k ca cn trng v ng vt nh; cc loi ng vt v thc vt c iu kin nht
nh c th biu hin hin tng chu k tnh cht 24 gi; tnh chu k bin i hng lu
ng nguyn sinh cht (chu k 2 - 5 pht)... y, vic chun b ton hc biu din
v gii tch i vi nhng hin tng chu k ny ch ni n vn lin quan ti dao
ng h thng.
V mt k thut hc, i vi mt h thng, phi ly vic iu khin c lm tin
. V th h thng i vi s bin i ca tn hiu chuyn vo hoc cc loi nhiu c
n nh hay khng v iu kin lm cho n n nh nh th no, l ht sc quan trng.
V s chuyn ng chu k ca h thng (dao ng) cn nghin cu su mt s vn
trng thi khng n nh v kh khn ny. Trng thi khng n nh c hai loi hnh:
mt l trng hp tn hiu ra pht tn n v hn, hai l trng hp dao ng.
nhim cng cng (s tng ln mt chiu ca vt cht nhim) c ngha l h
thng trng thi nguy him pht tn. Vn pht tn l mt vn quan trng v
mt sinh thi hc, y ch yu bn v dao ng. Dao ng c chia ra dao ng t
kch v dao ng cng bc, y ch bn v dao ng t kch. Dao ng t kch, ni
bng ngn ng ca sinh thi tc l vn ng chu k ni sinh.
Dao ng ca h thng tuyn tnh: Dao ng m chng ta nghin cu, ni chung l
khng c dao ng tuyn tnh. Nhng kin thc v dao ng tuyn tnh li rt quan
trng i vi vic nghin cu vn ng khng tuyn tnh.
Trong h thng biu din bng phng trnh vi phn hng nht mt bin s khng
dao ng. H thng hai bin s tr ln (hng 2 tr ln trong phng trnh i thnh 1
bin s) cng tc l ni n phi l mt h thng th mi c iu kin tin ca dao ng.
Di y bn v iu kin dao ng ca h thng nh nht (m hnh 2 thnh phn).
dx
dt
= a
1
x + b
1
y + m
1
dy
dt
= a
2
x + b
2
y + m
2
(27)
Vit gn h phng trnh (27) theo y thnh:
) m a m a ( y ) b a b a (
dt
dy
) b a (
dt
y d
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2
2
= + + + (28)
t nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh (28) l r
1
v r
2
th dng
tch phn l:
1 2 2 1
2 2 1 2 rit
2
rit
1
b a b a
m a m a
e C e C y
+ + = (29)
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161
Nu nghim r
1
v r
2
gm c phn o (trng hp nghim l s phc) th pht sinh
dao ng.
Cng thc le (Euler) dng hm s lng gic nh ngha hm s lu tha s o.
e
jt
= cost + jsint (30)
Trong : 1 j =
Nghim r
1
v r
2
ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh (28) c tnh bng
cng thc tm nghim ca phng trnh bc 2, ta c:
( )
2
) b a b a ( 4 b a ) b a (
r , r
1 2 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
+ +
= (31)
t phn trong du cn l D (bit thc) th:
D = (a
1
+ b
2
)
2
- 4(a
1
b
2
- a
2
b
1
) = (a
1
- b
2
)
2
+ 4a
2
b
1
(32)
D < 0 l iu kin ca dao ng, lm cho D < 0, theo cng thc (32) cho thy,
th a
2
v b
1
phi khc du nhau (nu a
2
> 0 th b
1
< 0; a
2
< 0 th b
1
> 0) l iu kin
cn.
Dao ng ca h thng khng tuyn tnh: x l thng nht i vi dao ng
khng tuyn tnh, li khng lm mt tnh cht ch ca n, cn phi c kin thc ton
hc tng i cao.
Di y gii thiu phng php phn tch mt phng pha (mt tng v) cng
khng coi l rt cht ch. y l phng php da vo s phn tch qu o mt phng
pha gn im cn bng phn on xem c kh nng dao ng hay khng v l loi
dao ng no. Gi l phng php phn tch mt phng pha ngha l em nghim ca
phng trnh vi phn mt bin s hng 2 (33) ban u t ln mt phng x - y nghin
cu (thi gian khng biu hin, l phng trnh hin).
x
2
+ ax + bx = 0 (33)
Do , khng thch hp vi h thng hng 2 tr ln. Nu trong phng trnh (33)
m x = y th c th chuyn phng trnh vi phn mt bin s hng 2 v h phng trnh
vi phn hng 2 bin s hng 1, m hnh 2 bin s (hng 1) mi s dng c phng
php ni trn.
By gi, h thng hp thnh bi hai thnh phn x v y, c dng vi phn l:
dx
dt
= P (x, y)
dy
dt
= Q (x, y)
(34)
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P(x, y) v Q(x, y) khng c quan h g vi tuyn tnh v khng tuyn tnh, trn mt
x - y t to ca im 0
dt
dy
, 0
dt
dx
= = l (x
0
, y
0
), im gi l im k d (im cn
bng). Tm x
0
, y
0
bng phng trnh sau y:
P (x, y) = 0
Q (x, y) = 0
(35)
Nh vy mc din t h thng khng tuyn tnh ni, t im (x, y) gn
im (x
0
, y
0
) v cch nhau khng xa, thay (x - x
0
), (y - y
0
) vo x, y ca phng trnh
(34), thng qua khai trin Taylor, b cc s hng bc 2 tr ln i, tc l tm c
phng trnh xp x tuyn tnh nh sau:
dx
dt
= a
1
(x - x
0
) + b
1
(y - y
0
)
dy
dt
= a
2
(x - x
0
) + b
2
(y - y
0
)
(36)
Trong :
0 1
x x
x
P
a =
=
0 1
y y
y
P
b =
=
0 2
x x
x
P
a =
=
0 2
y y
y
P
b =
=
(37)
Thut ton tip theo hon ton ging vi trng hp dao ng tuyn tnh nu trn.
Kh y ca phng trnh (36) l tm ra phng trnh vi phn hng 2 ca (x - x
0
) nh sau:
DP
2
(x - x ) - (a + b ) D (x - x ) + (a b - a b ) = 0 (38)
0 1 2 0 1 2 2 1
Phng trnh c trng ca h thng ny l:
r
2
- (a
1
+ b
2
)r + (a
1
b
2
- a
2
b
1
) = 0 (39)
t nghim ca phng trnh (39) l r
1
v r
2
th
2
4 ) ( ) (
1 2
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
b a b a b a
r r
+ + +
= (40)
162
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163
Cc s hng quyt nh tnh cht ca nghim trong cng thc trn l:
M = a
1
+ b
2
D = (a
1
- b
2
)
2
+ 4a
2
b
1
(41)
Cn c vo cc du hiu ca M v D, tm ra qu o (x, y) gn im k d, c
trnh by nh hnh 11.5 (ghi ch: phn bit D > 0 khng phi quyt nh du ca M
m phi cn c vo u D M ).
x x x
x
x x
y y y
y y y
M=0 M>0 M<0
D<0
D>0
Ni r thm l, trong vic tnh ton
bng phng php trn, cn ch cc
im sau y:
1. Trng hp D = 0, nu khng xt
n c cc s hng bc cao ca chui
Taylor th c sai s.
2. Trong h thng khng tuyn tnh
khng phi ch c mt s im k d, v
phng trnh (35) khng phi ch c mt
nghim.
Hnh 11.5. Quan h gia du ca biu
thc (D,M) trong m hnh 2 bin s (x,y)
vi dng qu o mt phng pha x-y
gn im k d (im cn bng)
ca nghim gii
3. Trng hp D < 0, h thng thnh
trng thi dao ng qu o ca mt x - y
thnh dng xoy. Cch quay ca qu o
dng xoy ny ph thuc vo du ca b
1
.
Nu b
1
> 0 th quay thun chiu kim ng
h, b
1
< 0 th quay theo chiu ngc li
(ly x lm trc honh).
1) M = a
1
+ b
2;
D = (a
1
- b
2
) + 4a
2
b
1
2) Phn on dng qu o khi nghim thc
D>0 ch da vo du ca M th khng
chnh xc, phi cn c vo du ca nghim
3. M hnh ho my tnh
Th no gi l m hnh ho
M hnh ho l s dng ci khng ging vi i tng nghin cu (m hnh)
nghin cu din bin v c tnh ca h thng c nghin cu, t ny ng ngha vi
thc nghim m hnh.
V loi cng c m m hnh s dng v ngha dng chng tin hnh thc
nghim m hnh ni tit th nht ca chng ny. Trong s nhng loi cng c m
hnh th tnh nng ca my tnh l tt nht, nht l nhng nm gn y, s pht trin
nhy vt ca my tnh in t, dng my tnh tin hnh thc nghim m hnh tr
thnh ph bin, do c th ni ngy nay l thi i ca m hnh ho tc l s dng
my tnh in t tin hnh thc nghim m hnh.
Mc ch ca m hnh ho: M hnh ho i th c hai mc ch (cng dng)
chnh: mt l gim nh gi thit khoa hc, hai l thc nghim thay cho vt thc. Mc
ch u ch yu l cng dng v mt nghin cu. Rt nhiu m hnh lm ra trong qu
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trnh nghin cu c th khng hon thin, c nhng im khng r rng b chn vi
trong nhng gi thuyt khoa hc ca cc nh nghin cu. Dng my tnh i vi m
hnh c nhng gi thit khoa hc ny, i chiu kt qu thc nghim vi nhng hin
tng bit h thng thc t, c th phn on c tnh hp l v tnh chnh xc
ca nhng gi thuyt y. Khng nhng th, cn c th da vo s quan st kt qu i
chiu, sa li gi thuyt hay gi cho nhng ti nghin cu mi khi so snh vi
thc t.
V thc nghim thay cho vt thc, ch yu l nhng vn v mt ng dng,
y cn ly m hnh ng tin cy lm tin . C khi chng ta ngh n mt thng tin
ng dng ca h thng no , nhng v l do kinh t, k thut, an ton hay mi trng
m khng th tin hnh thc nghim trn h thng vt thc c. Th d nghin cu
phng php phng tr nm bnh o n la, tm hiu phng thc lan truyn trong
phm vi ln ca loi nm ny, trong thc t khng cho php th nghim loi nm ny
bt k vng rung nc no. Hoc khi ly cy trng c hnh thi c th cha c trong
thc t lm mc tiu to ging, khng th dng vt thc thc nghim hiu sut quang
hp; khi nghin cu cc phn ng khc nhau ca h sinh thi cc iu kin kh hu
nhn to, tuy v mt k thut c th lm mc no , nhng cn phi chi ph rt ln
v tn nhiu thi gian, trn thc t l cha th lm c. i vi nhng vn nh th
(nu c c m hnh ng dng ph hp), pht huy tc dng nht vn l thc nghim
m hnh ho bng my tnh.
Phng php ton hc v m hnh my tnh
Phng php x l ton hc (gii tch), theo ngha rng cng l mt loi m hnh
ho trn giy, y ni r thm mt bc phng php ton hc sn c, ti sao cn cn
dng my tnh tin hnh m hnh ho.
Lnh vc cn tnh bng s: H thng c nghin cu thng qua cc biu thc ton
hc, thng tin c x l bng gii tch ton hc c tnh ph bin nht v m bo
chnh xc. Nhng phm vi nhng vn tm c nghim bng x l gii tch li rt
hp, hu nh khng lng trc c. Phi c y cc iu kin cht ch sau y
mi dng c phng php gii tch tm nghim:
1. Phng trnh dng tuyn tnh
2. Phi l t bc 4 tr xung (trong vng 4 bin s).
Nu khng tho mn c 2 iu kin ny, th ch c th da vo cc phng
php tnh ton tr s, ngoi ra khng cn bin php no khc.
D l m hnh ho tho mn c iu kin nh vy, nu l bc 3, bc 4, th
nghim tm c cng ht sc phc tp, nh th m c tip tc tin hnh gii tch
tm nghim th rt tn cng sc.
Tm nghim bng gii tch ni y tc l trng hp thng s (a
1
, a
2
, ...a
n
) ca
h thng no hon ton khng biu th bng s, m l bng ch.
164
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Gii phng trnh vn c ca h thng, mt bin s y
1
no biu th dng hin
ca cc thng s h thng v chuyn vo.
y
1
= f
1
(a
1
, a
2
.... a
n
, t) (42)
Nu dng hm s v phi ca phng trnh ny gin n, th c th thu c mt
s thng tin v quy lut tng qut, th d: iu kin cho y
i
tr thnh cc i l a
1
=
0,5 a
2
2
= 0, a
3
tng ln ln th y
i
gim theo hm s lu tha... Nhng nu khi dng hm
s v phi rt phc tp, cho a
1
tng ln, cha bit chc y
i
tng hay gim, trng hp ny
cn a cc tr s c th a
1
, a
2
, a
3
,... an vo tnh ton, cng tc l phi lp i lp li
nhiu ln tr s mi lm r c xu th ca hiu qu a
i
. y, tm nghim bng gii
tch cng rt kh khn. Ni tm li, tm nghim ca h thng tng i phc tp, v th
p dng cch tnh ton tr s l con ng tt nht, ngoi ra khng c cch no khc.
Tnh bng s v my tnh in t: Nhng phng php tnh ton tr s c quan h
mt thit vi vic m hnh ho l phng php Hone (Horner), phng php Graep
(Graeffe), phng php Bestu (Bairstow) gii phng trnh bc cao; i vi h phng
trnh nhiu bin s th c phng php kh, phng php Gao-Sy en (Gauss - Seidel),
phng php ng t; i vi phng trnh vi phn thng, c phng php Runge -
Kutta, v.v... Nhng phng php ny v mt l lun u c th tnh bng tay. ng
thi, mi vic tnh ton tr s phn nhiu cn nhng th tc tng i phc tp, h
thng cng phc tp th lng tnh ton cng ln. Nht l vi thc nghim m hnh ho,
vn d c c im nhiu loi hnh ton trong m hnh, thng km theo mt khi
lng tnh ton lp i lp li ht sc ln. Tnh ton bng tay tt nhin cng c, nhng
trn thc t ht sc chm. Ngy nay, a s cc nh nghin cu u c lin h vi trung
tm tnh ton no , h hon ton khng phi t tay mnh tnh ton tr s, ht thy u
nh my tnh in t.
My tnh ch s v my tnh m hnh ho: My tnh in t c coi l cng c tt
nht cho vic m hnh ho, c th chia ra lm hai loi: my tnh ch s (Digital) v my
tnh m hnh ho (Analog). Trong thc nghim m hnh ho h sinh thi nn chn loi
no, hin nay vn cha xc nh. ng v gc ca kiu m hnh ho, so snh tnh
nng ca my tnh, sau ny s ni n, nhng vic chn my tnh, ngoi vic xt tnh
nng ca n ra, mu cht vn l vn loi my tnh no dng thun tin hn. Nu ch
nhn vo s lng my tnh, th kiu m hnh ho khng khc vi kiu ch s, nhng n
thin v b mn k thut hc v phn nhiu do c nhn s dng.
My tnh kiu ch s c s ngi s dng tng ln rt nhanh. y ch yu ni v
my tnh kiu m hnh ho.
Cu trc v cch s dng my tnh kiu m hnh ho:
My tnh kiu m hnh ho c pht trin t thit k my gii tch phng trnh vi
phn. M hnh ng ca h thng m chng ta nghin cu c din t bng phng
165
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trnh vi phn, cho nn c th d kin l vic s dng my tnh kiu m hnh ho trong lnh
vc nghin cu sinh thi s ngy cng tng. y ch nu nhng iu ti thiu v my
tnh kiu m hnh ho.
u im ca my tnh kiu m hnh ho
- B phn ca h thng thc t v m hnh c s i ng r rng: My tnh kiu m
hnh ho p dng phng thc tnh ton song song ng thi, lng tnh ton l mt
lng lin tc nh in th. V th c tnh tng t cao gia c nng ca bn thn my
tnh v c nng ca hin tng t nhin. Th d, s quang hp ca l, cc hot ng
sinh l nh s chuyn vn sn phm quang hp n cc c quan khc, s ht m ca
b r, trong h thng thc t c tin hnh song song ng thi. Nhng my tnh kiu
ch s v mt c nng khng xt n tnh ng thi ca cc hin tng t nhin, m
tnh ton ln lt tun t theo mt th t nht nh. Xt v im ny, my tnh kiu m
hnh ho ging vi h thng thc t (hin tng t nhin), tin hnh tnh ton song song
ng thi. Do , trong nhm b tnh ca my tnh kiu m hnh ho, c th ch ra mt
cch r rng ci no i ng vi c quan quang hp, ci no i ng vi s ht m ca
r v ng h hiu th h s trong my tnh i ng vi cc thng s. c im ny
gip rt nhiu cho vic tm hiu m hnh my tnh.
- Tnh ton nhanh: my tnh kiu m hnh ho vi phng thc tnh ton song song
ng thi, cho nn d l h 2 phng trnh vi phn hay h 100 phng trnh vi phn th
thi gian tnh ton cng khng khc nhau, u trong khong 30 giy l tm ra gii p.
V th cng l h thng ln th tc tnh ton tng i cng nhanh hn so vi my
tnh kiu ch s.
Trong h sinh thi, phn nhiu l thng s cha bit, cho nn khng th khng tnh
th lp i lp li nhiu ln. Nh vy, tc tnh ton nhanh l mt u im.
- Thao tc n gin: Nu ch l thao tc tnh ton, th ch cn 10 pht l nh
c, r rng l n gin d hc. Trong qu trnh tnh ton, va xem xu th ca p n,
khng cn ngt qung s tnh ton m vn c th thay i trnh t ca n hoc tr s
thng s, thao tc ny cng rt n gin. Nh vy, ht sc c li cho vic tin hnh thc
nghim m hnh ho nhm kim nh gi thuyt khoa hc. Ngoi ra, v l tnh ton in
th, vic ghi li v quan st p n cng tng i d dng, gi tin my khng qu t,
cng l mt u im.
Nhc im ca my tnh kiu m hnh ho:
- chnh xc thp: sai s ca b tnh tuyn tnh l 0,1 - 0,01%, b tnh khng
tuyn tnh c hi cao hn, l 0,2 - 0,05%. Trng hp do nhiu b tnh t hp li, tho
lun mt cch khi qut sai s tng hp ca chng khng n gin. Cng vi vic m
rng h thng, s b tnh phi s dng tng ln tng ng, cn d tnh n l sai s tt
nhin cng tng ln.
- V thi gian tnh ton ca my tnh, xt n sai s ca n, cn khng ch trong
phm vi thch ng (loi tc thp l 10s - 1 pht), qu di hn hoc qu ngn hn
phm vi ny, sai s u tng ln. Do , nu khi thi gian ca h thng thc t vt qu
166
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167
hoc b xa phm vi ny, th cn bin i thi im ca n (lm cho h s ln ln hoc
nh i mt cch tng i), lm cho thi gian ca my tnh trong phm vi thch hp
th mi tm c p n. Nhng mt h thng no , chng hn nh h thng mt ci
l, trong cng mt h thng, c hin tng kch thch ca phn t sc t quang hp cp
10
-10
s, cng c hin tng ho gi ca l cp thi gian my tun l, nu m hnh ho
cng mt m hnh, th sai s ca n l mt vn ln. H sinh thi c c trng l cng
tn ti nhiu thnh phn hp thnh c nh s thi gian khc nhau.
- Lng tn tr (b nh) nh: Nng lc ny thp hn nhiu so vi my tnh kiu
ch s. V th, khi dng s liu o lng chiu sng mt tri, nhit khng kh lm s
liu u vo, cn thm ph kin chuyn dng bn ngoi my tnh (th d nh b c
ng cong chng hn).
- t hm s c bit: thnh phn c sn dng c log [x] sinx, cosx, x
2
, x .
Ngoi ra, c mt s hm s phi dng b pht sinh hm s tu kiu ng gy, th
dng lc no lm lc y. Thao tc cho d kin vo tng i phin phc.
- Nng lc phn on logic km: im ny gn y c ci tin, nhng vn khng
so c vi my tnh kiu ch s.
Trin vng ca my tnh kiu m hnh ho
Cho n nay, my kiu m hnh ho vn cn tn ti nhng nhc im k trn.
Nhng gn y, do s tin trin v thit b cng, khc phc c mt s nhc im,
pht huy c mt tt vn c ca my tnh kiu m hnh ho, v ngy cng hon thin.
Ni tm li c hai hng ci tin:
1. My tnh kiu m hnh ho tnh ton t ng;
2. My kiu hn hp.
My tnh kiu m hnh ho tnh ton t ng: Trong m hnh khng tuyn tnh, nu
mun gii vn tr s ti u,
vn bin tr v tr s cho,
th ngoi cch lp i lp li nhiu
ln th sai ra, khng cn cch
no khc. Loi kiu my tnh ny
c thit k da vo mun c
gng a vic th sai nh vy
tr thnh t ng ho. Hin nay,
hu ht cc my tnh u c kh
nng tnh ton t ng.
M
Th rng
Mo rng
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1855 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Hnh 12.5. Bin i chu k ca s c th
Bin i s c th thng k sn bn th rng
v mo rng Canada
Chu k khong 10 nm (Mac Lulich, 1937)
Theo ti liu ca Ito v Kritami (1971)
y tnh kiu hn hp: Kt
hp my tnh kiu m hnh ho
v my tnh kiu ch s c nh
vi nhau, pht huy cc mt tt
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168
in nay ngi ta u dng loi my tnh kiu m hnh ho m vic chng trnh
ho
4. Phn tch h thng mt s m hnh sinh thi
vi my tnh tin hnh phn tch
h th
ng ca m hnh lin to thc n (m hnh tnh chu k):
k (hnh 12.5).
Ngu
n to thc n 1 (m hnh Lotka Voltera, hnh 13.5):
hc
ca chng - tnh tc cao ca kiu m hnh ho, tnh x l s liu v tc chnh xc
cao ca kiu ch s, nng cao tnh nng ca c my tnh.
H
c th tin hnh t ng.
Hin nay, ngi ta dng phng php ton hc
ng i vi m hnh c th. Ch yu l thc tp phng php phn tch, khng t
vn ngha sinh thi hc ca kt qu phn tch.
Phn tch
C nhng ng vt d sinh, s c th ca chng bin i c tnh chu
yn nhn gy nn hot ng chu k nh vy c: thuyt kh hu (mt thuyt v dao
ng cng bc lin h vi tnh chu k ca hot ng ca mt tri), thuyt bnh cy,
thuyt stress (tc l tm nguyn nhn t bn trong qun th ca mt loi no , thuyt
quan h lin to thc n gia cc loi (m hnh Lotka Voltera, hnh 13.5) ... y ch
yu cp n thuyt Lotka - Voltera, tho lun v h thng lin to thc n v hin
tng chu k.
M hnh li
Cc nh ton hc Lotka (1925) v Voltera (1926) ln lt a ra m hnh ton
v s bin ng s lng c th ca loi.
xy k x k
dt
dx
2 1
=
(43)
y k xy k
dt
dx
3 2
=
(44)
x y
(+)
k
1
x k
2
xy
k
3
y
t mi ng vt i ng v bt m
k
1
x
1
k
2
y
0
k
1
y 10
x
x
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
- -
B phn ghi B phn
(x)
1) M hnh hnh v
o
Hnh 13.5. M hnh lin to thc n (m hnh Lotka - Voltera)
3) S s dng my tnh
kim m hnh ho
n hc 2) M hnh t
hi
(y)
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169
Trong : x - S c th (hoc khi lng) ca loi lm mi
y th ca loi bt m i x.
x do b bt n hay t l
ng trnh (43) v k
2
ca
ng du khc nhau, x v y y l khi
- S c
k
1
- T l tng t nhin ca x, k
2
l t l gim ca
tng ca y, k l t l cht ca y (k
2
ca ph
3
phng trnh (44) biu th b
lng, nn cng du).
(43) v (44) l h phng trnh vi phn khng tuyn tnh, cch gii gii tch chnh
xc rt kh khn. Nhng n l m hnh hai yu t, cho nn c th dng phng php
gii tch mt pha ni trn.
Trong phng trnh (43) v (44) t 0
dt
dy
0
dt
dx
= = v th im k d (y
0
, x
0
) ca
h thng ny l:
k
3
x =
0
k
2
k
1
k
y
0
=
2
(45)
t v phi ca phng trnh (43) l P, v phi ca phng trnh (44) l Q, lm
thnh xp x tuyn tnh g ca cc phng trnh, cc h s ca phng trnh
c trng nh sau:
k c M v D nh sau:
M = 0 + 0 = 0
(47)
0
: h th ng ny gn t h
thng h vng trn
khi d o tm p s th c kt qu nh hnh 13.5.
n im k d
P
x
= k
1
- k
2
y x = x
0
, y = y
0
, a
1
= 0
P
y
= - k
2
x x = x
0
, y = y
0
, b
1
= - k
3
C n c t qu ca cng thc (46), bit th
D = (0 + 0)
2
+ 4 k
1
(-k
3
)
= - 4 k
1
k
3
<
Phn on th t hnh 16.5 c th th y im k d, l m
m dng xoy nhm ng tm. M hnh ny t sc d dao ng, c i
ng my tnh kiu m hnh h
Hnh 14.5 l gii p tm c tri qua x v y thi gian khi t k
1
= 0,3 ; k
2
= 0,6 ;
k
3
= 0,3. Tr s tuyt i ca cc thng s thiu cn c ca bt k loi hnh sinh thi hc
no, ng nhin khng c coi trng lm.
Q
x
= k
2
y x = x
0
, y = y
0
, a
2
= k
1
= k
2
x - k
3
x = x
0
, y = y
0
, b
2
= 0
(46)
Q
y
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170
Hnh 14.5. Bin ng chu k ca ng vt lm mi (x) v ng vt bt mi (y)
tm c theo m hnh Lotka - Voltera (munekata, nguyn hnh),
(t l thi gian phn tch my tnh kiu m hnh ho l 1 giy)
Gi thi h sinh thi
i nm tnh ton. Trn hnh
,4 nm). Nh trn ni M = 0,
cho
nh nh trn phi ch gn im k d (x
0
, y
0
) mi c c tc
dng
Ghi ch: x
0
= 3, y
0
= 3, k
1
= 0,3, k
2
= 0,6, k
3
= 0,3
t 1 giy ca thi gian my tnh tng ng vi 1 nm ca
thc t, th k
3
= 0,3 c ngha l t l cht ca y ly 30% m
ny cn c th c c chu k l khong 4,4 giy (4
nn c th ni h thng ny l mt dao ng lin tc, khng suy gim cng khng
pht trin. Nhng trn hnh c th thy n c hi suy gim. l sai s sinh ra do vic
xp x tuyn tnh gn im k d. Trong trng hp ny, im k d x
0
(= k
3
/k
2
) = 5 ; y
0
(= k
1
/k
2
) = 5, cho nn x v y u tim cn vi 5 khi t . Hnh 14.5 gn vi ng
cong ca hm s sin.
So snh hnh 14.5 v hnh 15.5, nu lm cho k
2
nh i, th thy: 1) thi gian chu k
ln ln; 2) dao ng tr thnh kiu pht tn. Do h thng ny l khng tuyn tnh, th
tc lm xp x tuyn t
. Nu tm thi khng xt n im ny, th M phn on tnh n nh ca dao ng
v chu k dao ng nh sau:
M = (k
1
- k
3
) + k
2
(x - y) (48)
Chu k
2 1
k k
2
= (49)
T cho thy, nu k
3
nh i, th M > 0, ngha l d pht tn hay thi gian chu k
ln l nh u ln thc nghim m kin
ca dao ng lin tc (M = 0) i th l:
k
1
- 2k
3
= 0 (50)
ln. Ngoi ra, chnh l s iu i y tnh cho thy, iu
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171
Hnh 15.5. Lm nh t l cht (k3) ca ng vt bt mi (y) th thi gian
s c th thp ko di ra, xut hin pht sinh ln dng mch xung (pulse)
Ghi ch: 1) x
0
= 5, y
0
= 3, k
1
= 0,3, k
2
= 0,6, k
3
= 0,13
2) x m rng gp 2 ln
Hnh 16.5 l m
3
nh
i, kho h i,
bin p ni
trn ng ca loi lm mi x v loi n
mi y nh
Hnh 16.5. Gii p my tnh kiu m hnh ho m hnh Lotka - Voltera khi bin i
t l cht (k
3
) ca y. Nu t l cht nh i, chiu rng ca mt chu k ln ln
Ghi ch: x
0
= 0, y
0
= 3, k
1
= 0,25, k 0, k
3
= 0,10 0,18
t th gii p khi k
3
phm vi 0,10-0,18 (cp 0,2). Khi k
ng cch chu k ln ln, dao ng hng v kiu pht tn. Ngoi ra, k
3
n
dao ng ca x cng thp xung nh cng thc (45). C ba trng h
u i gian, th hnh ly trc honh lm trc th
sau:
x = f
1
(t)
y = f
2
(t)
(51)
0,18
1 giy
7
6
8
von
0,16 0,14 0,12
k
3
= 0,10
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
= 0,5
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172
Ln lt coi x, y l chuyn vo a
trn
i l ng
thng s, c trng hp quay trn
mt
x,
iu
chn t,
xem
im
xut pht
vo my v th x - y, c th biu th 2
gii p coi l qu tch ca 1 im
mt phng x - y. g nghim t
v.
Hnh 17.5 l nghim tng v ca x,
y; hnh ny cho thy do dao ng suy
gim m tr thnh ng cong xoy
hng tm (im k d) theo s t hp
ca
ng cong khp kn, c khi xoy c
m rng ra ngoi (dao ng pht tn).
Chiu xoy ca h thng ny theo chiu
ngc chiu kim ng h, c th thy
trc c cn c vo b
1
= - k
3
(< 0).
Hnh 18.5 l nhng dao ng u
tin khi bin i k
2
cc tr s. hnh
ny t k = k
3
, nh cng thc (45) cho
thy, khi k
2
bin i, ton b im k d
(x
0
, y
0
) u nm trn ng thng y =
im k d
0) khi k
tin gn v im gc (0,
2
ln ln. Ngoi ra, khi cho
k
2
ln ln, dao ng ta nh nh i,
trn thc t l v im k d tin
gn v im ban u (3, 3), khng
phi l hiu qu trc tip ca k.
M hnh lin to thc n II:
Chng ta tin hnh m hnh
ho hiu chnh (thay i) cc thng
s ca m hnh Lotka - Voltera.
Di y l trng hp th h
h bn thn kt cu k thu
n nh hng nh th no n
vic tm p s. Chng ta tin hnh
nhiu hiu chnh i vi m hnh
Lotka - Voltera, nhng nhng thc
nghim hiu chnh khng phi l
d bn v hiu chnh, m ch l vic
th gii p vn .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8
7
Hnh 17.5. Gii p bng my tnh loi lm
m t mi y(t) ca m hnh
Lotka - Voltera, dng my tnh v th
Ghi ch:
1 2 3
x
y 10
9
6
5
4
3
2
1
i x(t) v loi b
x - y v trn mt phng
1) k = 0,373; k = 0,687; k = 0,367
t t = 0; x = 2,89; y = 3,00
2) Vng trn suy gim cng gn im k
d (5.35; 5.42) cng tim cn, d v
hnh nn khng tnh ht
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
H
2
) b
+
+
=
2 1 4 3
1
3 2
k k k ) b k (
k (
k
k a k (
3 k
D (57)
M < 0 cho nn c th phn on tt c u l h thng n nh suy gim. Cn c
cng thc (57) phn on D m hay dng cng kh phin phc. N i,
gii tch h thng tng i phc tp.
cng thc (57) cho thy: a, b, k
3
,
k
4
l n
ng ca n cng tr nn kh khn hn.
Tron
nh). V
k
4
=
+
2
a k
+
2
3 2
) b k a
2
3
2
2
2
b k k
h trn n
T
n ln th D d g, cng tc l dao
g trng hp ny, dng thc nghim
m hnh ho s nhanh hn nhiu. M thc
my tnh kiu m hnh ho ca h thng
ny nh trong hnh 19.5. S dng b phn
ca b chia, tng ng vi b phn ca
hm s hipebn vi x chuyn vo.
Hnh 20.5 l hiu qu bin i h s b
i vi h thng (khi b ln ln th hm s
hipebn t rt nhanh n im
0, trng hp b = 0 ca hnh ny hon
ton ging vi kt cu ca m hnh Lotka -
Voltera trnh by phn trc. T hnh
ny cho thy: khi b ln ln, th dao ng
tt rt nhanh. Nh vy l nht tr vi kt
qu ca gii tch (b ln, th D > 0). Ni
x y
(+)
k
2
xy k
3
y
ng vt
ng vt
bt mi
1) M hnh
h h
3) S s dng my tnh kim m hnh ho
k
1
2) M h h ton h n c
= y k xy k
dt
2 1
=
=
dx
x k xy k
x k
dt
dx
4 4 2
1
bx a
Hnh 19.5. M hnh lin to t n II
-
hc
x
0
k
2
y
0
k
1
y 10
x
(x)
B phn
(y)
k
0
+
b
a
b = 0,0
10 giy
1 von
Hnh 20.5. Hiu qu s b (h s
lm tng cng khng tuy ca
hm s tng sin i) i vi dao
b = 0,1
b
ca h
n tnh
h vt m
ng ca m hnh lin to thc n x (t)
b = 0,2
b = 0,3
= 1,0
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175
ng ln
hn,
y ly tun hon m n gin ho lm th d, ni v nh hng ca h s
tc
c bng tay, lm
ton b ng dy thnh tuyn tnh, (1), (2), (3), ca hnh ny, trong h thng thc t
bng ngn ng ca sinh thi hc, tc l do hiu qu ca bn thn, trong h thng cu
thnh ly loi tng nhanh ngay n im nh lm loi sinh vt mi, th khng d g
pht sinh hin tng chu k. Hnh 21.5 l hiu qu ca t l cht ca sinh vt mi x. Do
t b = 0, nn ging vi m hnh Lotka - Voltera. Nhng khi hiu qu ca t l tng v
t l cht ca x l s m, v im ny th khc nhau. Khi t l cht ca x tng cao ln,
tc suy gim ca chu k s t rt nhanh n im cn bng, ng thi lng y
trng thi n nh cng gim theo. T l cht ca x hu nh khng c nh hng n tr
s n nh ca x. ng nhin l ni trng hp t l cht khng phi l hm s ca
thi gian. Khi t l cht ca sinh vt mi t n mt gii hn no tr ln (cng tc
l khi hi ln hn t l tng ca sinh vt mi), khi sinh vt mi v sinh vt bt n u
tr thnh 0, h thng ny s mt.
M hnh tun hon vt cht (vn tr s n nh ca m hnh tuyn tnh)
H thng tun hon vt cht so vi h thng lin to thc n, l mt h th
cho nn ng dy ca n cng phc tp hn, y l mt i tng rt tt v gii
tch h thng. Tuy nhin, s hiu ca h thng thc t, ni v tng b mn, c
tch lu kh, nhng nhn v ton b th c th li rt khng y .
im xut pht
0,25
0.1
0,10
0,16
k
4
= 0,0
0 2 3 4 5
ht (k
4
)
7
6
5
4
2
1
3
x
Lng sinh
y
vt lm mi
1 6
Hnh 21.5. Gii p pha khi thay i t l c
ca x trong m hnh lin to thc n II
X
2
X
3
m
X
1
Cht h
trong t
u c
X
4
3
2
1
3 2
k
3
x
4
k
1
k
4
x
3 k
1
x
3
k x
k
2
x
1
3
x
a
k
Hnh 22.5. M hnh m gi thit.
Trong 1), (2), (3) vn phi c kt cu
tun hon
ng (
mi lin h ngc (khng tuyn tnh), y
tm khng xt, ton b lm cho chng gn
vi tuyn tnh; a, k
1
- k
7
l h s (thng s),
x
1
- x
4
l bin s ph thuc v thi gian
2
x
1
176
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177
1
k
3
x
k
7
+ k
3
)k
4
a k
3
=
(k
2
x
4
=
k
7
k
5
a k
1
+ k
6
Gi thit m hnh ny l im sau y c xc lp:
1/ Ch cn khng thay i l ng chuyn vo chuyn ra ca h thng, hng s
tc t
ch
ng con ca h sinh thi ng rung, m hnh sinh trng
ca im m hnh ho. Phn ny trnh by trong
Gio
ng, th thng th
i
ng cc
(k
1
, k
2
, ... k
6
) trong ng vng d thay i nh th no, lng m trong
u ni chuyn vo chuyn ra cng khng thay i.
2/ D c nng cao t sut tc ng vt n cy trng, lng gi N ca ng vt
vn c hn nht nh.
M hnh sinh trng ca cy trng:
Cy trng, coi l h th
n c rt nhiu thit k v thc ngh
trnh Sinh thi Nng nghip.
0 20 40 60 80 giy
Thi gian tnh ton
Hnh 23.5. g my tnh
kiu m hnh ho theo m hnh tun hon m
t hu c trong t
Cy
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
8
7
6
5
4
2
Ch
Von
ng vt n c
trng lu nm
m trong t
3
Th d kt qu tnh ton bn
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TM TT
Thng thng cc bin php chia nh s gip chng ta n gin ha h thng.
Tuy nhin kiu suy lun tnh cht ca phn t nh suy ra c im ca ton h
thng i khi khng cho chng ta kt qu mong mun. Phng php tip cn
h thng theo quan im sinh thi hc s cho chng ta mt cch nhn tng th
hn v qun th cy trng v h sinh thi ng rung. M hnh ha c s
dng nh mt b cng c hu ch nghin cu h thng. ng thi n cn c
tc dng bo trc cho chng ta bit trc cc tc ng ca h thng. Trong
thc t cc nh khoa hc thng s dng m hnh ha cc mi quan h gia
cy trng, dinh dng t, c di, nh sng nghin cu chc nng v cu
trc ca h sinh thi ng rung. thc hin m hnh ha, ngi ta biu din
cc mi quan h di dng i s hoc h thng cc phng trnh ton hc
dng tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn tnh. Hin nay, ngi ta dng phng php ton
hc vi my tnh tin hnh phn tch h thng i vi m hnh c th. Chng
ta c th tham kho thm v d c th v m hnh sinh trng ca cy trng
trong gio trnh Sinh thi hc Nng nghip.
CU HI N TP
Dnh cho sinh vin i hc v sau i hc:
1. Hy trnh by u nhc im ca bin php chia nh?
2. Ti sao ni sinh thi hc mang tnh tng hp?
3. Hiu th no l h thng? S khc bit gia h thng c hc v sinh hc?
4. Trong qu trnh phn tch h thng phi lu nhng im g?
5. Mc ch ca nghin cu h thng l g?
6. Hy trnh by cc c trng c bn ca m hnh h thng VAC?
Dnh cho sinh vin sau i hc:
1. Th no l trng thi n nh?
2. Th no l h thng tuyn tnh?
3. Lm th no x l dao ng ca h thng khng tuyn tnh?
4. Th no gi l m hnh ha my tnh?
5. Hy nu u nhc im ca m hnh ha my tnh?
178
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GII THCH THUT NG
1. Sut phn x (Albedo): T l ca thng lng nh sng nhp x v lng
dng nh sng phn x. Trong qun th cy trng sinh trng pht trin tt, t
l ny c tr s bng khong 0,2. Tr s ny thay i nhiu theo gc nhp x.
2. T l nc dng ln u (Primary water use percentage): Ch tiu dng
quan st mc s dng lng nc ma ln u ca rng, ng rung, t
cn... Tr s ny khng tnh nc dng li.
3. Hiu sut chuyn i nng lng (Energy conversion efficiency): T sut
m quang hp c nh c trong s nng lng nh sng m thc vt hp
th. Qun th la nc pht trin tt th hiu sut chuyn i nng lng l
khong 7%.
4. Tr khng khuch tn (Diffusion resistance): Cng dng in gia hai
im t l thun vi hiu in th, t l nghch vi in tr. Suy ra, lng vt
cht chuyn vn (khuch tn) gia hai im t l thun vi hiu nng vt
cht gia hai im t l nghch vi tr khng khuch tn vt cht . Tr
khng ny gi l tr khng khuch tn, tng ng vi s nghch o ca
tc trao i.
5. Mi trng (Environment): nh ngha khi qut l iu kin ngoi cnh ca
sinh vt, tc l tng ho nhng iu kin bn ngoi c quan h vi i sng
sinh vt.
6. Trng thi n nh nht (Climax): S hp thnh qun x trong thc b thin
nhin din bin theo thi gian, cui cng t n loi hnh qun x n nh
nht trong iu kin chi phi ca ni - ch yu l iu kin kh hu. Loi
hnh qun x nh th gi l qun x cao nh (n nh nht). Qun x cao
nh s tip tc tn ti vng lu di nu khng b ngi, ni la hay ho
hon ph hoi.
7. Qun x (community): V mt sinh thi hc, thut ng ny biu th th cng
ng ca nhiu loi sinh vt, i tng thc vt th l qun x thc vt (Plant
community), i tng ng vt th l qun x ng vt (Animal community),
c khi gm c thc vt v ng vt th gi l qun x sinh vt. Ngoi ra, cn
c vo i tng nghin cu, gi l qun x c di, qun x cy trng...
8. Lng hin cn (standing crop): Lng sinh vt (biomass) tn ti mt din
tch no trong mt thi gian no , gi l lng hin cn, thng thng
biu th bng khi lng vt cht kh.
1
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9. Thng lng hin nhit v tim nhit (Sensible and latent heat flux): Trong
s nhit nng a vo mt mt no , nhit lu ng do s chnh lch nhit
gia mt v khng kh chung quanh n gi l hin nhit (lng dng),
nhit lu ng vi hnh thc tim nhit trong bc hi gi l tim nhit (lng
dng).
10. Tc trao i (exchange velocity): Mt loi vt cht no trong mt
dung mi no , khi chuyn dich (trao i) t im A n im B, lng
chuyn dch trong n v thi gian, n v din tch mt ct thnh t l vi
hiu nng ca loi vt cht ti im A v im B, v h s t l c th
nguyn ca tc (cm/s), cho nn gi l tc trao i.
11. Thnh phn hp thnh (component): H sinh thi ng rung do qun x
sinh vt trong ng rung v nhng yu t khng phi sinh vt nh nh sng,
CO
2
, nc, t, thnh phn dinh dng v c... cu thnh. H thng c cu
trc c hc v chc nng nh th gi l h sinh thi ng rung.
12. Qun x sinh vt ng rung (field biome, biotic, community in field): Tn gi
tng qut cc thnh phn sinh vt nh cy trng, c di, su hi, vi sinh vt, ng
vt... sinh tn trong h sinh thi ng rung. Khng bao gm cc thnh phn
khng phi sinh vt.
13. Qun th (population): Cu thnh bi nhng c th sinh vt cng loi.
14. Cu trc hnh hc tng tn (geometrical structure of a canopy): S phn b
khng gian ca cc b phn trn mt t ca cy trng. Mc din tch b
mt cc c quan c biu th bng hm s phn b thng ng v hm s
biu th phng php tuyn dng trn b mt cc c quan.
15. H thng (system): nh ngha ca h thng l 1/ t hp ca nhiu thnh
phn hp thnh c quan h qua li phc tp; 2/ l mt chnh th (th thng
nht) trn ngha no .
16. M hnh ho (simulation): Tuy nhng yu t (thnh phn) s dng hon ton
khc vi h thng i tng nghin cu hin thc (h thng thc), m hnh l
s n gin ho h thng thc nhng phi c cc c tnh quan trng nht ca
h thng thc, ngha l m hnh c ch to ra c cu trc l lun ph hp
vi cc yu t ca h thng thc.
17. Sinh vt d dng (heterotrophic organisms): Ch nhng sinh vt ly dinh
dng vi hnh thc hp cht hu c, da trc tip hay gin tip vo sinh vt
t dng. Nhm sinh vt ny li c chia ra: sinh vt dinh dng hon ton
ng vt, dinh dng hoi sinh, dinh dng k sinh...
18. Sn lng thun (net production): Lng cht hu c tch tr li c th
thc vt; cng tc l lng quang hp tr i lng h hp.
2
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19. Sut ng ho thun (net assimilation rate - NAR): Thc o hiu sut
quang hp ca thc vt tc l tc sinh trng ca thc vt, biu th bng
trng lng vt cht kh mi n v din tch l trong mi n v thi gian.
20. Bc x thun (net radiation), cn gi l cn bng bc x: L tng ca hiu
gia bc x ngn (bc x ngoi) chiu trn mt mt no v phn x ca
n.
21. Cu trc sn xut (productive structure): S phn b theo phng thc ng
ca cc c quan trn mt t ca qun th thc vt (cy trng); c th chia ra:
cu trc khng gian ca tp on l (sn xut vt cht kh) v cu trc khng
gian thn cy - c quan khng ng ho.
22. Nng sut (productivity): Sn xut vn d l thut ng ca kinh t hc, trong
nng nghip l ch s thu hoch m ngi ta thu c trn t ai. Cho nn
sn lng thu hoch c trn din tch nht nh gi l nng sut. Tng ng
nh vy, tng lng ton b cht hu c m mt nhm sinh vt sinh ra, gi l
nng sut sinh hc.
23. H sinh thi (ecosystem): H thng ng thi do nhng sinh vt cng sng
trong mt vng no v nhng yu t mi trng khng phi l sinh vt
(nh sng, nc, t...) trong vng to thnh. Tu theo i tng v vng
nghin cu c gi l h sinh thi rng, h sinh thi dng sng, h sinh thi
ng rung...
24. Tng khng kh gn mt t (Air layer near the ground): Phm vi chu nh
hng s ma st gia khng kh v mt t gi l tng gii hn khng kh.
di tng ny, phm vi 40 - 50 cm trn mt t gi l tng khng kh gn mt
t.
25. H thng tuyn tnh v khng tuyn tnh (linear and nonlinear system):
Phng trnh dng din t h thng gm nhiu s hng, bin s v o hm;
trong cc s hng u l bc nht th gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh (phng
trnh i s tuyn tnh hay phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh), ngoi ra th u l
phng trnh khng tuyn tnh.
Th d:
1/ 0 = a
1
y
1
+ a
2
y
2
+ a
3
y
3
2/
3 3 2 2 1 1
y a y a y a
dt
dy
+ + =
3/
t 3
e y 5
dt
dy
t
2 dt
y 2 d
= + +
l phng trnh tuyn tnh;
3
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1/
3 3 2 2
1 1
1
1
y a y log a
y b 1
y
a 0 + +
+
=
2/
3 3
y 1 b
2 1 1
y a e a y a
dt
dy
+ =
3/ t sin y a
dt
dy
2 dt
y 2 d
1
2
= + +
l phng trnh khng tuyn tnh
c im ton hc ca phng trnh khng tuyn tnh l khng th xc lp
"nguyn l trng hp", do khng th gii bng ton hc tuyn tnh (tm
nghim bng gii tch h phng trnh, phng php c in ca phng trnh
vi phn, phng php bin i Laplace, phng php bin i Fourier); tr
trng hp c bit ra, ni chung l khng th gii tch tm nghim ca h
thng khng tuyn tnh.
26. Tng sn lng (gross production) hay sn lng th: Ton b cht hu c
m qun x thc vt thng qua quang hp sn xut ra gi l tng sn lng,
cng tc l tng ca sn lng thun v h hp.
27. Hng s mt tri (solar constant): Cng bc x mt tri khi n tng
gii hn khng kh gi l hng s mt tri, c tr s l 1,94 cal/cm
2
/pht.
Hng s mt tri bin ng trong phm vi 1% tr xung.
28. Nhit truyn dn trong t (soil heat flux): Nhit nng t mt t xm nhp
vo trong t gi l nhit truyn dn trong t. Thng c nh gi bng
phng php phn tch phn nhit, phng php tm truyn nhit, phng
php truyn dn nhit.
29. Sinh vt t dng (autotrophic organisms): Nhng sinh vt c th t tng
hp c cht hu c cn thit cho c th cht v c; chia ra: sinh vt t
dng hon ton (thc vt quang hp) v sinh vt t dng v c ho nng
hp. i biu cho loi trc l thc vt mu xanh lc; loi sau l nhng vi
khun khng th trc tip li dng nng lng mt tri, nhng thu c nng
lng thng qua oxy ho cht v c.
30. Cn bng nhit lng (heat balance): Tng ton b nng lng (nhit) ra v
vo trn mt mt no trong thi gian nht nh, theo nh lut bo ton
nng lng th bng 0. S ra vo ca nhit gi l cn bng nhit lng.
Bc x thun trn mt t, lu ng hin nhit, lu ng tim nhit, truyn
dn nhit trong t l ni dung ch yu ca s cn bng nhit lng v c
gi l cc yu t cn bng nhit lng.
4
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31. Hm s phn b l (leaf distribution function): Hm s biu th cu trc
hnh hc ca tp on l, cng tc l hm s biu th phng php tuyn dng
trn mt l. Phng ca php tuyn do gc thin nh v gc phng v quyt
nh. Thc t l s phn b tn din tch l tnh ton theo gc thin nh v
gc phng v ca nhng l khc nhau.
32. Nn nng nghip t ngp (flood farming): Do l lt ca cc sng ln, khi
lng ln bn t, cht lng ng c chuyn xung h lu, hnh thnh
vng t ai mu m ngp nc. Nn nng nghip pht trin y gi l
nng nghip t ngp, l mt hnh thi ca nn nng nghip nguyn thu t
thp.
33. Vi khun quang hp (photosynthetic bacteria): Vi khun lu hunh (sulphur
bacteria) mu v mu lc xanh li dng nng lng nh sng ly cc cht
hu c i loi nh axit bo cp thp hay H, cc cht sunfua lm th cung cp
H sinh sng, cng thc phn ng l: 2H
2
S + CO
2
2S + CH
2
O +H
2
O.
Nm 1940, Gest v Kamen t trong Rhodospirillum rubrum pht hin loi
vi khun ny c kh nng c nh m. Vi khun quang hp c nh m kh
nhiu trong iu kin k kh v c chiu sng.
34. H hp nh sng (light respiration): Thc vt C
3
c h thng h hp nh
sng nh CO
2
trong iu kin chiu sng; thc vt C
3
h thng nh vy
cng nhiu hn. Trong iu kin nng O
2
tng i thp, h hp nh sng
b c ch. Thc vt C
3
khi nng O
2
h thp th quang hp ca n tng ln.
35. Sn xut vt cht (sn xut vt cht kh) (dry matter production): Thc vt
nh hot ng quang hp ca b phn mu xanh lc sinh ra cht hu c
sinh trng. S to ra cht hu c ny gi l s sn xut vt cht. Thng
thng biu th bng trng lng kh ca c th thc vt, cho nn cn gi l
sn xut vt cht kh.
36. Thng lng (flux): Mt loi vt cht no (hoc mt loi nng lng no
) khi vn ng (lu ng) trong mi trng, lng chuyn vn ca vt cht
trong n v thi gian, n v din tch trn mt mt mt no th gi l
thng lng.
37. T s Bowen (Bowens ratio): Nhit a vo mt mt no , trong c
phn nhit lu ng dng hin nhit (H) v phn nhit lu ng dng tim
nhit (IE), t s H/IE ly tn ngi xng ra n, do c tn l t s
Bowen ().
38. Cn bng nc (water balance): Cng nh cn bng nhit lng, tng s ra
v vo ca nc th rn, th lng, th hi trn mt mt no trong mt thi
gian nht nh no bng 0. Ni c th l s ra vo ca nc: nc ma,
nc chy trn b mt t, trao i nc gia mt t v tng di, bc hi
nc b mt, gi l s cn bng nc.
5
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39. Nn nng nghip nng ry (slash and burn farming): Nn nng nghip
nguyn thu, t rng hoc ng c xong, ngi ta trng cy (ch yu la
nng, sn, ng) t mt n vi nm. Lp tro trn mt t l ngun cung cp
dinh dng v c cho cy trng. Nng ry s c b ha sau khi t mt
mu v ngi dn li pht mt mnh nng mi.
40. Nc hu hiu (available water): Lng nc m thc vt c th ht c
t trong t, tng ng vi lng d t lng gi nc ln nht (h s
ho) m t c th gi c. Hm lng nc hu hiu khc nhau tu loi
t, t tht v t tht pha st cao hn t ct v t st.
41. Lng nc cn (Water requirement): tm hiu nc cn dng trong thi
gian sinh trng ca thc vt, ly tng lng nc ht chia cho tng khi
lng vt cht kh th c lng nc cn gi l h s bc hi.
42. Ch s din tch l (leaf area index, LAI): T s gia ton b din tch l trn
mt t nht nh v din tch ca mt t .
43. Bao b mch c dip lc (chlorophyllons bundle sheath): Trong bao b
mch l ca thc vt C
4
nh ng, la min... c cht dip lc, gi l bao b
mch c dip lc. Thc vt C
3
nh la nc, m, u tng... khng c loi
m ny.
44. H s khuch tn dng xoy (turbulent transfer coefficien): S lu ng ca
th lng nu vt qu mt iu kin no th tr thnh lu ng c nhiu
ch xoy, gi l dng xoy. Trong loi lu ng ny, s khuch tn ca
vt cht no thnh t l vi dc nng v h s khuch tn ca vt
cht . H s khuch tn trong dng xoy gi l h s khuch tn dng xoy.
6
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MC LC
Trang
Li ni u 3
Chng I
NG RUNG V SINH THI HC NG RUNG 5
1. Khi nim chung v sinh thi hc ng rung 6
2. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ng rung 8
Tm tt 12
Cu hi n tp 12
Ti liu c thm 12
Chng II
CU TRC V CHC NNG CA H SINH THI NG RUNG 13
1. Cn bng lng nhit v cn bng nc ca ng rung 14
2. Mi trng t 22
3. Mi trng sinh vt 24
4. Cu trc ca qun th cy trng 26
5. Cu trc mi trng ca h sinh thi ng rung 35
6. Quang hp ca qun th cy trng 48
7. S sinh trng ca qun th cy trng 57
8. S cnh tranh ca h sinh thi ng rung 61
9. Nng sut ca h sinh thi ng rung 65
10. M hnh ho h thng h sinh thi ng rung 69
Tm tt 82
Cu hi n tp 82
Ti liu c thm 83
Chng III
S VN NG CA H SINH THI NG RUNG 85
1. Din bin ca ng rung 86
2. S bin i hnh thc sn xut nng nghip v ngha sinh thi ca n 90
3. Trng cy thch hp vi vng t trng 100
4. S cn bng nng lng ca qun th cy trng 104
5. S chuyn ho nng lng ca ng rung 108
6. Tun hon vt cht ca ng rung 110
Tm tt 125
Cu hi n tp 125
Ti liu c thm 126
1
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Tai lieu chia se tai: wWw.SinhHoc.edu.vn
Chng IV
IU KHIN H SINH THI NG RUNG 127
1. ngha v phng php iu khin h sinh thi ng rung 128
2. iu khin qu trnh ca h sinh thi ng rung 130
Chng V
K THUT HC H THNG CA H SINH THI NG RUNG 139
1. Sinh thi hc v k thut hc h thng 139
2. Chun b ton hc m t v phn tch h sinh thi 148
3. M hnh ho my tnh 163
4. Phn tch h thng mt s m hnh sinh thi 168
Tm tt 178
Cu hi n tp 178
Ti liu c thm 179
GII THCH THUT NG 180
TI LIU THAM KHO 185
2
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nh xut bn nng nghip
167/6 - ng Phng Mai - ng a - H Ni
T: 5763470 - 8521940 FAX: (04) 5760748
chi nhnh nxb nng nghip
58 Nguyn Bnh Khim - Qun 1 - Tp. H Ch Minh
T: 8297157 - 8299521 FAX: (08) 9101036
3
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Chu trch nhim xut bn
NGUYN CAO DOANH
Bin tp v sa bn in
NGUYN TH HI
Trnh by, ba
TRN V
63 - 630
NN - 2006
- 202/78 - 06
In 1.000 bn, kh 19 x 27cm ti Xng in NXB Nng nghip. Giy xc nhn ng k
KHXB s 360-2006/CXB/202 - 78/NN do CXB cp ngy 9/5/2006. In xong v np lu
chiu qu III/2006.
4
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Tai lieu chia se tai: wWw.SinhHoc.edu.vn