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TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

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Nhm H
Thi cng v nghim thu cc cng tc nn mng
Standard for construction, check and acceptance of foundation works

1. Nguyn tc chung.
1.1. Khi thi cng v nghim thu cc cng tc v xy dng nn v mng ca tt c cc loi
nh v cng trnh phi tun theo nhng yu cu ca tiu chun ny.
1.2. Trnh t v bin php thi cng xy dng nn v mng phi phi hp vi cc cng tc
xy dng nhng cng trnh ngm, xy dng |ng s ca cng tr|ng v cc cng tc
khc ca chu trnh khng
(1)
.
Ch thch: (1) chui cng vic bao gm o h mng, xy dng nn, xy dng mng, ri lp
t li (n cao trnh ban u) |c gi l chu trnh khng.
1.3. Vic la chn bin php thi cng, xy dng nn v mng phi xt n cc s liu kho
st a cht chng trnh thc hin khi thit k cng trnh. Trong tr|ng hp iu kin
a cht cng trnh thc t ca khu vc xy dng khng ph hp vi nhng tnh ton
trong thit k th cn tin hnh nhng nghin cu b sung v a cht.
1.4. Cc vt liu, cu kin, b phn kt cu dng khi xy dng nn v mng phi tha mn
nhng yu cu ca thit k theo nhng tiu chun Nh n|c v iu kin k thut t|ng
ng.
1.5. Khi xy dng nn v mng phi c s kim tra k thut ca c quan t hng i vi
cc b phn kt cu quan trng hon thnh ring v c lp cc bin bn nghim thu
trung gian cho cc b phn kt cu y.
1.6. Khi mng xy dng trn cc loi t c tnh cht c bit (nh| t ln |t, t p)
cng nh| mng ca cc cng trnh c bit quan trng th phi t chc vic theo di
chuyn v ca mng v bin dng ca cng trnh trong thi k xy dng. Cc i t|ng
theo di v ph|ng php o |c quy nh trong thit k c tnh ton chi ph cn thit
t cc mc o v thc hin qu trnh theo di.
Sau khi xy dng xong, c quan s dng cng trnh phi tip tc vic theo di ni trn.
2. Nn mng thin nhin.
2.1. Khi dng t lm nn thin nhin cn phi p dng nhng bin php xy dng cht
l|ng ca nn |c chun b v cc tnh cht t nhin ca t khng b xu i do
n|c ngm v n|c mt xi l, thm |t do tc ng ca cc ph|ng tin c gii, vn
ti v do phong ha.
V nguyn tc khng |c php ngng cng vic gia lc o xong h mng v bt
u xy mng. Khi bt buc ngng vic th phi c cc bin php bo v tnh cht
thin nhin ca t. Vic dn sch y h mng phi lm ngay tr|c lc xy mng.
2.2. Trong nhng tr|ng hp thit k c nghin cu tr|c, cho php xy mng trn nhng
nn t p sau khi chun b nn ph hp vi ph|ng php t v m nn t, c
xt n thnh phn v trng thi ca t.
Cho php dng nn t bng x v cc vt liu khng phi t lm nn cho cng trnh
khi c cc ch dn c bit |c chun b trong thit k, c d kin trnh t, k thut
thi cng v kim tra cht l|ng cng vic.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

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2.3. Kt cu chng vch h mng, v nguyn tc phi dng phc hp thp hnh tho lp (tr
nhng tr|ng hp chng vch cc h mng nh, |ng ho, h o c chuyn tuyn
phc tp, o bng tay). Vic chng d phi lm sao cho khng cn tr thi cng cc
cng vic xy dng mng tip theo. Trnh t tho d kt cu chng vch h mng phi
m bo thnh h mng n nh cho n khi kt thc cng vic xy dng mng.
Cc vn thp dng chng vch h mng phi rt ln |c s dng li.
2.4. Khi su t mng thay i, vic o t, trong cc h mng, cc |ng ho phi lm
tng cp. T s chiu cao chia cho chiu di ca mi bc do thit k quy nh nh|ng
khng |c nh hn 1: 2 cc t dnh; 1: 3 cc t khng dnh.
2.5. Nu trng thi t nhin ca t nn c cht v tnh chng thm khng t yu cu
ca thit k th phi m cht thm bng cch ph|ng tin m nn (xe lu, ba m
vv).
nn cht biu th bng khi l|ng th tch ht t
(1)
phi cho tr|c trong thit k v
phi m bo nng cao bn, gim thp tnh bin dng v tnh thm n|c ca t.
Ch thch: (1) Khi l|ng th tch ht t l khi l|ng ht rn trong n v th tch t (cng
hay gi l dung trng kh) k hiu o.
2.6. Vic lp y khong trng gia cc mng bng t v m nn t phi tin hnh sao
cho gi nguyn |c lp chng thm ca cc mng, ca cc t|ng tng hm cng nh|
ca cc |ng ng ngm t bn cnh (nh| |ng cp, |ng ng vv).
2.7. Khong trng gia cc mng |c lp y n cao trnh m bo s thot chy chn
chn ca n|c mt.
2.8. N|c ngm vo h mng trong thi gian xy mng nht thit phi bm ra, khng cho
php lp b tng hay va mi thi cng ngp n|c chng no ch|a t 30% c|ng
thit k. phng nga va b ra tri khi khi xy cn lm cc rnh thot n|c v
cc ging thu n|c. Vic ht n|c ra khi h mng phi tin hnh c ch n nhng
yu cu ch|ng 4 ca bn quy nh ny.
Khi t cc h thng tiu n|c cn tun theo cc yu cu v thnh phn kch th|c v
cc tnh cht ca nhng vt liu thot n|c cng nh| m bo dc quy nh ca
cc h thng thot n|c.
2.9. Khi su t mng thay i th vic xy mng phi bt u t cao trnh thp nht ca
nn. Cc phn hoc khi mng nm cao hn phi xy trn nn |c m cht ca
t p, khong trng, gia cc phn hoc khi mng nm bn d|i.
2.10. Tr|c khi xy mng, nn t chun b phi |c xc nhn bng bin bn ca hi
ng bao gm bn giao thu v bn nhn thu, v khi cn thit c i din ca c quan
thit k.
Hi ng ny xc nh s ng n v v tr, kch th|c v cao ca y h mng, cc
lp t thc t v nhng tnh cht ca t so vi nhng s liu d tnh trong thit k,
ng thi xc nh kh nng t mng cao thit k hay cao thay i.
Khi cn thit, vic kim tra s gi nguyn cc tnh cht t nhin ca t nn hoc cht
l|ng nn cht t nn ph hp vi thit k phi |c tin hnh bng cch ly mu
th nghim trong phng, bng th nghim xuyn.
2.11. Khi xy mng cn kim tra su t mng, kch th|c v s b tr trn mt bng cu
to cc l, cc hc, vic thc hin lp chng thm, cht l|ng cc vt liu v cc b
phn kt cu dng. Khi chun b nn v lp chng thm ca mng nht thit phi lp
bin bn kim tra cc cng trnh khut.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

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3. Nn cht t ln |t.
3.1. nn cht cc t ln |t, phi p dng cc bin php:
Trong phm vi vng bin dng ca nn hoc mt phn ca n nn cht b mt bng
vt m nng, lm m t, m nn h mng c hnh dng v chiu su nh:
Trong phm vi ton b lp ln |t ca nn nn cht su bng cc t v thm |t
tr|c.
Vic la chn mt hoc kt hp mt s cc bin php nn cht do thit kt quyt nh.
3.2. Khi xy dng nn trn cc t ln |t phi c cc bin php thot n|c m|a cho khu
vc xy dng.
3.3. Vic nn cht t ln |t phi tin hnh trn c s ti liu iu tra a cht cng trnh,
bao gm nhng s liu v n|c ngm khu xy dng, v chiu dy ln |t, v loi t
theo mc ln |t, v ln kh d do ti trng mng v trng l|ng bn thn, cng
nh| v cc c tr|ng ca t trng thi thin nhin (dung trng, t trng, gii hn
nho, gii hn ln, ln |t t|ng i, p lc ln |t ban u vv).
3.4. Cc ph|ng n thit k v nn cht t ln |t phi bao gm:
a) Khi nn cht cht b mt bng ba m: - Mt bng v mt ct h mng vi cc
kch th|c ca din tch m nn v chu vi mng; cc ch dn v su m cht
cn thit, v cht yu cu v m tt nht c t, v vic chn kiu my m
nn t, v s ln p ca ba m v s l|t m ca my, v tr s gim thp cao
trnh b mt |c m.
b) Khi lm cc m t: - Mt bng v mt ct ca h mng, cc c tr|ng c l ca
t p, ch dn v dy ca lp p, v my mc m t v ch lm vic
ca n, cng nh| cht ca t trong tng m.
c) Khi m nn h mng: - Nhng s liu v quy hoch h|ng ng ca a im xy
dng, mt bng b tr v kch th|c ca cc h mng, nhng ch dn v vic bc b
v s dng lp t mu, v m cht t p thm, v vic dng cc thit b treo v
cc ch cng tc ca cc my mc m nn, v tnh cht c l ca t nn.
d) Khi nn cht bng cc t: - Mt bng b tr cc vi ch dn v |ng knh v chiu
su ca chng, cc yu cu v m cng nh| v cht trung bnh v ti thiu
ca t |c m cht, v c im ca thit b |c dng, tng trng l|ng ca
t v trng l|ng tng phn vo trong l khoan, cc ch dn v chiu dy ca
lp t m v ph|ng php loi n bng cch m cht thm hoc bc b.
e) Khi nn cht bng cch thm |t tr|c: - Mt bng phn chia din tch m cht
trn ring tng khu vc c s ch dn su v trnh t lm thm |t, v tr cc mc
su v mc b mt, s h thng ng dn n|c, cc s liu v l|ng n|c tiu th
trung bnh ngy m trn 1m
2
din tch nn cht v thi gian lm |t mi h mng
hoc mi khu vc. Cn trong tr|ng hp lm thm |t qua l khoan - cn thm mt
bng b tr cc l khoan c km ch dn v su v |ng knh ca chng, cc
ph|ng php khoan v loi vt liu thot n|c nhi vo h khoan.
3.5. Tr|c khi bt u cng tc m cht phi xc nh r thm v m v cht t nhin
ca t su do thit k quyt nh.
Nu m t nhin ca t so vi m tt nht thp hn 0,05 hoc thp hn na th
nn tin hnh lm m thm bng cch n|c. L|ng n|c cn dng A cho 1m
3
t
|c xc nh theo cng thc:
A =
h
(k.W
0
W). (1)

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

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h
- Tr s trung bnh ca khi l|ng th tch ht ca t m, tnh bng t/m
3
.
W
0
- m tt nht, tnh bng n v thp phn;
W - m thin nhin, tnh bng n v thp phn;
k - H s k n s mt n|c do bc hi, ly bng 1,1,.
3.6. Vic m cht th nghim xc nh r thm cc thng s thit k l mt cng tc c
bn khi nn cht t ln |t, cn phi lm tr|c trong qu trnh xy dng.
Nn cht th nghim |c tin hnh ti 1 im c tr|ng chi khu vc xy dng.
Kch th|c ca khu th nghim ly khng nh hn 3,0 x 3,0 |ng knh ca m hoc
gp i chiu rng b phn cng tc ca my m khi nn cht bng ba m v khng
nh hn 6 x 12m khi nn cht bng lu ln.
Khi nn cht su bng cc t, khu t th nghm nn cht khng b hn 3 cc k nhau
|c b tr trn mt bng ti cc nh ca tam gi u c khong cch theo thit k.
Vic nn cht t th nghim bng thm n|c |c thc hin trong h mng c
chiu su 0,8mt v b rng bng chiu dy lp t ln |t, nh|ng khng nh hn
20mt.
3.7. Ph|ng php nn cht t th nghim phi d kin tun theo nhng yu cu nu d|i
y:
Khi nn cht bng ba m c qua tng 2 ln p ca ba (ln i qua ca my m) li
dng my o cao xc nh s gim thp b mt m cht theo cc cc mc ng
vo t. kim tra chiu dy ca lp m cht ti trung tm din tch nn cht phi
xc nh cht, m ca t qua tng khong 0,25m theo chiu su v cho n
su bng 2 ln |ng knh ba m.
Khi lm cc m t nn tin hnh nn cht th nghim theo 3 ph|ng n: s ln i qua
ca my lu ln 6,8 v 10 hoc s ln ca ba nn (s ln i qua ca my m nn) theo
mt vt: 8; 10 v 12. Vic nn cht phi tin hnh (i vi tt c cc loi t dng lm
nn) t hn ba gi tr m ca chng; 1,2 W
1
; 1,0W
1
v 0,8W
1
(W
1
- m gii
hn ln).
Sau khi nn cht khu t th nghim phi xc nh cht, m ca t |c nn
cht 2 cao trnh ng vi phn trn v phn d|i ca lp nn cht.
Tin hnh m nn th nghim do s h thp y h mng sau tng 2 ln m nn. Vic
o cao trnh |c thc hin theo mt trn ba m ti 2 im i xng qua |ng knh.
kim tra kch th|c vng nn cht ti trung tm h mng o mt ging thm c
chiu su bng hai ln |ng knh hoc 2 ln b rng y ba m ri ly mu t th
qua tng khong 0,25m cch tm theo chiu su v theo chiu ngang.
xc minh kt qu th nghim tng nn cht su bng t trn khu vc xy dng, cn
phi o ging kim tra su hn 0,7 chiu dy tng ln |t; ng thi xc nh m v
cht ca t qua tng khong 0,5 mt cho n su 3m; cn d|i na th cch nhau
1 mt. Ti mi mc ngang cn xc nh cht ca t 2 im trong phm vi mi cc
t v trong khong gia cc cc.
quan st ln st ca t |c nn cht trong qu trnh thm |t thi nghim, nn
t ti y ca h mng v bn ngoi n theo 2 cnh thng gc nhau ca h mng cc
mc b mt cch nhau 3m trn khong cch bng 1,5 chiu dy ca lp t ln |t, cn
trung tm h mng b tr mt nhm mc theo chiu su cch nhau 3m trong phm vi
ton b chiu dy tng ln |t.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

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3.8. Khi hon thnh vic nn cht th nghim phi ghi thnh nhng bin bn, trong thuyt
minh r nhng tr s ngh v chi khi nn cht t v lm m t, bng cc my
m khc nhau, nhng th quan h gia mc gim thp b mt t m v y ca h
mng |c m nn vi ch lm vic my m, nhng s liu v s ln p cn thit
cho mt phn t vo trong h khoan khi lm cc t, nhng th ln ca cc mc
b mt v mc su, l|ng n|c tn khi lm |t t v nhng kt qu khc v m
cht th nghim quy nh cng ngh ca cc cng vic chnh nhm bo m nhng
ch tiu thch ng v cht l|ng v thi hn.
3.9. Vic nn cht b mt ca t bng ba m nn phi |c thc hin theo cc yu cu:
a) Khi o h mng v cc ho nn tin hnh ring tng on v tu theo nng sut
ca my m tnh ton chn k kch th|c ca chng thch hp gi |c m tt
nht ca t mng l thin sut trong thi gian m nn.
b) Lm m thm t, phi t|i u l|ng n|c tnh ton trn ton b din tch cn lm
m; ng thi vic m t ch |c bt u sau khi n|c t|i thm ht v t
trn b mt se li t m gn bng m tt nht.
c) Nn cht t trong phm vi tng on phi tin hnh thnh chu k, chuyn tip t
vt ny n vt khc; khi su c mng khc nhau, nn cht t nn bt u t
ct cao hn.
d) Sau khi kt thc m cht b mt, lp t b ti pha trn cn phi m li bng
cch p nn ca ba m t cao 0,5 1m ng vi m tt nht.
3.10. Xy dng cc m t phi thc hin trong h mng o thp hn ct thit k chn
mng mt su bng chiu dy m t v tun theo cc yu cu:
a) Chiu dy mi lp t nn ly tu thuc vo kh nng m cht ca my mc
|c s dng;
b) t lm m t nn |a n h mng trng thi m tt nht hoc tin hnh
lm m thm chng n m tt nht ti ni san m.
c) Ch sau khi kim tra cht l|ng nn cht v nhn |c nhng kt qu tha mn
ca lp tr|c th mi tin hnh ri t lp tip theo.
3.11. m nn h mng cn phi thc hin theo cc yu cu sau:
a) m h d|i mng n nn thc hin cng mt lc trn tt c chiu su ca h v
khng thay i v tr thanh nh h|ng cho my m.
b) Lm m thm t (trong tr|ng hp cn thit) nn tin hnh t ct y h n su
khng b hn 1,5 chiu rng ca h.
3.12. Nn cht su nn t bng cc t phi tin hnh theo cc yu cu:
a) Khoan bng my khoan p phi thc hin m thin nhin ca t. Cc my
phi n nh, cn thanh nh h|ng ca ba p phi tht thng ng; nn tin hnh
khoan l bng ba p c |ng knh nh hn 0,45m v trng l|ng khng b hn 3
tn ri t cao 0,8 1,2 mt.
b) Cho php to l bng ph|ng php n mn, nu m ca t gii hn ln, cn khi
m nh th t cn phi lm m thm; trong tr|ng hp khng c nhng ch dn
trong thit k, cc l mn |c khoan vi |ng knh 80mm, cn thuc n l loi
am-m-nit N
0
9 hay N
0
10 c trng l|ng 50 gam mi vin vi s l|ng 5-10 vin trn
1 mt di ca l; khi to l bng ph|ng php n nn lm tng l mt, cn nhng l
khc - ch sau khi t v m cht tng lp trong nhng l n mn xong.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

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c) Tr|c khi t vo mi l |c n mn phi tin hnh o su ca n; trong
tr|ng hp pht hin thy t n ln y h cao d|i 1,5m th phi m li 20 ln
bng ba m; nu t n y cao hn 1,5m th phi lm li l mi.
d) m cht t cc l khoan nn |u tin dng cc my khoan p bo m kh
nng s dng t c m chnh lch so vi m tt nht trong khong t + 0,02
n 0,06.
3.13. Vic nn cht t bng ph|ng php thm |t tr|c cn thc hin theo cc yu cu:
a) H mng hoc ring mt vng no tr|c khi thm |t cn phi |c o b cc
lp t p v cy c; y ca h mng |c san phng bng cch gt t.
b) Thc hin vic thm |t bng cch lm ngp n|c h mng gi mc n|c cch y
khong 0,3 - 0,8mt, v ko di cho n khi thm |t ton b chiu dy lp t ln
|t v t n ln n nh nh hn 1cm trong 1 tun.
c) Trong qu trnh thm |t tr|c cn phi tin hnh theo di mt cch c h thng
ln ca cc mc b mt v cc mc su cng nh| l|ng n|c tiu th; vic o cao
cc mc cn |c tin hnh khng t hn 1 ln trong 5-7 ngy.
d) Cn ch xc nh su thm |t theo kt qu xc nh m ca t qua mi
mt chiu su trn ton b chiu dy lp ln |t.
3.14. Cht l|ng nn cht t cn kim tra bng cch xc nh cht ca t khi cht bng
ba m theo tng su 0,25 0,50m cn khi nn cht tng lp bng lu ln - ti gia
mi lp; s l|ng cc im xc nh cht |c xc nh t tnh ton l mi im cho
300m
2
din tch |c nn cht v cn phi ly t nht 2 mu th khi nn cht bng ba
m v 3 mu th trong mi lp khi nn cht tng lp lu ln. Khi nn cht t c m
tt nht bng m trng lc, cht l|ng nn cht |c php kim tra bng cch xc nh
chi theo s tnh ton mi ln th cho 100m
2
t nn cht.
Cht l|ng nn cht bng cc t |c kim tra bng cch xc nh cht ca t nn
cht su chn mng ti vng gia ba cc t b tr theo hnh tam gic u; s
l|ng cc im kim tra |c quy nh c mi im th cho 1.000m
2
din tch nn cht.
Khong cch thc t v su ca chng cn phi ph hp vi thit k. Nu khong
cch gia cc tm cc t ln hn thit k khong 0,4 |ng knh th phi lm thm cc
cc b sung.
Cht l|ng t nn cht bng bt c ph|ng php thi cng no cng |c xem l tha
mn, nu cht trung bnh ca t trong nn |c nn cht ph hp vi thit k.
chnh lch cho php ( cht b hn thit k) khng |c v|t qu 0,5t/m
3
v chim
khng nhiu hn 10% tng s ln xc nh.
3.15. Nhng kt qu ca cng tc nn cht t ln |t phi ghi vo trong cc nht k thch
hp (phu lc 1,2).
Nghim thu cng tc nn cht t ln |t tin hnh theo cc s liu xc nh cht v
m ca t |c m cht v lp cc bin bn.
4. H thp mc n|c trong xy dng.
4.1. Cc quy tc trong phn ny |c p dng cho cng tc h thp nhn to mc n|c ngm
bng cc bin php tho n|c l thin. Rnh tiu n|c ging lc kiu ng chm kim,
ph|ng php chn khng, ph|ng php in thm v ph|ng php l khoan h mc
n|c l thin. Nhng ph|ng php |c dng ring bit hoc phi hp vi nhau
trong thi k xy dng nh v cng trnh.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

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4.2. Chn cc bin php h thp mc n|c cn phi ch n tnh hnh thin nhin, kch
th|c vng lm kh cn, cc ph|ng php thi cng h mng v vng ln cn n, thi
gian ko di ca chng v cc iu kin a ph|ng khc ca cng tr|ng xy dng.
Khi thc hin cng tc h thp mc n|c cn phi nghin cu cc bin php chng s
ph hoi cc tnh cht t nhin ca t trong nn cc cng trnh c hoc mi xy
dng v cc bin php ngn nga s ph hoi n nh cc mi dc v y h mng.
Cn phi phi hp cc cng tc h thp mc n|c vi cng tc t v cc cng tc xy
dng khc trong vng hot ng ca h thng h thp mc n|c v thi gian v k thut
thi cng; cng nh| v cc iu kin b tr cc ph|ng tin k thut.
4.3. Bin php tho n|c l thin c th dng trong cc iu kin, t khc nhau v su
khc nhau, nu vic tun th tt c cc yu cu iu 4.2 khng gp kh khn.
4.4. Cc rnh tiu n|c trong dng knh v ho l thin hoc lp y vt liu thm, cng nh|
cc ng tiu n|c c lp lp chng thm xung quanh |c php b t chng nhng
ngoi h mng m ngay c trc tip trong h mng. Cho php lp t cc rnh tiu
n|c kiu hnh lang ngm trong tr|ng hp dng chung sau ny trong thi k s dng
th|ng xuyn cng trnh.
4.5. Ph|ng php ging lc kiu ng chm kim nn s dng trong t khng phn lp v c
h s thm t 1 n 50ngy m; ng thi khi s dng n nn trang b cc loi my
kiu ? c th h mc n|c ngm mt cp n su nh hn 4-5 mt cch trc bm.
4.6. Ph|ng php chn khng (khi chn khng |c pht trin trong vng thm ca khu
lp n|c nn dng trong cc t c h s thm t 0,05 n 2m/ngy m.
Khi su cn h thp mc n|c ngm nh hn 6-7m th dng cc thit b h thp mc
n|c chn khng kiu YBB v cc ng lc chm kim c lp bc xung quanh.
Khi su cn h thp mc n|c ngm nh hn 10-12m th dng ng kim lc phun c
lp bc xung quanh.
Khi c xem cc lp t cha n|c v khng thm n|c th dng thit b chn khng h
mc n|c kiu 3BBY c cc ging khoan chn khng ng tm v c th h mc n|c
ngm n 20- 22m.
4.7. Ph|ng php in thm, trong vic rt kh n|c cho t xy ra d|i tc dng ca lc
in thm xut hin khi cho i qua t dng in 1 chiu, nn dng trong t kh thm
v c h s thm nh hn 0,05m/ngy m v xem nh| l bin php tng c|ng hiu
qu lm kh t t thm n su tu thuc vo thit b chnh h thp mc n|c.
4.8. L khoan h mc l thin (thng vi kh quyn) nn dng cc loi sau y:
a) Cc ging khoan |c trang b bng cc my bm dng khi su yu cu h thp
mc n|c ngm kh ln (bt u t 4m hoc su hn) cng nh| khi su h mc
n|c khng ln (nh hn 4m) nh|ng dng b ng lc chm kim gp kh khn do
l|ng n|c chy vo nhiu, din tch cn lm kh ln v khu t cht hp;
b) Cc l khoan t phun c nghing khc nhau dng kh p lc tha trong tng
cha n|c c p; cng nh| h mc n|c su (cc ging khoan ngang trn mi
dc ca h mng l thin, cc thit b ly n|c kiu tia, cc l khoan ng|c t hm
l);
c) Cc ging thu n|c ngm xung cc tng nm pha d|i dng h mc n|c trong
cc iu kin khi pha trn c lp cha n|c, gia l lp khng thm n|c v d|i
cng l nhng lp khng cha n|c nh|ng c h s thm khng b hn 10m/ngy
m, hoc khi chnh p lc ca cc tng cha n|c khc nhau nhiu;

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

8
d) Cc thit b lc xuyn (qua n|c ngm xm vo chng v s |c tho vo hm
ngm) dng h mc n|c su trong cc iu kin khi trn khu t c hoc ang
xy dng nhng hm l hoc nhng ho thot n|c ngm trong thi k khai thc.
4.9. Ti liu kho st a cht thu vn v a cht cng trnh cn cho cng tc h mc n|c
gm c:
- Cc s liu chung v iu kin thin nhin ca vng xy dng vi s m t a th
v a hnh ca khu t, cc h cha n|c v cc dng n|c chy gn n;
- c tr|ng v cu to a cht cng trnh v tnh cht c l ca t, v lp cha n|c,
ngun v vng cung cp chng, s lin h ln nhau gia chng, |ng tiu n|c
ngm t nhin, thnh phn ho hc v nhit ca chng.
- Cc h s thm, dn p, dn n|c v bi n|c ca t |c xc nh nh s ht
n|c th nghim, i vi vic h thp mc n|c bng in thm th b sung thm h
s in thm v in tr m ca t.
- Bn phn b cc lp cha n|c c ghi r a hnh ca mi v y ca chng,
cng nh| cc |ng ng mc n|c hoc |ng thu ng p;
- Mt ct v tr a cht ca vng h mc n|c v khi cn thit c c mt ct v tr
a cht trong phm vi khu vc phn b cc lp cha n|c, cho n vng cung cp
v thot n|c. Cc mt ct v tr a cht ny phi lp n su ca tng khng
thm n|c chnh.
4.10. Cc gii php thit k v h mc n|c cn phi c:
- M t cc s liu gc v nhng v tr thch hp thu n|c ngm v ht ra;
- c im ca cc cng trnh v ang xy trn khu vc xy dng, cng nh| cc
ph|ng php v thi hn ca cng tc xy dng, cng nh| cc ph|ng php v thi
hn ca cng tc xy dng chu trnh khng;
- C s ca cc bin php chp nhn dng h mc n|c, gii php chung ca h
thng h mc trnh by cc kt qu tnh ton v h mc n|c, cc hnh v cc cng
trnh dn n|c v h mc n|c v cc gii php v xy dng v bo v chng chng
n mn, bn lit k cc trang thit b, cc gii php v cung cp nng l|ng, khi
l|ng v thi hn hon thnh; cc ch dn v ngun in, v in p lm vic v v
c|ng dng in 1 chiu chuyn n cc in cc khi tiu n|c bng in.
- B tr cc l khoan trc v cc ng o p, cng nh| cc ch dn v quan trc h thp
mc n|c ngm.
4.11. Trong thit k h mc n|c i hi thi gian lu di cn phi nghin cu vic thc hin
tng giai on cng tc v |a dn cc thit b h mc n|c vo hot ng.
Trong cc tr|ng hp phc tp, khi m ti liu kho st khng c y c s tnh
ton h mc n|c hoc khng c kh nng chn la cui cng h thng h mc n|c
v cc thit b h mc n|c, th trong thit k nn ra vic thi cng th v cc kt qu
ca chng s |c dng |a nhng sa i vo thit k.
4.12. Trong thit k h mc n|c ngm cn phi xc nh bng tnh ton:
a) Mc gim thp ca n|c ngm ti cc im tnh ton, trong c c nhng ni b
tr h mc n|c cc giai on xy dng khc nhau;
b) L|ng n|c chy n cc thit b v tt c h thng h mc n|c ngm theo tng
giai on pht trin ca n;
c) Nng sut, kh nng l|u thng, kch th|c, s l|ng, s b tr v cc thng s khc
ca cc thit b h mc n|c tho n|c v thu n|c.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

9
Trong tr|ng hp cn thit, thi gian t |c mc h thp yu cu ca n|c ngm
theo yu cu cng phi xc nh bng tnh ton.
4.13. Cc tnh ton v h mc n|c nn thc hin trn c s nh lut thm tuyn tnh v = k.i.
Cc ph|ng trnh dng chy ca n|c ngm khi ch thm n nh v h thng h
mc n|c hon chnh (cc h khoan su n lp khng thm n|c) c dng:
i vi dng chy phng:

x R
t y H mk
Q

=
) (
(2)

i vi dng h|ng tm:

x
R
y H mk
Q
ln
) ( 2
=
t
(3)

Trong :
v- Tc thm tnh bng m/ngy m;
k- H s thm, tnh bng m/ngy m;
i- Gradien thu lc;
Q- L|u l|ng n|c, tnh bng m
3
/ngy m;
m- Chiu dy ca lp cha n|c khi thm c p hoc chiu dy trung bnh ca
dng chy bng
2
y H +
khi thm khng c p, tnh bng mt.
H- Ct p n|c ngm, tnh bng m;
y- Ct p ti im tnh ton, tnh bng m;
l- Chiu di khu vc tnh ton ton ca h thng thng h mc n|c, tnh bng m;
x- Khong cch t trc h thng thng h mc n|c hoc t trung tm h thng vng
vy h mc n|c n im tnh ton, tnh bng m;
R- Bn knh vng gim p (vng nh h|ng) i l|ng ca n |c xc nh trn c s
ca nhng s liu v cc ngun v iu kin cung cp n|c ca lp cha n|c, cn
trong tr|ng hp trong vng lm vic c h cha n|c th i l|ng ly bng:
+ Khi dng chy phng - khong cch t trung tm h thng h mc n|c n h cha.
+ Khi dng h|ng tm - bng 2 khong cch ni trn.
4.14. Khi thiu cc s liu ngun v iu kin cung cp n|c ca tng cha n|c th cho php
xc nh bn knh ca vng gim p bng tnh ton theo cc cng thc sau:
- Khi thm khng p: H k S A R . 2 + = (4)
- Khi thm c p: k S S R 10 + = (5)
Trong :
A- bn knh tnh i ca h thng h mc n|c, tnh bng m. i vi h thng h mc
n|c vng vy c t s cc cnh ca n nh hn 10 th

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

10
t
F
A =
Khi t s cc cnh ca n ln hn 10 v i vi h thng h mc n|c thng v ngn th
ly A = 0,25l; cn i vi h thng h mc n|c thng v di th ly A = 0;
F- Din tch |c vy xung quanh bi thit b h mc n|c, tnh bng m
2
;
S- Mc gim thp mc n|c ngm trong vng ly n|c (tong h mng) tnh t mc
n|c ngm ban u, tnh bng m.
4.15. Trong cc tr|ng hp lp khng thm n|c su, l|ng gim thp yu cu ca mc n|c
ngm d|i y h mng cn |c xc nh tu theo tc phc hi mc n|c khi cc
my bm tt v s c. Trong tr|ng hp v tr ca lp khng thm n|c cao th nn cn
c vo tnh hnh thc t v su t |c ca vic h thp mc n|c v vic dng cc
bin php ph thm bo v h mng chng s ph hoi dng chy ca n|c ngm.
Mc gim thp yu cu v tr s ct p cho php trong tng cha n|c c p nm d|i
y h mng |c xc nh t iu kin bo m s n nh ca t trong nn v ngn
nga n|c bc vo trong h mng.
4.16. Cho php dng ph|ng php thay th dn trng thi n nh tnh ton h mc n|c
khi ch thm ca n|c ngm khng n nh. Ph|ng php ny gi thit rng ti mi
thi im dng thm ca n|c |c xem nh| l n nh; ng thi, bn knh |ng
gim p xc nh ph thuc vo thi gian cho n khi n t tr s t|ng ng vi gi tr
ch thm n nh.
Trong tr|ng hp thc hin cng vic h mc n|c ln v ch thm khng n nh
ko di, cn thit phi tnh ton cc iu kin c bit v s cung cp n|c ngm, v
vic dng ging v rnh thot n|c ch|a hon chnh (ch|a n lp khng thm n|c) v
trong tr|ng hp phc tp khc, cho php tnh ton h mc n|c da trn s cn bng
cc ngun d tr ng v tnh ca n|c ngm; dng ph|ng php chia on, ph|ng
php t|ng t thu in ng v m hnh ha cng nh| cc ph|ng php da trn thuyt
ch n hi.
4.17. V tr ca cc ging thot n|c, s l|ng v su ca chng cn phi xc nh da trn
l|u l|ng ca n|c ngm v mc n|c h thp cn thit.
Nng sut tnh ton ca mt ging qckb khng |c v|t qu nng sut gii hn cho
php ly theo s liu th nghim c loi tr l|ng ht t mang theo.
Trong tr|ng hp c s liu th nghim cho php xc nh qckb theo iu kin:
k d q
ckb
. 2001 s (6)
Trong : l v d - Chiu di v |ng knh phn c thm |t ca thit b lc.
L|ng n|c ti |u chy vo, ct p pht trin v cng sut ca ng c in cc my
bm cn phi thch ng vi nng sut tnh ton ca ging.
4.18. Cc ng ht, cc bm ca thit b lc chm kim, cc b cha tun hon, cc mng tp
trung nu n|c b tr cao trnh thp trong iu kin cho php. i vi cc thit b h
mc n|c c trong phm vi cc mi dc, cn phi nghin cu tr|c ni t my v cc
b bo h.
Cc ging chn khng ng tm cn phi |c sp t sao cho trnh |c khng kh
xuyn qua t v r vo trong ging ht, khong cch nh nht t b phn lc ca ging
n mt t khng |c nh hn 3mt.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

11
4.19. Cc b thu n|c v cc knh thot n|c ca h thng thot n|c l thin, ni chung nn
b tr ngoi phm vi nn cng trnh. Trong iu kin cht hp phi t cc b cha n|c
trong phm vi ca nn th cn phi gia c chng cho vng chc. Cc t|ng thm v y
ca b cha phi |c bo v chng xi l. Chiu rng ca y cc knh thot n|c
khng |c nh hn 0,3 mt; cn dc ca n phi bo m 0,002 n 0,005. Mi dc
v y ca cc knh thot n|c trong t b n nn gia c chc chn.
Khi khng c kh nng thu n|c vo rnh thot hin c hoc thu v h cha t nhin
ngoi vng nh h|ng ca h thng h mc n|c th cn phi lm cc ao cha n|c.
4.20. S ging thot n|c c trang b my bm d tr tin hnh khi h mc n|c ngm
khng |c ln hn 20% s l|ng ging tnh ton ca ton h thng. S l|ng ging d
tr ca cc h thng ln c th tnh ton chnh xc theo thit k.
Cc h thng h mc n|c phong lp khng thm n|c b v, phi |c bo m
bng cc ging t thot d tr. Cc ging ny |c khoan su n y h mng.
4.21. Ti cc trm bm ht n|c l thin cn t cc my bm d tr. S l|ng my bm d
tr vo khong 50% s bm ang lm vic khi s bm ny ln hn 1 v khong 100%
nu ch c 1 bm hot ng.
4.22. i vi cc i t|ng xy dng m nu ngng ht n|c c th ph hoi kh nng thi
cng an ton th nn thit k 2 ngun cung cp in c lp cho h thng h mc n|c.
4.23. Tr|c khi bt u cng tc h mc n|c cn phi kim tra tnh trng k thut ca cc
nh v cng trnh trong vng thi cng, nm r tnh hnh cc |ng giao thng ngm
hin c v tin hnh san bng v dn sch khu vc b tr cc thit b thot n|c v h
mc n|c.
4.24. Trong qu trnh h mc n|c cn phi bo m s iu chnh c ng cc ch lm
vic ca h thng bng cch tt ton b, mt phn hoc nh k cc t my bm theo
mc gim l|u l|ng n|c ht ra. H thng h mc n|c phi trang b thm cc thit
b bo m pht tn hiu n ni iu phi v ct t ng bt k t my no.
4.25. Khi khoan cc ging v t thit b lc vo ging nn ch n cc yu cu:
a) Khoan cc ging bng ph|ng php p treo cn phi tin hnh nh| th no chn
ng chn xung su vo trong t v thp hn y h khoan khng t hn0,5m; cn
vic nng ng ht bn phi |c tin hnh vi tc khng cho php ht t qu
u d|i ca ng chn; khi khoan xuyn qua t c kh nng to thnh nhng va
cch n|c cc b th trong l ca ng chn cn phi gi mc n|c cao hn mc n|c
ngm n nh.
b) lch theo ph|ng thng ng c cc ging dng lp cc bm su c trc
truyn ng khng |c v|t qu 0,005 chiu su ca ging;
c) |c php khoan cc ging h mc n|c bng ph|ng php xi ra t st nu tr|c
trn khu t, bng th nghim, xc nh |c hiu qu tch ht st.
d) Tr|c khi h cc thit b lc v rt cc ng chn trong cc ging cn phi lm sch
vn cn do khoan; l hng pha trong ng chn ca cc ging |c khoan trong t
ct hoc ct c cha nhiu ht st, cng nh| trong cc lp xen kp tng cha n|c v
khng thm n|c cn phi |c xi ra bng n|c; cn phi trc tip tin hnh o
c kim tra su ca ging tr|c khi t cc thit b lc;
e) Khi khoan cc ging cn phi ly mu th xc nh chnh xc ranh gii cc lp
cha n|c v thnh phn ht ca t.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

12
4.26. Khi h vo t cc thit b lc hoc cc ng chn bng ph|ng php xi ra cn phi
m bo truyn n|c lin tc, v sau khi gp t thm n|c mnh th nn truyn thm
kh nn vo y.
Cc thit b lc kiu ng chm kim cn |c h chm bng ph|ng php thy lc, tr
cc tr|ng hp gp cc lp t cht hoc nhng tp cht khng cho php xi ra, khi
cc ng lc chm kim |c t trong cc ging khoan bng ph|ng php c hc.
4.27. Cc thit b lc ca cc ging h mc n|c cn phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
a) L|i hoc tm c l ca b lc khng |c tch, lng ch ni v l thng qu kch
th|c quy nh; cun dy kim loi cn phi gi u n cc khe h gia cc vng
qun; b lc bng bng nh hnh khng |c bin dng mt tr v hng cc kha
gia cc vng qun; cc khi rng ca thit b lc khng |c c vt nt v h| hng
cc mp bin.
b) B lc dng lp vo trong cc ging |c khoan tr|c cn phi trang b n chiu
sng nh tm ct thm i vi ng chn: cn b lc dng khi ht n|c ngm c
tnh cht xm thc cn phi c cc lp ph chng n mn;
c) Cc ng ca b phn lc cc chi tit pha trn ng lc cng nh| nhng |ng ng
dn c p v ng ht, khng |c mp mo hoc nhng vt xy xt.
d) Nu ging h mc n|c xuyn qua mt vi tng cha n|c b lm cn, th cc thit
b lc cn phi |c d tnh cho mi tng ca chng.
4.28. Khi t cc thit b lc vo ging khoan tr|c trong t mm, xung quanh phn lc ca
ging, cn phi lp bng vt liu ct, si chn la v ra sch, vt liu ny khng
cha cc ht c |ng knh nh hn 0,5mm v ln hn 7mm.
Thnh phn ca lp lp xung quanh cn phi chn la theo iu kin:

5 s D
50
s 10
d
50

D
50
- |ng knh ca ht m hm l|ng cc ht nh hn n chim 50% trng l|ng vt
liu lp lp.
d
50
- |ng knh ca ht m hm l|ng ca ht nh hn n chim 50% trng l|ng ca
t trong lp cha n|c hoc lp ngoi khi lp.
|ng knh ca cc l hay chiu rng ca cc khe h ca thit b lc khng ln hn D
50

ca lp lp trc tip k b lc. Chiu dy ca lp lp (bc xung quanh) |c xc nh t
2 iu kin sau y:
o > 30D
80
; o > 0,25D;
D
80
Kch th|c ca ht m hm l|ng cc ht nh hn n chim 80% trng l|ng vt
liu trong lp lp;
D- |ng knh ngoi ca thit b lc.
Chiu dy ca lp lp xung quanh b lc (bao gm tm c l, cun dy kim loi, ng
c nhiu l v khe h) khng |c nh hn 60mm.
4.29. Khi lp xung quanh cc thit b lc cn ch cc yu cu sau y:
a) san vt liu lp phi tin hnh u n v lin tc theo tng lp c cao
khng ln hn 30 ln chiu dy ca lp lp; sau mi ln nng ng chn, trn chn n
phi li lp lp cao hn 0,5m;

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

13
b) Gii hn trn ca lp bc ging chn khng ng tm phi nm cao hn ct mp trn
ca thit b lc t nht 1 mt, cn t trn lp lp n mt t cn phi m t st;
c) Khi thi cng lp lp ca b lc chm kim cn chn l|u l|ng ca tia xi v tc h
b lc chm kim nh| th no |ng knh ca ging khoan theo ton b chiu cao
khng nh hn 150mm; khi lp y khe h hnh khuyn nn cung cp lin tc dng
xi v gim l|u l|ng ca n n mc ch c th lm tri i cc ht st v ht bi;
trong khong trng ca ng lc chm kim su cch ming ging khoan khng
nh hn 1 mt cn phi nhi t st.
4.30. Phi kim tra s ht n|c ca cc ging khoan bng cch n|c sau khi t cc thit
b lc. Nu trong ging kim tra thy s ht n|c rt chm so vi cc ni khc th nn
xc nh nguyn nhn ca tnh trng v dng cc bin php phc hi kh nng
hot ng ca ging.
Sau khi kim tra s ht n|c ca cc ging cn phi nhanh chng tin hnh bm ht
n|c ngm ra cho n khi ging n|c hon ton trong. Khi bm n|c ra t cc ging
|c trang b my bm phun phi dn n|c bn bm ln v n|c thi cng cng v mt
pha trnh lm bn n|c l|u thng.
4.31. Khi lp cc my bm, cc |ng ng dn c p v ng ht n|c chy ra cn bo m
tht kn tt c cc ch ni. Cn tin hnh lp cc my bm trong cc ging sau khi
kim tra tnh cht thng sut ca cc ging bng mt khun mu di 5m v c |ng
knh ln hn |ng knh ca my bm 50mm. Mi my bm phi trang b thm kha
ch chy ra, cn cc my phun n|c 2 van nt ( ch phn nhnh cch ng dn v ch
chy ra).
Cc on ng dng lm ct p trong cc ging cn phi |c lm sch v kim tra
kn bng cch th r p lc n|c cao hn p lc tnh ton l 50%.
4.32. Cc ng dn ca thit b h mc n|c cn |c t trn nhng gi tho lp dc theo b
mt |c san phng.
- Vi dc khng nh hn 0,001 k t my bm i vi cc ng phn phi c p ca
thit b kiu ABBY vi dc khng nh hn 0,005 v pha b cha tun hon i vi
ng thu n|c khng p;
- Cc ng ht ca thit b kiu EBMv YBB vi nghing khng nh hn 0,005 k t
my bm.
4.33. Khi t cc thit b tiu n|c dng ng nn lm cc ging kim tra cch nhau 50m dc
theo chiu di ca cc rnh tiu n|c thng dng v cc ni thay i h|ng ca chung.
Cc ng tiu n|c phi |c tnh ton bn, c |ng knh khng nh hn 100mm v
kh nng dn n|c thch ng vi dng chy. Cn phi b tr chng cch cng trnh
khong 0,6 0,8m v t vi nghing khng nh hn 0,002. Cc ng tiu n|c t
d|i cng trnh phi c v bo v. Lp lp bc xung quanh cc thit b lc ca cc ging
h mc n|c. Chiu dy ca mi lp lp bc xung quanh khng |c nh hn 150mm
cn lp trc tip nm k ng phi tho mn cc iu kin:
1s d s 3 khi cc l trong ng tiu n|c l hnh trn.
D
50



1 s d s 1,5 khi cc l l khe h;
D
50


TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

14

d- |ng knh ca l trn hay chiu rng ca cc khe ng.
4.34. Tr|c khi nghim thu v |a h thng h mc n|c vo s dng phi tin hnh bm ht
th. Trong qu trnh cn phi kim tra;
- S t|ng hp ca l|ng n|c bm ra p sut pht trin do bm i s liu thuyt
minh ca chng, cn i vi thit b phun th cn kim tra s t|ng hp ca p sut
n|c tun hon vi p sut d kin ca thit k;
- kn cc mi ni ghp cht ca cc ging chn khng, s chc chn ca cc nt
nhi st cc ming ging, cht ca mi ni cc |ng ng dn v mc bo
m cc ht khng kh trong cc |ng ng ht;
- Mc khng c cc ht t trong n|c ht ra (lc kt thc bm th);
- S t|ng hp ca cc thit b thot n|c v ni x n|c vi thit k (tun theo cc
yu cu ca c quan gim st v sinh v cc t chc iu chnh s dng v bo v
n|c v t nng nghip).
Khi bm th cn phi o: l|u l|ng ca n|c bm ra, gim thp ca n|c trong cc
ging kim tra v trong cc ng o p ng thi phi ghi chp nhng s c ca cc
chn khng k v p k trn my bm t|ng ng vi thi gian do l|u l|ng v s gim
thp mc n|c. Khi chy th cc thit b h mc n|c bng in thm cn o thm
c|ng v in th dng din chy qua t gia cc cc.
H thng h mc n|c c th |a vo sn xut khi iu kin lm vic ca n hon
chnh v hot ng tt trong 1 ngy m sau khi lp rp.
4.35. Nghim thu h thng h thp mc n|c bng cc bin bn trong c km cc mt ct
a cht lm chnh xc v cc ti liu b sung bao gm cc s liu sau:
a) i vi vic ht n|c l thin: s b tr trn mt bng v cao ca cc thit b h
mc n|c v dn n|c, ca cc ging quan st, cc c tr|ng ca my bm;
b) i vi tiu n|c h|ng ngang - v tr ca cc ging tiu n|c vi nhng ch dn v
loi v kiu ging, s th t cc ging kim tra, mt ct dc cc ging tiu n|c, kt
cu lp bc v cc c tr|ng ca trm bm;
c) i vi thit b lc chm kim ph|ng php h b lc chm kim, cao trnh ca cc
b phn thm lc, ph|ng php thi cng lp lp, cao trnh trc my bm, cch b tr
cc ging quan st, cc s liu bm th;
d) i vi cc thit b phun (trong c cc ging chn khng ng tm) ph|ng
php lm ging, kt cu tng lc v ging, ph|ng php thi cng lp lp, cao trnh b
tr phn thm n|c v cc b phn lm vic ca my phun, v tr cc thit b kim
tra cng nh| cc ng o p v cc ging quan trc cng vi nhng ch dn v mc
n|c, cc s liu bm th;
e) i vi cc thit b in thm cch b tr v ph|ng php h in cc, cao trnh cc
b phn thm, ph|ng php thi cng lp lp, cao trnh trc my bm, v tr ging
quan trc, cc |ng dy in |c lp rp rt ph hp vi yu cu ca thit k v
cc s liu bm th.
4.36. Sau khi |a h thng h mc n|c vo s dng phi bm n|c lin tc.
|c php iu chnh s hot ng ca my bm m khng mc n|c ngm cao hn
mc quy nh khi gim dng n|c chy vo thit b h mc n|c do s pht trin vng
gim p v khng c kh nng tt bt my. Cc my bm t trong ging d tr cng

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

15
nh| cc my bm d tr ca cc thit b l thin cn phi nh k |a bo hot ng
duy tr chng trong t| th lm vic.
4.37. Khi bm n|c ra khi h mng |c o bng ph|ng php o d|i n|c, tc gim
thp mc n|c trong h mng cn phi ph hp vi tc gim thp mc n|c ngm
ngoi phm vi ca n trnh s ph hoi n nh ca y v thnh h; ch lm vic
ca thit b h mc n|c cn iu chnh nh| th no mc n|c trong v ngoi h
mng khng chnh lch nhau nhiu.
4.38. Trong thi gian bm n|c cn tin hnh quan st c h thng tnh hnh y v thnh h
mng. Khi thy ln tng ln hoc ngun n|c thm tp trung v c mang theo t th
cn phi nhanh chng dng cc bin php th tiu cc ch h| hng.
4.39. Trong sut thi gian thi cng h mc n|c cn tin hnh ghi nht k (ph lc 3 v 4)
bao gm ni dung sau:
a) S liu v l|u l|ng do cc my bm ht ra;
b) Nhng s c ca chn khng k v p k t|ng ng vi thi gian do l|u l|ng
n|c;
c) S liu v mc n|c ngm cc ging quan st nm trong v ngoi phm vi khai
thc;
d) Cc s liu v thi gian v nguyn nhn ngng hot ng ca cc my bm.
4.40. Khi kt thc cng vic lp t h thng h mc n|c cn phi lp cc vn bn kim tra
cng tc lp kn, trong c cc ch dn v vic chn t cc thit b ngm.
4.41. Cn phi tin hnh tho ri cc thit b bng cc ph|ng php v ph|ng tin thch hp
bo m dng li chng sau ny.
Vic tho ri cc thit b h mc n|c nhiu tn nn bt u t tng d|i. Cc my t
cc ct cao hn cn |c tip tc hot ng trong thi gian tho thit b.
5. Ci to t.
Ch dn chung
5.1. Vic ci to t c th tin hnh nng cao c|ng v n nh ca t hay gim
tnh thm n|c ca n bng ph|ng php xi mng ha, st ha, bitum ha, silicat ha,
nha ha v bng nhit.
Tt c cc ph|ng php trn, tr ph|ng php ci to bng nhit c th ng dng khi
nhit ca t |c ci to khng d|i 0
0
C v ca dung dch bm khng d|i + 5
0
C.
Ci to t bng nhit c th tin hnh nhit m.
5.2. Cc ti liu kho st a cht cng trnh khu vc d nh ci to cn phi bao gm cc s
liu sau:
- Cu to a cht cng trnh v iu kin a cht thu vn ca khu vc.
- Trng l|ng ring, trng l|ng th tch rng v m ca t.
- Cc c tr|ng v c|ng v m un bin dng ca t t nhin.
- H s thm t; h|ng v tc vn ng ca n|c ngm, thnh phn ha hc ca
chng.
- Sc chng nn mt trc tc thi ca mu t ci to trong phng hay ngoi tri.
5.3. Cc gii php thit k cng tc ci to t cn phi c cc ni dung sau:
- S liu v th tch khi t cn ci to; tng khi l|ng cc loi vt liu cn thit
hon thnh cng vic; thi gian hon thnh cng vic; cc h thng cp in, cp

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

16
n|c, thot n|c v giao thng vn chuyn bo m tin hnh cng vic; cng
nh| cc c s ca ph|ng n thit k chn.
- Mt bng khu vc, c khoanh vng khi t ci to;
- Cc s b tr cc ng phun hay cc h khoan cng tc v kim tra (thng ng,
nm ngang, nghing r qut) cng vi cu trc, su, |ng knh ca chng v
lch h|ng cho php;
- S cc ng dn dung dch (dn hi v dn kh.);
- Bng lit k cc thit b dng c khoan, bm, phun;
- Cc ch dn v ch ca qu trnh ci to t (L|ng tiu hao n v, nhit cc
dung dch s dng, p sut v thi gian bm);
- Cc gii php v quy trnh cng ngh ca cng vic;
5.4. Loi v kch th|c cc mng v nn t ci to, cng nh| p lc trung bnh tc dng
ln nn t ci to tnh ton theo t hp c bit v t hp c bn cc loi ti trng
phi |c quy nh trong thit k cng trnh.
5.5. Cng tc nghim thu kt qu ci to t cn phi quy nh t|ng ng vi cc yu cu
ca thit k v kch th|c khi t v cc c tr|ng ca t gia c.
Cc s liu sau cn phi |c trnh by khi nghim thu:
- Cc mt bng v lt ct khi t ci to cng vi v tr thc t cc ng bm v cc
l khoan;
- Cc l lch k thut ca cc vt liu s dung;
- Cc nht k kim tra cng vic (ph lc 5,6 v 7);
- Cc s liu v c|ng , tnh khng thm n|c, n nh n|c ca t ci to.
Ph|ng php silict ha v nha ha

5.6. Nn xem ph|ng php silict ha v nha ho nh| l cc bin php ci to vnh vin t
nn nh v cng trnh xy dng mng bng t ci to v xy dng cc mn chng
thm trong t ct v ln |t.
Silict ha v nha ha tin hnh bng cch bm cc dung dch silict nattri hay nha c
ha cht cng vo t qua h thng ng bm (chng |c ng vo t hay h vo trong
cc h khoan sn). Loi, nng v cch thc pha ch cc dung dch ho hc trn
|c xc nh da vo iu kin a cht cng trnh v mc ch s dng t gia c.
Cc dung dch silict nattri v nha cacbamit l cc loi vt liu ban u c bn, cn
clorua canxi, axt clohyric; oxillic v hyrflorosilict l ho cht cng. Cc ph|ng
php ny |c dng trong t ct c h s thm t 2 n 50m/ngy m, cn trong t
ln |t t 0,2 n 2m/ngy m.
5.7. Cc dung dch s dng khi silict ha v nha ha cn phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
- Silict natri cn phi c m un trong khong 2,7 n 3,0 v mt t 1,2 n 1,3
g/cm
3
khi ci to t ct v t 1,1, n 1,2 g/cm
3
khi ci to t ln |t;
- Nha ccbamt cn phi c mt t 1,08 n 1,16k/cm
3
v phi c hot tnh m
bo t |c c|ng d nh.
n pha ch dung dch ha hc ci to t ct v t ln cn phi xc nh da trn
tnh thm n|c v cc tnh cht khc ca t, cng nh| cc yu cu v c|ng i vi
t |c ci to.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

17
5.8. Nn nh v cc l khoan v cc ng bm theo trc chnh ca cng trnh vi lch cho
php +5cm. khoan cc l khoan v ng cc ng bm vo t nn p dng nhng
bin php ngn nga cc l khoan, c ng bm lch h|ng so vi thit k bng cch t
cc ng dn h|ng. lch ln nht khng |c v|t qu 1% su d|i 40m v
0,5% cc su ln hn.
5.9. Khi thit k ci to t bng silict ha v nha ha, c th d tnh cc l khoan v ng
bm ph thm (d tr) vi s l|ng khng v|t qu 10% tng s tnh ton.
5.10. Khi silict ha v nha ha nn cc cng trnh ang s dng trong iu kin cht hp,
cho php ng cc ng bm t cc ging, hm v h o c bit, c gia c cn thn
trnh bin dng cc cng trnh ny.
5.11. Vic la chn cc thit b, dng c bm cn phi xut pht t l|ng tiu hao n v, p
lc v n mn ca dung dch ha hc. i vi cc ng bm h vo t bng ph|ng
php ng, cn phi dng cc ng thp nguyn, |ng knh trong t 25 n 50mm.
bm cc dung dch axits nn xem xt s dng cc my bm chu axt.
5.12. Cn phi bm cc dung dch ha hc theo tng on, m bo tnh nguyn khi ca t
ci to. Tr s p sut bm cao nht |c xc nh theo thit k, trong t ct c th ti
30kg/cm
2
; trong t ln |t khng |c v|t qu 5kg/cm
2
.
Trong t c tnh thm ng u, nn bm dung dch theo tng on theo th t t d|i
ln hay t trn xung. Trong t c tnh thm khc nhau, lp t c tnh thm cao s
|c ci to u tin.
5.13. Trong qu trnh tin hnh silict ha v nha ha, phi kim tra th|ng xuyn cht
l|ng dung dch ha hc, hn hp to gen, cng nh| cc nguyn liu v cc ch tiu mt
, nht, thi gian to gen. Ngoi ra phi kim tra cht l|ng dung dch ha hc
v hn hp to gen bng cch th cc mu t gia c. Thi gian to gen cn phi
kim tra bng cch ly mu c h thng.
5.14. Nn kim tra cht l|ng ci to khi t bng cch khoan cc l khoan v o cc h
o, ng thi ly mu nguyn dng th nghim trong phng, cng nh| bng ph|ng
php karota in v xuyn.
S l|ng cc l khoan, h o kim tra, kim karota in v xuyn xc nh theo thit
k. Nn khoan v o cc h khoan, h o kim tra khng sm hn hai ngy m sau
khi kt thc cng tc ci to.
Xi mng ha st ha, v bi tum ha

5.15. Nn dng ph|ng php xi mng ha v st ha nh| l mt bin php ci to vnh vin
cc cng, t ct, t cui si trong nn nh v cng trnh, cng nh| xy dng
mn chng. Cc ph|ng php ny |c s dng trong cng c h s thm khng nh
hn 0,01m/ngy m, v trong t ct c h s thm khng nh hn 20m/ngy m.
Ph|ng php bm bi tum nng |c xem nh| l mt bin php ph tr lp nht cc
khe nt ln trong cng ngn nga s ra la cc dung dch xi mng v st khi tc
chy ca n|c d|i t ln.
5.16. Cn phi s dng xi mng poc lng c mc khng d|i 300 to cc dung dch xi
mng. Cho php dng xi mng bn sunpht v xi mng poc lng x, cng nh| xi mng
poc lng bt trm l khoan.
Ch |c php s dng hn hp nhiu loi xi mng khc nhau sau khi th nghim
trong phng xc nh thi gian ng kt v ho cng.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

18
Tnh cht c l ca xi mng dng to dung dch xi mng cn phi |c kim tra i
vi mt phn xi mng em s dng, khng ph thuc vo cc s liu k thut ca nh
my sn xut n.
Khi n|c c tnh n mn, phi s dng loi xi mng bn vi n|c.
tng nhanh qu trnh ng kt ha cng ca dung dch xi mng, nn dng thu tinh
lng v clorua canxi. tng c|ng n nh ca dung dch xi mng, nn dng bentonit.
5.17. Dung dch xi mng v st |c bm p sut bm: d|i 100at bng my bm c bit,
d|i 15at v khi s dng dung dch rt m c bng my bm mng d|i 6at v khi
cho php gin on trong qu trnh bm th dng my bm kh nn. Khi dng my bm
kh nn, nn dng mt nhm gm hai my trnh gin on trong qu trnh bm.
Dung dch xi mng v dung dch st cn |c trn u trong sut thi gian bm.
5.18. Khi xi mng ha v st ha, cn phi khoan cc h khoan theo trt t ch dn trong
thit k bng ph|ng php khoan tin li gn nhau, bt u t khong cch m mi lin
h thu lc gia chng trong qu trnh bm cc dung dch bm thc s khng c.
Khi khoan trong t khng n nh, nm trn vng xi mng ha, cn phi c ng chng.
Trong cng sau khi khoan xong, cn phi ra l khoan bng n|c hay thi khng kh
nn.
5.19. Khi n|c d|i khng c p lc, c th khoan on d nh ci to tip theo ca l khoan
v bm dung dch vo t ngay sau khi kt thc xi mng ha hay st ha on tr|c m
khng cn i dung dch xi mng bm vo vng tr|c ha cng.
Khi n|c d|i t c p lc, cng nh| khi phi ngng bm v t khng hp th dung
dch na th phi ngng khoan bm mt thi gian dung dch xi mng ha cng.
5.20. Trong t mnh ln v t ct nn tin hnh xi mng ha v st ho qua cc ng c c
l, ng thi s dng cc nt kp c th bm dung dch theo tng on di 0,3
0,5m.
dung dch khng pht ra ngoi dc theo h khoan th khong khng gian gia ng v
thnh l khoan cn |c lp nht bng dung dch xi mng st.
dung dch khng b ht ng|c li vo ng bm, cc l trn ng bm nn y kn
bng bao cao su.
5.21. Trong cng, xi mng ha v st ha c th tin hnh:
a) Trn ton b l khoan khoan;
b) Bng ph|ng php t d|i ln trn, tc l l khoan bm |c khoan ngay n su
thit k v tin hnh bm theo tng on di 4 - 6m t d|i ln trn bng cch di
chuyn lin tc cc nt l|u ng, bt u t mi on d|i cng;
c) Bng ph|ng php t trn xung d|i tc l l khoan bm |c khoan n su
ca on bm u tin (4 6m) v sau khi xi mng ha vng ny, on sau li
|c khoan tip tc, c nh| vy n su thit k. Khi , cc nt s |c t trn
mi ca on tip theo n su cho php dng p sut bm cao m khng gy cc
bin dng nguy him cho tng t nm trn n.
5.22. Trong cng nt n, xi mng ha hay st ha cn phi tin hnh n khi dung dch
hon ton khng |c hp th na hay n khi l|ng tiu hao dung dch khng v|t qu
0,5l/pht trong sut thi gian 15 -20 pht.
Cn phi h thp p sut bm hay buc phi ngng bm khi l|ng tiu hao dung dch
m c gii hn qu ln; khi dung dch pht ln trn b mt hay sang l khoan bn
cnh.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

19
5.23. Bi tum nng cn phi |c bm bng my bm qua cc l khoan khoan c cc ng
bm c bit lp trong l khoan bi tum |c nung nng ngay thn l khoan.
My bm cn c thit b hi l|u, iu chnh l|ng tiu hao bi tum.
5.24. p sut bm bi tum cn phi tng dn dn. Nn bm bi tum theo mt vi chu k c thi
gian gin on bi tum ngui n nhit m bo h thp ng k linh ng ca
n. Chu k bm u tin nn tin hnh p sut khng qu 2 3 at.
Tr|c chu k bm lp li, cn phi nung nng thm bi tum trong l khoan khong 1 2
gi. Khi c sc cn ln i vi chuyn ng ca bi tum b ngui l khoan v trong t
c th tng tm thi p sut n 80at v sau khi ph v cc nt phi h thp ngay p
sut xung.
Cn phi ngng bm bi tum khi p sut bm khng tng sut 2 3 gi k t lc bt u
bm, cng nh| khi p sut bm h thp nhiu v khu bi tum pht ln trn b mt hay
sang l khoan bn cnh.
5.25. Qu trnh bm bi tum trong mi l khoan |c xem l kt thc khi bi tum khng b hp
th na trong chu k bm lp li.
Ci to bng nhit

5.26. Ph|ng php ci to t bng nhit theo cch bm hi nhit cao vo cc l khoan
khoan sn |c dng ch yu trong t ln |t, t m c tnh thm hi ln; ang s
dng hay xy dng mng bng t ci to.
Chu vi mng bng t ci to |c gii hn bng |ng ng nhit 300
0
C.
nhn |c khi t ci to c hnh dng nh sn cn theo cc iu kin sau:
kn ca mp l khoan phi hon ton tin cy, s di chuyn ca dng chy nhin liu
theo chiu di l khoan, nhit trong l khoan phi gi n nh nh| trong thit k.
5.27. Cc thit b dng c sau |c dng tin hnh cng tc ci to nhit:
- Thit b t nhin liu (n kh hay m t);
- Cc np y m bo cch ly cc phn nh ca l khoan v kn mp ca
chng;
- Thit b bm bm kh nn (my nn kh, thi kh, qut gi c p sut cao);
- ng ni chu p v ng dn chu xng truyn kh v nhin liu;
- Dng c o l|u l|ng v p sut khng kh, nhin liu v o nhit ;
5.28. Tin hnh khoan l bng ph|ng php khon khng gy nn c hc cc t thnh l
khoan do tc dng ca dng c khoan.
Nn ly mu th nghim trong qu trnh khoan kim tra cc tnh cht ca t theo cc
s liu kho st a cht cng trnh.
5.29. Tr|c khi bt u t nhin liu, cn lm sch hi nhin liu hay hn hp khng kh
nhin liu trong l khoan bng cch thi khng kh nn.
Trong qu trnh t phi m bo nhit va p sut trong l khoan nh| trong thit k
nh iu chnh l|ng tiu hao nhin liu, khng kh nn, cng nh| quan st trng
thi thnh l khoan v s thnh to khi t gia c. Nhit hi trong qu trnh t
|c iu chnh bng vch thay i l|ng tiu hao khng kh nn v nhin liu.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

20
Khi pht hin thy nhng ch hi thot ln mt t qua cc khe nt cn bt kn chng
bng cch lp t m t nhin v m nn chng tht cht. Trong khi bt kn cc khe
nt, phi ngng t nhin liu.
5.30. Trong khi thc hin cng tc ci to nhit cn p dng cc bin php bo v khu vc
phn b cc l khoan chng n|c m|a v n|c thi cng nghip.
5.31. Cht l|ng ca cng tc ci to t bng nhit |c kim tra theo kt qu th nghim cc
mu ly |c trong cc l khoan kim tra v c bit v c|ng v tnh tan r ca t.
Lc y, phi tnh ton n c cc s liu o c l|ng tiu hao nhin liu, khng kh
nn, nhit v p sut hi trong l khoan trong qu trnh x l nhit.
5.32. Phi tin hnh kim tra kch th|c ca khi t |c to thnh khi ci to nhit bng cc
cp nhit in km theo cc in th k. Cc cp nhit in cn phi t thng ng trn
cc ranh gii |c tnh ton ca mi khi t. S l|ng cc cp nhit in khng
|c t hn s l|ng l khoan x l nhit. S thnh to khi t gia c |c xem l kt
thc nu nh| cc cp nhit in t trong ch v tnh ton ch r nhit tnh ton
t |c trn 300
0
C.
5.33. Vic nghim thu cng tc thc hin tin hnh trn c s i chiu vi s liu thit k
v s l|ng, v tr cc l khoan, chu vi thc t ca khi t ci to trn cao t mng
v th nhit trn ton b khi t; cc s liu ghi chp, cc kt qu khoan nhng
l khoan kim tra, th nghim trong phng cc mu t gia c. Sau khi cng vic kt
thc phi trm kn cc l khoan bng b tng hay p t.
6. Xy dng cng trnh ngm bng ph|ng php t|ng trong t
6.1. Ph|ng php t|ng trong t tc l o cc |ng ho v xy t|ng trong nhng ho
y nh s bo v ca dung dch st (huyn ph) gi |ng ho khi b sp p
dng p dng khi xy dng cc cng trnh chn, cc cng trnh ngm chu ti v cc
mn chng thm t su ln hn 5 mt. Ph|ng php t|ng trong t cho php
dng trong tt c cc loi t ct v t st, tr khi iu kin a cht - thu vn ca
|ng ho khng c th gi vng |c n nh chng sp bng dung dch t st (v
d nh| t ln tng).
Tu theo chc nng ton khi ca cc t|ng, c th lp y cc |ng ho bng b tng
ton khi (b tng ct thp), kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp hoc vt liu chng thm.
6.2. Tr|c khi bt u cc cng vic chnh v xy dng cc cng trnh ngm bng ph|ng
php t|ng trong t, trn cng trnh cn phi hon thnh cc cng tc chun b sau
y:
- San bng b mt khu vc dc |ng ho b tr v di chuyn cc thit b. Khi
mc n|c ngm cch mt t t hn 1 mt - p 1 lp c chiu rng cn thit (tt
nht l bng t ct).
- B tr cc cng trnh tm thi sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn v lm sch dung
dch st. B tr din tch t o ln |ng s v li i, mng l|i cp n|c v
cp in tm thi;
- Lp cc v b tng hoc b tng ct thp bo m s n nh cc mp |ng
ho.
6.3. Khi xy cng trnh ngm bng ph|ng php t|ng trong t cu to a cht cng
trnh ca khu xy dng cn |c nghin cu n su thp hn chn t|ng trn 10
mt.
Cc ti liu thm d a cht cng trnh bao gm:

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

21
- Mt ct v ct h khoan c nh gi cht l|ng v s l|ng cc vt th ln gp phi;
- c tr|ng c l ca t, trong c khi l|ng th tch, gc ma st trong, h s
rng, h s thm. i vi t ct, ngoi cc c tr|ng trn cn thm thnh phn ht;
i vi t st - ch s do, st v lc dnh;
- Cc s liu v mc n|c v ch n|c ngm v mc xm thc ca chng v
su ca lp khng thm n|c.
6.4. Khi s dng ph|ng php t|ng trong t nht thit phi xy dng bn thit k thi
cng trong c xt n cc iu kin a ph|ng ca khu xy dng v c nhng li
ch dn ng thi trong bn thit k thi cng cn trnh by cc s liu v hao ph lao
ng v nhu cu vt liu v my mc, v kim tra cht l|ng cng vic theo nguyn
cng.
6.5. Nn dng t st bentonit ch dung dch st. Khi khng c bentonit th dng t st
a ph|ng c ch do khng nh hn 0,2 v cha cc ht c kch th|c ln hn
0,5mm khng qu 10% v cc ht nh hn 0,005mm khng t hn 30%. Ngoi ra,
cng c th dng hn hp t st khng bentonit v bentonit.
S thch hp cui cng ca t st a ph|ng |c xc nh theo kt qu th nghim
trong phng i vi dung dch st ch to t t st y.
6.6. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca dung dch st cn phi bo m s n nh ca h o
(|ng ho, ging khoan) trong thi gian xy dng v lp y chng.
Cc thng s ca dung dch phi |c chn thch hp vi cc iu kin ca khu vc xy
dng v xut pht t cc yu cu sau:
a) nht, c tr|ng cho tnh l|u ng ca dung dch trong khong 18 30 centipoa
(theo CB 5);
b) S kt ta ngy m (tch n|c) v tnh n nh c tr|ng cho s n nh ca dung
dch chng s phn tng:
Tc n|c khng ln hn 4%;
n nh khng ln hn 0,02G/cm
3
;
(Theo dng c - 1 hoc C 2);
c) Hm l|ng ct, biu th mc ca dung dch d|i 4% (theo OM 2);
d) mt n|c, c tr|ng kh nng chuyn n|c cho t m, - khng ln hn 30cm
3

trong 30 pht theo dng c BM -6);
e) ng sut ct tnh, biu th bn cu trc v xc bin ca dung dch st, trong phm
vi t 10 50mg/cm
2
qu 10 pht sau khi khuy trn n (theo dng c CHC);
f) Mt trong khong t 1,05 n 1,15g.cm
3
khi dng st bentnit v t 1,15 n
1,30g.cm
3
khi dng cc loi st khc. Ngoi ra, cn |u tin dng dung dch c mt
nh nht khi tha mn cc yu cu trn.
c |c cc thng s nu trn ca dung dch st c th cho thm cc ph gia
ha hc (natri cacbonat Na
2
CO
3
, natri florua NaF .v.v).
6.7. Dung dch st sau khi s dng vo khu vc xy dng cn |c phc hi cht l|ng
lm sch, thm t st vv dng cc ni khc.
6.8. C th dng cc my o t thng th|ng (my ngom, my xc ko dy, gu ng|c),
cc my khoan t kiu xoay v p, cc my lin hp v gu mc |c chuyn mn
ha o |ng ho |c bo b bng dung dch st.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

22
Khi la chn my mc o |ng ho phi xt n cc c tr|ng ca t, mc
cht hp ca khu vc thi cng v kch th|c cc kt cu ca t|ng nh xy dng. Vic
o c th thc hin bng cch lm |ng ho lin tc, lm tng on hoc cc h
khoan giao nhau.
iu kin bt buc trong thi gian o ho l cn phi gi mc dung dch khng thp
0,2m k t mt trn lp bc ming ho.
6.9. Tr|c khi bt u cng vic lp y |ng ho bng nhng kt cu b tng va b tng
ct thp hoc bng vt liu chng thm phi lm sch cc cn b nhng khi t l lng
xung y ho.
6.10. Cc t|ng trong t bng b tng v b tng ct thp phi |c b tng bng
ph|ng php ng di chuyn thng ng (ODT) theo tng on thi cng ring bit, chiu
di ca chng |c xc nh trong khong t 3 n 6 mt do iu kin n nh ca ho
v c|ng b tng nh.
Khi b tng cc t|ng |c n nh bng dung dch st cn phi t trong ho nhng
tm ngn gia cc on thi cng v t khung ct thp (nu c ra trong thit k)
tr|c khi b tng khng lu qu 8 gi.
Kt cu cc tm ngn cn chu |c p lc b tng v khng cho b tng ri t on thi
cng ny sang on thi cng khc: ng thi bo m cc mi ni c khng thm
n|c nh.
Cc khung ct thp cn phi c chiu di ph hp vi su ca ho, c chiu rng ph
hp vi chiu di ca on thi cng v chiu dy nh hn chiu rng ca ho khong 10
15cm. Trong khung phi cha l h cc ng b tng v nhng thit b dn h|ng
nh v khung thp trong ho, cng nh| cc chi tit chn ngm neo v lin kt t|ng
vi cc kt cu khc.
Nn dng b tng c st hnh nn tiu chun 16 20cm v ln ca ct liu nh
hn 50mm.
Trong qu trnh b tng trong ho, cn phi nh k ly i phn tha ca dung dch
st b y ra ngoi m khng |c php h thp mc ca n.
6.11. Tm t|ng b tng ct thp lp ghp cn |c lp vo ho sau khi kim tra c y
cc chi tit chn ngm v kt cu cn thit treo n (tm t|ng) trn v bc ming
ho, kim tra s lin kt gia cc tm vi nhau, kim tra s lp y cc cung cun
(khong trng sau t|ng) bng va trm, v kim tra s lin kt cc kt cu t|ng vi
cc kt cu sn tip gip.
Vic lp y cc cung cun v l hng d|i tm t|ng nn tin hnh t d|i ln trn
theo ph|ng php (ODT) bng va trm c tnh l|u ng tt.
6.12. Khi lm mn chng thm bng ph|ng php t|ng trong t vt liu lp y ho
c th dng:
- B tng thu cng vi l|u ng t 10 16cm (theo st ca hnh nn tiu
chun);
- Va st xi mng c khi l|ng th tch t 1,5 n 1,7g/cm
3
v mc khng nh hn
15 vi ha khng nh hn 98%, tnh n nh khng ln hn 0,5g/cm
3
v ch
tiu chy ra nm trong phm vi cho php bm n t ni va n ni thi cng;
- t st ngay trong qu trnh vo ha, ch yu c cu trc dng c (kch th|c
cc c t 10cm n 1/3 chiu rng ca ho) v st t cng n do cng.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

23
6.13. Bm pht va xi mng st hoc b tng khi lm mn chng thm phi tin hnh mt
cch lin tc, ng thi lc bt u thi cng phn d|i cc ng chuyn va phi nm
mc y ca ho v sau t thp hn mc va xi mng st hoc b tng khng t hn 1
mt.
Vt liu chng thm dng t st cc phi lp t t vi khi l|ng khng ln qu
v khng cho php to thnh nhng phn trn ho.
6.14. Trong qu trnh xy cng trnh ngm bng ph|ng php t|ng trong t cn phi
kim tra:
- Kch th|c hnh hc ca ho, cht l|ng dung dch st v s l|ng lng ng y
ho;
- chnh xc ca vic lp t cc khung thp v tm chn gia cc phn on thi
cng (bo m p kht tm chn vo t|ng v cm su vo y ho t mc cn
thit), thnh phn v st ca hn hp b tng, ch b tng theo trnh t quy
nh cho ph|ng php ODT v cht l|ng b tng ;
- chnh xc ca vic lp tm lt v cht l|ng nht y cc khe rnh v cc vm
cun bng dung dch trm khi thi cng t|ng b tng lp ghp;
- Cht l|ng v th tch nht y |ng ho bng vt liu chng thm;
Cc kt qu kim tra o ho, cht l|ng ca dung dch st v vic b tng t|ng
trong t cn |c ghi chp c h thng vo trong nht k cng tc (ph lc 8 10).
6.15. Khi nghim thu cc cng trnh v kt cu lm xong bng ph|ng php t|ng trong
t cn phi tin hnh kim tra s ph hp ca cc ch tiu bn, n nh, tnh
lin tc v tnh khng thm n|c ca chng vi cc quy nh trong thit k.
7. Mng cc v t|ng xy cc vn.
7.1. Cc quy tc v yu cu trong phn ny p dng trong thi cng v nghim thu cc loi
cng tc sau y v thi cng xy dng mng cc v t|ng vy: h cc th|ng v cc
ng, th cng cc nhi v ng vn c.
7.2. Xy dng cc mng cc v t|ng vy cc vn cn phi lm theo thit k thi cng, trong
bao gm: cc s liu v s b tr cc cng trnh ngm v trn mt t hin c trong
vng thi cng, cc dy cp in vi nhng ch dn su t chung, cc |ng dy ti
in v cc bin php bo v chng; bng lit k cc thit b; trnh t v biu hon
thnh cng vic; cc bin php bo m k thut an ton.
c y s liu cn thit cho vic lp cc bn v mng cc, khi cn thit c quan
thi cng xy dng mng cc thc hin cc cng vic nhn thu lin quan n vic th
cc bng ti trng ng hoc ti trng tnh theo ng nhim v k thut ( c|ng) do
c quan thit k ra.
7.3. Tr|c khi thc hin cc cng tc ch yu v thi cng mng cc, phi lm cc cng tc
chun b sau y:
a) Vn chuyn v sp xp cc th|ng, cc ng v cc vn, nh v cc trc ca bi cc
v ni ng cc vn;
b) Kim tra cc chng t ca nh my v cc th|ng, cc ng v cc vn;
c) Kim tra s ph hp gia nhn hiu trn cc th|ng, cc ng v cc vn vi cc kch
th|c thc ca chng, ng thi kim tra cc mng cc vn bng cch ko th|c c
di hn 2m dc theo chng;
d) nh du dc th|ng, cc ng, cc vn theo chiu di;

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

24
e) Lp rp ton b hay tng on cc th|ng v cc ng.
7.4. Vn chuyn, bo qun, nng v lp t cc cc th|ng, cc ng v cc vn ti ni ng
phi tin hnh thn trng v c bin php chng h| hng, cc mng v g ca cc vn
phi |c bo v bng cc ming m g khi dng dy cp nng ln.
7.5. Nn tin hnh chn ba ng cc v cc ng theo kh nng chu ti v trng l|ng ca
chng do thit k quy nh. Nng l|ng cn thit ti thiu ca nht ba p E |c xc
nh theo cng thc:
E = 1,75aP
E- Nng l|ng p ca ba kgm;
a- H s bng 25 KG.m/tn;
P- Kh nng chu ti ca cc ghi trong thit k, tnh bng tn.
Loi ba |c dng vi nng l|ng p tnh ton Ett phi tha mn iu kin:

k s Qn + q
Ett

k - H s, khng ln hn cc tr s ghi trong bng 1;
Qn

- Trng l|ng ton phn ca ba, KG;
q - Trng l|ng ca cc (gm c trng l|ng ca m v cc m), KG.
- i vi ba i--den, gi tr tnh ton nng l|ng p ly bng:
- i vi ba ng E
tt
= 0,9 QH
- i vi ba cn E
p
= 0,4 QH
Q - Trng l|ng phn p ca ba, KG;
H - Chiu cao ri thc t phn p ca ba, tnh bng m; khi chn ba, giai on kt
thc ng mt nht i vi ba ng, H = 2,8m; cn i vi ba cn vi trng l|ng phn
p l 1.250, 1.800 v 2.500 KG th H t|ng ng s bng 1,7; 2 v 2,2m.

Bng 1

H s k khi vt liu cc l Loi ba
B tng ct thp G
Cc ba i--den kiu ng v cc ba song ng
Cc ba n ng v i--den kiu cn
Cc ba treo

6
5
3
5
3,5
2

Ch thch: Khi ng cc cc vn thp, cng nh| khi h cc loi cc bng ph|ng php xi n|c
khi cc h s ni trn |c tng ln thm 1,5 ln.
7.6. Khi cn phi ng xuyn qua cc lp t cht nn dng cc ba c nng l|ng p ln
hn cc tr s tnh ton theo cc cng thc (7) v (8) hoc phi ng cc cc vo cc l
khoan tr|c.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

25
Khi chn ba ng cc nghing nn nhn nng l|ng p tnh theo cng thc (7) vi
h s nng cao k ghi trong bng 2.

Bng 2

nghing ca cc H s k
1

5:1
4:1
3:1
2:1
1:1
1,1
1,15
1,25
1,40
1,70

7.7. Loi ba rung h cc nn chn theo t s K
0
/Q
B
v tu thuc vo iu kin t ai v
su h cc.
K
0
- Momen lch tm, tnh bng t.cm;
QB - Tng trng l|ng ca cc (hoc cc ng), m cc v ba rung h cc, tnh bng t.
Gi tr ca t s ny khi dng ba rung h cc vi tc quay bnh lch tm (300 500
vng/pht khng |c nh hn tr s ghi bng 3.

Bng 3

K
0
/QB khi su h cc
(m)
Tnh cht ca t m
cc xuyn qua
Ph|ng php h
< 15 > 15
Ct no n|c, bn, st do mm v
do chy
Ct m, t st, st cng v do
mm
St cng hoc na cng, ct si,
sn
Khng xi n|c v ly t trong
ng ra
Xi n|c tun hon v ly t
trong ng ra
Xi n|c v ly t d|i mp
chn ng ra khi ng
0,80

1,10

1,30
1,0

1,30

1,60

Ch thch: Khi chn loi ba rung h h cc ng c |ng knh ln hn 1,2m, tt hn ht l
chn cc my c l thot |a t pha trong cc ng ra ngoi m khng phi tho my h
cc. Trong tr|ng hp h cc ng c |ng knh ln bng my rung h cc ghp i ng b
trn ton mng, ch ni cc gi tr ca momen lch tm K
0
v trng l|ng ca h thng rung
QB phi l tng cng cc ch tiu t|ng ng theo 2 my rung.
7.8. Khi ng cc bng ba, cn dng m cc, m g ph hp vi tit din ngang ca cc.
Cc khe h gia mt bn ca cc v thnh mc cc mi bn khng nn v|t qu 1cm.
Cn phi sit cng my rung h cc vi cc hoc vn. Khng cho php dng my rung
h cc h cc b cc g.
Khi ni cc on cc trn rng v cc ng phi bo m ng tm ca chng.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

26
bo m dung sai quy nh v lch ca cc, cc ng v cc vn so vi v tr thit
k khi xy dng cc cng trnh quan trng nn dng cc gi c nh v thit b dn
h|ng.
|c php dng cn trc ni hoc my ng cc h cc th|ng, cc ng v cc vn
khi sng bn n|c khng cao hn cp 2. Cc thit b ni cn phi |c neo gi chc
chn.
7.9. Trong qu trnh h cc, cc ng v cc vn cn ghi chp nht k theo mu ph lc 11
15.
ng 5 10 cc u tin cc im khc nhau trn khu vc xy dng phi tin hnh
mt cch thn trng v c kim tra, ghi chp s ln ba p trn mi mt ln su ca
cc.
7.10. Vo cui lc ng cc khi chi ca cc c tr s gn bng tr s tnh ton th vic
ng cc bng cc ba n ng phi tin hnh tng nht, ng thi phi o tr s
chi ca cc sau mi nht p. xc nh chi ca cc v nng l|ng p ca ba
sau mi pht khi ng cc bng ba song ng, cn phi o tr s ln su ca cc, tn s
p ca ba v p sut hi ng dn vo ba. Khi ng cc ging ba i--zen th
chi |c xc nh t tr trung bnh khi p 10 nht ba sau cng.
Cc khng t chi thit k th cn phi ng thm n vo trong t kim tra, sau
khi cho ngh, theo ng quy phm hin hnh ca Nh n|c v th cc. Trong
tr|ng hp, nu chi khi ng kim tra cao hn tnh ton th c quan thit k phi
ra cc yu cu th cc bng ti trng tnh v sa i ton b hoc 1 phn thit k mng
cc.
7.11. Trong tr|ng hp khi thi cng thay i cc thng s ca ba hoc cc |c ch dn
trong thit k th chi d| ca cc e lc ng cc hoc ng kim tra phi tha mn
iu kin:


( )
1
1 2
q q Qn
q q Qn
nF
M
kp
M
kp
nFEtt
e
+ +
+ +
-
|

\
|
+
=
c
(9)

Nu chi d| e nh hn 0,2cm (vi iu kin l ba dng ng ph hp vi yu
cu nu iu 7,5), th chi ton phn ca cc (bng tng cc chi n hi v
chi d|) phi tha mn iu kin:


( )
(

+
|

\
|
O
+ +
+
+
s +
h H g
p Q
Q n no kp
kp
kPc
p Q
Q
Ett
C e
2
4
2
2
o
F
(10)

e- chi d|, tnh bng cm. Khi ng bng ba th e bng tr s ln su ca cc do 1
nht ba p, cn khi dng my rung th e bng ln su ca cc do my lm vic
trong 1 pht;

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

27
c- chi n hi (chuyn v n hi ca t v cc) tnh bng cm v |c xc nh
bng dng c o chi;
n- H s tnh bng t/m
2
v ly theo bng 4;
F- Din tch |c gii hn bi |ng bin ngoi ca tit din ngang rng hay c ca
thn cc (khng ph thuc cc c hay khng c mi nhn), tnh bng m
2
;
Ett- Nng l|ng tnh ton ca nht p, tnh bng cm v ly theo iu 7.5 cho ba
diezen, ly bng QH cho ba treo v ba n ng, ly theo s liu ca l lch my
khi dng ba song ng; i vi ba rung, nng l|ng tnh ton t|ng |ng ca
nht p ly theo bng 5;
Q- Trng l|ng phn p ca ba, tnh bng t;
H- cao ri thc t ca phn p ca ba, tnh bng cm;
k. H s an ton v t, ly k = 1,4 trong cng thc (9) v k = 1,25 trong thc (10); cn
trong xy dng cu, khi s l|ng cc tr ln hn 20 th k = 1,4, khi t 11 20 cc th
k = 1,6; khi t 6 10 cc th k = 1,65; khi 1 5 cc th k = 1,75;
P- Kh nng chu ti ca cc theo thit k, tnh bng t;
M- H s ly bng 1 khi ng cc bng ba va p cn khi dng ba rung th ly theo
bng 6 tu thuc vo loi t d|i mi cc;
Qn- Trng l|ng ton phn ca ba p hay ba rung, tnh bng t;
c - H s phc hi va p, ly c
2
= 0,2 khi ng cc b tng ct thp v cc thp bng
ba va p c dng m cc m g; cn khi dng my h cc kiu rung th c
2
= 0;
q- Trng l|ng cc v m cc, tnh bng t;
q
1
- Trng l|ng cc m tnh bng t; khi dng my rung q
1
= 0;
h- Chiu cao, i vi ba izen ly h = 50cm cn trong cc tr|ng hp khc
h = 0;
- Din tch mt hng ca cc, tnh bng m
2
;
n
0
v no - cc h s dng tnh chuyn t sc chng ng sang sc chng tnh ca t
v bng no = 0,25 giy m/t. n
0
= 0,0025giy m/t;
h- Gia tc trng tr|ng (g = 0,0981 cm/gy
2
).
7.12. Nu trong thit k mng cc ng c yu cu tm bin tnh ton lc h cc thit k, th
khi trong qu trnh thi cng thay i cc thng s ca my rung |c quy nh c th
kim tra bin tnh ton ca cc ng c |ng knh ngoi n 2mt vi tc h cc
t 2 n 20cm trong 1 pht, theo cng thc:


( )
|

\
|

=
QB
P
nB
Nx Nn
A
7 , 0
85 , 0 153
(11).

A- Bin ly bng 1/2 lc ton phn ca dao ng trong pht cui cng khi h cc,
cm;
Nn- Cng sut c hiu yu cu ton phn lc h cc, tnh bng KW;
Nx- Cng sut yu cu vn hnh khng ti i vi ba rung tng s thp, ly bng 25%
cng sut thuyt minh ca ng c in, tnh bng KW;

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

28
nB- Tc quay b phn khng cn bng ca b kch rung, tnh bng vng/pht;
P- Kh nng chu ti ca cc ng theo thit k, tnh bng tn;
- H s ph thuc vo t s sc khng tnh v sc khng ng ca t. i vi t
ct xc nh theo bng 7 ph thuc vo loi v mc no n|c ca t, cn i vi
t st xc nh theo bng 8 ph thuc vo st is

ca t.
QB- Trng l|ng ca h thng rung, bng tng tong l|ng ca ng ca cc v my
rung (tn).

Bng 4

Loi cc H s n (T/m)
- Cc b tng ct thp c m
- Cc g: Khng c cc m
C cc m
- Cc thp c m
150
100
80
500


Bng 5

Lc c|ng bc
(tn)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
- Nng l|ng tnh
ton t|ng |ng
mt nht p ca
my rung (t.cm)
450 900 1.300 1.750 2.200 2.650 3.100 3.500

Bng 6

Loi t d|i mi cc H s M
- Si sn c ln ct
- Ct:
+ Ct th, ct trung cht va v ct cng
+ Ct ht nh cht va
+ Ct bi cht va
- ct do, st v st cng
- st v st:
+ Na cng
+ Do cng
1,3

1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9

0,8
0,7


Ch thch: khi ct cht, gi tr h s M |c nng cao 60%

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

29
Khi c cc ti liu xuyn tnh M nng cao 100%

Bng 7

H s i vi ct Tn t
Th Va Nh
Ct:
- No n|c
- m

4,5
3,5

5,0
4,0

6,0
5,0


Bng 8

H s i vi t st khi st Tn t
Is > 0,75
0,5 < Is s 0,75 0,25 < Is
s
s 0,5
st
St
4,0
3,0
3,0
2,2
2,5
2,0



Khi c nhiu lp t th gi tr |c xc nh theo cng thc:

=
hi
ihi


Trong
i
- H s i vi lp t ng nht th i;
hi - cao ca lp t , tnh bng m.
7.13. Ch cho php dng xi n|c h cc nhng ni cch xa cc cng trnh v nh hin
c trn 20 mt.
gim p sut, l|u l|ng n|c v cng sut ca cc thit b bm, cn phi kt hp xi
n|c vi vic ng hoc tng ti ln cc bng ba.
Khi hn cc, cc ng bng xi n|c n su ln hn 20 mt trong t ct v ct th
vic xi n|c nn km theo bm kh p vo trong vng xi n|c.
i vi cc v cc ng c |ng knh nh hn 1 mt th cho php dng 1 ng xi t
gia tit din. i vi cc cc ng c |ng knh ln hn 1 mt th nn t cc ng xi
theo chu vi cc ng cch nhau 1 1,5 mt.
Khi h cc n mt cui cng th vic xi n|c dng li, sau cc cn |c h bng
bua hoc my rung cho n chi thit kt m khng dng n|c xi na.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

30
7.14. Ch to cc nhi cn phi tin hnh sau khi san t ton b hay cc b hoc p y n
cao trnh thit kt ca i cc, cn ni b ngp n|c - t b mt ca cc o nhn to
hoc t cc gin gio.
7.15. Khoan cc l trong t no n|c khi khong cch gia cc mp ca chng nh hn 1,5
mt nn tin hnh tng l mt; khoan cc l gn ni b tng phi tin hnh sau khi
ng kt hn hp b tng, nh|ng khng sm hn 8 gi.
Trong t st khi khng c n|c ngm, cho php lm cc l khoan m khng cn gia c
thnh ca chung.
Trng t ct cng nh| t st nm d|i mc n|c ngm, nn dng cc my khoan c
trang b cc ng chn tho lp khoan cc ging. Khi khng c cc my nh| th th
cho php gi thnh l khoan bng nhng ng chn li trong t, bng p lc d| ca
n|c hoc bng va t st.
|c php gi thnh ging khoan bng p lc d| ca n|c (ct p) nu c cc bin php
bo m s n nh cc cng trnh trn cng tr|ng hoc trn cc khu t ngoi phm vi
xy dng.
Gi tr ti |u ca p lc d| nn xc nh c th khi thi cng cc ging u tin, nh|ng
khng |c nh hn 4 mt.
7.16. Nn dng va st gi cc ging khi khng c kh nng dng p lc d| ca n|c.
Khi khoan cc ging c dng va st hoc p lc d| ca n|c cn gi ming l khoan
bng cc on ng ni khng ngn hn 2 mt.
Mc va st trong ging trong qu trnh khoan, lm sch v b tng cn phi cao hn
mc n|c ngm (hoc mc n|c bn) t nht l 0,5mt.
7.17. Khi khoan xong nn kim tra kch th|c thc t v cao trnh ca ming, y c v tr l
khoan trn bnh , cng nh| s ph hp ca t nn vi s liu thm d a cht cng
trnh.
7.18. t ct thp cho cc bng khung sn xut sn v cho vo l tr|c lc b tng.
Tr|c khi t khung ct thp va b tng cn thit phi gt sch y l khoan.
Cn phi c nh khung thp vo v tr thit k ngn nga n tri ln v dch chuyn
do hn hp b tng vo v trong qu trnh rt ng chn hoc ng b tng, cng
nh| trong tt c cc tr|ng hp b tr ct thp khng phi trn ton b chiu su ca
ging.
7.19. b tng cc cc trong ging khoan khng n nh hoc y n|c (dung dch st)
phi tin hnh khng mun hn 8 gi sau khi khoan xong.
Cn phi vn chuyn hn hp b tng bng t ch b tng hoc t trn b tng. Hn
hp b tng vo cc nhi cn c st hnh nn t 18 20cm.
Nn hn hp b tng vo ging qua ng b tng (|ng knh khng b hn
250mm) c gn phu rung.
Cc l khoan kh c chiu su nh hn 5 mt, |c php b tng m khng dng cc
ng b tng.
Cc ng dng b tng vo cc ging d|i n|c hoc d|i dung dch st cn c
phu thu c dung tch ln hn th tch ca ng v c van ng |ng dn b tng,
trong ng lc cho b tng vo phu. Cho b tng vo phu phi tin hnh trc tip t
nhng thit b vn chuyn v khng |c nhiu qu quy nh.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

31
Trong qu trnh b tng, khi nng ng b tng ln, u ng phi lun lun ngp
su vo va b tng t nht l 1 mt.
Vic b tng vo ging khoan phi tin hnh khng |c c nhng lc ngng lu qu
thi gian bt u ng cng ca hn hp b tng.
Cn phi bo m b tng c cht l|ng tt sut ton b chiu su ca l khoan,
trong c c u cc.
7.20. Trong qu trnh b tng c khoan nhi cn phi ghi nht k theo mu trnh by ph
lc 16.
C 50m
3
hn hp b tng hoc khi thay i thnh phn ca b tng, cn ly 3 mu
kim tra.
Cn phi tin hnh sn xut v bo d|ng cc mu b tng kim tra trong cc iu kin
ging nh| cc iu kin khi v ng cng b tng cc.
kim tra tnh lin tc ca b tng trong thn cc nhi thi cng bng ph|ng php
b tng d|i n|c hoc d|i dung dch st th c 100 cc chn 1 cc (nh|ng khng t
hn 2 cc cho mi cng trnh), sau khi b tng t trn 70% c|ng thit k, khoan
ly li |ng knh 75 n 100mm trn sut chiu di thn cc.
7.21. Khi m rng chn cc bng ph|ng php n om dng thuc n (BB) c tc dng p
vn hoc ph v.
to thnh chn m rng bng m om ca cc nhi, xc nh l|ng thuc n BB theo
cng thc:

C = k
n
.D
3
(13)
C - Trng l|ng khi thuc n BB, tnh bng KG;
k
n
- H s chng n ca t ly bng 1,2 khi t st do cng cn khi na cng th k =
1,4.
D - |ng knh ca chn m rng bng n om, tnh ra m.
7.22. Trng l|ng khi thuc n tp trung BB to thnh chn m rng trong cc cc rng thi
cng bng ph|ng php ng nn phng ly theo ch dn bng 9. Trong qu trnh thi
cng, trng l|ng khi thuc n BB cn |c xc nh chnh xc hn t kt qu m rng
bng n om cc kch th|c thit k ca cc.

Bng 9

Trng l|ng khi n BB
tnh bng KG
|ng knh tnh ton trung bnh
ca bu m rng, m
1
4
8
12
0,3
1,1
1,5
1,9

Mi khi thuc n cn c 4 kp n in ni lin 2 ci mt vo mng in c bn v
mng in d phng c 2 dy dn.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

32
Cc dy dn ca mng l|i phi c lp chng thm n|c.
ng chn tho lp cn phi |c rt ln 1,5 2,0m sau khi hn hp b tng trnh
h| hng u d|i ca ng do mn n gy ra.
7.23. lp cc bu m rng bng n om cn phi dng b tng nho, c st hnh nn 20
25cm. Th tch ca b tng |c vo tr|c khi n mn phi nht y bu m
rng v thn cc n cao khng t hn 2m sau khi n.
Trong qu trnh thi cng m rng chn bng n om mi cc cn phi kim tra cao trnh
ca khi thuc n BB nm y h v b mt ca hn hp b tng trong ng tr|c v
sau khi n mn.
7.24. Nghim thu cng tc thi cng mng cc v t|ng vy cc vn phi tin hnh trn c s:
a) Cc thit k ca mng cc v t|ng vy cc vn;
b) Thuyt minh ca cc nh my sn xut cc, cc ng, cc vn v b tng th|ng
phm;
c) Cc vn bn v th nghim trong phng ca cc mu b tng kim tra v cc bin
bn v bo v chng n mn kt cu;
d) Cc bin bn o c nh v trc ca cc mng v t|ng vy;
e) Cc s thc hin vic b tr cc v t|ng vy c thuyt minh sai lch theo mt
bng v chiu cao;
f) Cc bn bo co tng hp v cc nht k ng hoc h cc, cc ng v cc vn, cc
nht k khoan v b tng l khoan lm cc nhi;
g) Cc kt qu th nghm ng cc cc v cc ng;
h) Cc kt qu th nghim tnh cc cc v cc ng (nu chng |c quy nh trong thit
k).
7.25. lch so vi v tr thit k ca cc cc nhi, cc ng v cc ng khng |c v|t qu
nhng tr s ghi bng 10 hoc cc thuyt minh trong thit k vi l do t|ng ng;
7.26. lch kch th|c l khoan v bu m rng khi thi cng cc nhi khng nn v|t qu
cc gi tr sau y:
Theo chiu su ca ging khon 100mm;
Theo |ng knh ging khoan 50mm;
Theo |ng knh bu m rng 100mm;
7.27. lch cho php ca hng cc vn so vi v tr thit k, trn mt bng khng nn v|t
qu cc ch dn trong bng hoc cc tr s thuyt minh trong thit k vi nhng l do
t|ng ng.

Bng 10

Loi cc v v tr ca chng lch cho php ca
trc cc trn mt bng
1 2
1. Cc cc ng c tit din vung v ch nht, cc cc ng hnh
trn rng c |ng knh nh hn 0,5m
a. Khi b tr cc 1 hng:




TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

33
- Trc ngang ca hng cc
- Trc dc ca hng cc
b. Khi b tr cc nhm v di cc theo 2 v 3 hng:
- i vi cc cc bin trc ngang ca hng cc
- i vi cc cc cn li v cc bin trc dc ca hng cc
c. Khi bi cc kn khp d|i ton b nh v cng trnh:
- i vi cc cc bin
- i vi cc cc gia
d. i vi cc n
. i vi cc chng
0,2d
0,3d

0,3d
0,2d

0,2d
0,4d
5cm
3cm
Bng 10 (kt thc)
1 2
1. Cc cc trn rng c |ng knh t 0,5 n 0,8m v cc cc khoan
nhi |ng knh ln hn 0,5m
a. Khi b tr cc cc theo di trc ngang ca hng cc
b.Khi b tr cc cc theo di trc dc ca hng v khi b tr cm cc
c. i vi cc cc n trn rng d|i cc ct
3. Cc cc v cc ng h qua ng khoan dn h|ng (khi xy dng cu)


10cm
15cm
8cm
chuyn dch trc ti
mc trn cng ca ng
khoan dn h|ng
|c lp v gia c chc
chn so vi v tr thit
k khng |c ln hn
0,25H bn n|c, (
y H - su ca n|c
ti ni lp ng dn
h|ng) v 25mm
thung lng khng c
n|c.

Ch thch: S cc hoc cc ng c lch ti a cho php so vi v tr thit k khng nn v|t
qu 25% tng s cc khi b tr theo di, cn khi cc - ct 5%. Kh nng dng cc cc c
lch cao hn lch cho php s do c quan thit k quy nh.

Bng 11

Loi cc vn lch cho php ca hng cc
vn so vi v tr thit k trn
mt bng
- Cc hng cc vn g ca p, cng
- Cc hng cc vn g ca cc b quai 1 hng c thanh
chng v quai 2 hng.
- Cc vn g ca cc cng trnh khc ti mc trn cng ca cc
vn.
1,3 b dy cc vn
B dy ca cc vn

B dy ca cc vn


TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

34
- Hng cc vn g ca quai (khng c thanh chng).
- Cc vn thp khi h bng ph|ng php tu ng cc
a. cao trn cng ca cc vn
b. cao mt t
- Cc vn thp khi h t t lin cao mt t
300mm
100mm
Khng ln hn 300mm
150mm
150mm

8. Ging chm v ging chm hi p
Ch dn chung
8.1. Khi xy dng v h ging chm v ging chm h p, trong thit k nn nghin cu
xut:
- Gii php thi cng o nhn to, cc nn v sn bi b tr cng trnh nh h
chm v cc thit b cn thit;
- Gii php v cc trang thit b tm thi dng ch to v bm dung dch st, cn
thit b nng l|ng, p kh vv.
- S cc giai on c bn ca qu trnh cng ngh h ging chm hoc ging chm
hi p;
- Cc bin php lin quan vi cc yu cu c bit v k thut an ton v bo m s
i li an ton v thng sut ca cc ph|ng tin bi li trong tr|ng hp tin hnh
cng tc bi li.
8.2. Ph|ng php c nh ti ch cc trc ca ging chm hoc ging chm hi p cn phi
bo m kh nng kim tra v tr ca chng trn mt bng bt c lc no khi h chm.
Cc mc chun kim tra cao trnh thng ng ca ging chm hoc ging chm hi p
cn phi lp t ngoi phm vi ln v chuyn dch ca t.
8.3. Ch |c php xy dng mi nhng cng trnh c ln trong phm vi cc vng nm trn
lng th tr|t sau khi kt thc cng tc h ging chm hoc ging chm hi p v
b tng bt y ging.
Cc cng trnh thit b tm thi cn thit xy lp ging chm v ging chm hi p.
(Trm va b tng, trm kh p, cn trc vv.) c th b tr trong phm vi lng th tr|t
ng thi phi dng cc bin php bo m s hot ng bnh th|ng ca chng trong
tr|ng hp t b dch chuyn.
8.4. Cc ging chm v ging chm p nn xy dng trn nhng khu t hoc nhng o nh
san phng nm ngang cao hn mc tnh ton ca n|c ngm hay n|c trong h (c
k n cao ca sng) t nht l 0,5mt. Ly mc n|c trong thi gian t khi bt u
xy dng cng trnh n khi h n xung su bo m s n nh trong tr|ng hp
o b xi l lm mc tnh ton. Cc b bo h o cn phi c chiu rng khng nh
hn 2mt.
thi cng ging chm hoc ging chm hi p cn phi chun b nn tm thi d|i
dng nhng lng th ct dm, nhng tm m g, nhng vng ta bng b tng lp
ghp hay ton khi vv C|ng b tng ca cc vng ta khi bt u b tng cc
cu kin hoc lp rp nhng b phn lp ghp ca ging chm v ging chm hi p phi
t ti thiu 70% c|ng thit k.
8.5. Vic tho d ging chm v ging chm hi p khi nn tm thi phi |c tin hnh sau
khi b tng t |c c|ng thit k. Th t tho d phi m bo trnh nghing lch.

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

35
|c php h vo trong t t th nht ca ging chm hoc ging chm hi p khi
c|ng b tng t c|ng thit k, cn nhng t sau th khong 70% c|ng
thit k. ng thi cn phi dng cc bin php bo m thng ng ca cng trnh
h vo trong t v ng v tr thit k ca n trn mt bng.
Tr s chm mt ln h ging chm hoc ging chm hi p khng |c ln hn
0,5m. Sau mi ln h cng trnh cn phi tin hnh kim tra thng ng v v tr ca
n trn mt bng ng thi phi nhanh chng iu chnh li cho ngay ngn nhng s
dch chuyn v nghing lch.
Vic h cc ging chm v ging chm hi p gn nhng cng trnh xy dng cn
phi km theo vic theo di trng thi ca cc cng trnh bng dng c quan trc.
8.6. |c php vn chuyn ging chm v ging chm hi p trn phao. Sau khi kim tra
s n nh ca chng vi chiu cao thnh phao ni cao hn mt n|c ti thiu 1mt (c
tnh n cao ca sng v nghing ca kh d).
y ca bn n|c t ni ging chm hoc ging chm hi p cn phi lm bng
phng tr|c.
Cn ch n ch ca dng sng v cc iu kin qua li ca tu b khi c nh v
ging cc ging chm hoc ging chm hi p th ni bng neo. Trong thi k vn
chuyn v h ging chm hoc ging chm hi p th ni nn p dng cc bin php
trnh nhng trang thit b ni sa vo ging. Phi tin hnh h ging chm hoc ging
chm hi p xung y t chnh xc do thit k quy nh.
8.7. Trong qu trnh h ging chm hoc ging chm hi p phi ly t ra mt cch u n
trn ton b din tch ca n.
Th t o cc lp t trong ging chm hoc ging chm ca hi p cn |c quy nh
da vo loi v tnh cht ca t. Trong tr|ng hp lp trung gian c ln cng v t
na th nn tin hnh o chng khng ch d|i bn chn ging v cn ra ngoi phm
vi mt ngoi ca n; ng thi chiu rng ca khe h khng |c nh hn 10cm v
cng vi vic h chm cng trnh th khe h phi |c lp t bng t st. Cc vt
ch|ng ngi thuc loi tng vv cn phi vt b ngay.
8.8. Cc cng tc n ph trong ging chm hoc ging chm hi p phi |c thc hin theo
cc quy phm hin hnh v cc cng tc . ng thi cn bo m:
- Sau mt ln nh chm ging hoc ging chm hi p h n su nh;
- Gi nguyn vn cc kt cu v my mc lc n mn vn trong ging chm hoc
ging chm hi p;
- Trnh r hi t thng kh p v tng cao p lc trong bung lm vic qu 50%;
Trnh t lm ti t d|i chn cng trnh bng n mn c ch n ch ta chc chn
ca n trn cc vng ta tm thi cn li.
Cc ging chm

8.9. Khi lp rp cc ging chm bng nhng tm thng ng nn dng gi nh h|ng c
nh cc b phn kt cu. Cho php bt u lp rp cc cu kin lp ghp ca ging sau
khi khi b tng ca phn chn t ti 70% c|ng thit k. Sau khi b tng ti cc
ch ni t n c|ng thit k th cho php tho d ging lp ghp ra khi nn
tm thi.
Vic lp rp cc ging lp ghp phi bo m thi cng mi ni ca cc b phn kt cu
c bn v khng thm n|c bng ngay chnh b phn kt cu .

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

36
8.10. lm gim lc ma st ca ging v cho php dng ph|ng php xi thu lc hoc
thu kh ng xi ra t khi h chm cc ging trong cc tr|ng hp khng c cc
cng trnh vnh cu v cng trnh giao thng trong phm vi lng th tr|t.
8.11. gim lc ma st ca ging v t khi h chm n, nn |u tin dng ph|ng php h
chm cng trnh trong o st (huyn ph) v cn phi tun theo cc quy tc sau y:
- Bo m cung cp kp thi dung dch st n khong trng quanh ging (to thnh
bi bc nh ra ca phn chn xung quanh ging chm) duy tr mc dung dch
khng thp hn 20cm so vi ming ging ao;
- o t d|i chn ging chm; ng thi khng n dung dch st v trong
ging;
- Chuyn dung dch st vo o st bng nhng ng bm t cao hn bc nh ra ca
chn ging khi h chm ging n su hn 10m. Ti c vng m bt kn
theo ph|ng ngang.
- Kim tra nghim ngt qu trnh h ging v khng cho php dn ging trn vch
t.
8.12. t st dng ch to dung dch st phi tha mn cc yu cu nu iu 6.5.
8.13. Cht l|ng dung dch st phi bo m s n nh ca vch t h o xung quanh
ging trong thi gian h chm n n cao trnh thit k v nhi y khe h ca o ging.
Cc thng s ca dung dch st phi tha mn cc yu cu nu iu 6.6.
8.14. Ti khu vc xy dng, c mi ca lm vic nn tin hnh kim tra dung dch st va ch
to bm vo t nht 1 ln. Cc mu dung dch kim tra phi |c ly my trn t st
v o st: ti b mt, ti khong gia va ti vng bc nh ra ca chn ging chm.
8.15. Khi h ging chm khng ht n|c vo trong t no n|c, mc n|c trong ging phi
|c duy tr cao khng thp hn mc n|c ngm hoc cao hn n trnh t c
th b n t cc chn ging ra.
chnh lch cc mc t cc khoang ca ging chm khng tho n|c khng nn
v|t qu 0,5m.
Trong phm vi bn n|c ca ging nn h chm ging m khng ht n|c; ng thi
nn tin hnh o v chuyn t t d|i n|c ra bng my mc.
Khng |c php h chm cc ging c thot n|c l thin:
a) Trn cc khu vc t chy:
b) Khi c cc cng trnh vnh cu v h thng giao thng trong phm vi lng th tr|t
ca t xung quanh ging;
c) Trong cc tr|ng hp dng o bc bng t xc bin trong cc t ct cha n|c.
8.16. y b tng ct thp ca ging |c h chm c thot n|c l thin cn phi |c b
tng lin tc cho mi khi, ng thi phi c nhng bin php ngn nga khng cho
xi mng trong hn hp b tng mi tri i. Cc khi chn ging phi b tng
tr|c tin.
|c php bm n|c trong cc ging c y b tng bng ph|ng php b tng
d|i n|c sau khi b tng t n c|ng thit k. Vic xy dng phn b tng ct
thp ca y trn lp b tng m d|i n|c phi |c tin hnh hon ton kh.
Trong ging dng lm phng ngm, chi ni gia y v thnh ging cn phi bo m
kht cht cn thit trnh kh nng xm nhp ca n|c ngm.
Cc ging chm hi p

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

37
8.17. Tr|c khi b bt u cng tc h ging chm hi p, trang thit b ca n (thit b) ng
m cc ngn, cc ng ngm trong ging, cc bnh cha kh, cc ng thng hi cn phi
|c kim tra v th bng p lc n|c cao hn 1,5 ln p lc lm vic ti a.
8.18. S cc ng dn khi phi bo m kh nng ni vo hoc tch khi mng l|i ca mi
t my nn kh.
Ti trm kh p cn phi c my nn kh d tr c cng sut bng hoc ln hn my
mnh nht ca h thng. My nn d tr trong thi gian tin hnh cng tc ging chm
hi p phi lun lun trng thi chun b khi ng v ni vo mng l|i.
Trm kh p phi c 2 ngun cung cp in nng c lp vi nhau.
8.19. Khi l|ng kh nn chuyn vo ging chm hi p phi bo m p lc khi to
iu kin thi cng tt nht. Phi chuyn cho mi ng|i lm vic trong ging chm hi p
mt khi l|ng kh nn khng t hn 25m
3
trong mt gi.
Nhit khng kh trong bung lm vic p lc d|i 2atm phi l 16 20
0
, khi p lc
2,5atm -17 23
0
C v khi p lc cao hn 2,5 atm 18-26
0
C.
p lc khng kh trong ging chm hi p (khi h khng dng c gii thu lc) cn phi
thng dng chy t chn ging ra, nh|ng khng |c cao hn p lc thu tnh ti
mc chn ging gi 0,2 atm.
8.20. Cc ph|ng php v trnh t o t trong ging chm hi p phi bo m lm cho n
h su u n v ngn nga s r khng kh.
Cao trnh ca mt t trong bung lm vic khi h ging khng |c cao hn cao trnh
ca vnh ai chn ging qu 60cm.
Cc ph|ng php v trnh t loi thi cc d vt cng ra khi chn ging chm hi p
phi loi tr kh nng r khng kh t trong bung ca ging ra ngoi.
8.21. Cho php kh tnh trng b treo ca ging hi p bng cch chn thi h thp t ngt
p lc trong bung kt-xng nh|ng khng qu 50% (h chm c|ng bc).
Tr|c khi h mnh, cm khng |c ly t d|i vnh ai su qu 0,5m, ng thi khi
h mnh cng cm c ng|i trong bung kt-xng.
8.22. Vic ngp bung kt-xng trong tr|ng hp bt buc phi ngng thi cng phi tin
hnh bng cch h thp t t p lc kh. Vic p thot n|c ra khi bung kt-xng phi
thc hin d|i p lc khng v|t qu p lc thit k.
8.23. Cc bung kt-xng phi |c lp y bng vt liu do thit k quy nh cng vi vic
ln cht vt liu d|i trn kt-xng. Cc l hng cn li cn phi |c nht y va xi
mng ct bng cch bm n qua cc ng d|i p lc khng nh hn 1atm.
Vic h trn kt-xng trc tip ln t ch |c php lm theo gii php ca c quan
thit k.
Nghim thu cng vic

8.24. Trong qu trnh xy dng v h ging chm v h ging chm ging hi p cn nghim
thu:
a) Cc trc chnh ca cng trnh |c nh v trn thc a bng nhng mc o c;
b) Cc o nh nhn to, cc sn bi v nn tm thi d|i chn ging chm;
c) Cc ct thp, cc b phn v chi tit chn ngm;
d) Cc ch ni, cc khe gia cc b phn kt cu lp ghp;

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

38
e) Cc cng trnh |c chun b tho d khi nn tm thi v h chm xung
n|c;
f) Vic t cc ging chm v ging chm hi p th ni xung y;
g) Vic nht y cc khe h ca ging |c h chm trong o st (trm l ca o st);
8.25. Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng ging chm v ging chm hi p cn phi lm cc s
nht k thi cng theo mu trnh by ph lc 17 v 18.
8.26. S sai lch v kch th|c v v tr ca cc ging chm v ging chm hi p so vi thit
k khng |c v|t qu cc tr s ghi trong bng 12.

Bng 12

Sai lch v kch th|c v v tr ca cc ging chm v ging
chm hi p
Tr s sai lch
- V kch th|c ca tit din ngang:
+ Theo chiu di v rng
+ Theo bn knh cung trn
+ Theo |ng cho
- Theo chiu dy ca thnh:
+ B tng v b tng hc
+ B tng ct thp
- Chuyn dch ngang
- Tang ca gc nghing so vi ph|ng thng ng


0,5%, nh|ng khng ln hn 12cm
0,5%, nh|ng khng ln hn 6cm
1%

30mm
10m
0,001 su h chm
0,01

Ph lc 1

Tn c quan xy dng: ...
Cng trnh: .

Nht k v cng tc m nn h mng

1. Cao trnh y h mng (tuyt i hoc t|ng i) . m
2. Tn t: ...
3. m ca t: %
4. su thit k m nn: mt
5. L|ng n|c t|i trn 1m
2
y h mng m
3

6. Kch th|c ba m .. mt; trng l|ng tn
7. cao nng ba m
Kt qu m nn


TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

39
Ngy thng
ca kp
N
0

h mng
S ln p
theo mt vt
su thc t
ca m nn (m)
Ng|i thc
hin (h tn)
Ghi ch












Ph lc 2

Tn c quan xy dng: ..
Cng trnh:

Nht k v cng tc ln cht bng cc t

1. su thit k ln cht . m
2. Tn t: ... ..
3. m ca t nguyn trng %
4. Thit b xuyn l khoan: mt
5. Trng l|ng ca dng c p .. . .
a) xuyn l khoan: tn
b) m nn t vo l khoan: .. tn
6. c tr|ng ca t lp: ..
a) Tn t: .
b) m tt nht: .. %
7. Trng l|ng tnh ton ca t cho mi cc . tn.

Xuyn l khoan Nht l khoan


N
0

cc
t
Ngy
thng/ca
kp
thi
gian
xuyn,
(pht)

xuyn
su,
(m)
|ng
knh
(m)
Ngy
thng/
ca kp
Th
tch
1
sut
t
lp,
(m
3
)
S
l|ng
sut
t
lp

m
thc
t
ca
t
lp
S
l|ng
nht
p
trn 1
sut
t
Ng|i
thc
hin
(h,
tn)



Chi
ch

TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


Ph lc 3

Tn c quan xy dng:
Cng trnh: ..

Nht k v cng tc ca trm bm

1. Tn gi, N
0
...
2. Trang thit b ca trm (s l|ng my bm, loi my, ng c, cao trnh ca trc thuc t
my N
0
..).
3. Thit b thu n|c (h, thu n|c, b tch n|c, ging khoan, nhm ng lc chm kim, s
l|ng ca chng vv)
4. Thit b tho n|c (ng dn c p, |ng tho n|c t chy kn v h vv.)







Vn hnh ca t my
Ch s ca dng c



Ngy
thng/ca
kp

S
ca
my
bm
v
ng
c N
0

Thi
gian
khi
ng,
dng
hay
kim
tra
my
p
k,
atm
Chn
khng
k
mm
ct
thu
ngn


Ampe
k, A


Von
k
Vol

Thi
gian
lm
vic
lin
tc


Khi
l|ng
chuyn
i
m
3
/gi


Nguyn
nhn
dng
my
Cc
ch
dn
thao
tc
khi
s
dng
Gia
o
nh
n
(h
tn
ng|
i
thc
hin
)
(k
tn)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12







TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

41

Phu lc 4

Tn c quan xy dng:
Cng trnh: ..

Nht k v quan trc a thu vn


Mc n|c tnh,m Mc n|c ng,m Ngy
thng/ca
kp (gi)
Thi tit
(m|a
nhit
khng
kh)
N
0
ca
cc
ging
cc ng
o p
cao
tuyt i
su
cch
|ng
chun
cao
tuyt i
su
cch
|ng
chun
Cao
trnh
ca mc
n|c ly
mu
phn
tch ho
hc
H tn
ng|i
thc
hin, k
tn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9






















TIU CHUN XY DNG tCXD 79 : 1980

42
T
I

U

C
H
U

N

X

Y

D

N
G




























































t
C
X
D

7
9

:

1
9
8
0


4
3
P
h

c

5

T

n

c


q
u
a
n

x

y

d

n
g
:

n
g

t
r

n
h
:

.


N
h

t

k


s
i
l
i
c

t

h

a

v


n
h

a

h

n
g

c

n
g

b

m

T
h

n
h

p
h

n

d
u
n
g

d

c
h

(
s
i
l
i
c

t

h
o


h
o

c

n
h

a
)

B

m

d
u
n
g

d

c
h

S
i
l
i
c

t

h
a
y

n
h

a

A
c
i


h
o

c

C
a
C
l
2

N
g

y

t
h

n
g
/
c
a

k

p

N
0

l


k
h
o
a
n

N
0

n
g

b

u

c

n
g

b

m

c
a

k

p

N
g

y

t
h

n
g
/
c
a

k

p

T


t
r

n
g

G
/
c
m
3

t
h

c
h

(
l

t
)
T


t
r

n
g

G
/
c
m
3
t
h

c
h

(
l

t
)
N
h
i


d
u
n
g

d

c
h

(

)
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h

i

g
i
a
n

t

o

g
e
n

(
p
h

t
)
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u

g
i


(
p
h

t
)

K

t

t
h

c

g
i


(
p
h

t
)
T
h

i

g
i
a
n

(
p
h

t
)
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h

c
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d
u
n
g

d

c
h

(
l

t
)

L
|

n
g

t
i

u

h
a
o

d
u
n
g

d

c
h

(
l
/
p
h

t
)

p

l

c

b

m

(
a
t
m
)

N
g
|

i

c
h

u

t
r

c
h

n
h
i

m

c
h

n
h
G
h
i

c
h

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1
6

1
7

1
8

1
9





















P
h

c

6

T

n

c


q
u
a
n

x

y

d

n
g
:

n
g

t
r

n
h
:

.
.


T
I

U

C
H
U

N

X

Y

D

N
G




























































t
C
X
D

7
9

:

1
9
8
0


4
4

N
h

t

k

c

c

n
g

t

c

v


x
i

m

n
g

h

t


T
h

i

g
i
a
n

x
i

m

n
g

h

u

c

a

v

n
g

P
h

t

d
u
n
g

d

c
h

G
i


k
h
o
a
n

d
|

p

l

c


N
g

y
/
c
a

k

p


G
i



P
h

t


N
0

l


k
h
o
a
n


V

n
g

p
h

t

x
i

m

n
g


T

n
g

k

n
h

c

a

g
i

n
g

k
h
o
a
n

t
r
o
n
g

v

n
g

p
h

t

x
i

m

n
g

t

c

a

v

a

t
h
e
o

t
r

n
g

l
|

n
g

(
N
/
X
)
S

o

c

p

k


(
a
t
m
)

p

l

c

t
o

n

p
h

n

c

t

n
|

c
L
|

n
g

d
u
n
g

d

c
h

t
i

u

h
a
o

(
l

t
)

L
|

n
g

x
i

m

n
g

t
i

u

h
a
o

(
k
g
)

T
h

i

g
i
a
n
,

g
i


p
h

p

l

c

t
o

n

p
h

n

m

c

t

n
|

c
L
|

n
g

t
i

u

h
a
o

(
l
)

t

n
|

n

v


(
l
/
p
h

t

m
2
)

N
g
|

i

t
h

c

h
i

n

(
h

n

k

n
)

G
h
i

c
h

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1
6

1
7
1
8

1
9





















T
I

U

C
H
U

N

X

Y

D

N
G




























































t
C
X
D

7
9

:

1
9
8
0


4
5
P
h

c

7

T

n

c


q
u
a
n

x

y

d

n
g
:

.

C

n
g

t
r

n
h
:

.
.
.
.

N
h

t

k


t
h
i

c

n
g

v

i

t

t

b

n
g

n
h
i

t


S

c

c

p

k

,

a
t
m

N
h
i


0
C

L
|

n
g

t
i

u

h
a
o

n
h
i

n

l
i

u

t
h
e
o

s


l
i

o

k
g

h
a
y

m
3

N
g

y

t
h

n
g
/
c
a

k

p

G
i

o

N
0

l


k
h
o
a
n

L


k
h
o
a
n

B


p
h

n

t
h
u

k
h


h
o

c

t
h
i

t

b

m

B

n
h

c
h

a

k
h


k
h
o
a
n

m

k
i

m

t
r
a

k
h

t

S
a
u

1

g
i


T
o

n

b

c

b

u

c

i

t

o

b

n
g

n
h
i

t

N
g
|

i

t
h

c

h
i

n

(
h

,
t

n
)

k


G
h
i

c
h


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1
0

1
1

1
2














P
h

c

8

T

n

c


q
u
a
n

x

y

d

n
g
:

.

C

n
g

t
r

n
h
:


N
h

t

k

n
g

t

c

k
h
i

x

y

d

n
g

c

n
g

t
r

n
h

b

n
g

p
h
|

n
g

p
h

T
|

n
g

t
r
o
n
g


1
.

T
h
i

t

b

t
:


2
.

u

t
h
i

t

k

n
g

h

o
:



T
h

i

g
i
a
n

n

t
h
i

c

n
g

n

t
h
i

c

n
g

N
g

y

t
h

n
g
/
c
a

k

p

N
0

n

t
h
i

c

n
g

B

u

(
g
i


p
h

t

K

t

t
h

c

(
g
i


p
h

t
)

T
h

c
h

o

t
r
o
n
g

c
a

(
m
3
)

u

c
a

(
m
)

C
u

i

c
a

(
m
)

C
h
i

u

c
a
o

c

a

l

p

(
m
)

N
g
|

i

t
h

c

h
i

n

(
h

n
)

G
h
i

c
h


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1
0


T
I

U

C
H
U

N

X

Y

D

N
G




























































t
C
X
D

7
9

:

1
9
8
0


4
6











P
h

c

9

T

n

c


q
u
a
n

x

y

d

n
g
:

.

C

n
g

t
r

n
h
:


N
h

t

k

n
g

t

c

k
h
i

x

y

d

n
g

c

n
g

t
r

n
h

b

n
g

p
h
|

n
g

p
h

T
|

n
g

t
r
o
n
g




1
.

L
o

i

m

y

n
h

t

s

t
:


2
.

T

n

v

c

t
r
|
n
g

c

t

s

t
:

.
.



3
.

T
h

n
h

p
h

n

d
u
n
g

d

c
h
:

t
r
o
n
g

1
m
3







































t

s

t

k
g

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.


t
r
o
n
g

m

t

m


t
r

n














N
|

c
,

l

.














C
h

t

t
h

a

h

c
,

k
g

.
.


C

c

c
h


t
i

u

c
h

t

l
|

n
g

c

a

d
u
n
g

d

c
h

N
g

y
/

c
a

k

p

N

i

l

y

m

u

v

a

t
h


t
r

n
g

(
G
/
m
3
)


n
h

t

(
9
)

K

t

t

a

(
%
)

n
h

(
G
/
c
m
3
)

H

m

l
|

n
g

c

t

(
%
)

t

n
|

c

(
c
m
3
)

C
h
i

u

d

y

l

p

v

t

m
m

n
g

s
u

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c

t

t

n
h

(
K
g
/
c
m
2
)

N
g
|

i

t
h

c

h
i

n

(
h

n
)

k

n


G
h
i

c
h


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1
0

1
1

1
2














P
h

c

1
0


T
I

U

C
H
U

N

X

Y

D

N
G




























































t
C
X
D

7
9

:

1
9
8
0


4
7
T

n

c


q
u
a
n

x

y

d

n
g
:

n
g

t
r

n
h
:


N
h

t

k

n
g

c

n
g

t
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n
h

b

n
g

p
h
|

n
g

p
h

T
|

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g

t
r
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n
g




1
.

M

c

b

n
g

t
h
i

t

k

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.









2
.


l
|
u

n
g

t
h
i

t

k

a

b

n
g
:

.
.



3
.

n
g

k

n
h

c

n
g

n
g

(
m
)



N
g

y

t
h

n
g
/
c
a

k

p

N
0

n

t
h
i

c

n
g

S


l
|

n
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b

n
g


t
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n
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n

(
m
3
)

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l
|

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b

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(
d
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k

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q
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(
m
3
)

C
|

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n
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t
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b

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m
3
/
g
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|
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c

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(
c
m
)


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)

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(
h

n
)

k

n


G
h
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c
h


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9











P
h

c

1
1

T

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c


q
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a
n

x

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d

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:

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:

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T


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1
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:







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.

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:



T
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C
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N

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t
C
X
D

7
9

:

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9
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8













3
.

T
r
o
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|

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p
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p

c

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b

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.
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.













4
.

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,

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5
.

L
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t
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)

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.


























































































1
.

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y

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g














2
.

N
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c

.













3
.


c
a
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4
.


c
a
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t
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c

a

m

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c

.
.













5
.


c
h

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k

,

c
m

.
.
.
.


N
0

l


c
a
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p
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(
c
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)

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p

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