OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

a) Aim:
To determine the equivalent circuit by conducting open circuit and short circuit tests. 2. To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of single phase transformer by conducting OC & SC tests and draw output versus efficiency graph.
1.

b) Apparatus Required:
1. Autotransformer : 240/ (0-270) V. 2. 230/115, 2 KVA, Transformer. 3. Ammeters - (0-2) A-MI 1NO (0-10)A-MI 1NO 4. Voltmeters (0-300) V-MI 1NO - (0-30) V-MI 1NO 5. Wattmeter 150V, 2A LPF 1NO -75V, 10A, UPF 1NO

c) Name plate details:

Rating: Volts: 2 KVA 230/115

d) Circuit diagram i) Open circuit test

ii) Short circuit test :

e) Theory:
i) Open circuit test: The purpose of this test is to determine no-load loss or core loss and no-load current I0 which is helpful in finding Xo and R0. One winding of the transformer whichever
is convenient but usually high voltage winding is left open and other is connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter W, voltmeter V and an ammeter A are connected in low voltage winding in the present case. With normal voltage applied to the low voltage winding, normal flux will be set up in the iron core, hence normal iron losses will occur which is recorded by wattmeter. As the no- load current in low voltage winding is small, cu loss is negligibly small in low voltage winding and nil in high voltage side. Hence, the wattmeter reading represents practically the core loss under no-load condition.

ii) Short circuit test: The purpose of this test is to determine full-load cu loss and equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance referred to metering side. In this test, the terminals of low voltage winding are short circuited and variable voltage is applied to the high voltage side through an auto-transformer. The applied voltage is gradually increased till the ammeter A indicates the full load current of the metering side. Since the applied voltage is very small and, therefore, iron losses are so small that these can be neglected. Thus the power input gives the total cu loss at rated load.

f) Procedure:
i) Open circuit test: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Variac should be kept zero position before switch ON the supply. By varying auto transformer, apply rated voltage to the low voltage winding (LV). Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeters. Bring variac (auto-transformer) to zero position. Switch off the supply.

ii) Short circuit test: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 2. Variac should be kept zero position before switch ON the supply. 3. Increase the voltage with the help of variac till the rated full load current flows through the high voltage (HV) winding. 4. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeters. 5. Bring variac (auto-transformer) to zero position. 6. Switch off the supply.

g) Tabular columns:
Table 1: OC test V0 I0 W0 Table 2: SC test VSC ISC WSC

Table 3:
LOAD COS O/P = V2 I2 COS Cu losses ( PC) Iron losses ( Pi) Total losses Pt = Pi + PC I/P= O/P+Losses %

=(o/p/i/p)*100

To calculate regulation at full load:

%Reg Cos I2 R02 Cos I2 X02 Sin ulation

Lag

Lead

h) Model graph:

i) CALCULATIONS: From OC test : Iron losses

Working component of no load current Magnetising component of no load current

W0 =V0 I0 Cos
IW = I0 Cos I = I0 Sin R0 = V0 / IW X0 = V0 / I ohms

ohms watts ohms ohms

01 2

From SC test: Copper losses Equivalent resistance referred to primary winding Equivalent impedance referred to primary winding Equivalent reactance referred to primary winding Equivalent resistance referred to secondary winding WSC = ISC2 R01 R01 = WSC / ISC2 Z01 = VSC / ISC X01 = (Z
2 01

-R

ohms ohms

R02 = R01 * k2

Where k = V2/V1 Equivalent reactance referred to secondary winding X02 = X01 * k2

%

ohms

Regulation =

(I2 R02 Cos+ I2 X02 Sin) V1 ( I2 R02 Cos - I2 X02 Sin) V1

* 100 (For lagging)

* 100 (For leading)

Equivalent circuit:-

Result: Equivalent circuit and efficiency of a single phase transformer are determined and output vs. efficiency graph is plotted by conducting oc and sc tests on a given single phase transformer Wo = Gives the iron loss Wsc = Gives copper loss at full load
Viva-Voice Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Define transformer? In the open circuit test the wattmeter reading represents-------In the short circuit test the wattmeter reading represents-------Define regulation?

= =

watts. watts.

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHORONOUS IMPEDENCE METHOD

Aim:To determine the regulation of alternator at different power factor by using synchronous impedance method. Apparatus:Voltmeter - (0-500V) MI - (0-75V) MC Ammeter - ((0-10A) MI - (0-5A) MI - (0-2A) MC Rheostat -350 , 1.7A Tachometer - (0-10,000) RPM
Nameplate details:-

1NO 1NO 1NO 1NO 1NO 1NO

Circuit diagram:-

ii) To find Field Resistance:

Theory:This method is not accurate because the value of ZS so found is always more than its value under normal voltage conditions and saturation. Hence, the value of regulation so obtained is always more than that found from an actual test. That is why it is called pessimistic method. The value of ZS is not constant but varies with saturation. At low saturation, its value is larger because then the effect of a given armature ampere-turns is much more than at high saturation. Now, under short-circuit conditions, saturation is very low, because armature m.m.f. is directly demagnetizing.

Procedure:In this method regulation of Alternator can be found by open circuit and short circuit tests.

Open circuit test:1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram. 2. With the help of dc motor the alternator is brought to rated speed and excitation is applied. 3. By varying the excitation corresponding o.c emf and field currents are noted. 4. OCC is plotted between oc emf and field current.

Short circuit test:1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram. 2. After the oc test the regulation is brought to zero position. 3. TPST is closed and field current If is adjusted such that the rated armature current is Obtained and the corresponding readings are noted. By plotting OCC and SCC regulation is found. To determine armature resistance 1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram 2 switch on the supply. 3 Pass full load current and note down the voltage and current

Observations:OC tes : S.NO SC test: S.NO

Field current(If Field current If

Terminal voltage(V) Short circuit current(Isc)

Armature Resistance:

S .NO Load I

Current Pf

Voltage E0

RDC = (V/I) %regulation

Model graph:-

Calculations:ZS = Open circuit voltage/short circuit current = (OA)/ (BC)

Rac = 1.5 * Rdc

XS = ( ZS2 - Rac2 )(1/2) E0 = ((V COS + IR) 2 + (V Sin+I XS)2)(1/2) % Regulation = ((E0

- V)/V) * 100

Result:-

BRAKE TEST ON 3-PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR Aim:To conduct Brake test on 3-phase slip ring induction motor and to draw its performance characteristics. Apparatus:1. Ammeter - (0-10A) MI -1 No 2. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI -1 No 3. 3-phase wattmeter 600V/10A, UPF-1No
4. Tachometer - (0-10,000) RPM -1 No Circuit diagram:

Nameplate details:-

Theory:-

These motors are practically always started with full line voltage across the stator terminals and by introducing variable resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit.The external introduced in each phase of the rotor circuit not only reduces the current at the starting instant but increases the starting torque also due to the improvement in power factor. As the motor accelerates, the external resistance is cut out in steps so that the available electro-magnetic torque remains maximum during the accelerating period. Ultimately when the motor attains the normal speed the rotor winding is short circuited automatically through sliprings by means of a metal collar which is pushed along the

shaft under the sliprings touching them all there by eliminating the resistance of brush contacts on the sliprings . Procedure:1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram 2. Initially the motor should be at no load position 3. Three phase 4wire, phase to phase 415v, 50 Hz incoming supply with neutral is connected to terminals L1, L2, L3, and N. 4. Induction motor stator terminals connected to R, Y, B and rotor terminals through slipring connected to U, V, and W. 5. The rotor selector switch is interlocked in such a way that only when the switch is in position 1 i.e. full rotor resistance in circuit condition, the main contactor mc will be on when the stator push button is pressed. 6. Now rotor switch is moved to position 2, position 3, and position 4 in steps. After reaching the final position start button gets hold on through mc no contact interlock. Thus the rotor resistance gets cut-off from full value in position 1 to the final star point of rotor winding in position 4 two indicating lamps are provided mains on and motor on Thermal overload is set to trip if the motor exceeds the rated full load current. The incoming supply is given through a TPST switch fuse unit. 7. The load on the motor is varied by changing the spring balance positions on brake drum. 8. . Readings at different loads are noted down in the tabular form shown.

OBSERVATION:

S.N V I Wi O (volts) (Amp) (watts)

S1
Kg

S2
Kg

Speed (rpm)

Torque= ( S1-S2)* r * 9.81 (N-m)

o/p power = 2NT/60

= (0/P)/(I/P)

COS= Wi / 3 *VL*IL

Slip= (NS-N)/ NS

Model graph:-

Result:SUMPNERS (OR) BACK TO BACK TEST ON TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS AIM:-

To perform the Sumpners test on two identical single phase transformers and to draw the various performance curves by pre-determining the efficiency of transformer at different load currents. APPARATUS:Ammeter: (0-10A) MI -1No (0-5A) MI -1No Voltmeter: (0-500V) MI -2 No Wattmeter: 600V/10A, UPF-1 No SPST Switch, Auto transformer: 230/ (0-270) V. Connecting wires NAME PLATE DETAILS:-

THOERY:Though the efficiency and regulation of the transformer can be determined from open-circuit and short-circuit tests accurately but for determination of temperature rise it is necessary that the transformer be put on full load for a number of hours. Transformers of smaller output can be loaded artificially by means of water loads or lamp loads but it may be very difficult to arrange suitable loads for loading transformers of large rating. Further there is tremendous wastage of electrical energy. In Sumpners test the two transformers are loaded fully, in similar way as two dc machines in regenerative test, and the power required from the supply is that necessary for supplying the iron and copper losses of both transformers. For this test two similar transformers are required. The circuit diagram for performing Sumpners test is shown in the below figure. The primary windings (usually low voltage windings) of the two transformers are connected in parallel across a single phase supply with a VoltmeterV 1, Ammeter A1and Wattmeter W1 in the circuit, as shown in the above figure. The supply voltage V1 must be equal to the rated voltage of the primary windings. The secondary windings of the transformers are connected together so that their potentials are in opposition to each other. For connecting the two secondaries in opposition, any two terminals of the secondaries are first connected together and the voltage is measured between the other remaining two terminals by a voltmeter V2 of double the range. If the voltage measured is double that of the secondary voltage of one transformer, it shows that two transformers are not connected in opposition. By interchanging the two connections, the two transformers will be in opposition and under that condition Voltmeter V2 will give zero reading. When the transformers are connected in opposition no current flows through secondary windings, therefore, there is no secondary flux to oppose the primary flux or the secondary mmf is zero. Hence the transformers act as if their secondaries are open circuited and the Wattmeter W1 measures the Iron-losses of the two transformers.

Now the two transformers are loaded fully by applying a comparatively low voltage from the regulating transformer to the secondary circuit. The variations in this voltage will cause the change in the circulating current through the secondary windings. This voltage is adjusted to such a value that Ammeter A2 shows full load secondary currents. The secondary circuit now acts as a pure resistive circuit since combined reactance of the two secondaries, being in opposition, is zero. The secondary current will cause a current to circulate in the two primaries having a path, as shown dotted in the above figure. The arrows indicate instantaneous direction of current in primaries due to the secondary current. Since the secondaries are connected in opposition, so direction of currents in the two primaries is in opposition. Hence the reading of WattmeterW1 is not affected although the primaries and secondaries of the two transformers carry full load current. Thus the Wattmeter W2 gives the full load copper losses of the transformers. For the assumed directions of No-load currentsI 0 and secondary currents I2 in the two transformers, the primary current of transformer1 is less (being phasor difference of I1 and I0) than that of transformer2 (being phasor sum of I1 and I0) where 2I0 is the no load current. Thus two transformers do not operate under identical conditions one may have slightly less temperature than the other. For measurement of temperature rise of the two transformers, these are kept under rated load conditions for several hours till maximum steady temperature is attained. PROCEDURE:1. The circuit is connected as shown in the circuit diagram 2. Both the transformers are energized at rated voltage and frequency 3. With the secondary open, wattmeters (W1) reads the core losses of both transformers. 4. Two sections are to be connected in phase opposition i.e. the voltmeter connected across the switch must read zero. 5. The switch is closed and voltage is injected in the secondary circuit by means of voltage regulator connected to the source. 6. The injected voltage is adjusted till rated currents flow in the two secondaries. 7. The reading of wattmeter (W2) gives full load ohmic loss.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATIONS:-

S.NO

Iron Cu Total O/P(0.8Lag) I/P= =O/P losses losses losses VI Cos O/P+Total I/P Amps Watts Watts W1/2 W2/2 losses

W1

W2

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: - By conducting no-load and blocked rotor tests (1). to determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor (2). to determine the iron, friction& windage losses.

APPPARATUS:Voltmeter: (0-300V) MI -1 No (0-300V) MI -1No Ammeter: (0-20A) MI -1No (0-5A) MI -1No Wattmeter: 300V, 5A, LPF-1 No 75V, 20A, UPF-1 No Auto transformer: 230/ (0-270) V. Connecting wires Name plate details: Theory: Neglecting iron loss, the equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor is as shown below.

Blocked Rotor Test: In blocked Rotor Test, the rotor is blocked; a low voltage is applied to the stator winding, till the rated current flows. The voltage, current and power input measured. Let these values be Vsc, Isc and Wsc. When the rotor is blocked S=1 and Xo/2 is much larger than impedance in parallel with the equivalent circuit. Here the equivalent circuit reduces to the circuit shown below.

Zsc=Vsc/Isc; Rsc=Wsc/Isc2 Rsc & Xsc are calculated

and Xsc =(Zsc2-Rsc2)

Rsc= r1+r21 & Xsc=x1+x21 In all well designed machines r1= r21 =Rsc/2 & x1=x21 =Xsc/2

NO-LOAD TEST: In this test, the motor is run on no load and the voltage, current and power are measured. Let these values be Vo, Io and Wo.

At no load, S is very small. Therefore r21/2S is very large compared to Xo/2 for the forward rotor and r21/2(2-S) r21/4. Hence( r21/4)+j(r21/4) is very small compared to Xo/2 for the backward rotor. Therefore, on no-load the equivalent circuit reduces to the circuit shown below.

From no-load test readings, Z=Vo/Io, R=Wo/Io2 & X= (Z2-R2) Then X=x1+xo/2+x21 Xo/2=X-x1-x21/2 Since X0/2 is calculated Thus the parameters of the entire equivalent circuit are determined.

To determine Iron, Friction and windage loss: The input power on no load Wo consists of iron, friction and windage losses and no load copper loss.

Wo = Iron loss+ Friction loss+ no load cu loss. Since Iron, Friction and windage loss = Wo - No load cu loss = Wo - Io2 [r1+r21/4] Procedure: No-load Test: 1. The circuit is connected as shown in circuit diagram. 2. The motor runs without any external load 3. By applying the rated voltage to the stator corresponding readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted. Blocked rotor test: In this test rated current is passed by holding the rotor to stop rotating, and note the meter readings like in no-load test. 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Variable voltage is applied to the stator winding, till the rated current flows. 3. Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings are noted. Observation: Table1:No-load test Vo Io Wo Table2: Blocked rotor test Vsc Isc Wsc

Result:

SCOTT CONNECTION Aim: 1. To make scott connection and to verify whether the output is 2- output or not 2. To draw efficiency curves by loading transformers upto full load. Apparatus: Voltmeter: (0-300V) MI -2 No Ammeter: (0-10A) MI -2No Wattmeter: 500V, 10A, UPF-1 No Connecting wires. Name Plate Detail:

Theory: This is another method of transformation of three phase power from one voltage to another by using two transformers. Since it was first proposed by C.F.Scott, it is frequently called the Scott connection or T-T connection .This scheme of connection is widely used for Three- phase to Two-phase and vice-versa transformation. In this arrangement two transformers are required. One of the two transformers, the so called main transformer, must have at least two primary and two secondary coils so that a center tap may be brought out from each side. The other transformer, known as Teaser transformer must have primary and secondary windings, the number of turns of which are 0.866 times of the respective turns on the main transformer. The current ratings of the two transformers should be the same. As a rule, it is more economical to manufacture both transformers alike with 86.6% taps. The wiring diagram is shown in below figure. One and half both the primary and secondary of the Teaser transformer is connected to the centre taps on both primary and secondary of the main transformer respectively, as shown in above figure. The two ends of main transformer and 86.6% tapping point on Teaser transformer are connected to the Three-phase supply on the primary side and to the load on secondary side. If VAB, VBC & VCA are the applied voltages across the line terminals as shown in above figure, then VCD=VCA +VAD =V 1200 +1/2 V 00 =V(-0.5+j 0.866)+0.5V=j0.866V=0.866V 900 The voltage applied across the Teaser is 0.866 times of that across the main and has a phase difference of 900. If both the primary and secondary of the Teaser have 0.866 times of the respective turns on the main transformer, then the induced voltages in the secondary circuit will have same phase and magnitude relationship as have the applied voltages on the primary. Thus the voltage induced in the Teaser is 0.866 times of that induced in the main transformer and has a phase difference of 90 0. Consequently, a balanced Three phase system of voltages across points a, b & c available. If V is the line voltage and I is current rating of the winding, which is also the line current, the combined volt-ampere rating of the two transformers is VI +0.866 VI that is

1.866 VI. The volt amperes supplied are 3 VI , therefore, utility factor is 3/1.866 i.e. 0.928. Thus the T-T connection is more economical than open- delta connection with utility factor of 0.866. The two transformers used, however, are usually identical, as already mentioned. This permits interchangeability, whether either transformer may be used as the main or Teaser but 13.14% of the winding will be idle. With identical transformers, the total volt-ampere capacity of the two transformers is 2VI and the utility factor is 0.866, the same as in case of open-delta system. This implies, therefore, that each transformer in T-T connection must have a rating 15% greater than each of the transformers in a three transformer bank. Procedure: 1. Scott connection is done as per the circuit diagram 2. Input is the 3- supply. 3. One of the two transformers primaries is tapped at 86.6% and is connected to 3- supply. 4. One of its ends was connected at its middle or 50% of tapping. 5. Loads are connected at the secondaries of two transformers 6. If the loads are balanced currents in primary are also balanced, any of the corresponding readings are noted. The loads vary then the systems efficiency converts 3-phase to 2- phase balanced conversion. Observations: V1 V2 I1 I2 W Cos

Result:

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR Aim: To conduct no load and blocked rotor test and draw the circle diagram for a
squirrel cage induction motor and to obtain the performance curves.

Apparatus:

Voltmeter : (0-500) V MI -1No Voltmeter : (0-75) V MI-1 No Ammeter : (0-5) A MI-1 No Wattmeter : 5A,500V, LPf 1 No Wattmeter : 5A,75V, UPf 1 No Connecting wires

Name Plate Details:

Theory:
No load test: It is necessary to run the induction motor synchronously for getting Go and Bo, the motor is run without any external mechanical load on it. The speed of rotor would not be synchronous, but very much near to it. The power input is measured by two wattmeters, Io by an ammeter and V by a voltmeter. The no load input Wo to the motor consists of (i) Small stator cu loss = 3Io2R1 (ii) stator cu loss Wcl= 3GoV21 (iii) loss due to friction and windage. Hence the core loss Wcl, Go and Bo can be found. Additionally, 0 can also be found from the relation Wo=3VLIoCos 0 Cos 0= Wo/3VLIo Blocked rotor test: In this test the rotor is locked and the rotor windings are short circuited at slip rings. It is also known as locked rotor or short circuit test. This is used to find 1. Short circuit with normal voltage applied to stator. 2. Power factor on short circuit 3. Both the values are used in the construction of circle diagram. 4. Total resistance of the motor Ro1 as referred to primary 5. Total leakage reactance Xo1 of the motor as referred to primary .

Procedure:

No load test: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connect the circuit diagram as per circuit diagram Supply is given by closing TPST switch In this test initially keeping the rated voltage i.e. by using the auto transformer Note the readings of wattmeter voltmeter and ammeter While taking the wattmeter readings if it gives negative of any value then change the terminals of M,C,V and take it as negative reading

Blocked rotor test: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as per circuit diagram 2. Supply is given by closing TPST switch. 3. In this test rated current is applied by holding the rotor to stop rotating and note the meter readings like in non load test. Tabular columns: No load test: S.No V(volts) I(amps) W1(watt) W2(watt) Input Power(Wo)=W1+W2 Cos

Blocked rotor test:

S.No

V(volts)

I(amps)

W1(watt)

W2(watt)

Input Power(Wo)=W1+W2

Cos

Result:

SEPERATION OF LOSSES OF 1- TRANSFORMER Aim: To separate core or iron losses of a 1- Transformer into hysterisis and eddy current losses. Apparatus: Voltmeter: (0-300V) MI -1 No Ammeter: (0-5A) MI -1No Wattmeter: 300V, 5A, LPF-1 No Rheostat: 350 /1.2 A 115/230V 1- Transformer Tachometer Connecting wires. Theory: It is well known that Hysterisis loss, Ph (Bmax) 1.6 f And Eddy current loss, Pe (Bmax) 2 f2 It shows that for constant peak flux density the hysteresis loss varies as the frequency of supply while eddy current loss varies as the square of supply frequency. For any transformer V/f Bmax and for a particular value of V/f or of a peak flux density core loss per cycle are given as Pi/f =A+ Bf --------------- (1) Where A is a constant and is equal to Kh (BmaX) 1.6 And B is another constant having value of Ke (Bmax) 2. The values of constants A & B in the above equation no 1 can be determined by performing open-circuit test on the transformer. The connections are the same as for open-circuit test except that the primary of the transformer is connected to variable voltage variable frequency source (A dc motor driven Alternator). During this test, the applied voltage V and frequency f are varied together (by adjusting the excitation and speed of the Alternator feeding the transformer under test) so as to keep V/f (and, therefore, Bmax) constant. The Wattmeter connected in the circuit indicates the iron loss Pi. For a series of frequencies, with corresponding changes in applied voltages, the measured input power divided by frequency (Pi/f) and plotted against frequency will give a straight line. The intercept on the vertical axis will give the value of constant A while the slope of the line will give the value of constant B. Knowing the values of constants A & B the hysteresis and eddy currents loss components for any given frequency can be determined. Note: For the separation of Iron loss into hysteresis and eddy current loss components for a 3-phase transformer the readings must be converted to phase values, before plotting Pi /f Against f.

Procedure: 1. The circuit is connecter as per the circuit diagram and the supply to the transformer is given by alternator. 2. Frequency can be varied by running the alternator at different speeds. 3. The test is conducted at different frequencies in all cases the rated voltage of the transformer must be maintained at specific values. 4. By noting the readings of wattmeter and voltmeter hysterisis and eddy current losses can be calculated as follows. Pc1= Af1+Bf1 ----------------- (1) Pc2= Af2+Bf2------------------ (2) Where Pc1, Pc2 are iron losses at two different speeds N1 N2 A, B are constants. f1---frequency at speed N1 f2--- frequency at speed N2 Solving equations (1) &(2) for A and B and losses are given by Hysterisis losses Ph= Af watts Eddy current losses Pe = Bf2 watts Observations:

Speed In RPM

Voltage across armature(v )

Armature Power currents (watts) (Amps)

f=PN/120

V/f W/f (volts/Hz) (watts/Hz)

Model Graph:

Result:

DETERMINATION OF Xd &Xq

Aim: To determine Xd and Xq of a salient pole synchronous machine. Apparatus:

Voltmeter (0-75) V MI -2No Ammeter (0-2) A MI-1 No

Name Plate details:

Theory:
A multi polar machine with cylindrical rotor has a uniform air-gap, because of which its reactance remains same. A synchronous machine with salient poles has non uniform air-gap due to which its reactance varies with the rotor position. Consequently, a cylindrical rotor machine possesses one axis of symmetry, where as salient pole machine possesses two axes of geometric symmetry (i) field poles axis, called direct axis or d-axis and (ii) axis passing through the centre of the inter polar space, called the quadrature axis or q-axis. Obviously, two m.m.f.s act on the d-axis of a salient pole synchronous machine i.e field m.m.f and armature m.m.f. whereas only one m.m.f i.e armature m.m.f acts on the q-axis, because field mmf has no component in the -axis. The magnetic reluctance is lo9w along the poles and high between the poles. The above facts form the basis of the two reaction theory proposed by Blondel. According to which (i) Armature current Ia can be resolved into two components i.e Id perpendicular to Eo and Iq along Eo . (ii) Armature reactance has two components i.e d-axis armature reactance Xad associated with Id and d-axis armature reactance Xaq with Iq. If we include the armature leakage reactance Xl which is the same on both axes. We get Xd=Xad+Xl and Xq=Xaq+Xl

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Run the alternator very near to the synchronous speed. 3. The field winding is open and reduced voltage is applied at rated frequency to alternator winding. 4. When the V1 across the field winding reaches a small value, which indicate the rate poles all rotates at the same direction as that of rotating field. 5. The speed of prime mover is adjusted till ammeter and voltmeter pointer oscillates slowly between maximum and minimum values. 6. At this value note Imax and Imin, Vmax and Vmin. 7.

Tabular columns:
Vmax(V) Vmin(V) Imax(A) Imin(A) Xd() Xq()

V& INVERTED V CURVES

Aim:
To draw the V and inverted V curves of the given synchronous motor on no load.

Apparatus:
: (0-600) V MI -2No : (0-10) A MI-1 No : (0-2.5) A MC-1 No Wattmeters : 10A,600V, UPf : 2 No Voltmeter Ammeter

Name plate details:

Theory:
The V-curves of a synchronous motor show how armature current varies with its field current when motor input is kept constant. These are obtained by plotting a.c armature current against d.c field current while motor input is kept constant and are so called because of their shape. In order to draw these curves, the motor is run from constant voltage and constant frequency bus-bars, Power input to motor is kept constant at a definite value. Next field current is increased in small steps and corresponding armature currents are noted. When plotted, we get a V-curve for a particular constant motor input.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the toggle switch on the synchronous motor starter panel on minimum position(vertical). 3. Switch on the 3-phase supply by keeping the field regulator on minimum position. 4. Change the toggle switch to 1 position and then press start button. 5. After reaching about rated speed change the toggle switch to 2 position. 6. The motor pulls into synchronism and runs as synchronous motor. 7. By increasing the field current through the field regulator note down the field armature current and output power and tabulate the results until the armature current falls to minimum and increases to the rated current again.

Tabular columns:
S.No If Ia V W Cos=W/3VIa

Model Graph:
INVERTED V CURVE V-CURVE

RESULT:

POLARITY TEST ON A 1-PHASE TRASFORMER

Aim: To conduct the polarity test on a 1-phase transformer Apparatus: Voltmeter: (0-30)V MI Ammeter: (0-10)A MI 2 KVA 1-Phases Transformer 115/230 Connecting wires. Name plate details: Theory:

Circuit diagram: For D.C Supply:

For A.C Supply:

Procedure:
For D.C. Supply: 1. 2. 3. 4. Make the connection as per circuit diagram By varying the potential divider set the input voltage to 10 V. Close the SPST switch and observe the deflection in voltmeter V2 If the direction of pointer in V2 is positive then A1 is positive with respective A2 and also a1 is positive with respective a2. 5. If the direction of pointer in V2 is negative then change the polarity on either side. For A.C. Supply: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Apply 20V, by varying auto transformer. 3. Observer V1 & V2. 4. If V2 is less than V1 then assumed polarity in circuit1 is correct otherwise polarity is opposite.

Result:

Synchronization of Alternator by Dark lamp method

Aim: To synchronize the given 3-phase alternator with bus bars. Apparatus: Voltmeter: (0-600) V ---2No Ammeter: (0-10) A -----1No Synchronizing switch, Connecting wires. Name Plate Details; Theory: The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with Common bus bars are known as synchronizing. Generally, alternators are used in a Power system where they are in parallel with many other alternators. It means that the Alternator is connected to a live system of constant voltage and constant frequency. It is never advisable to connect a stationary alternator to live bus bars, because, stator induced e.m.f being zero, a short circuit will result. For proper synchronization of alternators, the following three conditions must be satisfied: 1. The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus bar voltage. 2. The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency equals busbars frequency. 3. The phase of the alternator voltage must be identical with the phase of the busbar voltage. It means that the switch must be closed at the instant the two voltages have correct phase relationship. Condition (1) is indicated by a voltmeter, conditions(2) and (3) are indicated By synchronizing lamps or a synchronoscope. Procedure: 1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram. 2. Synchronising switch should be kept open at starting. 3. Alternator is run with the help of the prime mover at the synchronous speed. 4. The voltage of the alternator is made equal to bus bar voltage i.e. V2=V1 with the help of the field regulator. 5. If all the lamps (L1, L2&L3) are glowing and dimming simultaneously one after the other, the phase sequence is correct. If all the lamps glowing &dimming at the same time, the phase sequence is wrong. In this case, interchange the connections of any two phases, on bus bar side or alternator side. Then the phase sequence will be correct.

6. If the lamps are glowing & dimming very slowly the frequencies are same. This condition is achieved by adjusting the speed of the alternator by varying the filed regulator of the dc motor. 7. After all the above TREE conditions are satisfied, close the synchronizing switch at a moment when the direct connected lamp L1, are in the middle of the dark period. Result: