S CHNH PHNG

1) nh ngha: L s c dng n 2 , n .
2) Tnh cht:
1.
S chnh phng chn th chia ht cho 4, s chnh phng l khi chia cho 8 d 1
2
2
Nu a=3k th a 0 ( mod 9) ; Nu a 3k th a 1( mod 3)

2.

3.
4.

Gia cc bnh phng ca hai s nguyn lin tip khng c s chnh phng no
S chnh phng khng th c tn cng l 2, 3, 7, 8.
5.
Nu hiu ca hai s nguyn bng 2n th tch ca chng thm n2 s l s chnh phng.
6.
Nu a, b chnh phng, (a,b)=1 th a chnh phng v b chnh phng.
HD: G/s ab= c2v gi d=(a,c) suy ra a=a1d; c=c1d, (c1, d1)=1do ab=c12d
2
2
+ Do a1d Mc1 b Mc1 vi ( a1 , c1 ) = 1

+ Do c12 d Mb c12 Mb vi ( b, d ) = ( b, a ) = 1 b = c12 ; a =

c2
= d2
b

Nu mt s chnh phng chia ht cho p, p- nguyn t th s chnh phng chia ht cho

p2. Do nu mt s a chia ht cho s nguyn t p nhng s a khng chia ht cho p2 th a khng l s
chnh phng.
7.

3) Bi tp
1.

Chng minh rng tng ca hai s chn lin tip khng chnh phng.

HD: 2n + (2n + 2) = 4n + 2 2( mod 4)

2.

Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 2 hoc 3 s nguyn l khng chnh phng.

( 2n + 1) + ( 2k + 1) 2( mod 4)
2
2
2
( 2n + 1) + ( 2k + 1) + ( 2l +1) 3( mod 8)
2

HD:

3.
Chng minh rng mt s chn bt k khng phi l bi ca 4 th khng th phn tch thnh
hiu 2 s chnh phng.
2
2
HD: 2 ( 2k + 1) = a b = ( a b) ( a +b)

Do v tri chn nn hai s a v b c cng tnh chn l suy ra (a-b) v (a+b) cng chn. Khi v
phi chia ht cho 4.
4.
Chng minh phng trnh 13x2 +2 =y2 khng c nghim nguyn.
HD: + x v y cng tnh chn l
+ Khi y chn: VP 0 ( mod 4) ; VT 2( mod 4) ;
+ Khi y l : VP 1( mod 8) ; VT 7( mod 8) ;
5.

Tm n 2n + 8 n + 5 l chnh phng.

n
HD: + n 3 2 + 8n + 5 5( mod 8)

+ n=2: 25 l chnh phng.

+ n=0 hoc 1 th khng tho mn
6.
Chng minh rng khng tn ti n 24n+41 l chnh phng.
HD: G/s 24n+41=t2
+ Nu t chia ht cho 3 th 24n+41=3(8n+13)+2 khng chia ht cho 3
2
+ Nu t khng chia ht cho 3 th t 1( mod 3) 3( 8 n +13) +2 1( mod 3)

7.

Chng minh khng tn ti n 7.10n+4 l chnh phng.

n
HD: 7.10 + 4 2( mod 3)

8.
Chng minh rng tch ca 2 s t nhin khc khng lin tip khng chnh phng.
HD: c n2 < n(n+1) < n2+2n+1 = (n+1)2
9.
Tm n n2 + 3n l chnh phng.
HD: D thy n = 0;1 ng.
Ngoi ra, c n2+2n+1< n2+3n < n2+4n+4 hay (n+1)2 < n2+3n< (n+2)2
10. Tm n n2 + 3 chia ht cho 5.
11.
Tm n n! + 97 l chnh phng.
HD: Nu n 5 th n!+97 c tn cng l 7 nn khng chnh phng.
Nu n = 4 th 24+97 = 121= n2
Nu 0 n 3 th u khng tho mn.
12.
Chng minh rng tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip thm 1 l s chnh phng.
13.
Tng cc ch s ca mt s chnh phng c th bng 1994 hoc 1995 c hay khng?
HD: a) N S ( N ) ( mod 3) . V 1994 2 ( mod 3) nn nu S(N)=1994 th N 2 ( mod 3)
b) v 1995 chia ht cho 3, nhng 1995 khng chia ht cho 9 nn tng cc ch s ca 1 s
chnh phng khng th bng 1995.
14.
Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca 5 s nguyn lin tip khng chnh phng.
HD: ( n 2 ) + ( n 1) + n2 +( n +1)
2

+( n +2)

=5( n2 +2) M5 nhng khng chia ht cho 25.

Chng minh rng khng tn ti n n2+n+2 chia ht cho 3.

HD: G/s n n2+n+2=3k khi n2+n+2-3k = 0 c nghim nguyn dng

15.

C = 3 ( 4k 3) + 2 l s chnh phng. iu ny v l v 2 ( mod 3)

Gi N=2.3.4Pn l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin. Chng minh rng c 3 s N, N-1,
N+1 u khng l s chnh phng.
HD: Nu N chn nhng khng chia ht cho 4 nn N khng chnh phng.
16.

Nu N+1=k2 th k l khi N=(k-1)(k+1)M4!

Nu N 1 2 ( mod 3) th N-1 khng chnh phng.
17.
Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca 2 s l khng chnh phng.
18.
Chng minh rng s chnh phng c cha ch s l hng chc th ch s hng n v
lun bng 6.

HD: xt (10n+b)2 = 20n(5n+b) + b2 ; Vi b 9 ch s hng chc ca 20n(5n+b) chn do ch

s hng chc ca b2 l nn b=4; 6.
19.
Chng minh rng mi s chnh phng l u c ch s hng chc l chn.
HD: Xt (10a+b)2 = 20a(5a+b)+b2 vi b l, b 9 b = 1;3;5; 7;9 b2 = 01; 09; 25; 49;81
PCM

20.
Chng minh rng mt s chnh phng ln hn 100 c tn cng l 5 th ch s hng trm
l chn.
HD: Xt (10a+5)2 =100a(a+1)+25. V a(a+1) chn . Ta c PCM.
Tm x, y 2x + 5y chnh phng.

21.

2
y
2
HD: G/s 2 + 5 = k ( k )
y
+ Nu x=0 th 1+5y=k2 suy ra k chn 1 + 5 2 ( mod 4)

+ Nu x 0 k l v k khng chia ht cho 5.

x
2
x
y=0: 2 + 1 = k = ( 2 m + 1 ) 2 = 4 m ( m+ 1 ) m = 1, x = 3, y = 0
2

2
y 0 , v k khng chia ht cho 5 nn k 1( mod 5)
x
T gi thit suy ra 2 ( mod 5) x chn, x=2n

k + 2 n = 5a
y
n
n
5
=
(
k
+
2
)
k

(
) k 2n = 5b , a +b = y; a , b
V t gi thit suy ra

2n +1 = 5b ( 5a b 1 ) 5b = 1, b= 0 hay a= y 2n+ 1= 5y 1

+ Nu y=2t th 2n+1=25t-1 chia ht cho 3

+ Nu y l th 2n+1=4(5y-1+5y-2++ 5+1)
nu y>1 th 5y-1+5y-2++5+1 l.
Vy y=1 suy ra x=2. p s x=1; y=2.
22.
Tm 1 s c 2 ch s bit:
a) Tng ca s v s vit theo th t ngc li l s chnh phng.
b) Hiu bnh phng ca s v s vit theo th t ngc li l s chnh phng.
HD:a) ab + ba = 11( a + b ) M11 , v s chnh phng chia ht cho 11 th chia ht cho 121 nn (a+b)
chia ht cho 11. do a+b chia ht cho 11.
11
+) ab ba = ( 10a + b ) ( 10b + a ) = 99 ( a 2 b2 ) M
2

V 0<(a-b)<8, 2 a + b 18 a + b = 11 ab ba = 9.11.11.( a b) chnh phng hay (a-b) chnh

phng, suy ra hoc a-b=1 hoc a-b=4
S: s 65
23.

Tm s chnh phng abcd bit ab cd = 1

HD: n 2 = abcd = 100ab + cd = 100(1+ cd )+ cd = 100+ 101cd ( n 10 ) ( n + 10 ) = 101cd .

V n<100 v 101 l nguyn t nn n+10=101 suy ra n=91.

(V Balan) Chng minh rng nu a, b l cc s nguyn tho mn h thc 2a2+a = 3b2 + b

th a - b v 2a + 2b+ 1 l cc s chnh phng.
HD: C 2a2-2b2+a-b=b2(1), suy ra (a-b)(2a+2b+1) =b2.
Gi d l c dng ca a-b v 2a+2b+1 th d chia ht (2a+2b+1-2(a-b)=4b+1).
24.

Mt khc (1) (1) d 2 \ b 2 d \ b d \1 d = 1 .

Vy (a-b, 2a+2b+1)=1. T ta c PCM
* Lu : T gt suy ra (a-b)(3a+3b+1)=a2 nn (3a+3b+1) l chnh phng
25. (HSGQG 1995) Tm p nguyn t sao cho tng tt c cc c t nhin ca p4 l s chnh
phng.
HD: G/s 1+p+p2+p3+p4=n2. D thy 4p4+4p3p2<4n2<4p4+p2+4+4p3+4p+8p2 hay
(2p2+p)2<(2n)2<(2p2+p+2)2 suy ra 2n =2p+p+1 suy ra p=3.
26.
Chng minh rng nu mi s nguyn p, q l tng ca hai s chnh phng th tch pq cng
l tng ca 2 s chnh phng.
27.
Chng minh rng nu mi s nguyn m, n l tng ca 4 s chnh phng th tch m.n cng
l tng ca 4 s chnh phng.
HD: (a2+b2+c2+d2)(m2+n2+p2+p2)=(am-bm-cp-dq)2+
+(an+bm-cq+dp)2+(ap+bq+cm-dn)2+(aq-bp+cn-dm)2.
28.
Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 7 s nguyn lin tip khng chnh phng.
29.
Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 9 s nguyn lin tip khng chnh phng.
30.
Tm a a2+a+1589 chnh phng.
31.
Chng minh rng nu 8n+1 v 24n+1 l chnh phng th 8n+3 l hp s
32.
Chng minh rng n3+1 khng chnh phng vi mi n l v n>1.
33.

Tm abcd bit n l mt bi ca 11 v b+c = a, bc chnh phng.

34.

Chng minh rng nu ab = cd th abcd khng chnh phng

35.

Tm tt c cc s chnh phng c dng A = 1985ab .

1
2

S: 198025 v 198916
36.
Tm t c cc s t nhin a s n=26a+17 l mt s chnh phng.
S: a=26m2+22m+4 hoc a=26m2+30m+8
37.
Chng minh rng mt s chnh phng c s c l mt s l v ngc li.
38.
Chng minh rng nu gp i mt s t nhin bng tng ca 2 s chnh phng th s t
nhin cng bng tng ca 2 s chnh phng.

TNH CHT:
1. S chnh phng ch c th c ch s tn cng bng 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 ; khng th c ch s tn cng
bng 2, 3, 7, 8.
2. Khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, s chnh phng ch cha cc tha s nguyn t vi s m chn.

3. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 4n hoc 4n + 1. Khng c s chnh phng no c

dng 4n + 2 hoc 4n + 3 (n N).
4. S chnh phng ch c th c mt trong hai dng 3n hoc 3n + 1. Khng c s chnh phng no c
dng 3n + 2 (n N).
5. S chnh phng tn cng bng 1 hoc 9 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 5 th ch s hng chc l 2
S chnh phng tn cng bng 4 th ch s hng chc l ch s chn.
S chnh phng tn cng bng 6 th ch s hng chc l ch s l.
6. S chnh phng chia ht cho 2 th chia ht cho 4.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 9.
S chnh phng chia ht cho 5 th chia ht cho 25.

S chnh phng
III. MT S DNG BI TP V S CHNH PHNG
A. DNG1: CHNG MINH MT S L S CHNH PHNG
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn x, y th

Bi 2: Chng minh tch ca 4 s t nhin lin tip cng 1 lun l s chnh phng.

Bi 3: Cho S = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + . . . + k(k+1)(k+2)

Chng minh rng 4S + 1 l s chnh phng .

Bi 4: Cho dy s 49; 4489; 444889; 44448889;

Dy s trn c xy dng bng cch thm s 48 vo gia s ng trc n. Chng minh rng tt c
cc s ca dy trn u l s chnh phng.

Bi 5: Chng minh rng cc s sau y l s chnh phng:

Bi 6: Chng minh rng cc s sau l s chnh phng:

Bi 7: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 5 s t nhin lin tip khng th l mt s
chnh phng

Bi 8: Chng minh rng s c dng n6 n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 trong n N v n>1 khng phi l s
chnh phng

Bi 9: Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s hng n v u l 6.

Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng l mt s chnh phng

Bi 10: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca hai s l bt k khng phi l mt s chnh
phng.

Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng th l
cc s chnh phng.

Bi 12: Gi s N = 1.3.5.72007.
Chng minh rng trong 3 s nguyn lin tip 2N-1, 2N v 2N+1 khng c s no l s chnh phng.